Kashmir Conflict: Indo-Pakistani Wars and Conflicts

Kashmir conflict
The disputed areas of the region of Kashmir. India claims the entire erstwhile princely state of
Jammu and Kashmir based on an instrument of accession signed in 1947. Pakistan claims all
areas of the erstwhile state except for those claimed by China. China claims the Shaksam Valley
and Aksai Chin.

Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts
The Kashmir conflict refers to the territorial dispute over Kashmir, the northwesternmost region
of South Asia. The parties to the dispute are India, Pakistan, China and the people of Kashmir.
India claims the entire former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir and presently administers
approximately 43% of the region including most of Jammu, Kashmir Valley, Ladakh and the
Siachen Glacier. India's claim is contested by Pakistan which controls approximately 37% of
Kashmir, mainly Azad Kashmir and the northern areas of Gilgit and Baltistan. In addition, China
controls 20% of Kashmir including Aksai Chin which it occupied following the brief Sino-Indian
War of 1962 and the Trans-Karakoram Tract, also known as the Shaksam Valley, that was ceded
to it by Pakistan in 1963.
India's official position is that Kashmir is an integral part of India. Pakistan's official position is
that Kashmir is a disputed territory whose final status must be determined by the people of
Kashmir. China's official position is that Aksai Chin is a part of Tibet, which is a part of China.
Certain Kashmiri independence groups believe that Kashmir should be independent of both India
and Pakistan.
India and Pakistan have fought three wars over Kashmir: in 1947, 1965, and 1999. India and
China have clashed once, in 1962 over Aksai Chin as well as the northeastern Indian state of
Arunachal Pradesh. India and Pakistan have also been involved in several skirmishes over the
Siachen Glacier.
Since after 1987 disputed rigged State elections resulted in some of the 'states legislative
assembly' 'formed militant wings' later on after the election forming and creating the catalyst for
the insurgency,[1][2][3]; the Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir has been in stife from the
confrontation between the Indian Armed Forces, militants and separatists. Furthermore, India
alleges these militants are supported by Pakistan. This turmoil in Jammu and Kashmir has
resulted in thousands of deaths.[4], however the insurgency over the past two decades has died
down according to the Indian government.[5][6] On the other hand, there has been protest
movements in Indian Administered Kashmir since 1989. The movement was created for the
same reason as the insurgency; the disputed rigged elections in 1987, Kashmir dispute and
grievances with the Indian government specifically the Indian Military.[5][6] However elections
held in 2008 were widely regarded as free and fair, had a high voter turnout in spite of calls by
militants for a boycott and led to pro India Jammu & Kashmir National Conference forming the
government in the state.[7][8] Many analysts have interpreted the high voter turnout in this election
as a sign that the people of Kashmir have endorsed Indian rule in the state.[9]
A 2001 report 'Pakistan's Role in the Kashmir Insurgency' of US Think tank RAND corporation
noted that 'More intrinsically, the nature of the Kashmir conflict has been transformed from what
was originally a secular, locally- based struggle (conducted via the Jammu Kashmir Liberation
Front - JKLF) to one that is now largely carried out by foreign militants and rationalized in pan-
Islamic religious terms.' Most of the militant organizations are composed of foreign mercenaries
mostly from Punjab (Pakistan)[10] In 2010 with the support of its intelligence agencies Pakistan
has been once again 'boosting' Kashmir militants and recruitment of 'martyrs' in Pakistani state of
Punjab has increased.[11][12]
Contents
1 Timeline
1.1 Partition and dispute
1.2 Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
1.3 Sino-Indian War
1.4 1965 and 1971 wars
1.5 Militancy
1.6 Al-Qaeda Involvement
1.7 Conflict in Kargil
2 Reasons behind the dispute
2.1 Indian view
2.2 Pakistani view
2.3 Chinese view
2.4 Cross-border troubles
2.5 Water dispute
3 Human rights abuse
3.1 Indian administered
Kashmir
3.2 Pakistan administered
Kashmir
4 Map issues
5 Recent developments
5.1 Efforts to end the crisis
5.2 2008 Militant attacks
5.3 2008 Kashmir protests
5.4 2008 Kashmir elections
5.5 Obama on Kashmir
Conflict
6 See also
7 Further reading
8 References
9 External links
Timeline
Main article: Timeline of the Kashmir conflict
Partition and dispute
From 1820 until the Partition of India in 1947, Kashmir was governed by the Maharaja of
Kashmir who were Hindu, although the majority of the population were Muslim, except in the
Jammu region. On partition Pakistan expected Kashmir to be annexed to it.
In 1947, British rule in India ended with the creation of two new nations: the Union of India and
the Dominion of Pakistan while British suzerainty over the 562 Indian princely states ended.
According to the Indian Independence Act 1947, "the suzerainty of His Majesty over the Indian
States lapses, and with it, all treaties and agreements in force at the date of the passing of this Act
between His Majesty and the rulers of Indian States",[13] so the states were left to choose whether
to join India or Pakistan or to remain independent. Jammu and Kashmir had a predominantly
Muslim population but a Hindu ruler and was the largest of the princely states. Its ruler was
Maharaja Hari Singh.
In October 1947, a Muslim revolution in western Kashmir [14] and also Pakistani tribals from Dir
entered Kashmir intending to liberate it from Dogra rule. Unable to withstand the invasion, the
Maharaja signed the Instrument of Accession that was accepted by the Government of India on
27 October 1947.[15]
Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
Main article: Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
There was a Muslim revolution in western Kashmir [14] and also the irregular Pakistani tribals
made rapid advances into Kashmir (Baramulla sector) after the rumours that the Maharaja was
going to decide for the union with India. Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir asked the Government
of India to intervene. However, the Government of India pointed out that India and Pakistan had
signed an agreement of non-intervention (maintenance of the status quo) in Jammu and Kashmir;
and although tribal fighters from Pakistan had entered Jammu and Kashmir, there was, until then,
no iron-clad legal evidence to unequivocally prove that the Government of Pakistan was
officially involved. It would have been illegal for India to unilaterally intervene (in an open,
official capacity) unless Jammu and Kashmir officially joined the Union of India, at which point
it would be possible to send in its forces and occupy the remaining parts.
The Maharaja desperately needed the Indian military's help when the Pathan tribals reached the
outskirts of Srinagar. Before their arrival into Srinagar, India argues that Maharaja Hari Singh
completed negotiations for acceding Jammu and Kashmir to India in exchange for receiving
military aid. The agreement which ceded Jammu and Kashmir to India was signed by the
Maharaja and Lord Mountbatten of Burma.[8]
The Instrument of Accession of Kashmir to India was accepted by Viceroy Lord Mountbatten of
Burma.
The resulting war over Kashmir, the First Kashmir War, lasted until 1948, when India moved the
issue to the UN Security Council. The UN previously had passed resolutions setting up for the
monitoring of the conflict in Kashmir. The committee it set up was called the United Nations
Committee for India and Pakistan. Following the set up of the UNCIP the UN Security Council
passed Resolution 47 on 21 April 1948. The resolution imposed that an immediate cease-fire
take place and said that Pakistan should withdraw all presence and had no say in Jammu and
Kashmir politics. It stated that India should retain a minimum military presence and stated "that
the final disposition of the State of Jammu and Kashmir will be made in accordance with the will
of the people expressed through the democratic method of a free and impartial plebiscite
conducted under the auspices of the United Nations". The cease fire took place on 31 December
1948.
At that time, the Indian and Pakistani governments agreed to hold the plebiscite but Pakistan did
not withdraw its troops from Kashmir thus violating the condition for holding the plebiscite. [16]
Over the next several years, the UN Security Council passed four new resolutions, revising the
terms of Resolution 47 to include a synchronous withdrawal of both Indian and Pakistani troops
from the region, per the recommendations of General Andrew McNaughton. To this end, UN
arbitrators put forward 11 different proposals for the demilitarization of the region - every one of
which was accepted by Pakistan, but rejected by the Indian government. [17] The resolutions were
passed by United Nations Security Council under Chapter VI of the United Nations Charter.[18]
Resolutions passed under Chapter VI of UN charter are considered non binding and have no
mandatory enforceability as opposed to the resolutions passed under Chapter VII.[19]
Sino-Indian War
Main article: Sino-Indian War
In 1962, troops from the People's Republic of China and India clashed in territory claimed by
both. China won a swift victory in the war, resulting in the Chinese administration of the region
called Aksai Chin, which continues to date. In addition to these lands, another smaller area, the
Trans-Karakoram, was demarcated as the Line of Control (LOC) between China and Pakistan,
although parts on the Chinese side are claimed by India to be parts of Kashmir. The line that
separates India from China in this region is known as the Line of Actual Control.[20]
1965 and 1971 wars
Main articles: Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 and Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
In 1965 and 1971, heavy fighting again broke out between India and Pakistan. The Indo-
Pakistani War of 1971 resulted in the defeat of Pakistan and Pakistan Military's surrender in East
Pakistan (Bangladesh). The Simla Agreement was signed in 1972 between India and Pakistan.
By this treaty, both countries agreed to settle all issues by peaceful means and mutual discussions
in the framework of the UN Charter.
