Snapchat Lawsuit

Case 2:16-cv-04955 Document 1 Filed 07/07/16 Page 1 of 32 Page ID #:1
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GERAGOS & GERAGOS

A PROFESSIONAL CORPORATION
LAWYERS
HISTORIC ENGINE CO. NO. 28
644 South Figueroa Street
Los Angeles, California 90017-3411
Telephone (213) 625-3900
Facsimile (213) 232-3255
[email protected]
MARK J. GERAGOS (SBN 108325)

BEN MEISELAS (SBN277412)
Attorneys For Plaintiff John Doe, by and through his
Guardian Ad Litem Lynette Young, on
behalf of himself and all others similarly situated
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
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FOR THE CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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JOHN DOE, a minor by and through his

Guardian Ad Litem Lynette Young, on
behalf of himself and all others similarly
situated,
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Plaintiffs,
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vs.
SNAPCHAT, INC., A Delaware
Corporation, and DOES 1-20
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Defendants
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Case No.: 2:16-cv-04955

CLASS COMPLAINT
FOR DAMAGES
1. Violations of Unfair Business
Practices Act [Cal. Bus. & Prof.
Code 17200, et seq.]
2. Negligence Per Se
3. Violations of 47 U.S.C. 230, et
seq.
4. Unjust Enrichment
5. Injunctive Relief
DEMAND FOR JURY TRIAL
COMPLAINT
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putative class comprised of approximately 150 million users of Snapchat, a wildly

popular internet computer service and application developed by Snapchat, Inc.
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231, in addition to other violations of State consumer law1.

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generates, curates, develops, and promotes content jointly with media partners which
include DailyMail, Buzzfeed, Vice, Cosmopolitan, Fusion, MTV, and a handful of other
popular media publishers. Snapchat selects the media partners for Snapchat Discover and
exercises direct control over its editorial content and what is published to the consumer.
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content Snapchat develops and curates on Snapchat Discover paints a different and
dangerous picture.
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Specifically, through Snapchat Discover, Snapchat is currently engaged in an
insidious pattern and practice of intentionally exposing minors to harmful, offensive,

prurient, and sexually offensive content, without warning minors or their parents that they
would be exposed to such explicit content.
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Although Snapchat claims to have pivoted away from its founding roots
which included promoting surreptitious sexting with disappearing text and images, the
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In 2015, in an effort to monetize its interactive platform, Snapchat developed
Snapchat Discover, an integrated feature on Snapchat where Snapchat, Inc. creates,
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This putative class action is based on Snapchats willful and intentional
violations of the Communications Decency Act, specifically 47 U.S.C. 230 and 47 U.S.C.
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Plaintiff John Doe brings this putative class action, on behalf of himself and a
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Millions of parents in the United States today are unaware that Snapchat is
curating and publishing this profoundly sexual and offensive content to their children.
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By engaging in such conduct directed at minors, and making it simple and
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easy for users to snap each other content from Snapchat Discover, Snapchat is reinforcing
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the use of its service to facilitate problematic communications, such as sexting, between
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WARNING: The images and content contained in this Complaint are not suitable for minors. The images in this
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minors. Snapchat has placed profit from monetizing Snapchat Discover over the safety of
children.
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The Communication Decency Act prohibits this conduct.
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Specifically, the Communication Decency Act requires internet computer
services like Snapchat at the time of entering an agreement with a customer for the
provision of interactive computer service and in a manner deemed appropriate by the
provider, to notify such customer that parental control protections (such as computer
hardware, software, or filtering services) are commercially available that may assist the
customer in limiting access to material that is harmful to minors. Such notice shall identify,
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or provide the customer with access to information identifying, current providers of such
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protections.
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Snapchats Terms of Service, which are generally entered into directly by
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minors who even lack the capacity and consent to enter into contracts in the first place,
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includes no warnings about the offensive content on Snapchat Discover.
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The Communications Decency Act also provides a $50,000.00 civil penalty
for each violation of the Act. Each day a violation occurs constitutes a separate violation.
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As demonstrated below, a random sample of the content Snapchat and its
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media partners post on Snapchat Discover, and encourage users to share, from the period of
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just July 1, 2016 through July 3, 2016, demonstrates that millions of minors are being
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exposed to content that would shock any parents conscience. Worse yet, the biggest
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offender in sharing offensive communications with minors is not user to user
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communications, but is instead communications that Snapchat is sending and promoting to
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minors through Snapchat Discover.
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This putative class action seeks a simple, but important solution (1) to hold
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Snapchat financially accountable for the civil penalties it owes for each violation of law,
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and (2) to compel Snapchat to proactively warn parents and children about the content it
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curates and/or to develop basic access controls and filters that differentiate minor users
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from adult users.
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JURISDICTION AND VENUE

