''Te Taetae Ni Kiribati - The Language of Kiribati'' PDF
''Te Taetae Ni Kiribati - The Language of Kiribati'' PDF
''Te Taetae Ni Kiribati - The Language of Kiribati'' PDF
Greetings
Tim:
Ko na mauri !
Jim:
Hello!
Tiaon:
Mauri !
John:
Hello!
Tim:
Ko uara?
Jim:
Tiaon:
Ko rab'a, I marurung. Ao
ngkoe, ko uara?
John:
Tim:
Jim:
Nanon te taeka
ko na mauri!
uara
marurung
ko rab'a
naba
Note
Unlike the English greeting "hello," ko na mauri is generally
used only for a first meeting, or after some time has passed since the
greeters have last met. It is often abbreviated to a simple Mauri!
When meeting in passing, as on the road, the i-Kiribati will more
often use expressions like:
Ko na aera?
Where are you going?
Ko na nakea?
Where are you going?
Ko na toki iia?
Where will you stop?
Ko na boo nakea? Where are you going?
Or if the person is
known to be going in the direction of his home
Ko nako maiia? Where are you coming from?
Ko a oki?
You're returning?
Ko boo maiia? Where are you coming from?
Supplementary Activities:
1. Using the additional vocabulary items listed in the next
section, create new dialogues appropriate to different times of
day. Vary your role to be initiator and responder.
2. Change these dialogues into ones appropriate for situations
where it is not the first meeting of the day.
Supplementary Materials:
te b'akantaai
aei
te tairiki aei
this afternoon
this
evening/tonight
te ingaabong aei this morning
With the addition of the linking particle n, these phrases can be added
to (ko na) mauri or ko uara, providing more time specific greetings.
Similarly
te bong aei today
For example: Ko uara n te bong aei?
Modification of responses can include
rangi ni
bati ni
aki
teutana
very
much
not
not bad, a little
Additional Note
Ko is the singular form of the second person pronoun, in the
form used before a verb. When more than one person is being
addressed, the plural form kam is used: Kam na mauri!
Ngkoe is also a pronoun standing for "you", but is used in
places other than before a verb, such as for a one word answer to a
question.
2
Antai aram? - Reirei Uoua
What's your name? - Lesson Two
Objectives: This lesson provides a means for discovering people's
Walter
William
additional dialogues
Antai aramii?
A:
B:
My name is ______.
C:
Ao ngai ______.
D:
Arau ______.
My name is ______.
E:
A:
B:
My name is ______.
The name of this woman is ______, and this
man, ______.
And the name of that man / woman is
______.
Additional
Activities:
Note
Nao (Sir), Neiko, Nei (Miss), and Naaka (You folks) are
generally used as terms of address for attracting attention, as when
someone isn't looking at you, and are not often used when you
already have someone's attention. Neiko seems to have a
connotation of familiarity when spoken by a man, especially a
stranger.
(On Nonouti (S.), Atae is used for Sir or Madam.)
3
Iraua am ririki? - Reirei Teniua
How old are you? - Lesson Three
Iraua am ririki?
Tiaon:
John:
Mm'aane:
Bon natiu.
Man:
It is my son.
Tiaon:
John:
Mm'aane:
Man:
Aiine:
Woman:
Tebora:
Note
Before the name Karianako in the dialogue is the article Te. Often when a name is
mentioned which has a meaning (karianako = in large quantity) a personal article will
be used. See the section in the grammar on articles for more information on the use of
this article. (Lesson 14, p. 87)
additional dialogue
Tebora:
A! I a tib'a uringga!
Ai itiua ana ririki.
Taion:
John:
Mm'aane:
Man:
4
Kaain iia ngkoe? - Reirei Aua
Where are you from? - Lesson Four
Activities:
Bita:
Baraniko:
Bara:
Bita:
Baraniko:
Bara:
Bita:
Baraniko:
Bara:
Bita:
Baraniko:
Bita:
N na mm'akuri n te ununiki
ikekei.
Additional
Activities:
Hello. My name is
Baraniko, what's yours?
additional dialogue
Bita:
E ngaa te aba ae ko tangiria riki Peter: Which island do you like better,
Abemama ke Tarawa?
Abemama or Tarawa?
Bara:
Bita:
Bara:
Bita:
Bara:
Bita:
Bara:
5
Te Katei n te M'aneaba - Reirei Nimua
Maneaba Speech - Lesson Five
Objectives: You may have occasion to be invited to a maneaba, the
Activities:
Te Katei n te M'aneaba
Maneaba Speech
Note
It is the custom when visiting a maneaba to bring a gift for the old men, the
patriarchs of the village. This is called te mweaka or te moan nei, and is usually
tobacco ten sticks being considered appropriate. It can be presented to one of the old
men, usually wrapped in paper, with the explanation that "this is for all of you".
supplementary dialogue
PCV:
A bati aia mm'akuri ae a konaa PCV: They can do many jobs. There
ni karaoia. Iai aika a mm'akuri
are some who work as
b'a taan reirei, taani kateitei,
teachers, some in construction,
taan ununiki, taan akawa ao
some in agriculture, some in
mm'akuri riki tabeua.
fishing and other works.
6
Maanra? - Reirei Onoua
How long? - Lesson Six
Objectives: This lesson will teach you something about time -
Activities:
Eberi
Meei
Maanra?
How long?
Paul:
Maria: Ao a na maanra ngkoe n tiku ikai? Maria: And how long are you going
to stay here?
Bauro: I aki maan. N na tiku ikai ni
Paul:
karokoa te nam'akaina ae Meei.
Tao N na kiitana ikai ni moan
wiikin Meei. Tao ai ti teniua riki te
wiiki.
Note
In English, when giving the date, we use the ordinal numbers the first of March,
the third of June, August fifth. In Kiribati, however, the cardinal series is used, March 4
= aua ni Maati (four of March), April 17 = tebwi ma itiua n Eberi (seventeen of
April), without the article.
supplementary voacbulary
ngkoananoa
yesterday
n te bong aei
today
ningaabong
tomorrow
ae e na roko
this coming
ae e nako
last
te bong
day
te wiiki
week
te nam'akaina
month
te ririki
year
Bongin te wiiki
Te Moanibong
Te Kauabong
Te Katenibong
Te Kaabong
Te Kanimabong
Te Kaonobong
Te Taabati
Te Nam'akaina
Tianuare
Beberuare
Maati
Eberi
Meei
Tuun
Tuurai
Aokati
Tebetemb'a
Okitob'a
Nobemb'a
Ritemb'a
Note
The days of the week and the months should need no translation. Notice the
construction of the names of the days. They are the ordinals before the word 'day': the
first day, the second day, etc. The word for Sunday is Taabati = Sabbath. (Be careful of
Tuesday, the second day it's Kauabong, not Kauouabong!) The names of the months
are taken from the English.
7
Ko maeka iaa? - Reirei Itiua
Where do you live? - Lesson Seven
they live, and how to tell someone where you live. This
sort of situation should occur frequently in your stay in
Kiribati, as it is a common topic of conversation; so try
to learn it well!
