6

UNIT

Future Living
AcAdemic PAthwAys

Lesson A: Understanding pronoun reference

Evaluating a writers attitude
Lesson B: Understanding a multimodal text
Lesson C: Using pronouns to avoid repetition
Writing sentences about the future

Think and Discuss

1. How do you think life will be different 50 years
from now? How about in 100 years?
2. Do you think we will live on other planets
someday? Why, or why not?

Robovie, a talking robot, helps a 69-year-old woman

with her supermarket shopping in Kyoto, Japan.

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Exploring the Theme

A. Look at the information in Making
Predictions and answer the questions.
1. What past predictions were correct?
2. What past predictions were
incorrect?
B. Look at the information in What Will
Life Be Like in 2025? and answer
the questions.
1. What predictions for 2025 are likely
to happen, in your opinion?
2. What predictions for 2025 are not
likely to happen? Why not?

Making Predictions
In 1900, an American engineer, John Watkins, made some predictions about life in
2000. Many of his predictions were correct. Among other things, Watkins predicted
television, mobile phones, and digital photographs.
However, predictions are often very difficult to get right. Here are some examples:
The telephone [cannot] be seriously considered as a means of communication.
Western Union memo, 1876

I have no faith in [flying machines] other than ballooning.

William Thomson, British scientist, 1899

All the calculations . . . in this country could be done on three digital computers. No one
else would ever need machines of their own, or would be able to afford to buy them.
Cambridge University Professor Douglas Hartree, 1951
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What Will Life Be Like in 2025?

A man chats with

Bina48, a human-like
robotic head.

Here are some experts predictions for life in 2025:

Most cars will be electric, and they will drive by themselves.
Most of our energy will come from the sun, not oil.
People will be able to record and replay their memories.
Most families will own a robot.
Some robots will have rights, such as the right to own property or run a business.

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LESSoN A

P r E PA r I N g T o r E A D
A | Building Vocabulary. Find the words and phrases in blue in the reading passage on pages
105106. Read the words around them and try to guess their meanings. Then match the
sentence parts below to make definitions.

Word
Partners

2. You use entire

a. you tell people what you think

they should do.

3. You say for instance

b. to give an example.

4. If you suggest something,

c. it can understand and learn things.

5. If something has intelligence,

d. to describe all of something.

1. If things adapt to you,

Use intelligence
with adjectives:
human intelligence,
ambient intelligence,
artificial intelligence.

e. they change in order to deal with you.

B | Building Vocabulary. Find the words and phrases in blue in the reading passage on pages
105106. Read the words around them and try to guess their meanings. Then complete
the sentences.
keep track of

link

network

1. The
2. A

pattern

temperature

on Mars is much lower than on Earth.

connects all the computers in a computer lab.

3. Some people use the calendar in their phone to

4. Some people prefer a striped
plain walls instead.
5. You can
connect wirelessly.

their appointments.
on their walls; others prefer

your computer with the Internet using a cable, or you can

C | Using Vocabulary. Answer the questions. Discuss your ideas with a partner.
1. What do you think the temperature outside is today?
2. How do you keep track of news events?
3. What patterns can you see around you (for example, on peoples clothes or on book covers)?
D | Brainstorming. List some technologies that make life easier or more fun today than in the past.
Technologies That Make Life Easier

high-speed trains

Technologies That Make Life More Fun

3-D movies

E | Predicting. Scan the reading passage on pages 105106 quickly. Underline five
sentences with will.
What do you think the passage is about?
a. schools in the future
10 4

b. offices in the future

c. homes in the future

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rEADINg

How Will
We Live ?

s.

Will the homes of the future be located in tall skyscrapers like these
in Dubai? And what will life inside the home really be like?

track 2-01

)?

Picture this: You wake up in the morning. A soft light turns on in your room. You go into the
bathroom and the shower starts. The water is the perfect temperature. After your shower, you go into
the kitchen. Your favorite breakfast is already cooked, and its on the table, ready to eat. Now its time
to go to work. Its a rainy day. You live alone, but you find that your umbrella and hat are already by
the door.
How is all this possible? Welcome to your future life!

st.

Appliances That Talk

B

Technology will allow homes in the future to be smart. Appliances will communicate with each
otherand with you. Your stove, for instance, will tell you when your food is cooked and ready to eat.
Refrigerators will suggest recipes based on food items you already have.

