Regency Institute of

Technology: Yanam.
LAB MANUAL
FOR
POWER SYSTEMS LAB
VI Semester EEE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Power Systems Lab

UEE 6057 POWER SYSTEM LAB

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Page. no

Sl.no Name of the Experiment

1

PER UNIT COMPUTATION.

FORMATION OF BUS ADMINTTANCE

MATRIX BY DIRECT INSPECTION.

FORMATION OF BUS ADMINTTANCE

MATRIX BY SINGULAR TRANSFORMATION.

4
5

FORMATION OF BUS IMPEDANCE MATRIX.

SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS.

SHORT CIRCUIT FOR LL, LG AND LLG AND

THREE PHASE POINTS.

SWING EQUATION BY STEP BY STEP

METHOD.

8
9
10

DETERMINATION OF LOAD FACTOR,

PEAKLOAD, AVERAGE LAOD AND
DIVERSITY FACTOR.
DETERMINE THE CRITICAL CLEARING
ANGLE OF THE GIVEN SYSTEM
USING
EQUAL AREA
CRITERION.
ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH NEGLECTING
LOSSES WITH & WITHOUT GENERATION
LIMITS.

Remarks

Power Systems Lab

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS

S.No
1
2

Name of the Experiment

ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH INCLUDING LOSSES
STUDY OF ETAP

Experiment 1
PER UNIT COMPUTATION
PROBLEM: draw the reactance diagram for the power system shown in figure. Neglect
resistance and use a base of 100MVA,220KV in 50.

AIM: Write a MATLAB program to find the per unit values of the power system shown above.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1) PERSONAL COMPUTER
2) MATLAT 6.5 VERSION
3) SIMULINK TOOL

ALGORITHM:

PROGRAM:
%generatorG1

Power Systems Lab

gm1=input('enter the value of G1MVA:');

gk1=input('enter the value of G1KV:');
gx1=input('enter the value of G1X:');
%transformerT1
t1m=input('enter the value of T1MVA:');
t1kp=input('enter the value of T1KVP:');
t1ks=input('enter the value of T1KS:');
t1x=input('enter the value of T1X:');
%transmission lineTL1
tl1x=input('enter the value of TL1X:');
%transformerT2
t2m=input('enter the value of T2MVA:');
t2kp=input('enter the value of T2KVP:');
t2ks=input('enter the value of T2KVS:');
t2x=input('enter the value ofT2X:');
%generatorG2
gm2=input('enter the value of G2MVA:');
gk2=input('enter the value of G2KV:');
gx2=input ('enter the value ofG2X:');
%transmission line TL2
tl2x=input('enter the value of TL2X:');
%transformer T3
t3m=input('enter the value of T3MVA:');
t3kp=input('enter the value of T3KVP:');
t3ks=input('enter the value of T3KVS:');
t3x=input('enter the value of T3X:');
%motor
mm=input('enter the value of MMVA:');
mk=input('enter the value of MKV:');
mx=input('enter the value of MX:');
%base values
bm=input('enter the value of base MVA:');
bk=input('enter the value of base KV:');
gx1new=gx1*(bm/gm1)*((gk1/bk)^2);
t1xnew=t1x*(bm/t1m)*((t1kp/bk)^2);
bk1=bk*(t1ks/t1kp);
tl1new=tl1x*(bm/(bk1^2));
bk2=bk1*(t2kp/t2ks);

Power Systems Lab

t2xnew=t2x*(bm/t2m)*((bk/bk2)^2);
gx2new=gx2*(bm/gm2)*((bk/bk2)^2);
tl2new=tl2x*(bm/(bk1^2));
t3m1=3*t3m;
t3kp1=1.732*t3kp;
t3ks1=1.732*t3ks;
bk3=bk1*(t3kp1/t3ks1);
t3xnew=t3x*(bm/t3m1)*((t3kp1/bk3)^2);
mnew=mx*(bm/mm)*((mk/bk3)^2);
disp('the pu value of G1 is:'),gx1new
disp('the pu value of T1 is:'),t1xnew
disp('the pu value of TL1 is:'),tl1new
disp('the pu value of T2 is:'),t2xnew
disp('the pu value of T3 is:'),t3xnew
disp('the pu value of M is:'),mnew
disp('the pu value of TL2 is:'),tl2new
disp('the pu value of G2 is:'),gx2new

Power Systems Lab

RESULT:

Experiment -2
FORMULATION OF BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX
BY DIRECT INSPECTION METHOD
PROBLEM:

For the Network shown in the figure formulate the Bus Admittance Matrix by Direct
Inspection Method
1

2
From
BusNo
1
1
1
2
3

To
BusNo.
2
3
4
4
4

R in
P.U
0.05
0.10
0.20
0.10
0.05

X in
P.U
0.15
0.30
0.40
0.30
0.15

AIM: Write a MATLAB program to find the Bus Admittance Matrix by Direct Inspection Method for
the network shown above.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1)PERSONAL COMPUTER
2)MATLAT 6.5 VERSION
3)SIMULINK VERSION