Ko maeka iaa?
Tom:
I a kamani kiitana ikai. Ai bon Henry: I've been away quite a while.
tib'a okiu aei.
This is my first return visit.
Tom:
Eneri:
Tom:
Eneri:
Tom:
Eneri:
E eng, ti a boo.
questions to answer
Titiraki
Questions
E kaan te m'aneaba nakon ana auti Toma? Is Tom's house near the maneaba?
Additional
Activities:
additional questions
Note
Names of places must be preceded by the locative particle i in sentences like "I live
in America" - "I maeka i Amerika." When you speak of coming from a place, use
mai: I roko mai Teaoraereke. = I come from Teaoraereke.
8
Te Karaaure - Reirei Waniua
The Farewell - Lesson Eight
Activities: Study the dialogue well, then take a partner from your
Te Karaaure
The Farewell
Rui:
Ko na mauri Tiaare. Ko na
nakea?
Louis:
Tiaare:
Charles:
Rui:
Louis:
Tiaare:
E koaua ma e na kangaa!
Charles:
Rui:
Tiaare:
Charles:
Rui:
Louis:
Tiaare:
Charles:
Rui:
Ti a boo.
Louis:
Good-bye.
continuation of dialogue
Lila:
Rui:
Lila:
Rui:
Lila:
Rui:
Ti a manga boo.
Lila:
Good-bye.
9
Te tia kan taetae - Reirei Onoua
The Language Learner - Lesson Nine
I tuai n rabakau raoi n te taetae ni Kiribati b'a I a I'm not yet good at speaking Kiribati,
because I'm just learning.
tib'a reirei.
Bon au kaantaninga b'a N na waetata n rabakau.
Ko rab'a.
Thank you.
Supplementary
Activities:
supplementary dialogue
A:
A:
B:
B:
A:
A:
B:
B:
A:
A:
B:
B:
A:
B:
I aki oota.
B:
I don't understand.
A:
A:
B:
E kangaa?
B:
A:
E a tau ma ti a boo.
A:
B:
Ti a kaboo.
B:
Good-bye.
Note
Pay attention to the italicized words in the supplementary dialogue. Kinai means
'know, recognize' when used with people, but isn't used with things. Atai means 'know'
when used with things. Don't confuse them like the speaker in the dialogue!
10
Teraa n te taetae ni Kiribati? - Reirei Tebwina
What's it in Kiribati? - Lesson Ten
Objectives: This lesson provides you with some additional tools for
fill-in dialogue
What's it in Kiribati?
A:
A:
B:
B:
A:
Aia __________?
A:
It's __________?
B:
E eng, ngaia.
B:
A:
A:
B:
E eng,
______________________________.
B:
Yes,
______________________________.
A:
Ko rab'a.
A:
Thank you.
B:
Te raoi.
B:
You're welcome.
A:
B:
Te __________.
B:
A __________.
A:
Te __________?
A:
A __________?
B:
Tiaki, te __________.
B:
No, a __________.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
B
bee
E
eh
I
ee
K
kee
M
mm
N
nn
NG
ngg
O
oh
R
ree
T
see
U
oo
W
wee
Note
When the alphabet is recited, b' and m' are not included separately. When the
language was first written by Rev. Hiram Bingham* in the mid-19th Century he used
the alphabetical order: a e i o u m n ng b k r t w. If you find a copy of his dictionary,
this is the order in which the words appear. In modern times the order used is like the
English.
*Hiram Bingham 18311908, American Congregationalist missionary, b. Honolulu; son of Hiram
Bingham (17891869). In 1857 he founded a mission on Abaiang in the Gilbert Islands (now part of
Kiribati). Bingham adapted the language of the Gilbert Islands to writing. He translated the Bible and
produced, among his numerous works, a Gilbertese Bible dictionary, hymnbook, and commentary on the
Gospels, as well as a Gilbertese-English dictionary (1908).
A:
Ko konaa n tibeeranna? A:
B:
E eng, __________.
B:
Yes, __________.
A:
__________?
A:
__________?
B:
B:
A:
Ko bati n rab'a.
A:
B:
Te raoi.
B:
You're welcome.
11
Te Marooroo - Reirei Tebwi ma teuana
Conversation - Lesson Eleven
Objectives: This lesson will give you practice asking for the
Te Marooroo
Conversation
Aana:
Bauro:
Paul:
Aana:
Anna:
Bauro:
Paul:
Aana:
Anna:
Bauro:
Taraia
Cultural Note
additional dialogue
Aana:
Ao 'karaki'?
Paul:
Aana:
Additional
Activities:
Paul:
Additional Vocabulary:
b'anaa taekeeke
b'anaa buubura
b'anaa bangubangu
wiirikiriki
wiwitoka
wiitata
witokatoka
wiwitata
wiimatoa
wiikateke
wiirebwerebwe
taetae n aakoi
maningoongoo
b'aab'arantiko
kab'araria
manikangare
12
I aki oota - Reirei Tebwi ma uoua
I don't understand - Lesson Twelve
I aki oota
I don't understand
A:
I aki oota.
A:
I don't understand.
B:
B:
A:
A:
B:
B:
A:
A:
B:
Ae e ngaa iai?
B:
When?
A:
Are ko titirakinai.
A:
B:
B:
A:
I a manga m'aninga.
A:
B:
Ko a manga m'aninga?
B:
A:
B:
B:
A:
A:
B:
B:
Additional
Activities:
additional dialogue
A:
A:
I
B:
E eng, I uringga.
B:
Yes, I remember.
A:
Ao e kangaa?
A:
So what is it?
B:
Bon(i) __________
B:
It's __________
II
B:
I aki, I a m'aninga.
B:
No, I forget.
A:
Bon(i) __________ ?
A:
Is it __________?
B:
B:
Kiribati Grammar
Te taetae ni Kiribati
The language of Kiribati
Grammar Handbook
Table of Contents
1. Sounds and Spelling
a. The vowels
b. The nasals
c. The consonants
d. Nasals before other
consonants
2. Dialects
3. Intransitive Sentence
Order
a. Position of additional
material
4. Transitive Sentence
Order
5. Interrogatives - Part 1
a. yes - no questions
b. negative questions
c. tag questions
d. tiaki
many-th'
12. Negatives
1. aki - not
2. tuai, tuai men - not yet,
never
3. negative response to
questions
a. aki
b. tiaki
c. akea
15. Pluralization
1. absence of te
2. presence of taian(i)
3. relative pronouns
4. demonstrative pronouns
5. Numbers
6. other quantity words
7. subject pronouns
8. objects
9. taan(i)
29. Adjectives
30. Adjectives - Part 2 Comparison
a. intensification
b. comparison
c. superlative
d. equality
e. summary
36. Prepositions
1. i
2. irou
3. mai
4. man
5. n(i)
6. nako/nakon
38. Conjunctions
1. joining noun phrases
2. joining sentenial structures
a. two verbs or adjectives
b. second sentence as object
of verb
c. two simple sentences
40. Compounding
Appendix 1. Higher
Numbers - Old System
Appendix 2. Numeral
classifiers
Lesson 1
Vowels
Nasals
Consonants
Nasals before other consonants
When studying a language, it is often useful to remember that the writing system is a
set of symbols which attempts to represent the sounds of the language which are
distinctive those sounds which indicate changes in meaning.