The technology is possible because of tiny information-storing devices called RFID1 chips. People
already use them to keep track of pets and farm animals. Future RFID chips will store information
about all the items in your cabinets.2 For example, they will record the date that you bought each
item. Other devices will read this information using radio waves. When you need more food, your
cabinets will tell you to buy it.

1
2

RFID is radio-frequency identification.

A cabinet is a type of cupboard used for storing medicine, drinks, and other items.
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rEADINg

LESSoN A

Houses That Think

D

Are you tired of the color or pattern of your walls? In a smart home, you wont have to repaint
them. The walls will actually be digital screens, like computer or TV screens. The technology is
called OLED,3 and its here already. OLEDs are tiny devices that use electricity to light things.
You can find the same technology in todays thin TV screens. OLED walls will become clear, like
windows, or display colors and patterns, like walls.

A computer network will link these walls with everything else in your house. Called ambient4
intelligence, this computer brain will control your entire house. It will also adapt to your
preferences. Your house will learn about your likes and dislikes. It will then use that knowledge
to control the environment. For example, it will set the heat in the house to your favorite
temperature. It will turn on the shower at the right temperature. It will also darken the windows
at night and lighten them when its time to wake up.

Robots That
Feel?

But how about your cooked breakfast,

and the umbrella and hat you found by
the door? For those, you can thank your
robot helper. Futurologists predict that
many homes will have robots in the future.
Robots already do many things such
as building cars and vacuuming floors.
But scientists today are starting to build
friendlier, more intelligent robotsones
that people will feel more comfortable
having around in the house.

Sociable5 robots will be able to show

feelings with their faces, just like humans.
They will smile and frown, make eye
contact, and speak. These robots will do
work around the house such as cooking
and cleaning. They will even take care of
children and the elderly.

How soon will this smart home be a

reality? Theres a good chance it will be a
part of your life in 25 or 30 years, perhaps
sooner. Much of the technology is
already here.

3
4

10 6

OLED means organic light-emitting diode.

Ambient refers to what is around you.

PR2
Developer: Willow Grange, USA
Abilities: cooks breakfast; takes care of elderly
people; delivers mail

If you are sociable, you are friendly.

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U N D E r S TA N D I N g T h E r E A D I N g
A | Understanding the Gist. Look back at your answer for exercise E on page 104.
Was your prediction correct?
B | Identifying Main Ideas. Look back at the reading on pages 105106. Match each
main idea below to a paragraph from the reading (AH).
1. An electronic system called ambient intelligence will control an entire house.
2. RFID technology will allow parts of the house to communicate with us.
3. OLED screens will change the way your walls look.
4. Intelligent homes may be a part of our everyday life within 30 years.
5. Robots that act like humans will do housework and take care of people.
C | Identifying Key Details. Read each statement below. Then circle T for true and F for
false, according to the reading. Correct the false statements.
Appliances That Talk
1. Someday, kitchen cabinets will tell you its time to buy more food.

2. RFID chips are already used today for keeping track of children.

3. People will change their wall patterns using RFID technology.

4. Darkening windows at night is an example of ambient intelligence.

5. Scientists are building robots that can help take care of elderly people.

6. Robots will soon be more intelligent and sociable than humans.

Houses That Think

Robots That Feel?

D | Critical Thinking: Evaluating Attitude. Work with a partner. First, circle the words
to complete this sentence.
The author of the reading passage on pages 105106 seems positive (optimistic) /
negative (pessimistic) about the future.
Find examples that support your answer. Look for words and phrases the writer uses
to describe the scene in the opening paragraph. Does the description make life sound
pleasant or unpleasant?
Look at how the writer describes appliances, houses, and robots. Does the writer
make these devices sound practical (useful) or impractical (not useful)?
Now discuss this question with your partner: Do you agree with the writers attitude
about the future? Why, or why not?

CT Focus
Evaluating a
writers attitude
means thinking
about how they
feel about the
subject. Ask
yourself: Is the
author generally
positive or
negative? Do I
agree or disagree
with his or her
attitude?

E | Personalizing. Discuss answers to these questions in a small group.