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U.S.C. 1332(d)(2) because the matter in controversy, exclusive of interest and costs,
exceeds $5,000,000 and is a class action in which some members of the class are citizens of
states different from the states where Defendants are citizens.
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Venue is proper in this Court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1391 because many of
the acts and transactions giving rise to this action occurred in this District as Defendant: (a)
is authorized to conduct business in this District and has intentionally availed itself to the
laws and markets within this District through the promotion, marketing, distribution and
sale of its products in this District: (b) currently does substantial business in this District;
and (c) is subject to personal jurisdiction in this District.
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This Court has diversity jurisdiction over this class action pursuant to 28
PARTIES
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At all relevant times John Doe was a resident of Los Angeles County,
California, and a citizen of California. Plaintiff, on behalf of himself and the putative
National class, and California sub-classes, brings this class action against Snapchat, Inc.
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Defendant Snapchat Inc. is a Delaware Corporation with its principal place of
business in Venice, California. Each of the DOES 1-10 is the agent, servant, partner, jointventurer, co-venturer, media partner, principal, director, officer, manager, employee, or
shareholder of one or more of its co-defendant(s) who aided, abetted, controlled, and
directed or conspired with and acted in furtherance of said conspiracy with one or more of
its co-defendant(s) in said co-defendant(s) performance of the acts and omissions described
below. Plaintiff sues each of these Doe Defendants by these fictitious names because
Plaintiff does not know these Defendants' true names and capacities. Despite reasonable
efforts, Plaintiff has not been able to ascertain the identity of DOES 1-20.
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vicariously, jointly and severally liable for the violations of the California Consumers Legal
Remedies Act and the California Unfair Business Practice Act.
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At all times relevant, Plaintiff directly viewed the highly offensive sexual
conduct directed at him by Snapchat, Inc, which is provided below in this Complaint.
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Plaintiff further alleges that each Defendant is directly liable and/or
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Upon information and belief, Snapchat, Incs conduct directly affects
approximately 150 million users, to whom Snapchat owes a legal duty of care and to whom
Snapchat is directly responsible for damages for each day of each violation.
FACTUAL ALLEGATIONS
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A.
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SNAPCHAT DISCOVER
Snapchat is an interactive computer service that provides a mobile application
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allowing consumers to send and receive photo and video messages known as snaps.
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Snapchat markets itself as an ephemeral messaging application, having claimed that once
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a certain period of time expires, the snap disappears forever.
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According to International Business Times, Back in 2013, Snapchat was
solely a one-to-one messaging app. While popular among college students, it had yet to go
mainstream or provide much to interest publishers. The narrative began to change when
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Snapchat introduced Stories, or 24-hour feeds for each user's photos, in October 2013.
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Storytelling expanded from individual accounts to publishers through the launch of Our
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Stories on June 17, 2014. Then, on Jan. 27, 2015, Discover entered the picture.2
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On January 27, 2015, Snapchat formally announced a new feature called
Snapchat Discover. Snapchat announced:

Today were introducing Discover.
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Snapchat Discover is a new way to explore Stories from different

editorial teams. Its the result of collaboration with world-class
leaders in media to build a storytelling format that puts the
narrative first. This is not social media.
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http://www.ibtimes.com/snapchat-discover-one-year-later-how-23-media-companies-are-building-stories-evan2281851
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Social media companies tell us what to read based on whats most
recent or most popular. We see it differently. We count on editors
and artists, not clicks and shares, to determine whats important.3
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Snapchat Discover including DailyMail, Buzzfeed, Vice, Cosmopolitan, Fusion, MTV, and
others.
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published by its media partners. Snapchat curates, directs, and lends its own in-house
editorial team to generate content with its media partners. Snapchat shares in the
advertising revenue based on advertisements displayed within the content on Snapchat
Discover. Snapchats control over the content of its media partners was discussed recently
by a representative from Snapchats media partner Fusion, who stated, The amount of time
that [Snapchat] dedicate[s] to us is unbelievable. . . Honestly, its something that you do not
see with all the platforms. They encourage us to try different things and tweak the format.4
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Additionally, Snapchat had unilaterally terminated relationships with media
partners such as Yahoo when it objected to the editorial direction.5