In practice it is not always easy to come up with a set of symbols which everyone
agrees on, and this has been the case with Kiribati, which was first written in the mid19th century by missionaries translating the Bible.
Since that time, various writing systems have been proposed and used, and while a
great deal of regularity has emerged, there is still no complete agreement on how certain
sounds should be written.
The spelling system used in this text does not deviate much from those in general use,
but it does attempt to make the differences in pronunciation as explicit as possible.
(Specifically, this means that you will find many doubled vowels and nasals in this text,
where in most other writing you would find only a single form e.g. marooroo / maroro).
On the following pages the sound and spelling system of Kiribati is described in some
detail. You are not expected to master all of the intricacies of pronouncing and spelling
Kiribati in his one lesson; please consider this lesson as an introduction only. You will
probably find yourself referring back to this lesson as you work through the language
program.
To examine the sounds of Kiribati, it is convenient to group them into vowels, nasals,
and consonants.
1. The Vowels
a aa
e ee
i ii
o oo
u uu
a aa
This is pronounced like the a in father, or the vowel sound of hot, spot, not. While it
keeps this pronunciation after b' and m', after b and m it has a sound more like that in
cat, bat, or hat.
man
maan
from; animal
long time; animals
m'ata
mata
caterpillar
eye; color
e ee
ii
fish
fish (plural)
ingaabong
tiku
riki
aiine
morning
to stay
to become
women
o oo
koro
roki
ongo
tooro
husking stick
curtain
to hear
slaves
u uu
This usually has the sound of the vowel in moon, soup, boot. When it appears
to say
curved
uee
bua
ruuruu
um'a
flower
lost
cleaning out a shell
house
2.
m mm
m' mm'
The Nasals
n nn
ng ngg
m mm
Except when lengthened, this is basically as in English. Unlike the other nasals, it
may occur directly before any nasal or consonant sound, providing some combinations
which are rare or non-existent in English. (A following a has the vowel sound of hat, cat,
rat.)
mate
mmanii
mka
m'baa
mronron
mte
nama
koom
death
thin
rotten
to kiss
round
small, fine
lagoon
comb
m'
mm'
This symbol is only used before a, in which case the vowel sound remains like that in
hot, top, or mock. (Some systems write ma for both sounds ma and m'a. In others, m'a
is written mwa. It never occurs before o or u.)
um'a
mm'aane
mm'akuri
kanimm'a
m'ai
house
male
work
adhere it
cooked n
nn
The n sound is basically that of English, except that it too can be lengthened. It can
also occur alone however, as in, the word N, (the pronoun "I").
nako
kana
nnewe
ntabena
man
N
nrairai
to go
to eat
lobster
kind of crab
from; animal
I (before future)
exhaustion
ng
ngg
Although written with two symbols, ng is also a single sound, quite similar to that
appearing in the English word singer (though not the sound in finger).
ngai
ngare
kangaa
ang
eng
ngka
ngenge
uringga
b'
I
to laugh
how
wind
yes
give me
a begging look
remember it 3.
The Consonants
w
b
This sound is somewhere between the English b and p, and was often spelled with a p
in some earlier systems. It is rather like the p in spit. (The sound of a following a is as in
cap, hat, back.)
bane
beebete
koobe
buoka
biri
finished
easy, light
coffee
to help
to run
b'
(bw)
Like m' this symbol only appears before a, where it has the effect of retaining the
'hot, stop, lock' sound of a. (Some writing systems don't use a separate symbol for b',
using b for both sounds. It is written bw before i and e. It never occurs before o or u.)
b'aka
rab'a
bwe
bwia
b'aa
mb'aa
to fall
thanks
oar, paddle
floor
rock, oil
to kiss
t
This sound is some where between the English t and d, rather like the t in stick. When
it occurs before i it is pronounced as an s (so that ti, 'only, we', is pronounced like see).
In the Northern dialect it has this s pronunciation before u as well. (see next chapter on
dialects. )
toka
tiku
matuu
tei
mata
to get on
to stay
to sleep
to stand
eye, color k
This is pronounced somewhere between the English g and k, but rather similar to the
k in skill.
karea
bike
kiika
tiku
korea
to throw
beach
octopus
to stay
to cut r
A somewhat difficult sound for English speakers, it is made with a tap of the tongue,
come, arrive
outrigger boom
error
year
school
w
canoe
to call
to lie
tooth
passage
Exercises
In many cases these exercises illustrate contrasts in pronunciation as well as the
simple pronunciation of a symbol. Practice reading the lists both down and across,
getting the correct pronunciation from your teacher. After completing the pronunciation
drills, practice hearing the contrasts by taking dictation from your teacher with the text
closed.
a - aa
man
b'ab'a
baba
maama
b'a
kana
bana
bao
tan
m'ane
maan
b'aab'aa
baabaa
maamaa
b'aa
kanaa
baana
baao
taan
m'aane b
baba
baabaa
baa
bata
bai
raba
baka
b'ab'a
b'aab'aa
b'aa
b'ata
b'ai
rab'a
b'aka
m
mata
mane
rama
mai
maaka
m'ata
mane
ram'a
m'ai
m'aaka
mka
mb'aa
mronron
mnaao
mrara
taamnei
maninga
mwenga
mwi
m'ai
m'aane
moko
mm'akuri
kanimm'a e
ben been
beka beeka
bebe beebee i
- ii
- b'
- m'
- ee
ika iika
tiku tiiku
tibu tiibu o
- oo
ota
rota
bora
koro
toro
oota
roota
boora
kooro
tooro u
taku
ruru
bubu
bua
tua
takuu
ruuruu
buubuu
buua
tuua
t
toka
taka
tiku
tua
tei
- uu
katea
roota
toto
matuu
matie k
karea
ke
kiika
ko
kuuka
kunea
roko
ngkoe
bike
baka
toki
tiku r
rama
rere
riki
roko
rao
ruura
rawa
bure
taari
baro
Beru
uraura w
waa
wetea
wii
wati
rawa
kewe
Rewii
wene n
nako
nete
nii
noku
nuuka
konaa
wene
kani
bono
benu
na
n
karina
kana
nete
nna
nne
karinna
kanna
nnewe ng
ngare
ngea
ngio
ngongo
ngure
kangaa
kangeri
manging
ongo
ibengu
ben
kan
on
un
in n
- nn
bong
kiing
ung
tang
eng ngg
ngai
ngkai
ngkoe tiringga
riingga uringga vowel
- ngk
combinations
ae
mai
bai
aera
taetae
tuae
aea
bua
ai
m'ai
b'ai
aira
taitai
tuai
aia
burae
tou
routa
ao
mao
aoraki
tao
aon
aue
too
roota
au
m'au
auti
tau
karau
uee
uota
uaa
aua
tua
bue
ruoia
waa
aoa
tuae
bwe
uia
meang
keu
ia
tai
tia
bia
wii
aea
ruoia
ie
tia
tie
matie
tei
nei
ririu
ngkoe
variation exists as to whether the inserted i is written, but in this text it will always be
shown.
m m'
This is the only nasal which does not require the insertion of i before other nasals or
consonants. (m' is not distinguished from m before nasals or consonants.)
ng
Ng requires the insertion of i when it appears before another nasal (m, m', n), or
before any consonant except k. This is the case both internally or at the end of the word
before a word starting with m, m', n, b, b', r, t, w.
nang
about to
N nang kiitana Betio. I'm about to leave Betio.