Militancy
Main article: Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
In 1989, a widespread armed insurgency started in Kashmir, Since after 1987 disputed rigged
Sate elections resulted in some of the 'states legislative assembly' 'formed militant wings' later on
after the election forming and creating the catalyst for the insurgency which continues to this day
furthermore 'in part' fueled by Afghan Mujahadeen in 1989 Timeline of the conflict. India
contends that this was largely started by the large number of Afghan mujahideen who entered the
Kashmir valley following the end of the Soviet-Afghan War, though Pakistan and Kashmiri
nationalists argue that Afghan mujahideen did not leave Afghanistan in large numbers until
1992, three years after the insurgency began.[21] Yasin Malik, a leader of one faction of the
Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front,along with Ashfaq Majid Wani and Farooq Ahmad Dar alias
Bitta Karatay, was one of the Kashmiris to organize militancy in Kashmir. However since 1995,
Malik has renounced the use of violence and calls for strictly peaceful methods to resolve the
dispute. He developed differences with one of the senior leader Farooq Papa for shunning the
demand for independent Kashmir and trying to cut a deal with Indian Prime Minister resulting in
spilt in which Bitta Karatay, Salim Nanhaji and other senior comrades joined Farooq Papa. [22][23]
Pakistan claims these insurgents are Jammu and Kashmir citizens, and they are rising up against
the Indian Army in an independence movement. It also says the Indian Army is committing
serious human rights violations to the citizens of Jammu and Kashmir. It denies that it is giving
armed help to the insurgents.
India claims these insurgents are Islamic terrorist groups from Pakistan-administered Kashmir
and Afghanistan, fighting to make Jammu and Kashmir part of Pakistan. [24] It believes Pakistan is
giving armed help to the terrorists, and training them in Pakistan. It also says the terrorists have
been killing many citizens in Kashmir, and committing human rights violations, while denying
that its own armed forces are responsible for the human rights abuses. On a visit to Pakistan in
2006 current Chief Minister of Kashmir Omar Abdullah remarked that foreign militants, who
had nothing to do with Kashmir, were engaged in reckless killings and mayhem in the name of
religion.[25] Indian government has said militancy is now on the decline.[6]
The Pakistani government calls these insurgents, "Kashmiri freedom fighters", and claims that it
gives only moral and diplomatic support to these insurgents, though India [26] believes they are
Pakistan-supported terrorists from Pakistan Administered Kashmir. In October 2008 President
Asif Ali Zardari of Pakistan called the Kashmir separatists Terrorists in an interview with The
Wall Street Journal,[27] these comments by Zardari sparked outrage amongs many Kashmiris,
some of whom defied a curfew by the Indian army to burn his effigy.[28]
The peacful protest movement has been a 'purely indigenous, purely Kashmiri'(Quoted by
Washington post from Mirwaiz Farooq a Kashmiri party leader) 'Gandhi style' (stated by Wall
Street Journal) peaceful protest movement in Indian Administered Kashmir since 1989. The
movement was created for the same reason as the insurgency ;the disputed rigged elections in
1987 ,Kashmir dispute and grievances with the Indian government specifically the Indian
Military that has committed human rights violations .This reinforced by the United Nations that
has said India has committed Human rights violations .[5][6][29]
Al-Qaeda Involvement
Main article: Al-Qaeda
In a 'Letter to American People' written by Osama bin Laden in 2002 he stated that one of the
reasons he was fighting America is because of her support to India on the Kashmir issue. [30][31] In
2002 U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld on a trip to Delhi suggested that Al-Qaeda was
active in Kashmir though he did not have any hard evidence. [32][33] An investigation in 2002
unearthed evidence that Al-Qaeda and its affiliates were prospering in Pakistan-administered
Kashmir with tacit approval of Pakistan's National Intelligence agency Inter-Services
Intelligence[34] In 2002 a special team of Special Air Service and Delta Force was sent into Indian
Administered Kashmir to hunt for Osama bin Laden after reports that he was being sheltered by
Kashmiri militant group Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.[35] U.S. officials believe that Al-Qaeda was
helping organize a campaign of terror in Kashmir in order to provoke conflict between India and
Pakistan. Their strategy was to force Pakistan to move its troops to the border with India thereby
relieving pressure on Al-Qaeda elements hiding in northwestern Pakistan. U.S. Intelligence
analysts say al-Qaeda and Taliban operatives in Pakistan-administered Kashmir are helping
terrorists they had trained in Afghanistan to infiltrate Indian administered Kashmir. [36] The leader
of the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen a major Kashmiri militant group, Fazlur Rehman Khalil, signed al-
Qaeda's 1998 declaration of holy war, which called on Muslims to attack all Americans and their
allies.[37] In 2006 Al-Qaeda claim they have established wing in Kashmir this has worried the
Indian government.[38] However the Indian Army Lt. Gen. H.S. Panag, GOC-in-C Northern
Command said to reporters that the army has ruled out the presence of Al Qaeda in Indian
administered Jammu and Kashmir furthermore he said that there is nothing that can verify
reports from the media of Al Qaeda presence in the state. He however stated that Alqaeda had
strong ties with Kashmir militant groups Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed in Pakistan.[39]
In January 2010 U.S. Defense secretary Robert Gates while on a visit to Pakistan stated that Al-
qaeda was seeking to destabilize the region and planning to provoke a nuclear war between India
and Pakistan.[40]
On September 2009 U.S. Drone strike reportedly killed Ilyas Kashmiri who was the chief of
Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami a Kashmiri militant group associated with Al Qaeda.[41][42] Kashmiri
was described by Bruce Riedel as a 'prominent' Al-qaeda member.[43] while others have described
him as head of military operations for Al-Qaeda. [44] It was noted that Waziristan had now become
the new battlefield for Kashmiri militants who were now fighting NATO in support of Al-Qaeda.
[45]
Kashmiri was also charged by U.S. in a plot against Jyllands-Posten the Danish newspaper
which was at the center of Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy.[46]
Conflict in Kargil
Main article: Kargil War
Location of conflict.
In mid-1999 insurgents and Pakistani soldiers from Pakistani Kashmir infiltrated into Jammu and
Kashmir. During the winter season, Indian forces regularly move down to lower altitudes as
severe climatic conditions makes it almost impossible for them to guard the high peaks near the
Line of Control. The insurgents took advantage of this and occupied vacant mountain peaks of
the Kargil range overlooking the highway in Indian Kashmir, connecting Srinagar and Leh. By
blocking the highway, they wanted to cut off the only link between the Kashmir Valley and
Ladakh. This resulted in a high-scale conflict between the Indian Army and the Pakistan Army.
At the same time, fears of the Kargil War turning into a nuclear war provoked the then-US
President Bill Clinton to pressure Pakistan to retreat. Faced with mounting losses of personnel
and posts, Pakistan Army withdrew the remaining troops from the area ending the conflict. India
reclaimed control of the peaks which they now patrol and monitor all year long.
Reasons behind the dispute
The Kashmir Conflict arises from the Partition of India in 1947 into modern India and Pakistan.
Both the countries have made claims to Kashmir, based on historical developments and religious
affiliations of the Kashmiri people. The state of Jammu and Kashmir, which lies strategically in
the Northwest of the subcontinent, bordering China and the former Soviet Union, was a princely
state ruled by Maharaja Hari Singh, under the paramountcy of British India. In geographical and
legal terms, the Maharaja could have joined either of the two new Dominions. Although urged
by the Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten of Burma, to determine the future of his state before the
transfer of power took place, Hari Singh demurred. In October 1947, incursions and counter-
incursions by Pakistan and India have taken place leading to a war, as a result of which the state
of Jammu and Kashmir remains divided between the two countries.
%
Administered by Area Population % Muslim % Buddhist % Other
Hindu
Kashmir
India ~4 million 95% 4% – –
valley
Jammu ~3 million 30% 66% – 4%
Ladakh ~0.25 million 46% (Shia) – 50% 3%
Northern
Pakistan ~1 million 99% – – –
Areas
Azad
~2.6 million 100% – – –
Kashmir
China Aksai Chin – – – – –
Statistics from the BBC In Depth report.
There are roughly 1.5 million Refugees from Indian-administered Kashmir in Pakistan
administered Kashmir and Pakistan UNHCR
About 300,000 Hindus in Indian Administered Kashmir valley are internally displaced
due to militancy in Kashmir. - CIA
Muslims are majority in Poonch, Rajouri, Kishtwar and Doda districts in Jammu region.
Shia Muslims make for majority in Kargil district in Ladakh region.
Two-thirds of the former princely state (known as the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir),
comprising Jammu, the Kashmir Valley, and the sparsely populated Buddhist area of Ladakh are
controlled by India; one-third is administered by Pakistan. The latter includes a narrow strip of
land called Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas compromising the Gilgit Agency, Baltistan
and the former kingdoms of Hunza and Nagar. Attempts to resolve the dispute through political
discussions were unsuccessful. In September 1965, war broke out again between Pakistan and
India. The United Nations called for a yet another cease-fire, and peace was restored once again
following the Tashkent Declaration in 1966, by which both nations returned to their original
positions along the demarcated line. After the 1971 war and the creation of independent
Bangladesh, under the terms of the 1972 Simla Agreement between Prime Minister Indira
Gandhi of India and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto of Pakistan, it was agreed that neither country would
seek to alter the cease-fire line in Kashmir, which was renamed as the Line of Control,
"unilaterally, irrespective of mutual differences and legal interpretations".
Numerous violations of the Line of Control have occurred, including the infamous incursions by
insurgents and Pakistani armed forces at Kargil leading to the Kargil war. There are also sporadic
clashes on the Siachen Glacier, where the Line of Control is not demarcated and both countries
maintain forces at altitudes rising to 20,000 ft (6,100 m).
