Tech Tips for Thermostatic Expansion

Valves
December 6, 2000
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The pressure acting on the diaphragm in an expansion valve.

In refrigeration and air conditioning systems, the thermostatic expansion valve (TEV)
can be a difficult device to understand, install, adjust, and troubleshoot. Its never a
waste of time to review TEVs their operating principles, installation, maintenance,
and troubleshooting.
In a nutshell, the role of the TEV is to control liquid injection into an evaporator as a
function of the load. The controlling parameter is superheat at the evaporator. As the
load on the evaporator increases, the valve responds to an increase in superheat and
opens to allow more liquid refrigerant to flow into the evaporator.
In so doing, the TEV maximizes the usable evaporator heat transfer surface and
protects the compressor by making sure that only vapor returns to it.

A TEV (Danfoss type TU) showing its principal internal and external features.

Parts Of a TEV
A TEV consists of three basic parts: The power head, the capillary tube and bulb, and
the body. To understand how the TEV functions, a closer look at each of the parts is
necessary:
The power head assembly, enclosing a diaphragm;
The capillary tube and bulb connected to the power head containing a charge
which, as it expands and contracts, exerts a varying pressure on the diaphragm; and
The valve body, with one or more pushpins operated by the diaphragm; the
pushpins regulate the opening of an orifice through which the refrigerant is metered
into the evaporator.
The movement of the pushpins depends on the pressure on the diaphragm, which is
opposed by the force of a spring. Spring force, which determines static superheat, can
be fixed or adjustable.

Static superheat + opening superheat = operating superheat.

How TEVs Work

The function of a TEV depends on the relationship between three fundamental
pressures.
Bulb charge pressure acts on the upper surface of the diaphragm, moving it in the
valve-opening direction.
Two pressures oppose bulb pressure. Evaporating pressure is introduced by either
internal or external equalization. This equalization pressure acts on the underside of
the diaphragm in the valve closing direction. Note: Evaporat-ing and equalization
pressures should always be the same.
Spring pressure also acts on the underside of the diaphragm in the closing direction.
In a valve with adjustable superheat, the spring pressure can be adjusted manually.
As the expansion valve regulates, there is balance between bulb pressure on one side
of the diaphragm and equalization pressure plus spring pressure on the other side.
This balance can be upset in either of two ways:
1. When spring force is adjusted manually, there is a proportional change in the TEVs
static superheat.
2. A change in the cooling load will change the evaporating pressure of the refrigerant
and hence the equalization pressure under the diaphragm. This change occurs in
proportion to the change in temperature at the evaporator outlet tube where the bulb is
strapped. Any change in pressure is transmitted from the bulb through the capillary
tube to the diaphragm.
The balance of forces is disturbed until a new equilibrium is reached as more
refrigerant is injected into the evaporator and the cooling load demand is met.

Taking the measurements for superheat calculation; for the most accurate readings,
place your gauge and thermometer in the positions shown.

What is Superheat?
Physically, superheat is the temperature difference between the external pipe wall
temperature and the evaporating pressure converted to temperature (saturation
temperature) measured in F. The level of superheat equals the temperature increase
above the saturation temperature at the existing pressure.
A vapor is superheated when its temperature is higher than the saturation temperature
corresponding to its pressure. For example, R-22 at 70 psig has a saturation
temperature of 41, and if its temperature actually is 51, it is said to be
superheated by 10.
With respect to valve operation, superheat has two distinct components:
1. Static superheat is the superheat at which spring force is met and the valve is ready
to open.
2. Opening superheat is the amount of superheat above static superheat that opens the
valve to allow refrigerant flow.
The superheat measured at the outlet of the evaporator is the sum of the two and is
called operating superheat.
On valves with adjustable superheat, we are only changing spring force, and therefore
only the static superheat. By adjusting the static superheat, however, we are
effectively adjusting operating superheat. The opening superheat cannot be adjusted
and is dependent on the system load or operating pressures as transmitted from the
sensing bulb.