N nangi nako.
I'm about to go.
kang
kangkang
eat
delicious
tang
tangitang
cry
complaints, crying
N requires the insertion of i before the other nasals, and before all the consonants
except t and r. (Nor before itself: taian nati.)
Because of the frequency of occurrence of n as a linking particle or genitive marker, it
is often necessary to decide between n and ni, and so the environments for the change
should be carefully studied.
rang + n + bati + n + raoiroi
very+ n + much+ n + good
rangi ni bati n raoiroi = very very good
rang + n + bati + n + kukurei
very+ n + much+ n + happy
rangi ni bati ni kukurei = very very happy
rua ni mate
nati n uea
nuuka ni bong
baba n takataka
kaain Onotoa
kaaini Kiribati
kaain Taiti
kaaini Buritan
kaain Ruutia
kaaini Wereti
kaain Nauru
kaaini Maiana
person of Onotoa
person of Kiribati
person of Tahiti
person of Britain
person of Russia
person of Wales
person of Nauru
person of Maiana
I konaa n tiku
I can stay
i konaa ni karaoia I can do it
I kan tiku
I kani karaoia
I want to stay
I want to do it
Exercises
Insert the i into the following phrases where appropriate:
um'a n kuuka
tang n ataei
bong n kukurei
burae n moa
oti n tai
kaain Amerika
boki n te reirei
mane n kirabu
kaibuke n kamb'ana
tang n kitaa
bong n te namakaina
Aro n Katorika
tabo n mm'akuri
kona n tiku
kan mm'akuri taan reirei
taan mm'akuri
taian titooa
taian kiika
taian boom
Lesson 2
DIALECTS
North
South
gloss
ngke
ngkoe
you
itua
itiua
seven
wanua
waniua
eight
na
naba
also
kunuu
kuniu
my skin
There are also some dialect distinctions between the language as spoken in the
Butaritari/Makin area and the rest of the group:
"Standard"
Butaritari/Makin
gloss
antai
nanta
who?
naaka
taakam
you people
nakomai
kuriko/nakomaikoa
come here
teraa
teikara
what?
kawaetatako
kuria waem
hurry up
waekoa
waetoka
quickly
tebaei
telkaei
this thing
naakai
taakai
these people
naakekei
taakekea
those people
eng
aeng
yes
enga (e nga)
anga (a nga)
where is?
neiko
neingee
Miss
naewa
nangee
so-and-so
te atama
te nono
gravel
karea
te moimoto
te ni
drinking coconut
moi moimoto
kaatoa
drink moimoto
baabarantiko
tokoro
gossip
wirebwerebwe wi n tokoro
gossip
ngae
buu
satisfied
tekateka
takataka
to sit
Another characteristic
difference between the speech of Butaritari/Makin and the rest of the group is in the
pronunciation of the article te.
In Butaritari/Makin it is pronounced ta before nouns beginning with ka and nga:
"Standard"
Butaritari/Makin gloss
te kai
ta kai
the stick
te nga
ta nga
(the) fathom
te ngabingabi ta ngabingabi
kind of mat
te katam'a
the cat
ta katam'a
Exercises
Practice pronouncing the words in the following list, first with a Northern
pronunciation, then with a Southern:
matua
to sleep
tuai
not yet
itiua
seven
Tuun
June
tua
law
Turai
July
katuka
leave behind
katua
kind of game
butubutu to crowd
rotu
dull
tituaraoi generous
tu
needle
tuka
lower (as a sail)
In addition, if you will be spending time in Butaritari/Makin, it will be useful to study
the list of expressions shown in the lesson as special to that area.
Lesson 3
In most, if not all, of the world's languages, word order is one of the basic means for
expressing the relationship between the parts of a sentence. Intransitive sentences are
those in which there is no direct object of the verb. For example, this English sentence:
That man walks.
1
2
In this sentence, the subject phrase 'that man' comes first,
followed by a form of the verb 'to walk'. A Kiribati sentence expressing the same idea is:
E nakonako teuaarei.
1'
2
1
In Kiribati, the subject phrase teuaarei 'that man' comes at
the end of the sentence, after the verb nakonako 'to walk', but the verb is preceded by a
subject pronoun e 'he, she, it' which "agrees" with the subject. In this case it is the third
person singular form. Therefore, if you were to translate this sentence word for word into
English, using the same order, it would come out:
He walks that man.
1'
2
1
English shows "agreement" between the verb and most third
person singular subjects by adding an s to the end of the verb. (Many languages add
small forms to verbs to show agreement with subject person and number, but English
only does so for the third person singular.) Kiribati does a similar job by putting a subject
pronoun in front of the verb. A different pronoun is used for each person and number.
(see lesson on subject pronouns.)
I nakonako ngai.
I
walk
(me)
Ko nakonako ngkoe.
you
walk
(you)
In connected discourse, once the subject has been
mentioned it is no longer necessary to repeat it in following sentences:
E nakonako teuaarei. E turatura.
This is the same as in English, where the pronoun replaces the noun subject which has
already been mentioned:
That man is walking. He is limping.
You may notice that while the English uses a form of the verb "to be" (is), in Kiribati
there is no verb "to be".
E
she
kangare
neierei.
(be) funny
that woman
That woman is funny.
Position of additional material
nakonako
nakon te titooa
teuaarei.
walk
to the store
that man
That man is walking to the store.
While there is some variation in
the position of these prepositional phrases in the speech of many i-Kiribati, you will not
go wrong in keeping the subject in this position.
However, when the additional material is a form of time adverb, (today, now,
sometimes, this morning...), it generally comes at the end of the sentence, after the
subject:
E
he
E
he
na
will
nakonako
nakon te titooa
teuaarei
ningaabong.
walk
to the store
that man
tomorrow
That man will walk to the store tomorrow.
turatura
teuaarei
n te bong aei.
limp
that man
today
That man is limping today.
As in the case of the prepositional
phrases, you will encounter some variation in the position of time adverbs in the normal
speech of most i-Kiribati. You will find however, that keeping the time adverb in final
position will virtually always be acceptable and understood.