Indian view
Indian viewpoint is succinctly summarized by Ministry of External affairs, Government of
India[47][48] —
 India holds that the Instrument of Accession of the State of Jammu and Kashmir to India,
signed by the Maharaja Hari Singh (erstwhile ruler of the State) on 26 October 1947, was
completely valid in terms of the Government of India Act (1935), Indian Independence Act
(1947) and international law and was total and irrevocable.[48]
 The Constituent assembly of Jammu and Kashmir had unanimously ratified the
Maharaja's Instrument of Accession to India and had adopted a constitution for the state that
called for a perpetual merger of the state with the Union of India. India claims that this body was
a representative one, and that its views were those of the Kashmiri people at the time.
 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1172 tacitly accepts India's stand regarding
all outstanding issues between India and Pakistan and urges the need to resolve the dispute
through mutual dialogue and does not call for a plebiscite.[49]
 United Nations Security Council Resolution 47 cannot be implemented since Pakistan
failed to withdraw its forces from Kashmir which was the first step in implementing the
resolution.[50] Now the resolution is obsolete since the geography and demographics of the region
have been permanently altered.[51] The resolution was passed by United Nations Security Council
under Chapter VI of the United Nations Charter.[18] Resolutions passed under Chapter VI of UN
charter are considered non binding and have no mandatory enforceability as opposed to the
resolutions passed under Chapter VII.[19]
 India does not accept the two-nation theory that forms the basis of Pakistan and argues
that Kashmir, despite being a Muslim-majority state, is in many ways an "integral part" of
secular India.
 The state of Jammu and Kashmir was provided significant autonomy in the Article 370 of
the Constitution of India.[52]
 All differences between India and Pakistan including Kashmir need to be settled through
bilateral negotiations as agreed to by the two countries when they signed the Simla Agreement
on 2 July 1972.[53]
Additional Indian viewpoint regarding the broader debate over the Kashmir conflict include:
 India believes that the insurgency and terrorism in Kashmir is deliberately being fueled
by Pakistan to create instability in the region. [54] The Government of India has repeatedly asked
the international community to declare Pakistan as a sponsor of terrorism.[55][56][57][58]
 Pakistan is trying to raise anti-India sentiment among the people of Kashmir by spreading
false propaganda against India.[59] According to the state government of Jammu and Kashmir,
Pakistani radio and television channels deliberately spread "hate and venom" against India to
alter Kashmiri opinion.[60]
 In a diverse country like India, disaffection and discontent are not uncommon. Indian
democracy has the necessary resilience to accommodate genuine grievances within the
framework of our sovereignty, unity and integrity. Government of India has expressed its
willingness to accommodate the legitimate political demands of the people of the state of Jammu
and Kashmir.[47]
 India has asked United Nations that it should not be leave unchallenged or unaddressed
claims of moral, political and diplomatic support for terrorism, which were clearly in
contravention of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 which is a Chapter VII
resolution that makes it mandatory for member states to not provide active or passive support to
terrorist organizations.[61][62] Specifically, it has pointed out that the Pakistani government
continues to support various terrorist organizations, such as Jaish-e-Mohammad and Lashkar-e-
Taiba, in direct violation of this resolution.[63]
 India points out at various reports by human rights organizations condemning Pakistan
for the lack civic liberties in Pakistan-administered Kashmir. [59][64] According to India, most
regions of Pakistani Kashmir, especially Northern Areas, continue to suffer from lack of political
recognition, economic development and basic fundamental rights.[65]
Pakistani view
Map of Kashmir as drawn by the Government of Pakistan.
Pakistan's claims to the disputed region are based on the rejection of Indian claims to Kashmir,
namely the Instrument of Accession. Pakistan insists that the Maharaja was not a popular leader,
and was regarded as a tyrant by most Kashmiris, Pakistan also maintains that the Maharaja used
brute force to suppress the population.[66] Pakistan also accuses India of hypocrisy, as it refused
to recognize the accession of Junagadh to Pakistan and Hyderabad's independence, on the
grounds that those two states had Hindu majorities (in fact, India occupied and forcibly
integrated those two territories).[67] Furthermore, as he had fled Kashmir due to Pakistani
invasion, Pakistan asserts that the Maharaja held no authority in determining Kashmir's future.
Additionally, Pakistan argues that even if the Maharaja had any authority in determining the
plight of Kashmir, he signed the Instrument of Accession under duress, thus invalidating the
legitimacy of his actions.
Pakistan also claims that Indian forces were in Kashmir before the Instrument of Accession was
signed with India, and that therefore Indian troops were in Kashmir in violation of the Standstill
Agreement, which was designed to maintain the status quo in Kashmir (although India was not
signatory to the Agreement, signed between Pakistan and the Hindu ruler of Jammu and
Kashmir).[68][69]
From 1990 to 1999 some organizations report that Indian Armed Forces, its paramilitary groups,
and counter-insurgent militias have been responsible for the deaths 4,501 of Kashmiri civilians.
Also from 1990 to 1999, there are records of 4,242 women between the ages of 7-70 that have
been raped.[70][71] Similar allegations were also made by some human rights organizations.[72]
In short, Pakistan holds that:
 The popular Kashmiri insurgency demonstrates that the Kashmiri people no longer wish
to remain within India. Pakistan suggests that this means that either Kashmir wants to be with
Pakistan or independent.[73]
 According to the two-nation theory which is one of the theories that is cited for the
partition that created India and Pakistan, Kashmir should have been with Pakistan, because it has
a Muslim majority.
 India has shown disregard to the resolutions of the UN Security Council, and the United
Nations Commission in India and Pakistan by failing to hold a plebiscite to determine the future
allegiance of the entire state.[74]
 The Kashmiri people have now been forced by the circumstances to rise against the
alleged repression of the Indian army and uphold their right of self-determination through
militancy. Pakistan claims to give the Kashmiri insurgents moral, ethical and military support
(see 1999 Kargil Conflict).
 Recent protests in Indian administered Kashmir show a large number of people showing
increased anger over Indian rule with massive rallies taking place to oppose Indian control of the
state.[75]
 Pakistan also points to the violence that accompanies elections in Indian Kashmir [76] and
the anti Indian sentiments expressed by some people in the state.[77]
 Pakistan has noted the wide spread use of extrajudicial killings in Indian-administered
Kashmir carried out by Indian security forces while claiming they were caught up in encounters
with militants. These fake encounters are common place in Indian-administered Kashmir and the
perpetrators are spared criminal prosecution. These fake encounters go largely uninvestigated by
the authorities.[78][79]
 Pakistan points towards reports from the United Nations which condemn India for its
human rights violations against Kashmiri people.[29]
 Pakistan President Asif Ali Zardari stated in October 2008 that Kashmiri 'freedom
fighters' were terrorists. However his remarks met with widespread condemnation across
Pakistan and Kashmir, including prominent politicians.[80]
 The Chenab formula - This was proposed in 1960's, in which Kashmir valley and other
Muslim dominated areas north of Chenab river will go to Pakistan, and Jammu and other Hindu
dominated region will go to India.[81]
 Pakistan points towards the numerous Human rights violations which occur within
Indian-administered Kashmir and the many reports by Human rights organization strongly
condemning Indian troops for widespread rape and murder of innocent civilians accusing these
civilians of being killed in encounters [82][83][84]
Chinese view
 Chinese never accepted the British negotiated boundary in the north east area of the
princely state of Kashmir (Aksai Chin).[14]
 The Chinese settled their border disputes in the region with Pakistan in 1963.[85]
Cross-border troubles
See also: Line of Control and Siachen Conflict
The border and the Line of Control separating Indian and Pakistani Kashmir passes through
some exceptionally difficult terrain. The world's highest battleground, the Siachen Glacier is a
part of this difficult-to-man boundary. Even with 200,000 military personnel, [86] India maintains
that it is infeasible to place enough men to guard all sections of the border throughout the various
seasons of the year. Pakistan has indirectly acquiesced its role in failing to prevent "cross border
terrorism" when it agreed to curb such activities [87] after intense pressure from the Bush
administration in mid 2002.
The Government of Pakistan has repeatedly claimed that by constructing a fence along the line
of control, India is violating the Shimla Accord. However, India claims the construction of the
fence has helped decrease armed infiltration into Indian-administered Kashmir.
In 2002 Pakistani President and Army Chief General Pervez Musharraf promised to check
infiltration into Jammu and Kashmir.
Water dispute
Another reason behind the dispute over Kashmir is water. Kashmir is the origin point for many
rivers and tributaries of the Indus River basin. They include Jhelum and Chenab which primarily
flow into Pakistan while other branches - the Ravi, Beas and the Sutlej irrigate northern India.
Pakistan has been apprehensive that in a dire need, India (under whose portion of Kashmir lies
the origins and passage of the said rivers) would use its strategic advantage and withhold the
flow and thus choke the agrarian economy of Pakistan. The Boundary Award of 1947 meant that
the headwaters of Pakistani irrigation systems were in Indian Territory. The Indus Waters Treaty
signed in 1960 resolved most of these disputes over the sharing of water, calling for mutual
cooperation in this regard. But this treaty faced issues raised by Pakistan over the construction of
dams on the Indian side which limit water to the Pakistani side.
Human rights abuse
Indian administered Kashmir
In Jammu and Kashmir, India, the violent Islamic insurgency has specifically targeted the Hindu
Kashmiri Pandit minority, violated their human rights and 400,000 have either been murdered or
displaced.[88] US Congressman Frank Pallone stated "The conflict in Kashmir cannot be
separated from the global war against terrorism, over the past fifteen years militant forces,
including elements of Al-Qaeda and the Taliban, have used violence against the Kashmiri
Pandits in an effort to institute Islamic rule in this region". [88] However the Indian Army Lt. Gen.
