NPL Viva Questions

PING:
The ping command helps to verify IP-level connectivity. When

troubleshooting, you can use ping to send an ICMP echo
request to a target host name or IP address. Use ping whenever
you need to verify that a host computer can connect to the
TCP/IP network and network resources.
Tracert
Tracert is a route tracing utility that display a list of near-side
router interfaces of the routers along the path between a
source host and a destination. Tracert uses the IP TTL field in
ICMP Echo Requests and ICMP Time Exceeded messages to
determine the path from a source to a destination through an IP
internetwork.
TELNET
The telnet commands allow you to communicate with a remote
computer that is using the Telnet protocol. You can run telnet
without parameters in order to enter the telnet context,
indicated by the Telnet prompt (telnet>). From the Telnet
prompt, use the following commands to manage a computer
running Telnet Client.
SSH
SSH, or Secure Shell, is a protocol used to securely log onto
remote systems. It is the most common way to access remote
Linux and Unix-like servers.
Nslookup
Nslookup (name server lookup) is a useful tool for
troubleshooting DNS problems, such as host name resolution.
When you start Nslookup, it shows the host name and IP
address of the DNS server that is configured for the local
system, and then display a command prompt for further
queries. If you type a question mark ( ? ), Nslookup shows all
available commands. You can exit the program by typing exit .
Netstat
Abbreviation of network statistics, the netstat command is a
command found in almost all command line environments that
allow you to view the statistics of the network.
Displays active TCP connections, ports on which the computer
is listening, Ethernet statistics, the IP routing table, IPv4
statistics (for the IP, ICMP, TCP, and UDP protocols), and IPv6
statistics (for the IPv6, ICMPv6, TCP over IPv6, and UDP over
IPv6 protocols). Used without parameters, netstat displays
active TCP connections.
In computing, netstat (network statistics) is a command-line
network utility tool that displays network connections for the
Transmission Control Protocol (both incoming and outgoing),
routing tables, and a number of network interface (network
interface controller or software-defined network interface) and

network protocol statistics.
ARP
The host or the router sends an ARP query packet. The packet
includes the physical and IP addresses of the sender and the IP
address of the receiver. Because the sender does not know the
physical address of the receiver, the query is broadcast over
the network. Every host or router on the network receives and
processes the ARP query packet, but only the intended
recipient recognizes its IP address and sends back an ARP
response packet. The response packet contains the recipient's
IP and physical addresses. The packet is unicast directly to the
inquirer by using the physical address received in the query
packet.
RARP
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) finds the logical
address for a machine that knows only its physical address.
NIC
Network Interface Card is a computer hardware component that
connects a computer to a computer network.
DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a client/server

protocol that automatically provides an Internet Protocol (IP)
host with its IP address and other related configuration
information such as the subnet mask and default gateway.
IFCONFIG
IPConfig is a command-line tool that displays the current
configuration of the installed IP stack on a networked computer.
VSFTPD
DNS
Domain Name System (or Service or Server), an Internet
service that translates domain names into IP addresses.
Because domain names are alphabetic, they're easier to
remember. The Internet however, is really based on IP
addresses. Every time you use a domain name, therefore, a
DNS service must translate the name into the corresponding IP
address. For example, the domain name www.example.com
might translate to 198.105.232.4.
Web Server
A Web server is a program that uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer
Protocol) to serve the files that form Web pages to users, in
response to their requests, which are forwarded by their
computers' HTTP clients.
TCP
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a core protocol of the
Internet protocol suite. It originated in the initial network
implementation in which it complemented the Internet Protocol
(IP). Therefore, the entire suite is commonly referred to as
TCP/IP.
UDP
The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a transport layer protocol
defined for use with the IP network layer protocol. It provides a
best-effort datagram service to an End System (IP host).
Apache
Apache is a freely available Web server that is distributed under
an "open source" license.
HTTPD
HTTP Daemon is a software program that runs in the
background of a web server and waits for the incoming server
requests. The daemon answers the request automatically and
serves the hypertext and multimedia documents over the
internet using HTTP. httpd is the Apache HyperText Transfer
Protocol (HTTP) server program. It is designed to be run as a
standalone daemon process. When used like this it will create a
pool of child processes or threads to handle requests.
HOST IP
127.0.0.1 is the loopback Internet protocol (IP) address also
referred to as the localhost.
FTP
The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol
used to transfer computer files between a client and server on
a computer network.
Socket
A socket is one endpoint of a two-way communication link
between two programs running on the network. A socket is
bound to a port number so that the TCP layer can identify the
application that data is destined to be sent to.

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PING:

The ping command helps to verify IP-level connectivity. When

interface controller or software-defined network interface) and

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a client/server

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