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As stated in its announcement, Snapchat Discover is not social media.
Snapchat exercises significant control, and in some cases complete control, over content
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Snapchat entered into partnerships with popular media publishers for
Snapchat Discover was originally accessible by swiping to a separate area on
the Snapchat application. Snapchat Discover originally looked like this:
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http://snapchat-blog.com/post/109302961090/introducing-discover
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http://www.ibtimes.com/snapchat-discover-one-year-later-how-23-media-companies-are-building-stories-evan2281851
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Snapchat Discover has recently been given a more prominent placement on
Snapchats main user-to-user communication area, in addition to having its own separate
area that can be accessed by swiping through the application. Here is how Snapchat
Discover looks today. Snapchat Discover media partners are found on the horizontal bar
above the daily stories posted by the users friends.
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exponentially.
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Since the introduction of Snapchat Discover, Snapchat has continued to grow
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From May 2015 to May 2016, Snapchat's daily video views have grown
400% over the course of the year (from 2 billion to 10 billion, according to Bloomberg). 6
At a linear monthly growth rate of 33%, Snapchat will surpass 18 billion daily video views
by May 2017. Advertising revenue from the Discover page has paralleled this growth.
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http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-04-28/snapchat-user-content-fuels-jump-to-10-billion-daily-videoviews
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According to Re/code, Snapchat ads are seen anywhere between 500,000 to a million times
per day7.
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23 percent (or 34.5 million) are between the ages of 13-178. Snapchats popularity among
the 13-17 demographic is among its largest growth sectors, as children are replacing instant
messaging, SMS messaging, and text messaging, with Snapchat as their primary mode of
daily communication.
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Snapchat user communications and Snapchat Discover are completely
integrated allowing users to easily share, comment on, draw over, and discuss topics and
content found on Snapchat Discover. In essence, Snapchat Discover sets a tone and
provides certain topics that users can easily share and discuss on Snapchat.
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Snapchat now has approximately 150 million users each day. Approximately
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For example, Snapchats media partners post interactive messages such as an
image that says Do You Like Me? Yes or No? The user can circle the YES or NO or
doddle over the image and quickly send it back to their friends.
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However, more frequently these innocent images are becoming rare.
Without warning, minors swiping through the Discover Page are being introduced to
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http://www.recode.net/2015/3/12/11560116/snapchats-ad-rates-for-its-discover-feature-are-really-high
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offensive adult-rated content that parents would likely prohibit if they know their children
were being given unrestricted access to the content by Snapchat.
For example, the same child scrolling past an image of Do you like me?
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would also see the following if they accessed Snapchat Discover from July 1, 2016 through
July 3, 2016:
An article called, 10 Things He Thinks When He Cant Make You
Orgasm. The article begins: Orgasms. For most people, the word puts a
smile on their face. There is an image of two dolls having sex with a
puppy in the background.
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An article called: I Got High, Blown, and Robbed When I Was A Pizza
Delivery Guy. The accompanying picture is of a teenage pizza delivery
boy witha thumbs up.
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An article called F#ck Buddies Talk About How They Kept It Casual.
The accompanying image is of two teenagers or young adults raising their
hands in victory. The article begins: What if you could have sex with no
strings? Become fuck buddies with someone without it souring when
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one of you inevitably gets more caught up in the relationship than the
other? Sounds unlikely, right?
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An article called People Share Their Secret Rules for Sex, which
features a picture a female teacher with a rule book. An example of one of
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the rules is: Do not shove my head towards your dick while were
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hooking up in hopes of me giving you a blowjob. If Im going to do it, Ill
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do it, so relax. Same applies to butt stuff.
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Additional articles include: 14 Sex Problems Only Lesbians
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Understand, next to a picture of scissors, Everything You Ever Wanted
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To Know About Penis Tattoos, next to a picture of a tattooed banana,
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People Tell Us Their Weirdest Stoner Snacks, next to pictures of a
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bongs and ketchup, and 14 Drunk Convos Every Woman Has Had.
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The Discover page also features random graphics, which are intended to be
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shared with friends on Snapchat, containing statements such as Beware of
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Whiskey Dick, or cartoon of a nude female riding a phallic space ship,
with the text THANKS FOR WATCHING!
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Alarmingly, this above content is only from three days on Snapchat Discover
and represents only a fraction of the adult content from those days.
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While adults should be free to consume any of this material, and may
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themselves find it to be humorous and witty, the fact that Snapchat does not differentiate
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content offered to its minor users and adult users is problematic, and ultimately a violation
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of Federal and State consumer law. Compounding matters is that adult content and images
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appears to be directly marketed and advertised to minors based on the use of cartoons,
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childhood relatable images, and very young looking models. Mixed with the content are
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messages from Snapchat which say: If They Dont Snap You On A Daily Basis It Isnt
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Real.
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it posts with its media partners shown above. Across all media partners, whether it is Vice
News, Buzzfeed, MTV, or any other media partner, there is a clear pattern and practice of
curating the Discover page with articles that emphasize hardcore sex and sexual themes and
liberality of drug use.
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made regarding content that is ultimately published.

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explicit adult material is not one that should be made for minors by Snapchat.
B.
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Plaintiff John Doe, and the putative class of minors, are undoubtedly
interested in discovering new things on Snapchat. However, the decision to discover
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Snapchat is not an idle or passive observer of content published by third-party
publishers on Snapchat Discover. Rather, it is involved in all aspects and all decisions
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Snapchat controls and curates and in many cases helps create the the content
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SNAPCHAT TERMS OF SERVICE / COMMUNITY GUIDELINES

Snapchat restricts use to individuals 13 and over. When an individual signs
into Snapchat for the first time they are prompted to input their date of birth. They are also
required to read and approve Snapchats Terms of Service.9 Snapchats Terms of Service
was last updated on March 29, 2016 to address additional privacy concerns raised by
Snapchat Discover. However, the updated Terms of Service nowhere addresses the adult
content on Snapchat Discover. 10
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Snapchats Terms of Service, Section 1: Who Can Use the Service states:
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No one under 13 is allowed to create an account or use the
Services. We may offer additional Services with additional terms
that may require you to be even older to use them. So please
read all terms carefully.
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Only one other reference to the age of the user appears in Snapchats Terms
of Service on Section 10: Purchase and Payments, which states:
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https://www.snapchat.com/terms
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It's your sole responsibility to manage your purchases. If you are

under 18 (or younger than the age of legal majority in your place
of residence), you must obtain your parent's or guardian's
consent before making any purchases.
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There are no other references to parents, or adult supervision, or
additional terms that require you be even older, or any similar information.
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The only information provided by Snapchat about sexually suggestive content
is on its Community Guidelines section of its support website11. There, the Community
Guidelines addresses only communications between users and not communications sent by
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Snapchat to users on Snapchat Discover. Strangely, the Community Guidelines addresses
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only sending explicit content found outside of Snapchat but remains silent on sending
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explicit content found within Snapchat. (emphasis supplied)

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Snapchats Community Guidelines state:

What not to Snap:
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Pornography
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Snapchat prohibits accounts that use public Stories to distribute
sexually explicit content or promote sexually explicit content
found outside of Snapchat.
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Sexually explicit content includes Snaps that depict real or

implied sexual acts or nudity in a sexual context.
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Nudity or sexually suggestive content involving minors (people

under the age of 18)
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Never post or send any nude or sexual content involving people

under the age of 18 -- even yourself.
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This includes adding drawings or captions to a Snap to make it

sexual -- even as a joke.
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If you violate these rules, we may remove the offending content

or terminate your account. If your account is terminated, you
wont be allowed to use Snapchat again.
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The content on Snapchats Discover clearly includes both implied sexual
acts and sexual content involving people under the age of 18. Snapchat makes this
content equally available to minor users as it does to its adult users. The content Snapchat
offers on Snapchat Discover consistently violates Snapchats own Community Guidelines.
If Snapchat were a user, it would be banned from using Snapchat.
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JOHN DOE AND THE PUTATIVE CLASS

John Doe is a 14 year old boy who lives in Los Angeles, California. John
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gets good grades. His favorite class is history and science. John looks forward to attending
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college.
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Like most of his friends, John recently joined the Snapchat craze. John
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uses his account on Snapchat as his primary method of communicating with friends. John
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has fun posting pictures of himself using features from Snapchats facial recognition
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technology. John also uses the video chat feature on Snapchat to stay connected with
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friends and relatives.
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On July 1, 2016, John was exploring Snapchat Discover when he came to an
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article posted by Snapchat and its media partner Buzzfeed which had pictures of his
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favorite Disney characters including those from movies he grew up with. However,
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something was obviously wrong and different with these images. The compilation of
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Disney images John accessed included pornographic text and innuendo next to the
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photographs. In fact, the photographic compilation was called: 23 Pictures That Are
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Too Real If Youve Ever had Sex With A Penis.
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Innocent pictures from Johns favorite Disney movies were perverted into
obscene sexual images and text.
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The pictures contained the captions: When he pulls down his pants its
more beautiful than you could have imagined, When he came way harder than you
expected, When he aims for your face but you have to protect your eyes, When he
proceeds to get it all over your face . . . and clothes, and When he unexpectedly slaps
your face with his penis. Here is a sampling of the Disney images John saw:
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When John swiped to content produced by Snapchat and its media partner
Vice, he was equally perplexed and disturbed. The feature article was called: What It Is
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Really Like to Let People Finger You in Public. The article begins, When they touch
my vagina I say You have 30 seconds You have to look into my eyes. The article
includes images of strangers touching and groping a performance artist in public. Some
of the reflections from the performance artist included, So yeah, maybe some men were a
bit stronger with the hands, some maybe put more fingers in my vagina. . . This was the
article that was posted.
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was shocked and horrified to learn that such explicit content was actually being made
available by Snapchat without warning, filters, or parental control.
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John Doe, by and through his mother and guardian, Lynette Young, are
compelled to bring this class action on behalf of the millions of children and parents who
have been deprived of the choice to monitor explicit material being made available by
Snapchat to minors.
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John brought what he observed to the attention of his mother. Johns mother
CLASS ACTION ALLEGATIONS

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Plaintiff brings this class action on behalf of himself and all others similarly
situated as Class Members pursuant to Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
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Plaintiff seeks to represent a National Class defined as follows:

All United States residents, including but not limited to a subclass
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of individuals between the ages of 13-17, who are or were
registered users of Snapchat from January 27, 2015 to the present,
excluding
employees, Defendants subsidiaries, the Judge to which this case
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excluding
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Defendants
officers,
directors,
and
is assigned and the immediate family of the Judge to which this
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Defendant,
employees, Defendants subsidiaries, the Judge to which this case
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Plaintiff seeks to represent a California Subclass defined as follows:
registered users of Snapchat from January 27, 2015 to the present,
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and
subclass of individuals between the ages of 13-17, who are or were
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directors,
All California residents, including but not limited to a separate
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officers,
case is assigned.
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Defendants
is assigned and the immediate family of the Judge to which this
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Defendant,
case is assigned.
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Plaintiff is a member of the putative class that he seeks to represent. Plaintiff
is a United States resident, also residing in California, who is a registered user of Snapchat.
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The definition of the putative class is narrowly tailored so as to include only
identifiable members who can be identified through Defendants database of registered

users for the discreet period of time from when Snapchat Discover launched on January 27,
2015 through the present.
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The proposed class is so numerous that the individual joinder of all its
members, in this or any action, is impracticable. The exact number or identification of the
members of the putative class is presently unknown to Plaintiff, but it is believed to
comprise millions of California and United States residents, thereby making joinder
impractical.
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Common questions of fact and law exist as to all Class Members and
predominate over questions affecting only individual members. These include, but are not
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limited to, the following:
(a)
Whether Snapchat owed a duty to warn minors of the harmful and

offensive content on Snapchat Discover.
(b)
Whether Snapchat owed a duty to warn the parents of minors of the

offensive content on Snapchat Discover.
(c)
Whether Snapchat owed a duty to differentiate and/or filter the

content available on Snapchat Discover to 13-17 years old versus
content available to adult audiences.
(d)
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Whether Snapchat knowingly exposed minor children on Snapchat