Exercises
A. Rearrange the following groups of words into good Gilbertese
sentences
1. Baie
Baie
2. I
I
3. ataei
children
4. nako
go
5. matuu
sleep
6. aiine
women
7. neierei
that woman
8. a
they
9. roko
come
10. te unimm'aane
the old man
11. aoraki
sick
12. ngai
me
13. ataei
children
14. a
they
15. te karau
rain
16. neierei
woman
17. roko
come
18. Tiaon
John
19. ngaira
us
20. natiu
my child
matuu
sleep
ngai
me
a
they
n te titooa
to the store
ti
we
wareware
read
uaua
swim
tebotebo
wash
aomata
people
motirawa
rest
e
she
mm'akuri
work
reirei
study
am'arake
eat
e
it
e
she
a
they
e
he
koroboki
write
e
he
e
he
nakonako
walk
takaakaro
play
I
I
ngaira
us
a
they
e
she
naakekei
those men
a
they
e
he
tinau
my mother
I
I
a
they
unimm'aane
old men
b'aka
fall
tangitang
cry
mm'aane
men
am'arake
eat
ti
we
mooi
drink
B. Reform the above
Lesson 4
TRANSITIVE SENTENCE ORDER
object phrase
When the verb of a Kiribati sentence is transitive, that is, when there is a word
(object) which receives the action of the verb, the object phrase immediately follows
the verb:
E korea te reta teuaarei.
he write a letter that man
That man wrote a letter.
A na kabooi taiani kariki aomata.
they will buy some bread (the) people
The people will buy some bread.
prepositional phrase
As in intransitive sentences, when a prepositional phrase is included in a transitive
sentence, it may come after the object, directly before the subject phrase. Although
this position is somewhat optional, and you may hear the prepositional phrase at the end
of the sentence, you will always be safe in using it in the position above:
Exercises
A. Put the following groups of words into correct Gilbertese sentences
1. korea teuaarei e te reta
write that man he a letter
2. kabooa kariki aomata a na
buy bread people they will
3. wareka te boki te aiine arei e
read the book the woman that she
4. e kana te mm'aane te ika
he eat the man the fish
5. nima te unimm'aane te biia e
drink the old man the beer he
6. te kaabenta e katea au auti
the carpenter he build my house
7. katanga te kitaa e neierei
play the guitar she that woman
8. te mataroa e kauka tamau
the door he open my father
9. noora te taamnei I
see the picture I
10. kana ataeinimm'aane te ben a
eat boys the coconut they
11. na te ika ngaira kuukana ti
will the fish us cook we
12. orea ngkoe na te booro ko
hit you will the ball you
13. nuutibeeba wareka ngai na N te
newspaper read me will I the
14. korea arau e neierei
write my name she that woman
15. anenea te teeinnaiine e anene te
sing the girl she song the
16. kabooa aomata a te tioka
buy people they the sugar
17. teuaarei kunea te boom e
man find the bomb he
18. tutikeeti e kauka neierei te
suitcase she open that woman the
19. te ukurere katanga e teuaarei
the ukulele play he that man
20. noora I te taamnei n te titooa ngai
see I the picture in the store me
B. Reform the above sentences,
Lesson 5
INTERROGATIVES
Part 1
There are two basic types of questions in Kiribati, as in English. One, referred to as
the 'yes-no' type, simply asks for the listener's perception, understanding or opinion of a
given situation, and can basically be answered by 'yes' or 'no', although often other
answers are equally appropriate, such as 'maybe', 'I don't know', 'absolutely', 'heck no!',
etc.
The other type, called 'WH-questions' after the most common English question words,
requests the hearer to supply missing information the who, what, why, when or where
of a given situation.
a. Yes-No Questions
In Kiribati, yes-no questions are formed by merely changing the sentence intonation
from that of a statement, which ends generally in a falling pattern, to that of a question,
which ends on a rising note. Although English changes word order for yes-no question
formation, it employs a similar technique as well, so that a statement such as:
John's going to the store.
change of intonation:
John's going to the store?
E nakon te titooa Tiaon.
he go to the store John
John's going to the store.
Similarly in Kiribati:
becomes a question:
c. Tag Questions
English also employs a construction referred to as a 'tag question', a statement
followed by a little 'tag', asking for verification:
He's going to the store, isn't he
Kiribati sometimes employs a similar strategy by
adding ke, 'or', to the end of a statement:
Exercises
A. Form yes-no questions from the following statements:
1. E tikiraoi te aiine aarei.
she pretty the woman that
2. Ko ataa te kawai.
you know the way
3. E rangi ni boobuaka te kunnikai.
it very expensive the clothes
4. A na nako Betio n te bong aei.
they will go to Betio today
5. Iai te waanikiba n te Moanibong.
there is a plane on Monday
6. Iai aia kai n tekateka.
there is their chair
7. E raroa mai ikai.
it far from here
8. Ti matuu n te auti.
we sleep in the house
9. E a tia n roko te tia mm'akuri.
he already come the worker
10. E tangira te koobe.
he wants coffee
11. N na tuangga.
I will tell him
12. A uota te boki nakoina.
they bring the book to him
B. Answer the following questions
negatively:
1. E aki nakon te auti?
he not go to the house
2. A aki tiku ikai?
they not stay here
3. Ti na aki toka n te b'ati?
we will not take the bus
4. Ko aki roko mai Betio?
you not come from Betio
5. Kam aki karaoia?
you already not do it
6. E aki kabooa te raiti?
he not buy the rice
7. Ko na aki nako Bairiki?
you will not go to Bairiki C. Now give positive responses to the above
questions.
Lesson 6
INTERROGATIVES
Part 2 - Who, Whose
WH-Questions
Like English, Kiribati uses a set of question words to get information about a missing
element in a sentence. Functionally, some of these act as pronouns, being replaceable by
a noun which answers the question. Some function as adjectives, asking for descriptive
information about a specific noun in a sentence. Others are like adverbs, requesting
information about the verb of the sentence, or an entire clause. Still another group acts as
complete interrogative verbs, needing only a subject pronoun to form a complete
question.
a. antai? who?
Antai, 'who', is used directly before nouns and person demonstratives when asking
for identification:
Antai teuaaei?
who this person (masc. sing.)
Antai aram?
who your name
What's your father's name? When asking who did some action, when there is a
verb involved, antai must be followed by an appropriate relative pronoun, such as ae.
(see the lesson on relative pronouns.):
Antai ae e na nako Tarawa?
who that will go-to Tarawa?
b. antena? whose?
Antena, 'whose', can be seen as a contraction of:
antai ana = antena.
Antai ana b'ai? = Antena b'ai?
who his thing = whose thing
Antena matau?
Whose fishhook (is this)?
Notes: 1) Before certain sounds, anto may be heard in place of ante:
anto um'ana? = ante um'ana?
whose house?
2) Antai will sometimes be heard before non-animate nouns (this is rather
colloquial):
Antai te auti aanne?
who the house that
Exercises
A. Form questions from the following sentences, assuming the underlined
word to be missing information.
example: Teuaarei boni Bauro.
that manboni
Paul
Antai teuaarei?
Lesson 7
INTERROGATIVES
Part 3 - What, How Many
a. teraa? what?