ALGORITHM:

Power Systems Lab

PROGRAM:
zdata=[
From
BusNo
1
1
1
2
3

To
BusNo.
2
3
4
4
4

R in
P.U
0.05
0.10
0.20
0.10
0.05

X in
P.U
0.15
0.30
0.40
0.30
0.15

];
nl=zdata(:,1);

nr=zdata(:,2);
r=zdata(:,3);
x=zdata(:,4);
nbr=length(zdata(:,1));
nbus = max(max(nl), max(nr));
z = r + j*x;

%branch impedance

y= ones(nbr,1)./z;

%branch admittance

ybus=zeros(nbus,nbus);

% initialize Ybus to zero

for k = 1:nbr

% formation of the off diagonal elements

if nl(k) > 0 & nr(k) > 0

ybus(nl(k),nr(k)) = ybus(nl(k),nr(k)) - y(k);
ybus(nr(k),nl(k)) = ybus(nl(k),nr(k));
end
end
for n = 1:nbus

% formation of the diagonal elements

for k = 1:nbr
if nl(k) == n | nr(k) == n
ybus(n,n) = ybus(n,n) + y(k);
else,
end
end
end

Power Systems Lab

RESULT:

Experiment-3
FORMULATION OF BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX
BY SINGULAR TRANSFORMATION METHOD
PROBLEM:

For the network shown in the figure formulate the Bus Admittance Matrix by
Singular Transformation method
1

Element
1
2
3
4
5

AIM:

From Bus
1
1
1
2
3

To bus
2
3
4
4
4

Admittance
2-j6
1-j3
1-j2
1-j3
1-j6

Write a MATLAB program to find the Bus Admittance Matrix by Singular Transformation
method for the network shown above.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1)PERSONAL COMPUTER
2)MATLAT 6.5 VERSION
3)SIMULINK VERSION

ALGORITHM:

Power Systems Lab

PROGRAM:
j=sqrt(-1);
ydata=[ 1 1 2 2-j*6
2 1 3 1-j*3
3 1 4 1-j*2
4 2 4 1-j*3
5 3 4 2-j*6 ];
nbr=max(ydata(:,1));
nbus=max(max(ydata(:,2),max(ydata(:,3))));
yprimitive=zeros(nbr,nbr);
for i=1:nbr;
yprimitive(i,i)=ydata(i,4);
end
a=zeros(nbr,nbus);
for i=1:nbr
if ydata(i,2)~=0;
a(i,ydata(i,2))=1;
end
if ydata(i,3)~=0
a(i,ydata(i,3))=-1;
end
end
ybus=a'*yprimitive*a

Power Systems Lab

RESULT:

Experiment- 4
FORMATION OF BUS IMPEDANCE MATRIX
PROBLEM: Write a MATLAB program to find BUS IMPEDANCE MATRIX for a given system.
Whose reactance diagram is shown in the fig. All impedances are in p.u.
1

Element
1
2
3
4

From Bus
1
1
2
3

To bus
2
3
3
4

AIM: Write a MATLAB program to find BUS IMPEDANCE MATRIX for a given system.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1) PERSONAL COMPUTER
2) MATLAT 6.5 VERSION
3) SIMULINK VERSION

10

Admittance
1.0j
1.25j
0.25j
0.05j

Power Systems Lab

ALGORITHM:

PROGRAM:
zdata=[1 1 2 1.0j
2 1 3 1.25j
3 3 4 .05j
4 3 2 .25j ];
[elements, columns]= size(zdata);
zbus=0;
refbusno=1;
currentbusno=1;
for count=1:elements
[rows cols]=size(zbus);
from=zdata(count,2);
to=zdata(count,3);
value=zdata(count,4);
newbus=max(from,to);
ref=min(from,to);
if newbus>currentbusno & ref==refbusno
zbus=[zbus zeros(rows,1)
zeros(1,cols) value];
currentbusno=newbus;
continue;
end
if newbus>currentbusno & ref~=refbusno
zbus=[zbus zbus(:,ref)
zbus(ref,:)

value+zbus(ref,ref)];

currentbusno=newbus;
continue;
end
if newbus<=currentbusno & ref==refbusno
zbus=zbus-1/((zbus(newbus,newbus)+value)*zbus(:,newbus)*zbus(newbus,:));
continue;
end
if newbus<=currentbusno & ref~=refbusno

11

Power Systems Lab

zbus=zbus-1/(value+zbus(from,from)+zbus(to,to)2*zbus(from,to))*((zbus(:,from)-zbus(:,to))*(zbus(from,:)-zbus(to,:)));
continue;
end
end
disp('formation of zbus using building algorithm is'),zbus

RESULT:

Experiment -5
SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS FOR NO LINES OPEN, ONE
LINE OPEN AND TWO LINES OPEN
PROBLEM: Determine the Symmetrical Components of the unbalanced three phase currents
Ia= 20 300 A
Ib = 50 2300 A
Ic = 801300 A
For 1. No lines Open
2. One line Open (B phase open)
3. Two lines Open (A & C phases open).