Discover to harmful and offensive images, and encouraged the
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sharing of such images, to grow its user base and increase profit.
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(e)
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Whether Snapchat violated its own community guidelines by

making available images and content involving implied and real
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sexual conduct including depictions of sexual conduct between
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minors.
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(f)
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Whether any actual or implied representations made by Snapchat

that its use was safe for minors was false or misleading.
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(g)
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Whether Plaintiff and the Class members are entitled to an

injunction, damages, restitution, equitable relief and other relief
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deemed appropriate and the amount and nature of such relief.
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70.
Plaintiffs claims are typical of the claims of the putative class members.
23
Plaintiff and all putative class members were not warned of the harmful, offensive, and
24
adult content on Snapchat Discover.
25
71.
The factual bases of Defendants misconduct are common to the putative
26
class members and represent a common scheme and pattern of practice of exposing minors
27
to harmful, offensive, and adult content, resulting in injury to all putative class members
28
alike. Plaintiff is asserting the same rights, making the same claims, and seeking the same
- 19 -
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
relief for themselves and all other putative class members. The central question of whether
Defendant should have warned, filtered, or otherwise restricted access to minors of
harmful, offensive, and adult content predominates over all other questions, legal and
factual in this litigation.
72.
Plaintiff is an adequate representative of the proposed class because he is a
putative class member and does not have interests that conflict with those of the other
putative class members he seeks to represent. Plaintiff is represented by experienced and
able counsel, who has litigated numerous class-action lawsuits, and Plaintiffs Counsel
intends to prosecute this action vigorously for the benefit of the proposed class. Plaintiff
and their Counsel will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class members.
73.
A class action is the superior available method for the efficient adjudication
of this litigation because:
13
14
15
16
17
a. The prosecution of separate actions by individual members of the

Class would create a foreseeable risk of inconsistent or varying
adjudications which would establish incompatible results and
standards for Defendant;
18
19
20
21
22
23
b. Adjudications with respect to individual members of the Class would,

as a practical matter, be dispositive of the interests of the other
members not parties to the individual adjudications or would
substantially impair or impede their ability to protect their own
separate interests;
24
25
26
27
c. Class action treatment avoids the waste and duplication inherent in

potentially thousands of individual actions, and conserves the
resources of the courts; and
28
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1
2
d. The claims of the individual class members are relatively small
compared to the burden and expense that would be required to
individually litigate their claims against Defendant, so it would be
impracticable for the members of the Class to individually seek redress
for Defendants wrongful conduct. Even if the members of the Class
could afford individual litigation, the court system could not.
Individualized litigation creates a potential for inconsistent or
contradictory judgments, and increases the delay and expense to all
10
parties and the court system. By contrast, the class action device
11
presents far fewer management difficulties, and provides the benefits
12
of single adjudication, economy of scale, and comprehensive
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
supervision by a single court.

74.
A class action for injunctive and equitable relief pursuant to Rule 23(b)(2) of
the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure is also appropriate. Defendant acted or refused to act
on grounds generally applicable to the Class thereby making appropriate final injunctive
and equitable relief with respect to the Class as a whole. Defendants actions are generally
applicable to the Class as a whole, and Plaintiff, on behalf of the Class, seeks damages and
injunctive relief described herein. Moreover, Defendants systemic policy and practices
make declaratory relief with respect to the Class as a whole appropriate.
21
22
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24
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26
27
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FIRST CAUSE OF ACTION
For Violations of Unfair Business Practice Act
California Business and Professions Code 17200 et seq.
(On Behalf of the Putative California Subclass)
75.
rewritten herein.
76.
8
9
Plaintiff restates each and every paragraph of this Complaint as if fully
For the reasons discussed below, Defendants have engaged in unfair
competition and prohibited activities.

77.
Unfair competition includes any unlawful, unfair or fraudulent business act or
10
practice and unfair, deceptive, untrue or misleading advertising and any act prohibited by
11
California Bus. & Prof. Code 17200.
12
78.
Plaintiff and the putative class seek equitable relief and to enjoin Defendants
13
from engaging in its current practice and scheme of exposing minor children to harmful and
14
offensive images without warning and/or reasonable parental filtering to differentiate
15
between content consumed by minors ages 13-17 and adult users.
16
79.
Pursuant to Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code 17200 et seq., Plaintiff and the putative
17
class seek an order enjoining the above-described wrongful acts and practices of the
18
Defendants and for restitution and disgorgement.
19
SECOND CAUSE OF ACTION
20
NEGLIGENCE PER SE
21
(On Behalf of the National Class or, alternatively,
22
the Putative California Subclass)
23
80.
Plaintiff, individually, and on behalf of all others similarly situated, adopts
24
and incorporates by reference all allegations contained in the foregoing paragraphs as
25
though fully set forth herein.
26
27
28
- 22 -
81.
Plaintiff John Doe, and the putative national class and California subclass
were injured by the failure of Snapchat, Inc. to comply with the Federal Communications
Decency Act, 47 U.S.C. 230 and 47 U.S.C. 231.
82.
47 U.S.C. 230(b) states that it is the policy of the United States . . . (3) to
encourage the development of technologies which maximize user control over what
information is received by individuals, families, and schools who use the Internet and other
interactive computer services; (4) to remove disincentives for the development and
utilization of blocking and filtering technologies that empower parents to restrict their
childrens access to objectionable or inappropriate online material. . .
10
83.
47 U.S.C. 230(d) Obligations of interactive computer service states: A
11
provider of interactive computer service shall, at the time of entering an agreement with a
12
customer for the provision of interactive computer service and in a manner deemed
13
appropriate by the provider, notify such customer that parental control protections (such as
14
computer hardware, software, or filtering services) are commercially available that may
15
assist the customer in limiting access to material that is harmful to minors. Such notice shall
16
identify, or provide the customer with access to information identifying, current providers
17
of such protections.
18
19
20
21
84.
47 U.S.C. 230(f)(2) defines interactive computer service as any
information service, system, or access software provider that provides or enables computer
access by multiple users to a computer server, including specifically a service or system
that provides access to the Internet and such systems operated or services offered by
22
libraries or educational institutions. 47 U.S.C. 230(f)(3) defines information content
23
provider as any person or entity that is responsible, in whole or in part, for the creation or
24
25
26
27
development of information provided through the Internet or any other interactive computer
service.
85.
Snapchat Inc. meets both the definitions of an interactive computer service
and an information content provider as it is an information service . . . that provides or
28
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1
2
3
enables access to the internet . . . and it is an entity that is responsible, in whole or in part,
for the creation or development of information provided through the Internet.
86.
(1) Prohibited conduct
Whoever knowingly and with knowledge of the character of the material, in
interstate or foreign commerce by means of the World Wide Web, makes any
communication for commercial purposes that is available to any minor and
that includes any material that is harmful to minors shall be fined not more
than $50,000, imprisoned not more than 6 months, or both.
10
(2) Intentional violations
11
In addition to the penalties under paragraph (1), whoever intentionally
12
violates such paragraph shall be subject to a fine of not more than $50,000 for
13
each violation. For purposes of this paragraph, each day of violation shall
14
constitute a separate violation.
15
(3) Civil penalty
16
In addition to the penalties under paragraphs (1) and (2), whoever violates
17
paragraph (1) shall be subject to a civil penalty of not more than $50,000 for
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
47 U.S.C. 231(a) Requirement to restrict access provides:

87.
47 U.S.C. 231(e)(6) defines material that is harmful to minors as material
that is harmful to minors means any communication, picture, image, graphic image file,
article, recording, writing, or other matter of any kind that is obscene or that
(A) the average person, applying contemporary community standards, would
find, taking the material as a whole and with respect to minors, is designed to
appeal to, or is designed to pander to, the prurient interest;
(B) depicts, describes, or represents, in a manner patently offensive with
respect to minors, an actual or simulated sexual act or sexual contact, an
28
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actual or simulated normal or perverted sexual act, or a lewd exhibition of the
genitals or post-pubescent female breast; and
(C) taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific
4
5
value for minors.

88.
Defendant Snapchat Inc., through its curating, direct editorial oversight,
control, and profiteering off of Snapchat Discover is liable for knowingly promoting and
publishing material that is harmful to minors. A fractional sample of harmful and offensive
images and content published from July 1, 2016 through July 3, 2016, demonstrates
substantial content intentionally targeted at minors.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
89.
Additionally, Defendant Snapchat Inc., is liable under 47 U.S.C. 230(d) for
failing to warn minors or parents in its Terms of Service or User Agreement about the
harmful and offensive content Snapchat, Inc., knowingly makes available to minors on
Snapchat Discover.
90.
As a direct and proximate result of Snapchat, Inc.s violation of law, Plaintiff
and the putative class are entitled to consequential damages based on the statutory scheme
provided by 47 U.S.C. 230, et seq.
17
THIRD CAUSE OF ACTION:
18
Violations of 47 U.S.C. 230, et seq.
19
20
the Putative California Subclass)
21
22
23
91.
Plaintiff incorporates by reference all other paragraphs of this complaint as if
fully set forth herein, and further alleges as follows:

92.
Plaintiff John Doe, and the putative National class and California subclass
24
were injured by the failure of Snapchat, Inc. to comply with the Federal Communications
25
Decency Act, 47 U.S.C. 230 and 47 U.S.C. 231.
26
27
93.
47 U.S.C. 230(b) states that it is the policy of the United States . . . (3) to
encourage the development of technologies which maximize user control over what
28
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information is received by individuals, families, and schools who use the Internet and other
interactive computer services; (4) to remove disincentives for the development and
utilization of blocking and filtering technologies that empower parents to restrict their
childrens access to objectionable or inappropriate online material. . .
94.
47 U.S.C. 230(d) Obligations of interactive computer service states: A
provider of interactive computer service shall, at the time of entering an agreement with a
customer for the provision of interactive computer service and in a manner deemed
appropriate by the provider, notify such customer that parental control protections (such as
computer hardware, software, or filtering services) are commercially available that may
10
assist the customer in limiting access to material that is harmful to minors. Such notice shall
11
identify, or provide the customer with access to information identifying, current providers
12
of such protections.
13
14
15
16
95.
47 U.S.C. 230(f)(2) defines interactive computer service as any
information service, system, or access software provider that provides or enables computer
access by multiple users to a computer server, including specifically a service or system
that provides access to the Internet and such systems operated or services offered by
17
libraries or educational institutions. 47 U.S.C. 230(f)(3) defines information content
18
provider as any person or entity that is responsible, in whole or in part, for the creation or
19
20
21
development of information provided through the Internet or any other interactive computer
service.
96.
Snapchat Inc. meets both the definition of an interactive computer service and
22
an information content provider as it is an information service . . . that provides or enables
23
access to the internet . . . and it is an entity that is responsible, in whole or in part, for the
24
25
26
27
creation or development of information provided through the Internet.