Make sure the sensing bulb is mounted in the corre t position, according to the tubing
size.

How to Measure Superheat

At the evaporator outlet, and adjacent to the bulb position, use accurate instruments to
take measurements of the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant suction gas.
1. Measure the suction pressure at the evaporator outlet (or, if there is no fitting there,
at the compressor inlet service valve).
2. Clean an area of the suction line near the bulb.
3. Tape your thermocouple to the cleaned area and insulate it; connect the
thermocouple to a calibrated electronic thermometer and read the temperature.
4. Convert the suction pressure to a temperature using a refrigerant slide rule or chart,
and subtract the temperature measured near the bulb. The difference is the superheat.
A common but inaccurate method for determining superheat in the field uses
evaporator inlet temperature instead of the saturated suction temperature equivalent to
the evaporator outlet pressure. The problem with this method is its inaccuracy, which
is most often due to misplacement of the inlet thermocouple or the inability to access
the inlet at all.

TEV Installation
The TEV must be installed in the liquid line, ahead of the evaporator and as close to it
as possible. The bulb is tightly strapped to the suction line, as close to the evaporator
outlet as possible. The bulb will give false signals to the diaphragm if it is installed
after a desuperheater or close to components with large mass, such as large valves or
flange connections. Any evaporator with a distributor or with a significant pressure
drop requires an externally equalized TEV. If the valve is externally equalized, the
equalizing line must be connected, otherwise the valve will not operate. The
equalization connection is made at a point in the suction line immediately after the
bulb, and in a 12 oclock position on the tube to avoid oil logging the equalizer line.
Mount the TEVs sensing bulb on a horizontal suction line tube at the outlet of the
evaporator in a position between 12 and 4 oclock. The location depends on the
suction line diameter. Tubes smaller than 3/4 in. should have the bulb located at the 12
or 1 oclock position; - and 7/8- in. tubes require a bulb position at 2 oclock; for
tubes 1 in. and larger, the correct position is from 3 to 4 oclock. Never locate the bulb
at the bottom of the suction line because of the possibility of a false signal caused by
oil lying there. For the same reason, the bulb must not be mounted in areas where the
suction line is bent and may act as an oil trap, as on a riser. Remember that the
optimum location is on a horizontal part of the suction line immediately after the
evaporator outlet. The bulb must have good thermal contact with the suction line.
(Danfoss valves with double-contact bulbs improve thermal conduction.) The bulb
mounting strap transfers heat to the area of the bulb that is not in contact with the
copper tubing. Never use plastic straps such as cable ties for bulb mounting. Time and
temperature will loosen the plastic material; contact as well as heat transfer will be
lost. The bulb mounting strap supplied by TEV manufacturers is made of heatconductive material, and should always be tight, but not so tight as to deform the
piping or bulb. Although not a requirement, if heat-conductive paste is available, you
can use it on the contact surfaces to enhance heat transfer. Because it needs to be able
to sense the temperature of superheated suction vapor, the bulb must not be located in
a position where external heat or cold will affect it. Insulating the bulb will help, but
in cases where the lines operate below 32, the insulating material must be chosen to
seal against moisture that might freeze around the bulb. Insulation of the bulb is also
recommended if the bulb is exposed to a warm air current. On systems where a liquid
distributor is used, remember that the TEV must be externally equalized, and the
distributor should be mounted vertically, head outlets downward. It is extremely
important that the feeder tubes from the distributor be of the same diameter and
length. It is important to keep pressure drops across the distributor tubes as equal as
possible for good liquid distribution. Avoid liquid traps when routing the distributor
tubing. Piping must be carefully designed and executed to prevent any unwanted
effects. For instance, where a circuit has multiple evaporators at different elevations, a
higher evaporator can affect the TEV sensing bulb on a lower one. Also, in multifixture circuits, you may find situations where another technician has mislocated a
sensing bulb so that it is actually reading the temperature of the common suction line
rather than the evaporator it is meant to serve.