Teraa, 'what', may be used directly before inanimate nouns that is, nouns which are
things, but not people:
Teraa te b'ai aanne?
what the thing that?
relative pronoun:
*E karaoa teraa nakoim?
he do what to-you)
Raa, 'what, which', is always used following a noun (unless followed by a possessive
suffix, below), and can be used with people as well as with things:
Ko tangira to boki raa?
you want the book which
Which person?
When used with the possessive suffixes, raa questions 'what
relationship' (The hyphen is used here only for illustration.):
Raa-m teuaanne?
your-what that-man
maan
long (time), duration
Maanra?
How long?
Iraua am ririki?
how-many your years
(what?)
(what which you said?)
(its what?)
(what your words?)
(it how?)
E kangaa?
(it done-how?)
E aera?
You may hear variations on these as well.
They are all more or less interchangeable.
Which one (of the series) is that? (see the lessons on ordinals and classifiers for further
information)
Exercises
A. Form questions from the following sentences using teraa, assuming the
underlined words to be the missing information:
1. N na teboka te aroka.
N na water
the plant
Lesson 8
INTERROGATIVES
Part 4 - When, Where, Why
a. nningai? when?
Nningai, 'when' is variable as to its position in the question:
E na roko nningai?
he will come when
b. iia? where?
Sometimes found as iaa or iaa raa, its use is fairly straight-forward:
What are you going to Tarawa for? As a one-word interjection, Ao? (and) is often
used for 'why?', and also ao teraa?, 'so, what?', 'well?', 'what more?'
Exercises
(click for glossary)
INTERROGATIVES
Review Exercise
titiraki ma kaekaana
questions and answers
Replace the blank with the appropriate question word for each pair of
questions and answers:
(click for glossary)
Lesson 9
INTERROGATIVES
Part 5 - Question Verbs
Gilbertese uses seven verbs which have interrogative force. Otherwise they act just as
any other verbs, being preceded by a subject pronoun to form a complete sentence:
a. Ngaa - to be where
E ngaa to kai-ni-b'ati?
it be-where the bus stop
Where is the bus stop? Ngaa is generally used only with the third person pronouns.
In other cases, a construction with iia is preferred. (see preceding lesson.):
Ko meake iia?
you live where?
b. Aera - to do what
Kam na aera?
you (pl) will do-what?
What are you going to do? Aera is also commonly used equivalent to "what did you
say", when the last remark was misheard:
E aera?
What? How's that again?
are you going"':
Ko na aera?
Where are you going?
What are you up to?
Sometimes it also means 'why', in which case it is used with
ngkai, ngke, and ngkana, like bukin teraa. (See preceding lesson.) With ngke in the
past, and ngkai in the non-past. Ngkana has the implication of the questioner's
disapproval, disbelief, or challenge:
E aera ngkai ko nako Betio?
why now you go-to Betio
c. Uara - to be how
Kouara?
you be-how
E uara am mm'akuri?
it be-how your work
d. Nakea - go where
Ko na nakea?
you will go where
How did you build it? Iraanna is more commonly used in the passive form Iraanaki, 'done in what way'. (See lesson on passives):
E iraanaki te am'arake?
it done in what way the food
NOTE
There is a word similar in sound to iraanna: iraana. It means roughly 'where'
and is a composition of i, the locative prefix, plus raa, 'what' (lesson 7), plus
the possessive suffix na, 'its', which gives raa the meaning of 'what
relationship?'. Altogether it has the sense 'at what relationship to it; where?'.
Similarly, iraab'ai, 'on which side of the thing?', can be seen as a contraction
of i + raa + (n + te) b'ai.
Exercises
(click for glossary)
B. Use aera to
form questions to which the following sentences could be answers. Use
the variety of forms you have studied:
1. Ti nangi mm'akuri ngkai.
2. N na toka n te b'ati.
3. I tabe n reirei.
4. E a mate te unimm'aane.
5. E na roko ningaabong te kaibuke.
6. I a tia n karaoia.
7. I nako Betio b'a N na noora tamau.
8. Bukina b'a I tabetabe.
Kiribati Glossary
Kiribati - English Glossary
for the
Note on the alphabetization: Double letters (aa, nn, etc.), the apostrophe (in m',
b'), and spaces, have been ignored to simplify look-up. For example,
ab'aab'aki is alphabetized as if it were spelled ababaki.
A B E I K M N NG O R T U W
A
a (aux) indicating immediate past.
a (pron) they.
aaba (n) lands.
aba (n) land.
ab'aab'aki (adj) big, large.
God.
aane (pron) that.
aneang (n) mast.
anene (n) a singing or song.
anene (v) to sing.
anenei (v) to sing them.
ang (n) the wind.
anga (n) a shoulder.
anga (v) to give.
anganaki (v pass) be given.
angaatai (n) right hand.
angaataiu (n) my right hand side.
ao (conj) and.
aobiti (n) office.
Aokati (n) August.
aono (n) group (especially for
islands), district.
aono ni Kiribati (n) Gilbert Group.
aontano (n) earth, ground.
aontari (n) surface of sea.
aonga (adv) in order that, so that.
aoraki (n) sick, sick person, illness.
aoranti (n) orange.
Aotiteeria (pn) Australia.
ara (n) name.
ara (pron) our.
araia (n) their names.
aram (n) your (sing.) name.
aramii (n) your (pl.) names.
aran (n) name of.
arana (n) his/her/its name.
aranaki (v) named, called.
araniia (v) name or call them.
Aranuka (pn) island in the Gilberts
between Kuria and Abemama.
arara (n) our names.
arau (n) my name.
are (pron) who, which; that (yonder).
aarei (pron) that yonder.
ari (n) spathe (coconut).
ari (n) eyebrow.
Aaro (n) religions.
aro (n) way, manner.
Aro (n) religion.
aroia (n) their way, their manner.
aroka (n) plant.
aroka (v) to smell.
aron (n) way/manner of; like (n ai
aron).
aroni (n) way/manner of.
A B E I K M N NG O R T U W
B
be bi bo bu
b'a (conj) because, for, that, as.
baa (n) midrib of coconut leaf; leaf of
plants.
b'ab'ai (n) taro-like food plant.
b'aab'aiaa (n) pawpaw; papaya.
m'aneaba, etc.
booti (n) boat.
botu (n) weariness, fatigue.
botura (n) our weariness.
boou (adj) new.
boou (n) my salary.
bouan (n) post of.
buu (n) wife or husband.
bua (adj) lost.
buaka (adj) rough, not calm.
buaakaka (adj) bad.
Buariki (n) a name of a village on
Tarawa.
bubu (n) smoke (as from fire, etc.).
bubu (v) smoke (as a fire, etc.).
bubuaka (adj) bad.
bubuaka (v) use to battle.
bubua ni bai (n) elbow.
bubua ni wae (n) knee.
bubuia (v) to rub it.
buubura (adj) big, large.
buki (n) back.
bukin (n) back of.
bukin (prep) for.
bukina (prep) because.
bun (n) shell fish.
buun (n) wife of or husband of.
bung (v) set (sun).
bungiaki (v pass) born.
bungintaai (n) sunset.
buoka (v) help.
buokai (v) help me.
buokaki (v pass) helped.
buoki (v pl form) help.
buokiko (v) help you.
burae (n) hair; feather.
burae ni man (n) feather.
burakibooti (n) blackboard.
