A Study About Non-Volatile Memories
A Study About Non-Volatile Memories
A Study About Non-Volatile Memories
1. Introduction
Memory is divided into two main parts: volatile
and nonvolatile. Volatile memory loses any data
when the system is turned off; it requires constant
power to remain viable. Most kinds of random access
memory (RAM) fall into this category. Nonvolatile
memory does not lose its data when the system or
device is turned off. A nonvolatile memory (NVM)
device is a MOS transistor that has a source, a drain,
an access or a control gate, and a floating gate. In
floating gate memory devices, charge or data is
stored in the floating gate and is retained when the
power is removed. All floating gate memories have
the same generic cell structure. They consist of a
stacked gate MOS transistor as shown in Figure 1.
Floating gate devices are typically used in EPROM
(Electrically Programmable Read Only Memory) and
EEPROM's (Electrically Erasable and Programmable
Read Only Memory) [1].
2. Background
One type of computer memory is Non-volatile
memory, nonvolatile memory, NVM or non-volatile
storage, which can retain the stored information even
when not electrical supply is provided. Examples of
non-volatile memory include read-only memory,
flash memory, most types of magnetic computer
storage devices (e.g. hard disks, floppy disk drives,
and magnetic tape), optical disc drives, and early
computer storage methods such as paper tape and
punch cards. Non-volatile memory is typically used
for the task of secondary storage, or long-term
persistent storage. The most widely used form of
primary storage today is a volatile form of random
access memory (RAM), meaning that when the
computer is shut down, anything contained in RAM
is lost. Unfortunately, most forms of non-volatile
memory have limitations that make them unsuitable
for use as primary storage. Typically, non-volatile
memory either costs more or performs worse than
volatile random access memory. Several companies
are working on developing non-volatile memory
systems comparable in speed and capacity to volatile
RAM. For instance, IBM is currently developing
MRAM (Magnetic RAM). Not only would such
technology save energy, but it would allow for
computers that could be turned on and off almost
instantly, bypassing the slow start-up and shutdown
sequence. A number of conferences are held every
year that focus specifically on non-volatile memory.
One of the most prominent is the Non-Volatile
Memory Technology Symposium.
Non-volatile data storage can be categorized in
electrically addressed systems read only memory and
mechanically addressed systems hard disks, optical
disc, magnetic tape, Holographic memory and such.
Electrically addressed systems are expensive, but
fast, whereas mechanically addressed systems have a
low price per bit, but are slow.
EPROM and flash EEPROM can be erased and reprogrammed multiple times; they are still described
as "read-only memory" because the reprogramming
process is generally infrequent, comparatively slow.
Mask-programmed ROM: One of the earliest
forms of non-volatile read-only memory, the maskprogrammed ROM was prewired at the design stage
to contain specific data; once the mask was used to
manufacture the integrated circuits, the data was cast
in stone (silicon, actually) and could not be changed.
Programmable ROM: PROM was invented in
1956 by Wen Tsing Chow, is a form of digital
memory where the setting of each bit is locked by a
fuse or antifuse. Such PROMs are used to store
programs permanently. The Advantages are
Reliability, Stores data permanently, moderate price,
Built using integrated circuits rather than discrete
components, and speed is between 35ns and 60ns.
Erasable PROMs: The EPROM was invented
by Israeli engineer Dov Frohman in 1971. It is an
array of floating-gate transistors individually
programmed by an electronic device that supplies
higher voltages than those normally used in digital
circuits. Once programmed, an EPROM can be
erased only by exposing it to strong ultraviolet light.
There are two classes of non-volatile memory chips
based on EPROM technology, UV-erase EPROM
and OTP (one-time programmable) ROM.
Electrically erasable PROM: EEPROM is a
type of non-volatile memory used in computers and
other electronic devices to store small amounts of
data that must be saved when power is removed, e.g.,
calibration tables or device configuration.