Setting, Adjusting Superheat

All expansion valves are supplied with a factory superheat setting appropriate for
most applications. TEVs with fixed superheat do not allow readjustment in the field.
Other valves, though, are designed to allow field setting by adjusting the spring force.
To adjust the static superheat, turn the valves setting stem. Turning clockwise
increases static superheat and effectively reduces refrigerant flow through the valve.
Turning counterclockwise reduces static superheat and increases refrigerant flow.
In addition to TEV sizing, correct superheat setting and proper sensing bulb
positioning are two more of the many important determining factors for proper
operation of an evaporator, and for compressor protection.

Superheat Problems
Expansion valves are often suspected of causing system problems. But generally
speaking, a TEV is operating properly if it maintains superheat of 5 to 15.
If superheat is low (lower than 5), there is a potential for flooding refrigerant back
to the compressor. If superheat is higher than 15F, the evaporator is probably
operating inefficiently.

Stop Fiddling and Find the Problem

There are countless possible causes for problems in a system. Superheat is one of the
last things we adjust.
Expansion valves are designed and set by their manufacturers to serve as plug-andplay devices which, right out of the box, can operate effectively in a wide range of
applications.
The temptation to adjust them is there because it is very easy to get to them before
taking time to properly diagnose the refrigeration system. Unless there is absolute
certainty of incorrect superheat, leave the TEV alone.
Here are some problem areas that can cause low and high superheat. These areas
should be investigated before adjusting superheat.
Causes of low superheat include:

An improperly adjusted valve;

A significantly oversized valve;
Poor bulb or equalizer location;
Overcharged system; and
Excessive oil blocking the evaporator and acting as an insulator.

Causes of high superheat include:

 Low refrigerant charge, resulting in flash gas in the liquid line;

Dirt in the system trapped in the valve;
A restriction such as a plugged filter-drier in the liquid line, again causing flash
gas;
A saturated or undersized drier in the system; unremoved moisture is likely to
result in the formation of ice, restricting the TEVs orifice; and
Improper system design, resulting in little or no liquid subcooling.

If You Need to Adjust

Earlier we talked about the proper way to take a superheat reading. If the valve is
adjustable, and if you determine that the superheat needs to be set (for example,
because the system is hunting), prepare for the adjustment by ensuring that you have
operational head pressure and a proper flow of refrigerant to the TEV, without flash
gas.
Next, ensure that there is a nominal (or design) load on the evaporator; use a dummy
load if necessary. Now remove the stem cap to expose the adjustment stem.
Setting superheat is a trial-and-error procedure that will require several changes.
1. Adjust the valve to a point where you get unstable superheat readings, unless you
have confirmed that the system has unstable superheat to begin with. (When superheat
is unstable, the system is out of control and temperature and pressure are randomly
fluctuating.)
2. Proceed to adjust the valve by turning the valve stem clockwise to increase
superheat until the system is just stable. Then a further one-quarter to one-half turn
clockwise will compensate for system variables during operation.
3. The valve manufacturers instructions give the number of stem turns per degree of
superheat. You need to measure superheat after each adjustment, until the new value
results in correct evaporator temperature under the nominal (or design) load.
4. Recheck the superheat under low-load conditions, too. Now you can be sure that
the valve is set correctly.
When theres a refrigeration problem, dont start working on a remedy before making
a careful diagnosis. Adjusting superheat without careful observation and measurement
is asking for trouble.
The same goes for pumping down a system to replace the expansion valve, only to
find out that the system is still not working. It wastes time and can be rather
embarrassing.
But some systematic troubleshooting, examining system pressures and temperatures,
will likely lead to a solid diagnosis, a timely solution, and a satisfied customer.

Strouboulis is application engineering manager and Robinson is market

communication manager, Air-conditioning and Refrigeration Division, Danfoss Inc.,
Baltimore, MD. For further information, e-mail maxrobinson@ danfoss.com. Visit
the companys website at www.danfoss.com.
Publication date: 12/06/2000