12

Power Systems Lab

AIM:

Write a MATLAB program to find the Symmetrical Components of the unbalanced

three phase currents.

For 1. No lines Open
2. One line Open (B phase open)
3. Two lines Open (A&C phases open)

APPARATUS REQUIRED :
1) PERSONAL COMPUTER
2) MATLAT 6.5 VERSION
3) SIMULINK VERSION

ALGORITHM:

PROGRAM:
disp ('calculation of symmetrical components:');
i=sqrt (-1);
Iam=input ('enter the magnitude of Ia:');
Iad=input ('enter the angle of Ia:');
Ia =Iam*(exp (i*Iad*(pi/180)));
Ia
Ibm= input ('enter the magnitude of Ib:');
Ibd= input ('enter the angle of Ib:');
Ib=Ibm*(exp (i*Ibd*(pi/180)));
Ib
Icm=input ('enter the magnitude of Ic:');
Icd=input ('enter the angle of Ic:');
Ic=Icm*(exp(i*Icd*(pi/180)));
Ic
k=menu('option','1.no lines open.','2.one line open.','3.two lines open.');
if(k==1)
disp('no lines open:');
end
if (k==2)
l=menu ('option.','1.phase A open.','2.phase B open.','3.phase C open.');
if (l==1)
disp ('phase A open.')
Ia=0;

13

Power Systems Lab

end
if(l==2)
disp ('phase B open.')
Ib=0;
end
if (l==3)
disp ('phase c open.')
Ic=0;
end
end
if(k==3)
m=menu('option.','1.phase A&B open.','2.phase B&C open.','3.phase C&A open.');
if (m==1)
disp ('phase A&B open.')
Ia=0;
Ib=0;
end
if(m==2)
disp ('phase B&C open.')
Ib=0;
Ic=0;
end
if(m==3)
disp('phase C&A open')
Ic=0;
Ia=0;
end
end
a=-0.5+0.866i;
b=a*a;
Iao=(1/3)*(Ia+Ib+Ic);
Iaom=abs(Iao)
Iaod=angle(Iao)*(180/pi)
Ia1=(1/3)*(Ia+(a*Ib)+(b*Ic));
Ia1m=abs(Ia1)
Ia1d=angle(Ia1)*(180/pi)
Ia2=(1/3)*(Ia+(b*Ib)+(a*Ic));
Ia2m=abs(Ia2)

14

Power Systems Lab

Ia2d=angle(Ia2)*(180/pi)
Ibo=Iao;
Ibom=abs(Ibo)
Ibod=angle(Ibo)*(180/pi)
Ib1=b*Ia1;
Ib1m=abs(Ib1)
Ib1d=angle(Ib1)*(180/pi)
Ib2=a*Ia2;
Ib2m=abs(Ib2)
Ib2d=angle(Ib2)*(180/pi)
Ico=Iao;
Icom=abs(Ico)
Icod=angle(Ico)*(180/pi)
Ic1=a*Ia1;
Ic1m=abs(Ic1)
Ic1d=angle(Ic1)*(180/pi)
Ic2=b*Ia2;
Ic2m=abs(Ic2)
Ic2d=angle(Ic2)*(180/pi)

RESULT:

Experiment -6
SHORT CIRCUIT STUDIES FOR LL, LG, LLG AND
THREE PHASE FAULTS
PROBLEM:A salient pole generator is rated 30MVA, 12.8KV and has a direct axis sub-transient
reactance of 0.3p.u.The negative and zero sequence reactances are 0.25 p.u and 0.1 p.u. The
neutral of generator is rapidly grounded. Determine the sub-transient currents and line-to-line
voltages at the faults under sub-transient conditions. When a L-L, L-G, and LLG fault occurs at
generator terminals.

AIM:

Write a MATLAB program to find fault currents and line-to-line voltages when L-L (A & B),
L-G (B)and LLG (B & C) fault occurs.