1. Which future technologies in the reading would you like to have in your home?
2. Are there other household technologies you would like to have?
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DE v ELoPINg r E A DINg S kILL S

LESSoN A

Reading Skill: Understanding Pronoun Reference

Pronouns usually refer to nouns that appear earlier in a text. The pronoun may refer to a noun earlier in
the sentence, or in a previous sentence. Its important to understand which noun a pronoun refers to.
Subject pronouns usually refer back to subjects in sentences:
Your favorite breakfast is already cooked, and its on the table, ready to eat.
subject

subject pronoun

Object pronouns usually refer back to objects in sentences:

When you need more food, your cabinets will tell you to buy it.
object

object pronoun

Note: Pronouns always match the nouns they refer to in number and in gender.

A | Matching. Underline the subject and object pronouns in the following paragraph about
Wakamaru. Then draw an arrow to the noun that each pronoun refers to.

Engineers in Japan built a sociable robot named Wakamaru. They

track 2-02

designed Wakamaru to help and serve people in a friendly, caring,

and intelligent way. Wakamaru can recognize faces and use
gestures. It knows 10,000 words and can use them to talk to
people about the weather and other subjects. Wakamaru can do
many tasks for a family. For example, at night, it moves quietly
around the house, but it can wake family members up if there is
any trouble. During the day, Wakamaru can also send them
email and text messages.

B | Understanding Pronoun Reference. Find these sentences

in the reading passage on pages 105106. Write the word(s) that
each underlined pronoun refers to.
1. Paragraph C: People already use them to keep track of pets
and farm animals.
them =
2. Paragraph C: For example, they will record the date that you bought each item.
they =
3. Paragraph D: The technology is called OLED, and its here already.
it =
4. Paragraph G: They will smile and frown, make eye contact, and speak.
They =
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vIEWINg

Colonizing Mars

Before Viewing
A | Using a Dictionary. Here are some words you will hear in the video. Complete each definition with
the correct word. Use your dictionary to help you.
ambitious

colonize

1. A
2. If you
3. If you are
4. If an idea is
5. A
6. If you

credible

frontier

mission

restore

is an important job that usually involves travel.

a place, you go there and control it.
, you want very much to be successful.
, it is believable.
is an area where people are just starting to live.
a place, you make it the way it was in the past.

B | Predicting. Do you think humans could live on Mars now? How about in the future?
Discuss your ideas with a partner.

While Viewing
A | As you view the video, circle whether statements 1-4 are true (T) or false (F).
1. Only a few unmanned missions have gone to Mars.

2. There are some places on Earth that are similar to the surface of Mars.

3. We are certain that there never was any life on Mars.

4. Scientists believe that humans could live on Mars in the future.

After Viewing
A | Discuss the statements (14) above with a partner. Correct the false statements.
B | Synthesizing. Which technologies in the reading on pages 105106 might be useful for living on Mars?
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LESSoN B

P r E PA r I N g T o r E A D
A | Building Vocabulary. Read the paragraph below. Notice the words in blue. These are words
that you will see in the reading passage on pages 112113. Match each word with its definition.
We know that it is very cold on Mars. Scientists recorded the temperature of Mars in several
places on the planet. They took these temperatures to discover the average temperature on
Mars, which is minus 60 degrees Celsius. Because the temperature is so low, there is no liquid
on Mars, only ice. Carbon dioxide (a gas) is trapped in this iceit cannot get out. However,
heat can melt the ice and turn it into water. This can release the carbon dioxide and let it
into the atmosphere. When the level of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, Mars will
become warmer.

1. average

a. a substance that flows freely, for example, water or oil

2. trapped

b. stop holding; let go

3. liquid
4. release
5. level

c. the normal, or typical, amount of something

d. a point on a scale, usually showing the amount of
something
e. held and kept from moving

B | Building Vocabulary. Find the words in blue in the reading passage on pages 112113.
Read the words around them and try to guess their meanings. Then match the sentence
parts below to make definitions.

1. A survey

Word
Partners
Plant is both a noun
and a verb:
(n.) l. a living thing that
grows in the earth:
a tomato plant;
a healthy plant;
2. a factory, or
a place where power
is produced:
an assembly plant;
a nuclear power
plant;
(v.) put in the ground:
plant a tree; plant
a flag.

110

2. A goal
3. When you breathe,
4. A factory
5. A plant

a. is a place where people use machines to

make things.
b. is a living thing that grows in the earth with
a stem, leaves, and roots.
c. is the aim or purpose of an activity.
d. is an activity in which people try to get
information.
e. you take air into your lungs.