H.S. Panag, GOC-in-C Northern Command said to reporters that the army has ruled out the
presence of Al Qaeda in Jammu and Kashmir furthermore he said that there is nothing that can
verify reports from the media of Al Qaeda presence in the state. [89] This violence been
condemned and labeled as ethnic cleansing in a 2006 resolution passed by the United States
Congress.[90] Also in 2009 Oregon Legislative Assembly passed a resolution to recognize 14
September 2007, as Martyrs Day to acknowledge ethnic cleansing and campaigns of terror
inflicted on non-Muslim minorities of Jammu and Kashmir by militants seeking to establish an
Islamic state.[91] On the other hand the CIA reported about 300,000 Hindus in Indian
Administered Kashmir valley are internally displaced due to militancy [92] and about 100,000-
50,000 Kashmiri Muslim refugees because of Islamic militants atrocities and Islamic militants
fighting with Indian army.[93] UNHCR reported that there are roughly 1.5 million Refugees from
Indian-administered Kashmir in Pakistan administered Kashmir and Pakistan.[94]
Claims of human rights abuses have been made against the Indian Armed Forces and the armed
militants operating in Jammu and Kashmir. [95] A 2005 study conducted by Médecins Sans
Frontières found that Kashmiri women are among the worst sufferers of sexual violence in the
world, with 11.6% of respondents reporting that they had been victims of sexual abuse. [96] Some
surveys have found that in the Kashmir region itself (where the bulk of separatist and Indian
military activity is concentrated), popular perception holds that the Indian Armed Forces are
more to blame for human rights violations than the separatist groups. According to the MORI
survey of 2002, in Kashmir only 2% of respondents believed that the militant groups were guilty
of widespread human rights abuses, while 64% believed that Indian troops were guilty of the
same. This trend was reversed however in other parts of the state. [97] Off late Amnesty
International has called on India to "unequivocally condemn enforced disappearances" and to
ensure that impartial investigation is conducted on reality of mass graves in its controlled
Kashmir region. As the Indian state police confirms as many as 331 deaths while in custody and
111 enforced disappearances since 1989.[98] [99][100] .[101].Amnesty again criticise Indian Military in
an incident on 22 April, several armed forces personnel forcibly entered the house of a 32-year-
old woman in the village of Wawoosa in the Rangreth district of Jammu and Kashmir. They
reportedly molested her 12-year-old daughter and raped her other three daughters, aged 14, 16
and 18.When another woman attempted to prevent soldiers from attacking her two daughters, she
was beaten. Soldiers reportedly told her 17-year-old daughter to remove her clothes so that they
could check whether she was hiding a gun. They molested her before leaving the house.[102]
several international agencies and the UN have reported human rights violations in Indian-
administered Kashmir. In a recent press release the OHCHR spokesmen stated "The Office of the
High Commissioner for Human Rights is concerned about the recent violent protests in Indian-
administered Kashmir that have reportedly led to civilian casualties as well as restrictions to the
right to freedom of assembly and expression.". [29] A 1996 Human Rights Watch report accuses
the Indian military and Indian-government backed paramilitaries of "committ[ing] serious and
widespread human rights violations in Kashmir."[103] One such alleged massacre occurred on 6
January 1993 in the town of Sopore. TIME Magazine described the incident as such: "In
retaliation for the killing of one soldier, paramilitary forces rampaged through Sopore's market
setting buildings ablaze and shooting bystanders. The Indian government pronounced the event
'unfortunate' and claimed that an ammunition dump had been hit by gunfire, setting off fires that
killed most of the victims."[104] In addition to this, there have been claims of disappearances by
the police or the army in Kashmir by several human rights organizations. [105][106] Jammu and
Kashmir Public Safety Act, 1978:[107][108] Human rights organizations have also asked Indian
government to repeal[109] the Public Safety Act, since "a detainee may be held in administrative
detention for a maximum of two years without a court order.".[99]
A soldier guards the roadside checkpoint outside Srinagar International Airport in January 2009.
Many human rights organizations such as Amnesty International and the Human Rights Watch
(HRW) have condemned human rights abuses in Kashmir by Indians such as "extra-judicial
executions", "disappearances", and torture;[100] the "Armed Forces Special Powers Act", which
"provides impunity for human rights abuses and fuels cycles of violence. The Armed Forces
Special Powers Act (AFSPA) grants the military wide powers of arrest, the right to shoot to kill,
and to occupy or destroy property in counterinsurgency operations. Indian officials claim that
troops need such powers because the army is only deployed when national security is at serious
risk from armed combatants. Such circumstances, they say, call for extraordinary measures."
Human rights organizations have also asked Indian government to repeal [109] the Public Safety
Act, since "a detainee may be held in administrative detention for a maximum of two years
without a court order.".[99] A 2008 report by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
determined that Indian Administered Kashmir, was only 'partly Free' [110].
[98] [99] [100][101] [111]
.
Pakistan administered Kashmir
Pakistan as an Islamic Republic imposes multiple restrictions on peoples religious freedom in
areas of Kashmir under its control.[112] Shias and Ismailis are subject to discrimination and have
been targets of sectarian violence.[112] The majority of population of Northern Areas is Shia
unlike rest of Pakistan which is majority Sunni. [113] The constitution of Azad Kashmir
specifically prohibits activities that may be prejudicial to the states accession to Pakistan and as
such regularly suppresses demonstrations against the government. [112] A number of Islamist
militant groups operate in this area including Al-Qaeda with tacit permission from Pakistan's
intelligence.[112] As in Indian administered Kashmir there have been allegations of Human rights
abuse in Pakistan administered Kashmir. The Balawaristan National Front has stated its goal of
seeking independence from Pakistan. Abdul Hamid Khan Chairman of Balawaristan National
Front states that 'The Pakistani administration has also been involved in efforts to alter the
demographic profile of Pakistan-occupied Gilgit Baltistan, reducing the indigenous people to a
minority.' The Gilgit-Baltistan area is administered directly by Islamabad. The population here,
primarily Shia Muslims, was brought under one federally administered territory administered by
Pakistan on 16 November 1947, in the name of Islam.' [114] Other groups like Gilgit-Baltistan
United Movement are demanding full autonomy for the areas of Gilgit and Baltistan. On 8
January 2005 11 people were killed following an armed attack on a Shia leader. [115] A 2-day
conference on Gilgit Baltistan was held on April 8–9, 2008 at the European Parliament in
Brussels under the auspices of International Kashmir Alliance. Here several members of the
European Parliament (MEPs) expressed concern over the human rights violation in Gilgit
Baltistan and urged the government of Pakistan to establish democratic institutions and rule of
law in this area of northern Kashmir. Abdul Hamid Khan, Chairman Balawaristan National Front
speaking at the same conference said "no democratically elected representative (from Gilgit
Baltistan) was included when Karachi Agreement was signed between Pakistan and Muslim
Conference leaders in 1949."[116] According to Shaukat Ali chairman of International Kashmir
alliance "On one hand Pakistan claims to be the champion of the right of self-determination of
the Kashmiri people, but she has denied the same rights under its controlled parts of Kashmir and
Gilgit Baltistan"[116] Gilgit Baltistan region has been described a 'simmering cauldron of
discontent.[117] Continued deprivation of human rights has driven people to desperation. [117] Many
people think that they are under the colonial rule of Pakistani government and have boycotted
independence day celebrations. Since independence Pakistan government has made no attempts
to provide basic human rights in this region and no democratic setup exists.[117]
A report 'Kashmir: Present Situation and Future Prospects' which was submitted to European
Parliament by Emma Nicholson, Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne was severely critical of
lack of human rights, justice, democracy & Kashmiri representation in Pakistan National
Assembly in Pakistan administered Kashmir.[118] International Crisis Group has stated “Almost
six decades after Pakistan’s independence, the constitutional status of the Federally Administered
Northern Areas (Gilgit and Baltistan), once part of the former princely state of Jammu and
Kashmir and now under Pakistani control, remains undetermined, with political autonomy a
distant dream. The region’s inhabitants are embittered by Islamabad’s unwillingness to devolve
powers in real terms to its elected representatives, and a nationalist movement, which seeks
independence, is gaining ground. The rise of sectarian extremism is an alarming consequence of
this denial of basic political rights”. [117] However in 2009 Pakistan government implemented
autonomy package for the people from Gilgit-Baltistan. This package was rejected as an eyewash
by Balawaristan National Front whose spokesperson stated “It’s meant to detract the
international community from the violation of human rights in this region.” [119] Manzoor Hussain
Parwana, chairman Gilgit-Baltistan United Movement stated “The so-called provincial setup
aims at concealing the human rights violations and continue the colonial control over the
region.”[119] The 'first step' being an election to elect their own assembly and there have been
criticism about this move by Pakistan. Furthermore according to Reuters U.S many of the people
from the region would rather join Pakistan as a province than integrated into Kashmir. Many
people protested the elections and some people carried banners saying "Pakistan's expansionist
designs in Gilgit-Baltistan are unacceptable" [120] In December 2009 activists of nationalist
Kashmiri groups staged a protest in Muzaffarabad to condemn rigging of elections and 'State
Terrorism" by Pakistani forces.[121]
According to Human Rights Commission of Pakistan Pakistan's Inter Services Intelligence
operates in Pakistan administered Kashmir and is involved in extensive surveillance, arbitrary
arrests, torture and murder. Generally this is done with impunity and perpetrators go unpunished.