Electrically erasable PROM's have the advantage of
being able to selectively erase any part of the chip
without the need to erase the entire chip and without
the need to remove the chip from the circuit. While
an erase and rewrite of a location appears nearly
instantaneous to the user, the write process is slightly
slower than the read process; the chip can be read at
full system speeds. The limited number of times a
single location can be rewritten is usually in the
10000-100000 range; the capacity of an EEPROM
also tends to be smaller than that of other nonvolatile memories.
Flash memory: Flash memory (both NOR and
NAND types) was invented by Dr. Fujio Masuoka in
1980. The flash memory chip is a near contrast with
the EEPROM; difference is that it can only be erased
one block or "page" at a time. Flash memory has
been widely used for high volume data storage in
devices such as personal computers, personal digital
assistants (PDAs), digital cameras, and cellular
telephones. Program code and system data such as a
basic input/output system (BIOS) are typically stored
in flash memory devices for use in personal
computer systems. A typical flash memory
comprises a memory array, which includes a large
number of memory cells. The cells are usually
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Design
of
Phase
3.5. Silicon-Oxide-Nitride-Oxide-Silicon
(SONOS):
Silicon-Oxide-Nitride-Oxide-Silicon is a kind
of high-performance non-volatile computer memory.
It is similar to the widely used Flash RAM, but offers
lower power usage and a somewhat longer lifetime.
SONOS is being developed as one of a number of
potential
Flash
Memory
replacements.
Silicon/oxide/nitride/oxide/silicon (SONOS) is a
memory technology that provides most of the
advantages of floating gate without any of its
disadvantages. It differs from floating gate in that the
electrons used to store the data are distributed
throughout a thin insulating layer of silicon nitride
(Si3N4) rather than concentrated on a thick
conducting layer of polysilicon. Figure 12 depicts a
comparison of the cross-section of the cells. The
stack height of floating gate can be twice the
stacking of SONOS, primarily caused by the
difference in the thickness of the storage layer as
displayed below in Figure 12, and Schematic
drawing of a SONOS memory cell is in Figure 13.
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4. Discussion
In this paper we have discussed an upcoming
non-volatile memories (NVM) overview in detail
with regarding their cell structures, architectures,
advantages and comparisons with current memory
technologies. We have also introduced the previous
non-volatile memories in short overview. As Nonvolatile
memory
devices
are
electrically
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5. Acknowledgements
This research was supported by The University
of Suwon.
Nonvolatile
Memories
and
6. References
[1] Jitu J. Makwana, Dr. Dieter K. Schroder A
Nonvolatile Memory Overview.
[2] "Holographic data storage." Retrieved on 2008-04-28.
[3] IBM 350 disk storage unit.
[4] Michael Kund and etal; Conductive bridging RAM
(CBRAM): An emerging non-volatile memory technology
scalable to sub 20nm.
[5] Samsung unwraps 40nm "charge trap flash" device.
[6] I. G. Baek et al.,IEDM 2004.
[7] C-Y. Lin et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 154, G189-G192.
[8] S. S. P. Parkin, U.S. Patents 6,834,005, 6,898,132,
6,920,062, 7,031,178, and 7,236,386 (2004 to 2007).
[9] Parkin, et al., Magnetic Domain-Wall Racetrack
Memory, Science, 320, 190 (11 April 2008), DOI:
10.1126/science.
[10] http://zenov.wordpress.com/2008/04/28/skool-art/
[11] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile_memory
[12]http://www.itri.org.tw/eng/EOL/research-anddevelopmentdetail.asp?RootNodeId=020&NavRootNodeId=02042&No
deId=0204223&ArticleNBR=1728
[13] http://www.smso.net/Non-volatile_memory
[14]http://www.electronicsmanufacturers.com/products/computerhardware/computer-memory
[15] Gerhard Mller(a), Nicolas Nagel (b), Cay-Uwe
Pinnow(a), Thomas Rhr, Emerging Non-Volatile
Memory Technologies.
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