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C | Using Vocabulary. Answer the questions in complete sentences.

Then share your sentences with a partner.
1. What is one of your main goals in life? How will you achieve it?

2. What is the average temperature in your area?

3. What kind of plants grow well in your area?

Word
Usage
Average has noun and
adjective forms:
(n.) 1. In math, the result of
adding two or more amounts
and then dividing the total
by the number of amounts:
The average temperature
is 70 degrees. 2. the normal
amount or quality for a
particular group: Rainfall was
twice the average for this
time of year.
(adj.) 1. typical, normal: The
average adult man burns
1,550 to 2,000 calories a day.
2. ordinary: Wakamaru is not
an average robot.

4. Are there many factories in your area? What do they make?

5. When was the last time you gave information in a survey?

D | Predicting. Read the title and look at the pictures and captions of the reading passage
on pages 112113. What do you think the passage is about?
a. the technology we will use to travel to Mars and other planets
b. what an average day on Mars will be like for people in the future
c. how we can make Mars a place where people can live

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LeSSOn B

Reading

At Home on Mars
3

Will humans someday live and work on Mars? Many scientists think so.
In fact, they are already working on plans to turn Mars into a new Earth.

Humans need three basic things to live: water to drink, air to breathe, and food to eat. Because of the lack
of these necessities, it isnt possible to live on Mars right now. For one thing, there is not enough oxygen.
There is also no liquid waterjust some ice. So how can we make Mars habitable?1 The answer, say
scientists, is a process called terraforming.

Terraforming means changing the environment of a planet so that it is similar to Earths. On Mars, the
average temperature is about minus 60 degrees Celsius. So one of the main goals of terraforming Mars
is to warm it up. One idea for warming Mars comes from a problem here on Earthclimate change.
Most scientists agree that Earth is becoming warmer due to increased levels of greenhouse gases in our
atmosphere. We might create similar conditions on Mars by building factories that release greenhouse gases.
The gases will change the atmosphere on Mars. Rain will fall, and it may be possible to grow plants for
food. The plants will add more oxygen to the air.

There will be many difficulties in terraforming Mars. The project could take many centuries, and the cost
will be high. We have some of the technology, such as the ability to create greenhouse gases, but not the
money. However, life on Mars is a real possibility for future generations.

track 2-03

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If a place is habitable, you can live there.

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Turning the Red Planet Green

First Visits

Terraforming Mars will probably be a thousandyear project, starting with several survey
missions. The flight to Mars will take six months,
and each mission might last 18 months.

2
F

3
G

Life under Domes

Enormous domes will provide climatecontrolled living spaces, first for plants and
later for humans. It will take centuries to
improve the rocky surface so that people
can grow plants.

Each new mission will build more habitation

modulesplaces to live. These will allow future
visitors to spend more time on Mars and learn
more about living on the planet.

Powering the Planet

Global Warming

Homes on Mars

To warm up the planet and to make water flow

and create an atmosphere, we will need to increase
the carbon dioxide level on Mars. Greenhouse
gases will melt the ice in Marss polar regions.
When the ice becomes water, the water will release
the carbon dioxide that was trapped inside the ice.

Nuclear power2 and wind turbines3 are two

current technologies that we might be able
to use on Mars for power.

Dont Forget Your

Mask
Even 1,000 years from now, there may
still not be enough oxygen for humans to
breathe. People on Mars may still need to
use equipment similar to scuba gear.4

Nuclear power comes from the energy that is released when the central parts of atoms are split or combined.
Wind turbines are engines with blades. They produce power when wind spins the blades.
4
Scuba gear is equipment that helps people breathe underwater.
2
3

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LESSoN B

U N D E r S TA N D I N g T h E r E A D I N g
A | Understanding the Gist. Look back at your answer for exercise D on page 111. Was your
prediction correct?
B | Identifying Key Details. Complete the following sentences with information from the reading
on pages 112-113. Note the paragraphs where you find the information.
Paragraph

1. There is no

Paragraph

2. Terraforming Mars means making it similar to

Paragraph

3. For many years, humans probably wont be able to

on Mars without special equipment.

Paragraph

4. The flight to Mars will take

Paragraph

5. One way to warm up Mars is to build

gases into the air.