15

Power Systems Lab

APPARATUS REQUIRED :
1) PERSONAL COMPUTER
2) MATLAT 6.5 VERSION
3) SIMULINK TOOL

ALGORITHM:

PROGRAM:
zp=input('enter +ve sequence reactance');
zn=input('enter ve sequence reactance');
z0=input('enter 0 sequence reactance');
mva=input('enter MVA rating of generator');
kv=input('enter KV rating of generator');
x= menu('options','L-G fault','L-L fault','L-L-G fault');
ib0=mva*1000/(sqrt(3)*kv);
abs(ib0);
kvab=kv/sqrt(3);
a=-0.5+0.866i;
aa=-0.5-0.866i;
if(x==1)
y=menu('options','solid gnd','gnd through impedance');
if(y==1)
zf=0;
end
if(y==2)
zf=input('enter fault impedance');
end
ia1=1/(zp+zn+z0+zf);
ia2=ia1;
ia0=ia1;
ia=3*ia1;
disp('fault current')
fi=ia*ib0;
abs(fi)
va1=1-(ia1*zp);
va2=(-ia2*zn);

16

Power Systems Lab

va0=(-ia1*z0);
va=0
vb=va0+(aa*va1)+(a*va2)
vc=va0+(a*va1)+(aa*va2)
end
if(x==2)
r=menu('option','solid gnd','gnd through impedance');
if(r==1)
zf=0;
end
if (r==2)
zf=input('fault impedance');
end
ia1=1/(zp+zn+zf);
t=menu('options','ab phase','bc phase','ca phase');
ia2=-ia1;
ia0=0;
disp('fault current')
fi=(ia0+(aa*ia1)+(a*ia2))*ib0;
abs(fi)
va0=0;
va1=1-(ia1*zp);
va2=va1;
if(t==1)
va=va0+va1+va2
vb=va
vc=abs(va0+(a*va1)+(aa*va2))
end
if(t==2)
va=va0+va1+va2
vb=va0+(aa*va1)+(a*va2)
vc=vb
end
if(t==3)
vb=va0+(aa*va1)+(a*va2)
vc=va0+(a*va1)+(aa*va2)
va=vc
end

17

Power Systems Lab

end
if(x==3)
s=menu('option','solid gnd','gnd through impedance');
if(s==1)
zf=0;
end
if(s==2)
zf=input('enter fault impedance');
end
ia1=1/(zp+(zn*(z0+3*zf))/(zn+z0+3*zf));
va0=1-(ia1*zp);
va1=va0;
va2=va0;
ia2=(-va2/zn);
ia0=(-va0/z0);
ia=ia1+ia2+ia3;
ib=ia0+(aa*ia1)+(a*ia2);
ic=ia0+(a*ia1)+(aa*ia2);
disp('fault current')
fi=(ib+ic)*ib0
g=menu('option','ab phase','bc phase','ca phase');
if(g==1)
va=0
vb=0
vc=va0+(a*va1)+(aa*va2)
end
if(g==2)
vb=0
vc=0
va=va0+va1+va2
end
if(g==3)
vc=0
va=0
vb=va0+(aa*va1)+(a*va2)
end
end
vab=va-vb

18

Power Systems Lab

vbc=vb-vc
vca=vc-va
vaba=vab*kvab
vbca=vbc*kvab
vcaa=vca*kvab
disp('the actual values of line to line voltages are vaba,vbca, vcaa ');
vabam=abs(vaba)
vabaa=angle(vaba)*180/pi
vbcam=abs(vbca)
vbcaa=angle(vbca)*180/pi
vcaam=abs(vcaa)
vcaaa=angle(vcaa)*180/pi

RESULT:

Experiment -7
SWING EQUATION BY STEP BY STEP METHOD
PROBLEM: A 3-phase 50 hertz, 50 MVA synchronous generators with 4.5 MW /MVA in steady
State with input and output as 0.7 p.u. displacement angle of 30.5 degrees w.r.t. infinite bus

19

Power Systems Lab

Consequent upon the occurrence of a fault. Assuming that the input power remains constant.
Taking the time interval of 0.05 sec set at t=1 sec

AIM:

Write a MATLAB Program for the Solution of Swing Equation by Step by Step method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED :
1) PERSONAL COMPUTER
2) MATLAT 6.5 VERSION
3) SIMULINK VERSION

ALGORITHM:

PROGRAM:
flag=0;
x=0;
y=0;
omega=0;
freq=input('Enter the frequency:');
h=input('Enter the inertia constant:');
pin=input('Enter the input Power:');
delta=input('Enters the electrical angle:');
it=input('enter the incremenatal time:');
M=h/(180*freq);
dd=1;
disp('

pe

pa

iomega

idelta

omega

for t=0:it:1.0
r=1;
s(r)=t;
r=r+1;
pe=1*sin(delta*3.14/180);
s(r)=pe;
r=r+1;
pa=pin-pe;
s(r)=pa;
r=r+1;

20

delta');