Buranti (n) France.
burati (n) brush.
burati (v) brush.
buraaun (adj) brown.
buraawa (n) flour.
bure (n) wrong; a mistake; a sin.
bureitiman (n) policeman.
bureen (n) plane (tool).
buriki (n) brick.
Buritan (n) Britain.
buroo (n) hearts.
buro (v) boiling.
A B E I K M N NG O R T U W
E
e (pron) he, she, it.
eea (n) air.
Eberi (n) April.
Eita (p n) village on Tarawa.
Ekaretia (n) Church.
ekueetoa (n) equator.
embaea (n) empire.
eng (excl) yes.
engaa (interrog) where?
Engiran (p n) England.
Ereti (p n) Ellice (Tuvalu).
eta (prep) up.
eti (adj) right, correct, straight.
ewanin (n) coconut husk.
A B E I K M N NG O R T U W
I
I (pron) I.
iaa (interrog) where?
ia (n) blood vessel.
ia (n) tide.
ia (n) hair.
iabuti (n) high tide.
iai (affirmative) thereby, there is,
there are.
iaan (adv) below, under.
ianimaama (adj) moonlit.
iangoa (v) think of.
iaon (prep) on/over.
iaona (prep) on/over it.
iaati (n) yard.
ibu (n) shell of coconut.
ibuakoia (prep) among them.
ibukiia (prep) for them.
ibukin (prep) for.
ibukina (prep) for him/her/it,
because; at the back of him/her/it.
ibun (n) shell of.
ibuna (n) its shell.
ibuobuoki (adj) helpful.
ibuobuoki (n) helping.
ie (n) sail.
iein (n) marriage.
iein (v) marry.
ieka (n) flood.
ieka (v) to flood.
iena (n) its sail.
ika (n) fish.
iika (n pl) fish.
ikai (adv) here.
ikan (n) fish of.
ikanne (adv) right there.
ikaraaba (n) hide and seek.
ikaraaba (v) hide and seek.
ikarii (n) bony fish.
ikawai (n) grown-up.
ikawaina (n) his/her/its age; growing
up.
A B E I K M N NG O R T U W
K
ke ki ko ku
kaa (n pl) car.
kaab'a (n) corrugated iron, copper.
kabae (n) knot; bandage.
kabaeaki (v pass) tied, bandaged.
kabaeanatu (n) hair scarf.
kabaei (v pl) tie (pl of kabaea).
kab'aia (adj) lucky, fortunate.
kab'akaa (v) to drop.
kab'akaaki (v pass) fallen.
kabane (adj) all, altogether.
kabanea (v) to finish.
kabanei (v) to finish them all.
kab'angab'angaa (v) to make a hole;
to bore a hole.
kab'araa (v) undo, untie.
kab'arab'ara (v) to preach.
kab'arab'araa (vt) to describe.
kab'arab'arai (v) to describe.
kabaraaki (v pass) undone, untied.
kab'aroa (v) pour out (water).
kab'aroi (v pl form) pour out.
kaabentaa (n) carpenter.
kabeta (v) put on water to float.
kabetan (n) floater of.
kabi (n) keel.
kaboo (n) farewell.
kaboo (v) to complete.
kabooa (v) buy.
kabooaki (v pass) bought.
kabooaki (v pass) to get to meet at
the ends, points.
kabooanako (v) sell.
kabooi (v pl form) buy.
Kaabong (n) Thursday.
words.
karaki (v) to tell a story; to talk.
karaanga (n) river.
karanga (n) Kiribati stick dancing.
karaanga (v) to flatter.
karaoa (v) do, make.
karaoaki (v pass) made.
karaoan (n) the doing or making of.
karaoi (v) do; make them (things).
karaoia (v) do it or make it.
karatiin (n) kerosene.
karau (n) rain.
karaun (n) fishing net.
karaaure (n) farewell.
karau tanginako (n) shower of rain.
karawa (n) sky, heaven.
kare (v) blow; throw.
karekea (v) get; catch.
karekeaki (v pass) caught.
karekean (n) catching of.
kareke nano (n) sweet talking.
karewe (n) a toddy; sweet.
kariki (n) bread.
kariki (n) descendant.
kariki (v) to become pregnant.
karikirake (n) business; promotion.
karimoa (n) first born child.
karimwiina (n) second child to
him/her.
karin (v) put them on; divide; put
them in.
karina (v) put it on; divide; put it in.
karinaki (v pass) put on; divided; put
in.
karinrin (n) admitting.
karo (n) father, parent.
karokoa (v) to wait until the coming
of; the time of.
karongoaa (n) noise.
karongoaa (v) to make noise.
karuoa (v) to put down; to get
something/somebody down.
katabea (v) to make someone busy.
katabetabe (v) to be bothering.
kataeki (v pass) built, established.
kataia (v) try it.
katairiki (n) meal taken in the
evening.
katake (n) kind of Kiribati song
mostly sung in a talking manner; chant.
A B E I K M N NG O R T U W
M
me mi mo mu
ma (conj) and, with.
maa (n) fish trap.
m'ae (n) necklace.
maeao (n) west.
maeaoia (adv) west of them.
maeaon (adv) west of.
maeka (n) the home.
maeka (v) live, stay.
maekia (v) to cut it tenderly.
m'aenroroa (n) necklace.
maii (adj) pale white.
mai (n) breadfruit.
mai (prep) from.
maiaki (n) south.
maiakin (adv) south of.
maiakina (adv) south of it.
Maiana (p n) island south of Tarawa.
maibiibi (adj) broken into tiny pieces.
maibiibi (n) tiny pieces.
m'aiee (n) Gilbertese dancing.
m'aim'ai (adj) wet.
m'aain (prep) before.
mainaina (prep) white.
mainiku (n) east.
mainikun (adv) east of.
maingim (n) your left-hand side.
maire (n) mile.
mairoun (prep) from.
m'aiti (adj) many.
m'aitiia (n) their number.
m'aitoro (adj) cold.
maiu (n) life; alive.
maiuia (n) their life.
maium (n) your life.
m'aaka (adj) fast; powerful.
m'aaka (n) power.
maaka (n) scar; decay; sore.
m'akeiia (n) their thorns (on a
pandanus leaf).
Makin (n) the very last island in the
north of the Gilberts.
m'akoron (n) part of.
coconut.
m'arairai (adj) long (esp. when
something is hanging down).
Marakei (n) island between Abaiang
and Butaritari.
maraki (n) pain, ache.
maraki n atuu (n) headache.
maraki ni biroto (n) stomachache.
maraki ni wil (n) toothache.
marau (adj) somewhat soft.
maraurau (adj) quite soft.
marawa (n) ocean.
mare (n) marriage.
mare (v) to wed, to marry.
marenaia (prep) between them.
marenan (prep) between.
marenaua (n) countryside.
marooroo (n) conversation.
marooroo (v) engage in conversation.
marurung (adj) healthy.
mata (n) eye.
mataia (n) their eyes.
matan (n) the eyes of.
matana (n) his/her/its eyes.
mataniwi (n) border, edge.
mataniwi (n) boss, director, chief.
mataniwi (v) be boss, director, chief.
mataniwiina (n) its border.
matau (n) my eyes.
matauninga (n) not courtesy, offense.
mate (n) die.
matenten (adj) thick.