Paragraph

6. Two technologies that exist now will probably give us power on Mars:
and
.

on Marsjust ice.
.

months.
. These will release

C | Sequencing. Put the steps to living on Mars in the correct order. Write the letter of the step in
the correct place on the time line.
a. People will build more habitation modules, spend more time on Mars,
and learn more about it.
b. People will build domes and start to grow plants in them for food.
c. People will build factories on Mars to warm it up.
d. People will visit Mars on 18-month missions and start to build places to live.

NOW

Strategy
To find the noun
that a pronoun
refers to,
remember that:
(1) the pronoun
and noun normally
have the same
relationship to the
verb (either subject
or object)
(2) the pronoun
and noun have the
same number and
gender (male or
female).

1,000 years from now

D | Understanding Pronoun Reference. Find these sentences in the reading passage on

pages 112113. Then match the underlined pronoun to the noun it refers to. Two nouns will
not be used.
1.
2.

Terraforming means changing the environment

of a planet so that it is similar to Earths.

a. greenhouse gases

So one of the main goals of terraforming Mars

is to warm it up.

c. terraforming

3. These will allow future visitors to spend more

time on Mars . . .

b. the environment
d. Mars
e. habitation modules

E | Critical Thinking: Synthesizing/Evaluating. Discuss these questions in small groups.

1. Does the information in the reading support the information in the video Colonizing
Mars? What additional information did you learn?
2. Which predictions from this unit do you think are most likely to happen? Why?
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E xPLor INg W r IT TEN ENgLI S h

GOAL:

LESSoN C

In this lesson, you are going to plan, write, revise, and edit sentences on the
following topic: What will a typical day be like in 2050?

A | Read the information in the box. Then complete the sentences (18) with and, but, or so.

Language for Writing: Using And, But, and So

Writers use the conjunctions and, but, and so to connect information in sentences.
And introduces an additional idea . . .
to connect words: People will visit Mars and Venus.
to connect phrases: People will visit Mars and build habitation modules.
to connect clauses: People will visit Mars, and they will build habitation modules.
But introduces a contrasting idea . . .
to connect words: Its hot but habitable.
to connect phrases: People will live on Mars but not on venus.
to connect clauses: People will live on Mars, but they wont live on venus.
So introduces results . . .
to connect clauses: Its very cold on Mars, so we will need to warm it up.
Remember:
to use a comma when you connect clauses.
when you use and and but, you dont have to use the subject and the auxiliary verb in
the second clause, if they are the same in the first clause:
People will live on Mars. People will work on Mars.
subject

auxiliary verb

subject

auxiliary verb

For more explanation of

conjunctions, see page 213

People will live and work on Mars.

Example: In the future, we will use solar energy for fuel,

1. Missions to Mars are expensive,

but

we probably wont use oil.

we probably wont send people there for many years.

2. Scientists have sent robots to the moon

to Mars.

3. In 1900, John Watkins predicted digital photographs

4. We already know how to warm up the Earth,

mobile phones.
it will probably be possible to warm up Mars.

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LESSoN C

E xPLor INg W r IT TEN ENgLI S h

5. There is no liquid water on Mars,

no plants can grow there.

6. NASA wanted to send people to Mars 30 years ago,

have enough money.
7. People have already been to the moon,
8. Travel to Mars is dangerous,

the government didnt

they havent been to Mars.

we will send robots instead.

B | Combine the sentences using and, but, or so. Leave out the pronoun and auxiliary verb
when possible.
Example: Robots can vacuum houses. They can build cars. (and)

Robots can vacuum houses and build cars.

1. PR2 can take care of elderly people. It can deliver mail. (and)

2. PR2 cooks. It doesnt communicate. (but)

3. Wakamaru knows 10,000 Japanese words. It is able to communicate with people. (so)

4. There is not enough oxygen on Mars. Humans cannot breathe there. (so)

C | With a partner, list three items that will be different in the future. Think about what they
will look like and how they will work. Note your ideas in the chart. Then write sentences about
the items using and, but, and so.
Object

What It Will Look Like / How It Will Work

1.

2.

3.

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Writing Skill: Using Pronouns to Avoid Repetition

As you saw on page 108, pronouns usually refer to nouns that appear earlier in a text.
Writers use pronouns to avoid repetition.
Example: Robots will do many things around the house. For example, robots will
clean the house and prepare food.
Robots will do many things around the house. For example, they
will clean the house and prepare food.
Try not to use the same pronoun to refer to more than one thing in a sentence, as this
can confuse the reader.