Power Systems Lab

iomega=pa*it/M;
s(r)=iomega;
r=r+1;
idelta=it*omega+(it*it/2*M)*pa;
s(r)=idelta;
r=r+1;
omega=iomega+ omega;
s(r)=omega;
r=r+1;
x(dd)=t;
y(dd)=delta;
delta=idelta+delta;
s(r)=delta;
r=r+1;
if(delta<y(dd))
flag=1;
else
flag=0;
end
disp(s);
dd=dd+1;
end
plot(x,y);
title('Swing curve');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Delta');
if (flag==1)
disp('SYSTEM IS STABLE');
else
disp('SYSTEM IS UNSTABLE');
end
RESULT:

Experiment -8

21

Power Systems Lab

DETERMINATION OF AVERAGE LOAD, PEAK LOAD, LOAD

FACTOR AND DIVERSITY FACTOR
PROBLEM: The daily load on a power system varies as shown in the below table.
Using the data compute the average load, peak load, daily load factor and draw the daily load curve.
Interval, hr
12A.M 2A.M
2
-6
6
-9
9
-12
12P.M 2P.M
2
-4
4
-6
6
-8
8
-10
10 -11
11 -12

Load, MW
6
5
10
15
12
14
16
18
16
12
6

AIM:

Write a MATLAB program to find the average load, peak load, daily load factor and draw the
daily load curve.

APPARATUS REQUIRED :
1) PERSONAL COMPUTER
2) MATLAT 6.5 VERSION
3) SIMULINK VERSION

ALGORITHM:

PROGRAM:
data = [

0
2
6
9
12
14
16
18
20
22
23

2
6
9
12
14
16
18
20
22
23
24

P =data(:,3);
dt = data(:, 2) - data(:,1);
w = P'*dt;

6
5
10
15
12
14
16
18
16
12
6];
% Column array of load
% Column array of demand interval
% Total energy, area under the curve

22

Power Systems Lab

pavg = w/sum(dt)
peakvalue = max(P)
lf = pavg/peakvalue*100
l=length(data);
tt = [data(:,1) data(:,2)];
t = sort(reshape(tt, 1, 2*l));
pp=data(:,3);
for n = 1:l
p(2*n-1)=pp(n);
p(2*n)=pp(n);
end
plot(t,P)
title(Daily Load Curve);
xlabel('Time, hr');
ylabel('P, MW');
grid

% Average load
% Peak load
% Percent load factor

RESULT:

23

Power Systems Lab

Experiment -9
DETERMINE THE CRITICAL CLEARING ANGLE OF THE
GIVEN SYSTEM USING EQUAL AREA CRITERION
PROBLEM: A synchronous machine is delivering 1.0 PU power to an infinite bus through a double
circuit a transmission lion. The transient reactance of the generator is 0.3 PU reactance are given
to a base of the machine rating one of the transmission lion experience a solid 3- fault at middle
to ground Determine
.

Critical angle before which circuit breaker of faulted line should operate. If the stability is to
be maintained.

Calculate prefault, during fault, post fault operating power angle & represents then in the form
of equal area criterion.

AIM: Write a MATLAB program to find the critical clearing angle of the given system using equal
area criterion.

APPARATUS REQUIRED :
1) PERSONAL COMPUTER
2) MATLAT 6.5 VERSION
3) SIMULINK VERSION

ALGORITHM:

PROGRAM:
for i=1:4
r(i)=input('enter the line reactance');
end
e=input('enter the per unit value of generator voltage');
pm=input('enter the power proceeding fault');
v=input('enter the infinite bus voltage');
x1=r(1)+((r(2)*(r(3))/(r(2)+r(3)))+r(4))
pel=abs((e*v)/x1);
d0=asin(pm./pel);
ra=r(1)+(r(2)*r(3))/(2*(r(2)+r(3)));

24

Power Systems Lab

rb=r(4)+(r(2)*r(3))/(2*(r(2)+r(3)));
rc=r(3)*r(3)/4;
rt=ra*rb+rb*rc+rc*ra;
rab=rt./rc;
rbc=rt./ra;
rac=rt./rb;
x2=rab
pe2=abs((e*v)./x2);
x3=r(1)+r(2)+r(4)
pe3=abs((e*v)./x3);
dm=pi-asin(pm./pe3);
disp('maximum delta is');
disp(dm);
x=pm*(dm-d0);
y=pe3-pe2;
dcr=acos((x-(pe2*cos(d0))+(pe3*cos(dm)))./y);
disp(' the critical angle for the given system is'),dcr
ddcr=dcr*180/pi;
ddm=dm*180/pi;
dd0=d0*180/pi;
i=0:5:180;
b=pel*sin(i*pi/180);
c=pe3*sin(i*pi/180);
plot(i,b,'r',i,c,'g',i,pm,'b',ddm,c,'-k',dd0,c,'-k')
title(EQUAL AREA CRITERION);
xlabel(power angle delta);
ylabel(electrical power);

25

Power Systems Lab

RESULT:

Experiment -10(i)
ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH NEGLECTING LOSSES WITH &
WITHOUT GENERATION LIMITS
PROBLEM: Incremental fuel costs in Rs/MW hr a plant consisting of the units are
dc1/dPG1 =0.2PG1+40
dc2/dPG2 =0.2PG2+30
load varies from 40 to 250 MW. Maximum & minimum loads on each limit are 125&250 MW

AIM:

Write a MATLAB program to find load shared by two units with generation limits.