[112]
A 2008 report by United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees determined that Pakistan
administered Kashmir was 'Not Free'.[112]
Map issues
United Nation's map of Jammu and Kashmir, accepted by the Kashmiris and the Pakistani
government
As with other disputed territories, each government issues maps depicting their claims in
Kashmir as part of their territory, regardless of actual control. It is illegal in India to exclude all
or part of Kashmir in a map. It is also illegal in Pakistan not to include the state of Jammu and
Kashmir as disputed territory, as permitted by the United Nations. Non-participants often use the
Line of Control and the Line of Actual Control as the depicted boundaries, as is done in the CIA
World Factbook, and the region is often marked out in hashmarks, although the Indian
government strictly opposes such practices [citation needed]. When Microsoft released a map in
Windows 95 and MapPoint 2002, a controversy was raised because it did not show all of
Kashmir as part of India as per Indian claim. However, all the neutral and Pakistani companies
claim to follow UN's map and over 90% of all maps containing the territory of Kashmir show it
as disputed territory.[122]
Sources from: UN: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on the map do
not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Dotted line represents
approximately the Line of Control of Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by the Republic of India
and the Government of Pakistan since 1972. Both the parties have not yet agreed upon the final
status of the region and nothing significant has been implemented since the peace process began
in 2004.
Islamabad: The Government of Pakistan maintains un-provisionally and unconditionally stating
that the informal "Accession of Jammu and Kashmir" to Pakistan or even to the Republic of
India remains to be decided by UN plebiscite. It accepts UN's map of the territory. Also the
designations and the presentation of the Kashmir's regional map based on United Nations
Organization practice, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the
Commonwealth Secretariat or the publishers concerning the legal status of any country, territory
or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. There is
no intention to define the status Jammu and/or Kashmir, which has not yet been agreed upon by
the parties.
New Delhi: The Government of India states that "the external artificial boundaries of India,
especially concerning the Kashmir region under its jurisdiction created by a foreign body are
neither correct nor authenticated".[citation needed]
Recent developments
This article or section may be slanted towards recent events. Please try to keep recent
events in historical perspective. (March 2009)
India continues to assert their sovereignty or rights over the entire region of Kashmir, while
Pakistan maintains that it is a disputed territory. Pakistan argues that the status quo cannot be
considered as a solution. Pakistan insists on a UN sponsored plebiscite . Unofficially, the
Pakistani leadership has indicated that they would be willing to accept alternatives such as a
demilitarized Kashmir, if sovereignty of Azad Kashmir was to be extended over the Kashmir
valley, or the ‘Chenab’ formula, by which India would retain parts of Kashmir on its side of the
Chenab river, and Pakistan the other side - effectively re-partioning Kashmir on communal lines.
The problem however is that the Population of Pakistan Administered portion of Kashmir is both
ethnically and linguistically and culturally different from that in Kashmir Valley India. The Azad
Kashmir population being on the most part ethnic Punjabis. Therefore a Partition on the Chenab
formula is opposed by most Kashmiri politicians from all spectrums, though some, such as
Sajjad Lone, have in recent months suggested that non-Muslim part of Jammu and Kashmir be
separated from Kashmir and handed to India. Some political analysts say that the Pakistan
terrorist state policy shift and mellowing down of its aggressive stance may have to do with its
total failure in the Kargil War and the subsequent 9/11 attacks that put pressure on Pakistan to
alter its terrorist position.[123] Further many neutral parties to the dispute have noted that UN
resolution on Kashmir is no longer relevant. [124] Even the European Union has viewed that the
plebiscite is not in Kashmiris' interest. [125] The report also notes, that the UN-laid down
conditions for such a plebiscite have not been, and can no longer be, met by Pakistan. [126] Even
the Hurriyat Conference observed in 2003, that "Plebiscite no longer an option"[127] Besides the
popular factions that support either parties, there is a third faction which supports independence
and withdrawal of both India and Pakistan. These have been the respective stands of the parties
for long, and there have been no significant change over the years. As a result, all efforts to solve
the conflict have been futile so far.
The Freedom in the World 2006 report categorized the Indian-administered Kashmir as "partly
free", and Pakistan-administered Kashmir as well as the country of Pakistan "not free".[128] India
claims that contrary to popular belief, a large proportion of the Jammu and Kashmir populace
wish to remain with India. A MORI survey found that within the Kashmir Valley, 9% of
respondents said they felt they would be better off as Indian citizens, with 78% saying that they
did not know, and the remaining 13% favouring Pakistani citizenship. [129] According to a 2007
poll conducted by the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies in New Delhi, 87% of
respondents in the Kashmir Valley prefer independence over union with India or Pakistan.[130]
The 2005 Kashmir earthquake, which killed over 80,000 people, led to India and Pakistan
finalizing negotiations for the opening of a road for disaster relief through Kashmir.
Efforts to end the crisis
The 9/11 attacks on the US resulted in the US government wanting to restrain militancy in the
world, including Pakistan. US urged Islamabad to cease infiltrations, which continue to this day,
by Islamist militants into Indian-administered Kashmir. In December 2001, a terrorist attack on
the Indian Parliament linked to Pakistan resulted in war threats, massive deployment and
international fears of nuclear war in the subcontinent.
After intensive diplomatic efforts by other countries, India and Pakistan began to withdraw
troops from the international border 10 June 2002, and negotiations began again. [citation needed]
Effective 26 November 2003, India and Pakistan have agreed to maintain a ceasefire along the
undisputed International Border, the disputed Line of Control, and the Siachen glacier. This is
the first such "total ceasefire" declared by both nuclear powers in nearly 15 years. In February
2004, Pakistan further increased pressure on Pakistanis fighting in Indian-administered Kashmir
to adhere to the ceasefire. The nuclear-armed neighbours also launched several other mutual
confidence building measures. Restarting the bus service between the Indian- and Pakistani-
administered Kashmir has helped defuse the tensions between the countries. Both India and
Pakistan have also decided to cooperate on economic fronts.
On Dec. 5, 2006, Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf told an Indian TV channel that Pakistan
would give up its claim on Kashmir if India accepted some of his peace proposals, including a
phased withdrawal of troops, self-governance for locals, no changes in the borders of Kashmir,
and a joint supervision mechanism involving India, Pakistan and Kashmir, the BBC reported. [131]
Musharraf also stated that he was ready to give up the United Nations' resolutions regarding
Kashmir.[132]
2008 Militant attacks
In the week of 10 March 2008, 17 people were wounded when a blast hit the region's only
highway overpass located near the Civil Secretariat– Indian-controlled Kashmir's seat of
government– and the region's high court. A gun battle between security forces and militants
fighting against Indian rule left five people dead and two others injured 23 March 2008. The
battle began when security forces raided a house on the outskirts of the capital city of Srinagar.
The Indian Army has been carrying out cordon-and-search operations against militants in Indian-
administered Kashmir since the current armed violence broke out here in 1989. While the
authorities here say 43,000 persons have been killed in the violence, various rights groups and
non-governmental organizations have put the figure at twice that number.[133]
According to Govt. of India Home Ministry, 2008 marks the lowest civilian casualties in 20
years with 89 deaths, compared to highest of 1,413 in 1996. [134] 85 security personnel died in
2008 compared to 613 in 2001, while 102 militants killed. Human right situation improved with
only 1 custodial death and no custodial disappearance.
2008 Kashmir protests
Main article: Amarnath land transfer controversy
Massive demonstrations occurred after plans by the Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir
state government to transfer 100 acres (0.40 km2) of land to a trust which runs the Hindu
Amarnath shrine in the Muslim-majority Kashmir valley.[135] This land was to be used to build a
shelter to house Hindu pilgrims temporarily during their annual pilgrimage to the Amarnath
temple.