D | Draw a line through the repeated nouns in sentences 15 and replace them with pronouns.
1. RFID chips will keep track of the food in your cabinets, and RFID chips will tell you
when its time to go to the store.
2. People on survey missions to Mars will build domes and live in the domes.
3. People will terraform Mars and make Mars more like Earth.
4. Even after a thousand years, people wont be able to breathe on Mars, so people will have to
use breathing equipment.
5. Mars doesnt have any oxygen, but plants will slowly add oxygen to the atmosphere
over many years.
E | Replace the underlined pronouns with a word or phrase from the box.
One item is not needed.
people

plants

the robots

the domes

the colors

1. Sociable robots will communicate better with people. They will speak to them
and make eye contact with them, so they will feel more comfortable.
2. People will build domes on Mars. They will live in them and grow plants in them.
3. People will use OLED screens to change the colors of their walls. If they dont like
them, they will just push a button and change them.

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LESSoN C

W r I T I N g TA S k : D r a f t i n g
A | Brainstorming. Imagine a typical day in 2050. What will it be like? Brainstorm some
ideas about your typical day. Use these categories or your own ideas.
My home:
Study:
Work:
Family:
Travel:
Entertainment:
Other things:
B | Planning. Follow the steps to make notes for your sentences.
Step 1

Choose three categories you want to write about (for example, your home, work,
and travel). Write them in the chart below.

Step 2

Use your brainstorming notes above to add two or three details for each category.

On a typical day in 2050 . . .

Category:
Details:

Category:
Details:

Category:
Details:

C | Draft 1. Use the information in the chart in exercise B to write a first draft of your sentences.

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W r I T I N g TA S k : r e v i s i n g a n d E d i t i n g
D | Peer Evaluation. Exchange your first draft with a partner and follow these steps:
Step 1

Read your partners sentences. Then answer the questions below about them.

1. Are the ideas organized in a logical way?

2. Does all the information relate to the main idea?

3. Does the writer include details for each category?

4. Does the writer use pronouns to avoid repetition?

Step 2

Tell your partner one thing that you liked about his or her sentences.

Step 3

Share your answers to the questions in Step 1 with your partner

E | Draft 2. Write a second draft of your sentences. Use what you learned from the peer evaluation
activity. Make any necessary changes.
F | Editing Practice. Read the information in the box. Then find and correct one mistake with
and, but, or so in each of the sentences (17).

In sentences with and, but, and so, remember to:

use and to introduce an additional idea, but to introduce a
contrasting idea, and so to introduce a result.
use a comma when you connect two clauses.
leave out repeated subjects and auxiliary verbs with and or but.

1. People will live on Mars someday, and it is too expensive to travel there now.
2. Mars is too cold for human visitors, but they will need to warm it up.
3. Robots will take care of children, so they will do housework.
4. A trip to Mars sounds amazing, and I would not like to live there!
5. Smart appliances will buy food but cook dinner.
6. We might have flying cars in 2050, and there will probably be fewer cars on our roads.
7. In the future, you will put a language chip in your brain, but you wont have to
study foreign languages.

FUTUre LIvINg

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LESSoN C

W r I T I N g TA S k : E d i t i n g
G | Editing Checklist. Use the checklist to find errors in your second draft.

Editing Checklist

Yes

No

1. Are all the words spelled correctly?

2. Do your subjects and verbs agree?
3. Is the first word of every sentence capitalized?
4. Does every sentence end with the correct punctuation?
5. Did you use and, but, and so correctly?

H | Final Draft. Now use your Editing Checklist to write a third draft of your sentences.
Make any other necessary changes.

UNIT QUIz
p.103

1. One

for 2025 is that most of our energy will come

and not from oil.

from the
p.104

2. You can use for instance to give an

p.106

3. We already have

p.108

4. Pronouns usually refer to nouns that appear

p.109

5. If a human travels into space, the journey is called a manned

.
that build cars and vacuum floors.
in a text.

.
p.110

6. A

is a living thing that grows in the earth with a stem,

leaves, and roots.

p.112

7. Terraforming means changing a planet so its more similar to

.

p.115

120

8. You combine ideas with but to show a

UNit 6

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