APPARATUS REQUIRED :
1) PERSONAL COMPUTER
2) MATLAT 6.5 VERSION
3) SIMULINK TOOL

ALGORITHM:

PROGRAM:
n=2;
pd=input('enter the load demand is');
alpha=[0.2 0.25];
beta=[40 30];
lamda=20;
lamdaprev=lamda;
eps=1;
deltalamda=0.25;
pgmax=[125 125];
pgmin=[20 20];
pg=100*ones(n,1);
while abs(sum(pg)-pd)>eps
for i=1:n
pg(i)=(lamda-beta(i)./alpha(i));
if pg(i)>pgmax(i);
pg(i)=pgmax(i);
end
if pg(i)<pgmin(i)
pg(i)=pgmin(i);
end
end
if(sum(pg)-pd)<0

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Power Systems Lab

lamdaprev=lamda;
lamda=lamda+deltalamda;
else
lamdaprev=lamda;
lamda=lamda-deltalamda;
end
end
lambda=lamdaprev;
disp('the final of lambda is'), lambda
disp('the distribution of load shared by two units is'), pg

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Power Systems Lab

RESULT:

Experiment -10(ii)
ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH NEGLECTING LOSSES WITH &
WITHOUT GENERATION LIMITS
PROBLEM:

The fuel cost of three thermal plants are given below

C1= 500+5.3 P1+0.004 P12
C2= 400+5.5 P2+0.006 P22
C3= 200+5.8 P3+0.009 P32

P1, P2, P3 are in MW. The total element P0=800MW.Find optimal dispatch & total cost in Rs/hr.

Find optimal dispatch & total cost.

AIM:

Write a MATLAB program to find optimal dispatch & total cost without generation limits.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1) PERSONAL COMPUTER
2) MATLAT 6.5 VERSION
3) SIMULINK TOOL

ALGORITHM:
PROGRAM:
alpha=[500 400 200];
beta=[5.3 5.5 5.8];
gamma=[0.004 0.006 0.009];,
dem=800;
n=input('enter the no.of plants');
for i= 1:n
t1(i)=beta(i)./(2*gamma(i));
t2(i)=1./(2*gamma(i));
end

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Power Systems Lab

lamda=(dem+sum(t1))./sum(t2)
for i=1:n
p(i)=(lamda-beta(i))./(2*gamma(i));
end
for i=1:n
c(i)=alpha(i)+(beta(i)*p(i))+(gamma(i)*p(i)^2);
end
cost=sum(c);
disp('load shared by generator 1'),p(1)
disp('load shared by generator 2'),p(2)
disp('load shared by generator 3'),p(3)
disp('cost of generation'),cost

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Power Systems Lab

RESULT:

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENT:1
ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH INCLUDING LOSSES
PROBLEM: Two bus systems are shown if 100MW is transmitted from plant (1) to the load. A
transmission loss of 10MW is increased. Find required generation for each plant and power required
by load when the generation limits are PG1 max=PG2 max=200&PG min=0
dc1/dPG1=0.02 PG1+16
dc2/dPG2=0.04 PG2+20

AIM:

Write a MATLAB program to find required generation for each plant and power required by
load with generation limits and losses.

APPARATUS REQUIRED :
1) PERSONAL COMPUTER
2) MATLAT 6.5 VERSION
3) SIMULINK VERSION

ALGORITHM:

PROGRAM:
n=2;
pd=input(enter the load demand is:);
alpha=[0.02 0.04];
beta=[16 20];
lamda=20;
lamda prev=lamda;
eps=1;
delta lamda=0.25;
pgmax=[200 200];
pgmin=[0 0];
b=[0.001 0;0 0];

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Power Systems Lab

pg=zeros(n,10);
noofiter=0;
pl=0;
while abs(sum(pg)-pd-pl)>eps
for i=l:n
sigma=b(i,:)*pg-b(i,i)*pg(i);
pg(i)=(1-beta(i)/(lamda-(2*sigma)))/(alpha(i)/lamda+2*b(i,i));
p1=pg*b*pg;
if pg(i)>pgmax(i);
pg(i)=pgmax(i);
end
if pg(i)<pgmin(i)
pg(i)=pgmin(i);
end
end
if(sum(pg)-pd-pl)<0
lamdaprev=lamda;
lamda=lamda+deltalamda;
else
lamdaprev=lamda;
lamda=lamda-deltalamda;
end
noofiter=noofiter+1;
end
disp(the no of iterations required),noofiter
lamda=lamdaprev;
disp(the final value of lamda is),lamda
disp(the distribution of load shared by two units is),pg
disp(the losses are),pl

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Power Systems Lab

RESULT:

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENT -2

STUDY OF ETAP

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Power Systems Lab

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Power Systems Lab

SAMPLE EXPERIMENTS BASED

ON
E-TAP

Regency Institute of Technology: Yanam

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Exercise questions
Semester: VI

Branch: EEE

Name of the Lab: power systems Lab

1.