Indian security forces and the Indian army responded quickly to keep order. More than 40
unarmed protesters were killed[136] and at least 300 were detained. [137] The largest protests saw
more than a half million people waving Pakistani flags and crying for freedom at a single rally
according to Time magazine.[138] Pro-Independent Kashmir Leader Mirwaiz Umar Farooq warned
that the peaceful uprising could lead to violent upsurge if India's heavy-handed crackdown on
protests were not restrained.[139] The United Nations expressed concern on India's response to
peaceful protests and urged to investigate and bring to justice Indian security personnel who had
taken part in the crackdown.[29]
Separatists and workers of a political party were believed to be behind stone pelting incidents
which led to retaliatory fire by the police. [140][141] Autorickshaw laden with stones meant for
distribution was seized by the police in March 2009.Furthermore, following the unrest in 2008,
which included more than 500,000 protesters at a rally on 18 August, secessionist movements
gained a boost.[142][143]
2008 Kashmir elections
Main article: Jammu and Kashmir state assembly elections, 2008
State Elections were held in Indian held Kashmir in seven phases starting 17 November and
finishing on 24 December 2008. In spite of calls by separatists for a boycott an unusually high
turnout of almost 50% was recorded.[144] The National Conference party which was founded by
Sheikh Abdullah and regarded as pro India emerged with maximum seats and will form
government in coalition with Indian National Congress.[145]
2008 marks the lowest civilian casualties in 20 years with 89 deaths, compared to highest of
1,413 in 1996.[146] 85 security personnel died in 2008 compared to 613 in 2001, while 102
militants were killed. Many analysts say Pakistan's preoccupation with jihadis within its own
borders explains the relative calm.[147]
2008 marked the greatest number of anti India protests since 1980 due to the Amarnath land
transfer controversy with several hundred thousand protesters spilling out onto the streets of
Indian-administered Kashmir demanding freedom from India the protests were suppressed by the
Indian army with attacks on protesters leading to the deaths of 40 unarmed civilians.[148] However
the elections which were held subsequently led to almost half of the Kashmiris ignoring the
boycott call by separatists and voting Pro India party National Conference into power.Separatists
insist that this was so because people were looking towards their well being and voting for
whatever could get them 'bread and clothing',and the turnout did not necessarily reflect the
feelings of the Kashmiris towards India.On 30 December Congress and the National Conference
agreed to form a coalition government, with Omar Abdullah as Chief Minister.[149] On 5 January
2009 Omar Abdullah was sworn in as 11th Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir.[150] In March
2009 Omar Abdullah stated that only 800 militants were active in the state and out of these only
30% were Kashmiris.[151]
Obama on Kashmir Conflict
In an interview with Joe Klien of Time magazine in October 2008 Barack Obama expressed his
intention to try to work with India and Pakistan to resolve this crisis in a serious way. [152] He said
he had talked to Bill Clinton about it ( being a mediator). In an editorial in The Washington
Times, Selig S Harrison,[153] director of Asia Programme at the Center for International Policy
and a senior scholar of the Woodrow Wilson International called it Obama's first foreign policy
mistake.[154] The Australian in an editorial called Obama's Idea to appoint a presidential
negotiator "a very stupid and dangerous move indeed"[155] In an editorial in Forbes, Reihan Salam
associate editor for The Atlantic noted "The smartest thing President Obama could do on
Kashmir is probably nothing. We have to hope that India and Pakistan can work out their
differences on Kashmir on their own".[156] The Boston Globe in an editorial called the idea of
appointing Bill Clinton as an envoy to Kashmir "a mistake". [157] India has long regarded Kashmir
as an Integral part of India and resisted outside intervention considering Kashmir to be an
integral part of India and the conflict a bilateral matter between India and Pakistan. President
Obama appointed Richard Holbrooke as special envoy to Pakistan and Afghanistan. [158] President
Asif Ali Zardari had hoped that Holbrooke would help mediate to resolve Kashmir issue. [159]
Subsequently Kashmir was removed from the mandate of Richard Holbrooke .[160] “Eliminating
… Kashmir from his job description … is seen as a significant diplomatic concession to India
that reflects increasingly warm ties between the country and the United States,” The Washington
Post noted in a report.[161] Brajesh Mishra, India's former national security adviser, was quoted in
the same report as saying in reference to the territory's Indian-administered sector "No matter
what government is in place, India is not going to relinquish control of Jammu and Kashmir,"
"That is written in stone and cannot be changed." [162] According to The Financial Times India has
warned US President Barack Obama that he risks “barking up the wrong tree” if he seeks to
broker a settlement between Pakistan and India over the disputed territory of Kashmir.[163]
In July 2009 US Assistant Secretary of State Robert O. Blake, Jr. stated categorically that United
States had no plans of appointing any special envoy to settle the long standing dispute of
Kashmir between India and Pakistan calling it an issue which needs to be sorted out bilaterally
by the two neighboring states.[164] According to Dawn in Pakistan this will be interpreted as an
endorsement of India’s position on Kashmir that no outside power has any role in this dispute.[165]
See also
 History of Jammu and Kashmir
 Indo-Pakistani Wars
 Islamic terrorism
Further reading
 Drew, Federic. 1877. “The Northern Barrier of India: a popular account of the Jammoo
and Kashmir Territories with Illustrations.&;#8221; 1st edition: Edward Stanford, London.
Reprint: Light & Life Publishers, Jammu. 1971.
 Dr. Ijaz Hussain, 1998, Kashmir Dispute: An International Law Perspective, National
Institute of Pakistan Studies
 Alastair Lamb, Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy 1846-1990 (Hertingfordbury, Herts:
Roxford Books, 1991)
 Kashmir Study Group, 1947–1997, the Kashmir dispute at fifty : charting paths to peace
(New York, 1997)
 Jaspreet Singh, Seventeen Tomatoes– an unprecedented look inside the world of an army
camp in Kashmir (Vehicle Press; Montreal, Canada, 2004)
 Navnita Behera, State, identity and violence : Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh (New Delhi:
Manohar, 2000)
 Sumit Ganguly, The Crisis in Kashmir (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center
Press; Cambridge : Cambridge U.P., 1997)
 Sumantra Bose, The challenge in Kashmir : democracy, self-determination and a just
peace (New Delhi: Sage, 1997)
 Robert Johnson, 'A Region in Turmoil' (London and New York, Reaktion, 2005)
 Hans Köchler, The Kashmir Problem between Law and Realpolitik. Reflections on a
Negotiated Settlement. Keynote speech delivered at the "Global Discourse on Kashmir 2008."
European Parliament, Brussels, 1 April 2008.
 Prem Shankar Jha, Kashmir, 1947: rival versions of history (New Delhi : Oxford
University Press, 1996)
 Manoj Joshi, The Lost Rebellion (New Delhi: Penguin India, 1999)
 Alexander Evans, Why Peace Won't Come to Kashmir, Current History (Vol 100, No
645) April 2001 p170-175.
 Younghusband, Francis and Molyneux, E. 1917. Kashmir. A. & C. Black, London.
 Victoria Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict I.B. Tauris, London.
 Victoria Schofield, Kashmir in the Crossfire, I.B. Tauris, London.
 Andrew Whitehead, A Mission in Kashmir, Penguin India, 2007
 Muhammad Ayub, An Army; Its Role & Rule (A History of the Pakistan Army from
Independence to Kargil 1947-1999). Rosedog Books,Pittsburgh,pennsylvnia USA.2005.ISBN 0-
8059-9594-3
 Kashmir Conflict, Homepage Washington Post.
References
1. ^ "India Pakistan | Timeline". BBC News.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1989.stm.
Retrieved 2010-02-02.
2. ^ "Kashmir: A History Littered With Rigged Elections (by Mushtaq A. Jeelani) - Media Monitors
Network". Mediamonitors.net. http://www.mediamonitors.net/jeelani4.html. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
3. ^ "South Asia | Kashmir's flawed elections". BBC News. 2002-09-14.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2223364.stm. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
4. ^ "A Good Voice Silenced: Kashmir's Loss Is Also Mine". Mea.gov.in. 2002-06-09.
http://mea.gov.in/bestoftheweb/2002/06/09bow01.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
5. ^ a b c Wax, Emily (2008-08-28). "Peaceful Protests In Kashmir Alter Equation for India".
washingtonpost.com. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-
dyn/content/article/2008/08/27/AR2008082703195.html. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
6. ^ a b c d Trofimov, Yaroslav (2008-12-15). "A New Tack in Kashmir - WSJ.com".
Online.wsj.com. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122930169820005503.html. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
7. ^ "Freedom in the World 2009 - Kashmir (India)". UNHCR. July 16, 2009.
http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,ANNUALREPORT,IND,,4a6452aa2d,0.html. Retrieved 1 May
2010.
8. ^ "Pro-India parties win majority in Kashmir elections". CNN. December 28, 2008.
http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/12/28/indian.kashmir.vote/. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
9. ^ "Regional Party Enters Talks for Coalition Government in Jammu and Kashmir". Voice of
America. December 29, 2008. http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2008-12-29-voa15-
66803742.html. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
10. ^ Pakistan's Role in the Kashmir Insurgency by Peter Chalk, RAND,2001-09-01
11. ^ Why Pakistan is 'boosting Kashmir militants', BBC, 2010-03-03
12. ^ "Kashmir militants 'regrouping' in Pakistan". BBC.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8683367.stm. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
13. ^ Revised Statute from The UK Statute Law Database: Indian Independence Act 1947 (c.30) at
opsi.gov.uk
14. ^ a b c "Kashmir (region, Indian subcontinent) :: The Kashmir problem - Britannica Online
Encyclopedia". Britannica.com.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/312908/Kashmir/214223/The-Kashmir-problem#ref673547.
15. ^ Death in the Vale, TIME, 1947-11-10
16. ^ "Kashmir's forgotten plebiscite". BBC News. 2002-01-17.
17. ^ "India Grabs It". Time Magazine (Time Inc.). 1957-02-04.
http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,723783,00.html. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
18. ^ a b "Foreign Minister of Pakistan, on the role of the Security Council in the Pacific Settlement of
Disputes". Pakun.org. http://www.pakun.org/statements/Security_Council/2003/05132003-01.php.
19. ^ a b Kashmir policy: an overview by Shamshad Ahmad, Dawn (newspaper) 2004-08-05
20. ^ Nick Easen CNN (2002-05-24). "CNN.com - Aksai Chin: China's disputed slice of Kashmir -
24 May 2002". Edition.cnn.com. http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/east/05/24/aksai.chin/.
21. ^ Timeline of the conflict - BBC
22. ^ PMO in secret talks with secessionists, The Hindu, 2006-01-25
23. ^ Malik Under Fire, Rebels Call For 'less Autocratic' JKLF, The Indian Express, 2005-12-23
24. ^ Kashmir insurgency is being ‘Talibanised’Jane's Information Group, 2001-10-05
25. ^ Foreign militants creating mayhem in Kashmir: Omar Abdullah , The Hindu, 2006-03-12
26. ^ "FBI has images of terror camp in Pak". Tribuneindia.com.
http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060802/world.htm#1UN. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
27. ^ Zardari expects world to come up with $100bn,Dawn (newspaper)
28. ^ "Fury over Zardari Kashmir comment". BBC News. 2008-10-06.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7654480.stm. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
a b c d
29. ^
http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/1058F3E39F77ACE5C12574B2004E5CE3?