97.
47 U.S.C. 231(a) Requirement to restrict access provides:

(1) Prohibited conduct
Whoever knowingly and with knowledge of the character of the material, in
28
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interstate or foreign commerce by means of the World Wide Web, makes any
communication for commercial purposes that is available to any minor and
that includes any material that is harmful to minors shall be fined not more
than $50,000, imprisoned not more than 6 months, or both.
(2) Intentional violations
In addition to the penalties under paragraph (1), whoever intentionally
violates such paragraph shall be subject to a fine of not more than $50,000 for
10
(3) Civil penalty
11
In addition to the penalties under paragraphs (1) and (2), whoever violates
12
paragraph (1) shall be subject to a civil penalty of not more than $50,000 for
13
14
15
16
17

98.
that is harmful to minors means any communication, picture, image, graphic image file,
article, recording, writing, or other matter of any kind that is obscene or that
18
(A) the average person, applying contemporary community standards, would
19
find, taking the material as a whole and with respect to minors, is designed to
20
appeal to, or is designed to pander to, the prurient interest;
21
(B) depicts, describes, or represents, in a manner patently offensive with
22
respect to minors, an actual or simulated sexual act or sexual contact, an
23
actual or simulated normal or perverted sexual act, or a lewd exhibition of the
24
genitals or post-pubescent female breast; and
25
(C) taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific
26
27
47 U.S.C. 231(e)(6) defines material that is harmful to minors as material
value for minors.

99.
Defendant Snapchat Inc., through its curating, direct editorial oversight,
28
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control, and profiteering off of Snapchat Discover is liable for knowingly promoting and
publishing material that is harmful to minors. A fractional sample of images and content
published from July 1, 2016 through July 3, 2016, demonstrates substantial content
intentionally targeted at minors which is harmful to minors.
5
6
7
8
9
10
100.
Additionally, Defendant Snapchat Inc., is liable under 47 U.S.C. 230(d) for
failing to warn minors or parents in their Terms of Service or User Agreement about the
content Snapchat, Inc. knowingly makes available to minors on Snapchat Discover.
101.
As a direct and proximate result of Snapchat, Inc.s violation of law, Plaintiff
and the putative class are entitled to consequential damages based on the statutory scheme
provided by 47 U.S.C. 230, et seq.
11
FOURTH CAUSE OF ACTION
12
UNJUST ENRICHMENT
13
(On Behalf of the National Putative Class or, alternatively,
14
the California Subclass)
15
102.
16
17
18
103.
Plaintiff, and the putative class, conferred a tangible economic benefit upon
19
Defendants by signing up as a user to Snapchat, sacrificing privacy rights and privileges,
20
and consuming advertisements on the Discover page.
21
104.
As a result of Defendant Snapchat, Inc. providing offensive materials to
22
minors on Snapchat Discover, Snapchat Inc. has earned hundreds of millions of dollars in
23
advertising revenue. Defendant was enriched, at the expense of the Plaintiff and each
24
member of the putative class.
25
105.
Under the circumstances, it would be against equity and good conscience to
26
permit Defendant to retain the ill-gotten benefits that it received from Plaintiff and
27
members of the putative class.
28
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106.
It would thus be unjust and inequitable for Defendant to retain the benefit
without restitution or disgorgement of monies paid to Defendant, or such other appropriate
equitable remedy as appropriate, to the Plaintiff and other members of the putative class.
FIFTH CAUSE OF ACTION
INJUNCTIVE RELIEF
the California Putative Subclass)
8
9
10
11
107.

108.
Defendant has refused to act on grounds generally applicable to the injunctive
12
relief sought by Plaintiffs and other members of the putative class and subclass, thereby
13
making final injunctive relief appropriate.
14
109.
Defendants conduct, as more fully set forth herein, both in the past and
15
through the present, has demonstrated a willful disregard for the health and safety of minors
16
and their parents.
17
110.
If Defendant is allowed to continue with these practices, consumers,
18
including the Plaintiff and the putative class and subclass will be irreparably harmed in that
19
they do not have a plain, adequate, speedy, or complete remedy at law to address all of the
20
wrongs alleged in this Complaint, unless injunctive relief is granted to stop Defendants
21
improper conduct.
22
111.
Plaintiff and the putative class and subclass are therefore, entitled to an
23
injunction requiring Defendant to warn users of Snapchat about the offensive and adult
24
content on Snapchat Discover, to empower parents and/or guardians with decisions regarding
25
the access their children have to Snapchat Discover, and/or to provide parental filters and
26
blocking which differentiates access that Snapchat users have as opposed to adult users of
27
Snapchat.
28
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1
2
PRAYER FOR RELIEF

WHEREFORE, the putative representative Plaintiff, on behalf of himself and the
putative members of the class defined herein prays for judgment against the Defendants as
follows:
A.
For an order certifying this action and/or common issues raised herein
as a "Class Action under the appropriate provision of Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 23(a), 23(b) and 23(c); designating Class
Representatives; and appointing the undersigned to serve as class
counsel.
10
B.
For notice of class certification and of any relief to be disseminated to
11
all Class Members and for such other further notices as this Court
12
deems appropriated under Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(d)(2);
13
C.
For an order requiring complete and immediate disclosure of all
14
studies, reports, analyses, data, compilations, and other similar
15
information within the possession, custody, or control of Defendant
16
concerning, relating to, or involving the marketing, advertising,
17
development, implementation, creation, and partnership between
18
Snapchat and its media partners relating to Snapchat Discover.
19
D.
For an order barring Defendants from destroying or removing any
20
computer or similar records which record evidence related to Snapchat
21
Discover.
22
E.
For an order barring Defendants from attempting, on its own or
23
through its agents, to induce any putative Class Members to sign any
24
documents which in any way releases any of the claims of any Putative
25
Class Members;
26
27
F.
For an award of compensatory damages in the amount to be

determined for all injuries and damages described herein;
28
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G.
2
3
amount to be proven at trial;