Write a MATLAB program to find the per unit values of the power system shown below.

2.

Write a MATLAB program to determine the YBUS by Direct Inspection method for the system
shown below.
1
2

34

From
BusNo
1
1
1
2
3

To
BusNo.
2
3
4
4
4

R in
P.U
0.05
0.10
0.20
0.10
0.05

X in
P.U
0.15
0.30
0.40
0.30
0.15

Power Systems Lab

3.

Write a MATLAB program to determine the YBUS by Singular Transformation Method for
the system shown below.
1

Element

Bus

Admittance

12

2-j6

13

1- j3

14

1- j2

24

1- j3

34

2- j6

4.

The voltages across a three phase unbalanced load are V a = 300 200, Vb = 360 900 and
Vc=500-1400.Write a MATLAB program to determine the Symmetrical components of
voltages.

5.

Write a MATLAB program to determine the Symmetrical components of the unbalanced

three phase currents Ia = 1000, Ib = 122300 and Ic = 101300.

6.

Write a MATLAB program to determine the Symmetrical components of the unbalanced

three phase currents Ia = 1800, Ib = 10-300 and Ic = 10300.
A generating station has maximum demand of 10MW and the daily load on the station is as
2
follows

7.

3
3

TIME (hours)

LOAD (KW)

11 p.m. 6 a.m.
6 a.m. 8 a.m.
8 a.m. 12 Noon
412 Noon 1 p.m.
14p.m. 5 p.m.
5 p.m. 7 p.m.
7 p.m. 9 p.m.
9 p.m. 11 p.m.

2000
3500
8000
3000
7500
8500
10000
4500

Write a MATLAB program to determine the load factor and to draw the load curve.
8.

A residential consumer as 10 lamps of 40W each connected at his premises. His demand is
as follows
TIME (hours)

35

LOAD (KW)

Power Systems Lab

12 Midnight 5 a.m.
5 a.m. 6 p.m.
6 p.m. 7 p.m.
7 p.m. 9 p.m.
9 p.m. 12 Midnight

40
No Load
320
360
160

Write a MATLAB program to determine the Average Load, Maximum Load, Load factor and to
draw the load curve.
9.

The load on a power plant on a typical day as under.

TIME (hours)

LOAD (KW)

12 Midnight 5 a.m.
5 a.m. 9 a.m.
9 a.m. 6 p.m.
6 p.m. 10 p.m.

20
40
80
100

10 p.m. 12 Midnight

20

Write a MATLAB program to determine the Average Load, Maximum Load, Load factor and to
draw the load curve.
10.

The fuel inputs per hour of plants 1 and 2 are given as

F1 = 0.2 P12 + 40 P1 + 120 Rs per hour
F2 = 0.25 P22 + 30 P2 + 150 Rs per hour
Write a MATLAB program to determine the Optimal dispatch and the total cost. The
demand is 180 MW. (Neglect the losses)

11.

The fuel cost functions is Rs./hs for three thermal plants are given by
C1 = 0.004 P12 + 7.2 P1 + 350
C2 = 0.0025 P22 + 7.3 P2 + 500
C3 = 0.003 P32 + 6.74 P3 + 600
Where P1, P2 and P3 are in MW. The governers are set such that generators share the load
equally. Neglecting line losses and generator limits, write a MATLAB program to find the
total cost in Rs/hr when the total load is (PD) 450MW.

12.

The fuel cost for three thermal plants in Rs./hr are given by
C1 = 0.004 P12 + 5.3 P1 + 500
C2 = 0.006 P22 + 5.5 P2 + 400
C3 = 0.009 P32 + 5.8 P3 + 200

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Power Systems Lab

Write a MATLAB program to determine the optimal dispatch and the total cost. The
demand is 800 MW. (Neglect the losses)
13.

A three phase, 50Hz synchronous generator with 4.5MW/MVA in steady state with input and
output as 0.7p.u. Displacement angle of 30.5 0 w.r.t. infinite bus, consequent upon the
occurrence of a fault. Assuming that the input power remains constant. Write a MATLAB
program to determine and swing curve by step-by-step method. Taking the time interval of
t=0.05 set at t=1 sec.

14.

A salient pole generator is rated 30MVA, 12.8KV and has a direct axis sub-transient
reactance of 0.3p.u. The negative and zero sequence reactances are 0.25p.u. and 0.1p.u.
The neutral of generator is rapidly grounded. Write a MATLAB program to determine the
sub-transient currents and line-to-line voltages at the faults under sub-transient conditions.