opendocument
30. ^ Osama bin Laden "letter to the American people", GlobalSecurity.org, 2002-11-20
31. ^ Full text: bin Laden's 'letter to America', The Guardian, 2002-11-24
32. ^ Analysis: Is al-Qaeda in Kashmir?, BBC, 2002-06-13
33. ^ Rumsfeld offers US technology to guard Kashmir border, The Sydney Morning Herald, 2002-
06-14
34. ^ Al Qaeda thriving in Pakistani Kashmir, The Christian Science Monitor, 2002-07-02
35. ^ SAS joins Kashmir hunt for bin Laden, The Telegraph, 2002-02-23
36. ^ Taliban, al-Qaeda linked to Kashmir, USA Today, 2002-05-29
37. ^ Kashmir Militant Extremists, Council on Foreign Relations, 2009-07-09
38. ^ Al Qaeda claim of Kashmir link worries India, The New York Times,2006-07-13
39. ^ "No Al Qaeda presence in Kashmir: Army". Hindu.com. 2007-06-18.
http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/18/stories/2007061801191400.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
40. ^ Al Qaeda could provoke new India-Pakistan war: Gates, Dawn (newspaper), 2010-01-20
41. ^ US drones killed two terrorist leaders in Pak, Dawn (newspaper), 20009-09-17
42. ^ Chicago Man Pleads Not Guilty in Terror Cases, The New York Times, 2010-01-25
43. ^ Al Qaeda's American Mole, Brookings Institution, 2009-12-15
44. ^ Ilyas Kashmiri alive, lays out future terror strategy, Daily Times (Pakistan), 2009-10-15
45. ^ Ilyas Kashmiri had planned to attack COAS, The News International, 2009-09-18
46. ^ US charges Ilyas Kashmiri in Danish newspaper plot, Dawn (newspaper), 2010-01-15
47. ^ a b "Ministry of External Affairs, India - Kashmir Issue". Meaindia.nic.in.
http://meaindia.nic.in/jk/kashmirissue.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
48. ^ a b "Kashmir: The true story, Ministry of External Affairs, India" (PDF).
http://meaindia.nic.in/jk/19jk01.pdf. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
49. ^ "Full Text of Resolution 1172" (PDF). http://www.undemocracy.com/S-RES-1172(1998).pdf.
50. ^ Published: 12:00PM BST 24 Sep 2001 (2001-09-24). "A brief history of Kashmir conflict".
London: Telegraph.co.uk. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1399992/A-brief-history-of-the-Kashmir-
conflict.html. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
51. ^ "Indian Embassy, Washington DC - A Comprehensive note on Jammu & Kashmir".
Indianembassy.org. http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/kashmir/kashmir_mea/UN.html. Retrieved
2010-02-02.
52. ^ M.J. Akbar Monday (2002-09-30). "Exerting Moral Force". TIME.
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501021007-356124,00.html. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
53. ^ "Ministry of External Affairs, India - Simla Agreement". Meaindia.nic.in.
http://meaindia.nic.in/jk/sim-ag.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
54. ^ "Pakistan, India meet on Kashmir". Cnn.com. 2005-04-18.
http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/04/17/pakistan.india.talks/index.html. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
55. ^ World: South Asia Vajpayee: Pakistan a 'terrorist' state, BBC, 1999-08-09
56. ^ India Renews Call for U.S. to Declare Pakistan a Terrorist State, The New York Times, 2002-
07-17
57. ^ COMMENTARY: Qualifying as a terrorist state, Asia Times, 2002-02-05
58. ^ Congress wants Pakistan declared terror state, Dawn (newspaper), 2009-02-08
a b
59. ^ "Pakistan’S Anti-India Propaganda". Indianembassy.org.
http://www.indianembassy.org/Policy/Kashmir/Kashmir_MEA/Paki_propaganda.html. Retrieved 2010-
02-02.
60. ^ "Pak media being anti-India: J&K CM". Expressindia.com. 2006-04-13.
http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=66049. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
61. ^ STATEMENT BY MR. V.K. NAMBIAR, PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE, ON
THREATS OF INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY CAUSED BY TERRORIST ACTS AT
THE SECURITY COUNCIL ON MARCH 4, 2004, United Nations, 2004-03-04
62. ^ UN Security Council Resolution 1373 (2001), United States Department of State
63. ^ STATEMENT BY MR. KAMALESH SHARMA, PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE ON
THREATS TO INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY CAUSED BY TERRORIST ACTS IN
THE SECURITY COUNCIL ON JANUARY 18, 2002, United Nations 2002-01-18
64. ^ "No freedom in PoK: Human Rights Watch". Hindu.com. 2006-09-24.
65. ^ "A Comprehensive Note on Jammu & Kashmir THE NORTHERN AREAS".
Indianembassy.org. http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/kashmir/Kashmir_MEA/Northern_Areas.html.
66. ^ "Azad Kashmir Regiment". Pakistanarmy.gov.pk. 1947-08-15.
http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=159&rnd=460. Retrieved 2010-02-
02.
67. ^ Azad Jammu & Kashmir Governmen[dead link]
68. ^ "Kashmir: The origins of the dispute, Victoria Schofield". BBC News. 2002-01-16.
69. ^ "Pakistan Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Mofa.gov.pk.
http://www.mofa.gov.pk/Pages/Brief.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
70. ^ "Cry and Anguish for Freedom in Kashmir (by Anver Suliman) - Media Monitors Network".
Mediamonitors.net. http://www.mediamonitors.net/suliman1.html. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
71. ^ "Conflict Rape Victims: Abandoned And Forgotten By Syed Junaid Hashmi".
Countercurrents.org. http://www.countercurrents.org/kashmir-hashmi310307.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
72. ^ "Human Rights Watch World Report 2001: India: Human Rights Developments". Hrw.org.
http://www.hrw.org/wr2k1/asia/india.html. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
73. ^ Kashmiris want accession to Pakistan: Attique[dead link]
74. ^ "South Asia | Kashmir's forgotten plebiscite". BBC News. 2002-01-17.
75. ^ "Search - Global Edition - The New York Times". International Herald Tribune. 2009-03-29.
http://www.iht.com/articles/reuters/2008/08/18/asia/OUKWD-UK-KASHMIR-PROTESTS.php.
76. ^ "Violence marks Kashmir election". BBC News. 2008-11-23.
77. ^ "Clashes mar new phase of Kashmir election". Dawn.com. 2008-12-08.
http://www.dawn.com/2008/12/08/top10.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
78. ^ "South Asia | Kashmir's extra-judicial killings". BBC News. 2007-03-08.
79. ^ Brad Adams, Asia director at Human Rights Watch (2007-01-31). "India: Prosecute Police for
Killings in Jammu and Kashmir | Human Rights Watch". Hrw.org.
http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2007/01/29/india-prosecute-police-killings-jammu-and-kashmir. Retrieved
2010-02-02.
80. ^ Fury over Zardari Kashmir comment, BBC, 2008-10-06
81. ^ "Bbc News". BBC News.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/south_asia/03/kashmir_future/html/7.stm. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
82. ^ http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/02/09/india-hold-abusers-kashmir-accountable
83. ^ "Kashmir's extra-judicial killings". BBC News online (BBC). 8 March 2007.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6367917.stm. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
84. ^ Somini Sengupta (6 February 2007). "Indian Army and Police Tied to Kashmir Killings". New
York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/06/world/asia/06kashmir.html. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
85. ^ "Factbox: all about India, China's border dispute". IBN Live. 8 November 2009.
http://ibnlive.in.com/news/factbox-all-about-india-chinas-border-dispute/104799-3.html. Retrieved 13
April 2010.
86. ^ "Leading News Resource of Pakistan". Daily Times. 2004-11-23.
http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_23-11-2004_pg7_59. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
87. ^ "Pakistan wants to curb terrorism: Straw’s assurance to Jaswant -DAWN - Top Stories; 30 May
2002". DAWN. 2002-05-30. http://www.dawn.com/2002/05/30/top1.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
88. ^ a b Pallone introduces resolution condemning Human rights violation against Kashmiri Pandits,
United States House of Representatives, 2006-02-15
89. ^ "National : No Al Qaeda presence in Kashmir: Army" . The Hindu. 2007-06-18.
90. ^ Expressing the sense of Congress that the Government of the Republic of India and the State
Government of Jammu and Kashmir should take immediate steps to remedy the situation of the Kashmiri
Pandits and should act to ensure the physical, political, and economic security of this embattled
community. HR Resolution 344, United States House of Representatives, 2006-02-15
91. ^ "Senate Joint Resolution 23, 75th OREGON LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY--2009 Regular
Session" (PDF). http://www.leg.state.or.us/09reg/measpdf/sjr1.dir/sjr0023.intro.pdf. Retrieved 2010-02-
02.
92. ^ [1]
93. ^ [2]
94. ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2008-07-02). "Refworld | Freedom in the
World 2008 - Kashmir [Pakistan]". UNHCR.
http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,469f2dcf2,487ca21a2a,0.html. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
95. ^ [3][dead link]
96. ^ Wailing Woes
97. ^ Kashmiris Reject War In Favour Of Democratic Means [dead link]
98. ^ a b "Thousands lost in Kashmir mass graves | Amnesty International". Amnesty.org. 2008-04-18.
http://www.amnesty.org/en/appeals-for-action/thousands-lost-kashmir-mass-graves. Retrieved 2010-02-
02.
99. ^ a b c d "Behind the Kashmir Conflict: Undermining the Judiciary (Human Rights Watch Report:
July 1999)". Hrw.org. http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kashmir/judiciary.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
100. ^ a b c "Behind the Kashmir Conflict - Abuses in the Kashmir Valley". Hrw.org. 1998-04-20.
http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kashmir/abuses.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
101. ^ a b http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA20/024/1997/en/15411f3b-ea77-11dd-b05d-
65164b228191/asa200241997en.pdf
102. ^ [4]
103. ^ [5][dead link]
104. ^ Monday, Jan. 18, 1993 (1993-01-18). "Blood Tide Rising - TIME". Time.com.