Maati (n) March.
maatiati (n) matches.
maatimtim (v) dripping.
matoa (adj) stiff; hard, strong.
matuu (n) sleep.
matuu (v) sleep.
m'auu (adj) dry.
m'au, m'auu (adj) dry.
maungatabu (n) general assembly.
maungatabu (v) hold a general
assembly.
mauri (n) good health.
mawaawa (adj) blue.
meang (n) north.
meangin (adv) north of.
Meei (n) May.
A B E I K M N NG O R T U W
N
ne ni no nu
n (prep) of (and: ni).
N (pron) I (before na, nang(i)).
na (aux) will (future).
naa (n) group of stones on the reef.
naa (n) collection of.
naba (adv) too, also; again.
naaibi (n) knife.
naaka (excl) word for calling the
attention of more than one person.
naakai (pron) these people.
naakanne (pron) those people.
naake (pron) those people.
nakea (interrog) where to?
naakekei (pron) those people there.
nako (v) to go to.
nakoiia (prep) to them.
nakoim (prep) to you.
nakoina (prep) to him/her/it.
nakomai (v) come here.
nakon (prep) to.
nakona (n) his/her/its departure.
nakonako (v) walk.
Nam (excl) person. article for males;
names starting with B or M.
nama (n) lagoon.
nam'akaina (n) moon (no article);
month.
Nan (excl) person. article for males
(N. Gilb.).
naano (adv) down.
nano (n) heart or mind.
nano (v) keep.
nanoia (n) their minds/heart/thought.
nanokaawaki (adj) sad, unhappy.
nanon (n) mind of; depth of; meaning
of.
nanona (n) his/her mind; its meaning.
nanonna (v) to mean something.
nanou (n) my mind.
nang (aux) will, about to (future).
A B E I K M N NG O R T U W
NG
ngaa (interrog) where?
ngaa (num) thousand.
ngae (adj) enough, satisfied.
ngai (pron) me, I.
ngaia (pron) him/her/it; he, she, it.
ngaina (n) daylight.
ngkai (adv) now.
ngkam (excl) I don't know.
ngkamii (pron) you (pl.).
ngkana (conj) when, if.
ngkanne (conj) then.
ngke (conj) when.
ngke e ingaabong (adv) this morning.
ngke e tairiki (adv) last night.
ngkoa (adv) long ago.
ngkoananoa (adv) yesterday.
ngkoe (pron) you (sing).
ngongo (v) itching.
A B E I K M N NG O R T U W
O
oo (n) wall, enclosure, pen.
oi (n) torch light made by rolling dry
coconut leaves.
oi ni kibee (n) torch for torch-fishing
(on reef).
oi n tatae (n) torch for torch-fishing
(for flying fish).
oki (n) return.
oki (v) come back.
okira (v) return to; come back to.
Okitoba (n) October.
okiu (n) my return.
okoro (adj) different.
okoro (n) difference; aside; apart.
okoro (v) aside; apart.
on (adj) full up.
on (n) turtle.
oon (n) wall of.
oonaoraki (n) hospital.
onauti (n) flying fish.
onean (n) replacement of.
onobwi (num) sixty.
onoman (num) six (animate).
Onotoa (p n) island in the Gilberts
between Tabiteuea and Tamana.
onoua (num) six (general).
ongo (v) hear.
ongoraa (v) listen to.
ora (n) low tide.
oreaki (v pass) hit.
orean (n) beat of.
oreano (n) ball bat (kind of game
where one group bats the ball and the
other group tries to catch).
oota (adj) bright, clear.
oota (n) light.
oota (v) see clearly, understand.
otabaniniaki (v pass) surrounded.
oti (v) rise; show; appear.
otintaai (n) sunrise.
otooto (n) composing, composition.
A B E I K M N NG O R T U W
R
re ri ro ru
rab'a (n) thanks.
rab'a (n) car or motor bike tire.
raababa (adj) wide, broad.
rabakau (adj) clever, skillful.
rabakauu (n) my skill, my
knowledge.
rab'ata (n) body.
rab'ata (v) to hold to one's body.
rab'atau (n) my body.
rabono (n) eel.
raeuaia (v) tear it; break it (as a
glass).
rai (adj) withered.
rai (n) layers of canoe planks.
rairaki (v) turn.
rairan (n) translation of.
raiti (n) rice.
rake (adj) lucky.
rake (adv) up, upward.
raama (n) outrigger side of a canoe.
rama (n) canoe float (outrigger).
ram'a (n) forehead.
ram'a (n) gable of house.
raami (n) playing card game.
ran (n) water.
ranna (n) its water.
ranniben (n) coconut milk.
rannimoimoto (n) green coconut
water.
raanti (n) launch.
ranga (v) capsize, overturn.
rangi (adv) very.
raoi (adj) calm (as calm sea); fine,
peaceful.
raoi (adv) exactly, properly.
raoi (n) peace.
raoiroi (adj) good, nice.
raonna (v) be friends with.
raonna (v) to accompany.
raoraona (v) be friends with.
raou (n) my friend.
A B E I K M N NG O R T U W
T
te ti to tu
taaba (n) a long and broad knife.
taba (n) cheek.
Taabati (n) Sunday.
tabe (adj) busy.
tabeai (adj) some (sticks, etc.).
tabeka (v) lift.
tabekia (v) lift it.
tabeman (n) somebody.
taberan (n) top of (tree, plants and
mast).
tabetabe (adj) busy.
tabetai (adv) sometimes.
tabeua (n) some (things).
taabia (n) earring.
Tabiteuea (n) the biggest island in the
Gilberts.
taabo (n) places.
tabo (n) place; point or end.
taboia (n) their ends or points.
tabon (n) end of; point of.
tabona (n) its end, point.
tabonibai (n) finger.
tabu (adj) holy; forbidden; sacred.
taeka (n) word.
taekan (n) word of; news of.
taekana (n) words or news about
him//her/it.
taekin (v) speak about (pl. of
taekina).
taekinna (v) speak about it.
taetae (n) language.
taetae (v) speak.
taetae ni kawai (n) old language;
conversation.
taetae ni kawai (v) to speak, have a
conversation.
taai (n) times.
taai (n) sun (no article).
A B E I K M N NG O R T U W
U
uu (n) eel trap.
uaa (n) fruit.
A B E I K M N NG O R T U W
W
waa (n) canoe.
wae (n) leg, foot.
waebua (n) thumb.
waekoa (adj) fast.
waekoa (v) walk fast.
waeremwe (adj) slow.
waeremwe (v) walk slowly.
waetata (adj) fast.
waaia (n) their canoe.
waaki (v) go on; progress.
waan (n) canoe of.
waanibanga (n) Kiribati dance (for
men).