15.

Develop a Simulink Diagram to perform the frequency duration response for automatic
generation control i.e. with & without proportional integral controller.
Take: Tsg = 0.4; Tt = 0.5; Tps = 20; R = 3
Ksg = 10; Kt = 0.1; K1 = 0.09; Kps = 100

16.

The symmetrical components of phase a fault current in a 3- unbalanced system are I a0

= 350 900 A, Ia1 = 600 -900 A and Ia2 = 250 900 A. Determine the phase currents I a, Ib,
& Ic .

17.

A 25 MVA, 13.2 KV alternator with solidly grounded neutral has a sub transient
reactance of 0.25 p.u. The ve & zero sequence reactances are 0.35 and 0.1 p.u.
respectively. A single line to ground fault occurs at the terminals of an unloaded
generator, determine the fault current and the line-to-line voltages. Neglect resistance.

18.

A power station has to meet the following demand:

Group A:
200 KW between 8 AM and 6 PM
Group B:
100 KW between 6 AM and 10 AM
Group C:
50 KW between 6 AM and 10 AM
Group D:
100 KW between 10 AM and 6 PM and then between 6 PM and 6 AM
Plot the daily load curve, determine diversity factor & load factor.

19.

The incremental fuel costs for two plants are given by

dF1 / dP1 = 0.1 P1 + 22 Rs / MWhr
dF2 / dP2 = 0.1 P2 + 22 Rs / MWhr

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Power Systems Lab

If both the units operate at all times and maximum & minimum loads on each unit are 100
MW and 20 MW respectively. Determine the economic operating schedule of the loads of 40
MW, 60 MW, 80 MW, 120 MW, 160 MW, neglecting the transmission line losses plot the
incremental cost curve.

20.

A 3-, 4 wire system supplies loads which are unequally distributed in the three phases. An
analysis of the current flowing in R 1 Y and B lines shows that in R line, the sequence
component is 200 00 A. and the ve sequence component is 100 600 A. The total observed
current flowing back to the supply in the neutral conductor is 300 3000 A. Calculate the
currents in the three lines.

21.

A balanced star connected load takes 90A from a balanced 3- 4-wire supply. If the fuses in
the Y and B phases are removed, find the symmetrical components of the line currents.
(a)
Before the fuses are removed.
(b)
After the fuses are removed.

22.

One conductor of a 3- line is open. The current flowing to the A connected load through
the line R is 10A. With the line current in R as reference and assuming that the line B is
open, find the symmetrical components of the line currents.

23.

A 3-Phase, 10MVA, 11 KV generator with a solidly earthed neutral point supplies a feeder. The
relevant impedances of the generator and feeder in ohms are as follows
Generator
Feeder
+ve sequence impedance
j 1.2
j 1.0
-ve sequence impedance
j 0.9
j 1.0
Zero sequence impedance
j 0.4
j 3.0
Calculate
(i)
Magnitude of fault current
(ii)
Line to neutral voltage at the generator terminal. If the LG fault occurs
on the R terminal.

24.

Incremental fuel in Rs/MWhr for a plant consisting of two units are:

dC1 / dPG1 = 0.2 PG1 + 40.
dC2 / dPG2 = 0.25 PG2 + 30.
Assume that both units are operating at all times, and total load varies from 40 MW to 250
MW, and the maximum and minimum loads on each unit are to be 125 and 20 MW
respectively.
Write a MATLAB program to find how will the load be shared between the units as the
system load varies over the full range. What are the corresponding values of the plant
incremental costs?

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Power Systems Lab

25.

26.

27.

A two bus system is shown in the figure, if 100 MW is transmitted from plant (1) to load, a
transmission loss of 10 MW is incurred. Find the required generation for each plant and the
power received by the load when generation limits are
PG1 max = PG2 max = 200 MW, PGi min = 0 &
dC1 / dPG1 = 0.02 PG1 + 16.0
dC2 / dPG2 = 0.4 PG2 + 20.0
A two bus system is shown in the figure. If a load of 125 MW is transmitted from plant 1 to
the load, a loss of 15.625 MW is incurred. Determine the generation schedule and the load
demand. If the cost of received power is Rs. 24/MWhr. Solve the problem using coordination
equations and the penalty factor method approach. The incremental costs of the plants are
dF1 / dP1 = 0.025 P1 + 15
dF2 / dP2 = 0.05 P2 + 20
Assume that the fuel input in Rs per hour for units 1 & 2 are given by
F1 = 8 P1 + 0.024 P12 + 80
F2 = 6 P2 + 0.04 P22 + 120
The maximum & minimum loads on the units are 100 MW & 10 MW respectively. Determine
the minimum cost of generation when the following load is supplied.

39