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,977469,00.html. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
105. ^ "India". State.gov. 2007-03-06. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78871.htm. Retrieved
2010-02-02.
106. ^ "World | South Asia | Kashmir's extra-judicial killings". BBC News. 2007-03-08.
107. ^ "India: The Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act- a threat to human rights | Amnesty
International". Amnesty.org. 2000-05-15. http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA20/019/2000.
108. ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Refworld | Jammu and Kashmir Public
Safety Act, 1978 (Act No. 6 of 1978)". UNHCR.
http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,NATLEGBOD,,IND,3ae6b52014,0.html. Retrieved 2010-02-
02.
109. ^ a b "India: Repeal the Armed Forces Special Powers Act". Hrw.org. 2007-11-20.
http://hrw.org/english/docs/2007/11/20/india17381.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
110. ^ Freedom in the World 2008 - Kashmir (India), United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees, 2008-07-02
111. ^ [6]
112. ^ a b c d e f Freedom in the World 2008 - Kashmir (Pakistan), United Nations High Commissioner
for Refugees, 2008-07-02
113. ^ Pakistan's Fragile Foundations, Council on Foreign Relations, 2009-03-12
114. ^ Pakistan's heart of darkness, Asia Times, 2002-08-22
115. ^ 11 kiled in Gilgit violence, dawn (newspaper), 2005-01-09
116. ^ a b European Parliamentarians express concern for Gilgit Baltistan, German Information Center,
New Delhi, 2008-04-12
117. ^ a b c d Political unrest in Gilgit-Baltistan, Dawn (newspaper), 2009-07-26
118. ^ EU Report Rattles Pakistan, Outlook (magazine), 2006-12-08
119. ^ a b Gilgit-Baltistan package termed an eyewash, Dawn (newspaper), 2009-08-30
120. ^ [Pakistan's disputed Northern Areas go to polls
http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5AB1ZE20091112]
121. ^ Killing of youth in GB by-polls condemned, Dawn (newspaper), 2009-12-27
122. ^ "Microsoft's Geopolitical Bug Experts: The company's Geopolitical Product Strategy Team
helps Microsoft understand and address worldwide geographical, political and cultural issues that affect
its products". Microsoft.com. 2000-12-06. http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/features/2000/Dec00/12-
06gps.asp. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
123. ^ Pakistan’s Kashmir Policy after the Bush Visit to South Asia Strategic Insights Volume V,
Issue 4 (April 2006) by Peter R. Lavoy
124. ^ Kickstart Kashmir - Times of India.
125. ^ EU: Plebiscite not in Kashmiris’ interest - 30 November 2006, Pak Observer
126. ^ REPORT on Kashmir: present situation and future prospects Committee on Foreign Affairs
Rapporteur: Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne
127. ^ Plebiscite no longer an option; Kashmir row must be resolved within two years' — — Hurriyat
Conference Chairman, Mr Abdul Gani Bhat, The Hindu, 2003-07-01
128. ^ http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/pdf/Charts2006.pdf
129. ^ The Milli Gazette, OPI, Pharos Media. "Full Text of the MORI Survey on Kashmir".
Milligazette.com. http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/15062002/1506200229.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-
02.
130. ^ "87 pct in Kashmir Valley Want Independence". Reuters.com. 2007-08-13.
http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSDEL291796. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
131. ^ "South Asia | Musharraf pushes Kashmir proposal". BBC News. 2006-12-05.
132. ^ "Musharraf’s Bold Initiative on Kashmir". Arabnews.com. http://www.arabnews.com/?
page=7&section=0&article=90157&d=18&m=12&y=2006. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
133. ^ From journalist Mukhtar Ahmad (2008-03-23). "Five dead after Kashmir gun battle -
CNN.com". Edition.cnn.com.
http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/23/kashmir.battle/index.html. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
134. ^ [7][dead link]
135. ^ "South Asia | Kashmir - missed chances for peace". BBC News. 2008-08-22.
136. ^ "South Asia | Top Kashmir separatists detained". BBC News. 2008-09-05.
137. ^ "After Uprising, 300 Protestors Arrested in Indian Kashmir". Newsblaze.com. 2008-09-06.
http://newsblaze.com/story/20080906092021kash.nb/topstory.html. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
138. ^ Thottam, Jyoti (2008-09-04). "Valley of Tears". TIME.
139. ^ "Mirwaiz warns of violent upsurge -DAWN - Top Stories; 8 September 2008". DAWN. 2008-
09-08. http://dawn.com/2008/09/08/top7.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
140. ^ "Stones And Psyches". Kashmirobserver.net. http://www.kashmirobserver.net/index.php?
option=com_content&view=article&id=1051:stones-and-psyches&catid=7:editorial&Itemid=8. Retrieved
2010-02-02.
141. ^ "The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Jammu & Kashmir". Tribuneindia.com.
http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090311/j&k.htm#1. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
142. ^ Avijit Ghosh. "In Kashmir, there's azadi in air". Online edition of The Times of India, dated
2008-08-17.
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/In_Kashmir_theres_azadi_in_the_air/articleshow/3372070.cms.
143. ^ "Valley of Tears". Time. 2008-09-04.
144. ^ "Kashmiris vote despite boycott call". English.aljazeera.net.
http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2008/11/20081117232949276497.html. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
145. ^ Whitehead, Andrew (2009-01-01). "Kashmir crisis comes full circle". BBC News.
146. ^ Kashmir violence at an all time low[dead link]
147. ^ "Level of violence in Kashmir dips". Washingtontimes.com. 2008-03-28.
http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/mar/28/briefing-level-of-violence-in-kashmir-dips/.
148. ^ "BBC World Service - News - Non-violent protest in Kashmir". Bbc.co.uk. 2008-10-14.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/news/2008/10/081016_kashmir_arney_dm.shtml. Retrieved 2010-02-
02.
149. ^ Pro-India parties to take power in Indian Kashmir, International Herald Tribune, 2008-12-30
150. ^ Omar Abdullah sworn in, Tara Chand to be deputy CM, Rediff.com, 2009-01-05
151. ^ 800 ultras active in state: Omar, The Tribune, 2009-03-02
152. ^ The full Obama Interview, TIME
153. ^ "SELIG S. HARRISON, director of the Asia Program at the Center for International Policy".
Ciponline.org. http://www.ciponline.org/asia/Seligbio.html. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
154. ^ Kashmir issue leading Obama into first 'tar pit', The Washington Times, 2009-01-06
155. ^ Asia's Islamism engine, The Australian, 2008-12-04
156. ^ What Should Obama Do On Kashmir, Forbes, 2008-12-01
157. ^ A wrong role for Bill Clinton, The Boston Globe, 2008-12-28
158. ^ Holbrooke Plans First Trip as Afghanistan-Pakistan Envoy, Voice of America
159. ^ Partnering With Pakistan, The Washington Post, 2009-01-28
160. ^ Will Kashmir Be an Obama Foreign Policy Focus?, TIME 2009-01-28
161. ^ Kashmir taken out of Holbrooke’s brief, says report, DAWN, 2009-01-31
162. ^ U.S. Removes Kashmir From Envoy's Mandate; India Exults, The Washington Post, 2009-01-
30
163. ^ India warns Obama over Kashmir, The Financial Times, 2009-02-03
164. ^ US has no plans to appoint special envoy on Kashmir: Blake, The News International, 2009-07-
16
165. ^ US to sign $20 billion defence accords with India, Dawn (newspaper), 2009-07-17
External links
 The Future of Kashmir, Matthew A. Rosenstein et al., ACDIS Swords and Ploughshares
16:1 (winter 2007-8), Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security
(ACDIS) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
 [9]
 [10]
 Kashmiris World -Research and news on conflict and killings in Kashmir
 Kashmir Watch: In-depth coverage on Kashmir conflict
 Legal Documents related to Kashmir including treaties
 Centre for Contemporary Conflict on Kargil War
 BBC articles on Kashmir
 Kashmir Conflict
 Recent Kashmir developments
 The Political Economy of the Kashmir Conflict U.S. Institute of Peace Report, June 2004
 The Jammu and Kashmir issue
 A peep into Kashmir History
 The Kashmir dispute-cause or symptom?
 LoC-Line of Control situation in Kashmir
 Jammu & Kashmir-The Basic Facts
 Introduction of the Kashmir dispute
 An outline of the history of Kashmir
 Images of Muzaffarabad (Capital City of Pakistani controlled Kashmir)
 Images of Pakistan controlled Kashmir
 News Coverage of Kashmir
 Jammu & Kashmir on The Indian Analyst News, Analysis, and Opinion
 Accession Document
 Conflict in Kashmir: Selected Internet Resources by the Library, University of
California, Berkeley, USA; University of California at Berkeley Library Bibliographies and
Web-Bibliographies list
 Timeline since April 2003
 A peep into Kashmir History and timeline
 Conflict in Kashmir: Selected Internet Resources by the Library, University of
California, Berkeley, USA; University of California at Berkeley Library Bibliographies and
Web-Bibliographies list
 Kashmir resolution of the European Parliament, 24 May 2007
 Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front

Kashmir Conflict: Indo-Pakistani Wars and Conflicts

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Kashmir Conflict: Indo-Pakistani Wars and Conflicts

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Kashmir Conflict: Indo-Pakistani Wars and Conflicts

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Kashmir conflict

You might also like