H.
4
5
For an award of punitive damages to the extent allowable by law, in an
Awarding restitution and disgorgement of Defendants revenues to the

Plaintiff and the proposed Class Members;
I.
Awarding declaratory and injunctive relief as permitted by law or
equity, including: enjoining Defendants from continuing the unlawful
practices as set forth herein, and directing Defendants to identify, with
Court supervision, victims of its conduct and pay them, restitution and
disgorgement of all monies acquired by Defendants by means of any
10
act or practice declared by the Court to be wrongful;
11
J.
Ordering Defendants to engage in a corrective advertising campaign;
12
K.
Awarding attorney fees and costs; and
13
L.
Providing such other relief as may be just and proper.
14
15
Dated: July 7, 2016
GERAGOS & GERAGOS, APC
16
17
18
19
20
/s/ Mark J. Geragos

MARK J. GERAGOS
BEN J. MEISELAS
Attorneys for Plaintiff John Doe,
by and through his Guardian Ad Litem Lynette Young,
on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated
21
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DEMAND FOR JURY TRIAL
2
3
Plaintiff hereby demands a trial by jury.
4
5
Dated: July 7, 2016
GERAGOS & GERAGOS, APC
6
7
8
9
10
11
/s/ Mark J. Geragos

MARK J. GERAGOS
BEN J. MEISELAS
Attorneys for Plaintiff John Doe,
by and through his Guardian Ad Litem Lynette Young,
on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated
12
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- 32 -

Snapchat Lawsuit

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Snapchat Lawsuit

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Case 2:16-cv-04955 Document 1 Filed 07/07/16 Page 1 of 32 Page ID #:1

GERAGOS & GERAGOS

MARK J. GERAGOS (SBN 108325)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

JOHN DOE, a minor by and through his

Case No.: 2:16-cv-04955

Case 2:16-cv-04955 Document 1 Filed 07/07/16 Page 2 of 32 Page ID #:2

putative class comprised of approximately 150 million users of Snapchat, a wildly

231, in addition to other violations of State consumer law1.

Specifically, through Snapchat Discover, Snapchat is currently engaged in an

insidious pattern and practice of intentionally exposing minors to harmful, offensive,

In 2015, in an effort to monetize its interactive platform, Snapchat developed

Snapchat Discover, an integrated feature on Snapchat where Snapchat, Inc. creates,

This putative class action is based on Snapchats willful and intentional

By engaging in such conduct directed at minors, and making it simple and

Case 2:16-cv-04955 Document 1 Filed 07/07/16 Page 3 of 32 Page ID #:3

The Communication Decency Act prohibits this conduct.

Specifically, the Communication Decency Act requires internet computer

provision of interactive computer service and in a manner deemed appropriate by the

Snapchats Terms of Service, which are generally entered into directly by

includes no warnings about the offensive content on Snapchat Discover.

The Communications Decency Act also provides a $50,000.00 civil penalty

As demonstrated below, a random sample of the content Snapchat and its

offender in sharing offensive communications with minors is not user to user

communications, but is instead communications that Snapchat is sending and promoting to

minors through Snapchat Discover.

Case 2:16-cv-04955 Document 1 Filed 07/07/16 Page 4 of 32 Page ID #:4

from adult users.

JURISDICTION AND VENUE

Venue is proper in this Court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1391 because many of

Defendant Snapchat Inc. is a Delaware Corporation with its principal place of

Case 2:16-cv-04955 Document 1 Filed 07/07/16 Page 5 of 32 Page ID #:5

Plaintiff further alleges that each Defendant is directly liable and/or

Upon information and belief, Snapchat, Incs conduct directly affects

a certain period of time expires, the snap disappears forever.

According to International Business Times, Back in 2013, Snapchat was

On January 27, 2015, Snapchat formally announced a new feature called

Snapchat Discover. Snapchat announced:

Snapchat Discover is a new way to explore Stories from different

Case 2:16-cv-04955 Document 1 Filed 07/07/16 Page 6 of 32 Page ID #:6

Additionally, Snapchat had unilaterally terminated relationships with media

partners such as Yahoo when it objected to the editorial direction.5

As stated in its announcement, Snapchat Discover is not social media.

Snapchat entered into partnerships with popular media publishers for

Snapchat Discover was originally accessible by swiping to a separate area on

the Snapchat application. Snapchat Discover originally looked like this:

Case 2:16-cv-04955 Document 1 Filed 07/07/16 Page 7 of 32 Page ID #:7

Snapchat Discover has recently been given a more prominent placement on

Since the introduction of Snapchat Discover, Snapchat has continued to grow

Case 2:16-cv-04955 Document 1 Filed 07/07/16 Page 8 of 32 Page ID #:8

Snapchat user communications and Snapchat Discover are completely

For example, Snapchats media partners post interactive messages such as an

However, more frequently these innocent images are becoming rare.