War Map & History of Cuba (Hannaford 1898)

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WAR MAP
AND
INCLUDING THE OPENING
OF THE
American=Spanish
War
FROM THE LATEST OFFICIAL AND MOST

AUTHENTIC SOURCES
By LIEUT.
Price
E.
HANNAFORD
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Sunlight Series. No. 120. May, 1898.
Published Monthly by Mast, Crowell & Kirkpatriek, Springfield, U.
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Provinces, Railroads, Cities, Towns,
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by Mast, Cr owoll &

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WAR MAP
AND
History or Cuba
INCLUDING THE OPENING OF THE
American-Spanish War
FROM THE LATEST OFFICIAL AND MOST
AUTHENTIC SOURCES
LIEUT. E.
Copyright,
1808,
HANNAFORD
by Mast, Crowell
&
Kirkpatrick
PUBLISHED BY
MAST, CROWELL & KIRKPATRICK

SPRINGFIELD, OHIO
1898
CONTENTS
PAGE
General Description of Cuba

Resources and Industries
Cuba Under Spain
11
Causes of Discontent
Commencement
13
of the
War
15
Campaign
of 1895
18
Campaign
of 1896
23
Campaign
of 1897
25
Reconcentration Horrors
28
Blanco in Cuba
33
The Cuban Republic
36
Strained Diplomacy
39
War
41
Preparations of the United States
The Cuban (Spanish) Debt
44
Resources of the United States
45
Resources of Spain
United States
Spanish
War
War
45
Vessels
Vessels
President McKinley's
Naval
Index
War Localities
War Map
to
46
47
Famous Message
49
59
60
/4*>
*''
THE HISTORY OF CUBA.

Following up
the discovery which was to immortalize
his name, and the date October 12, 1492, Columbus

cruised westward among the West Indian isles, and on
October 28th entered the mouth of a river in the "great
of which he had heard many times before reaching
This land, indescribably beautiful and fertile, the
land"
it.
natives called Cuba. Mistaken as the great discoverer was

in fondly believing he had here touched the shores of the
u Gem
great gold-bearing continent he was seeking, the
of the Antilles" is far the most important island of the
West Indies almost incomparably
so
if
Hayti be
left
out
climate so delightful as to seem a perpetual summer, a soil inexhaustibly rich, tropical luxuriance of growth in field and forest, varied loveliness of
natural scenery, no less than twenty-seven good harbors
these combine to make Cuba one of nature's most favored
regions; while its commanding position at the entrance of
the Gulf of Mexico might well stimulate the acquisitive
ambition of nations. " It is so near to us," said President
Cleveland's message of December, 1896, u as to be hardly
separated from our own territory." The Strait of Florida
can be crossed by steamer in five hours.
of the account.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION.
Dimensions
it
varies
from
Cuba
about 760 miles in length in width

on a line passing some fifty miles
not exceeding 28 miles from Havana
is
127 miles
west of Santiago, to
southward.
$HE HtSTORY OF CUBA.

Its area is
of the Isle of Pines
about
41,655
square miles, exclusive
and other small
islands, the
former
containing 1,200, the latter aggregating 970 square miles.

Thus, in dimensions, Cuba closely approximates the state
of New York. Compared with Long Island, it is twentyeight times larger.
Mountains and Rivers.-Cuba is traversed lengthwise
by a mountainous range, which is highest in the eastern
part, where also it is broken up into spurs, or transverse
The most elevated summit is 7,670 feet above seabut the average height of the mountains does not
exceed 2,200 feet. The rivers are necessarily short, flowing some north, some south, from the central watershed.
Forests and Swamps. Scarcely more than one third of
the land has yet been brought under cultivation. One half
the island is covered with primeval forests. The low lands
of the coast are inundated in the wet season, or at least
turned into impassable swamps of black and wonderfully
tenacious mud. Add to this feature the immense reaches
of trackless forest, filled everywhere with an almost impenetrable growth of underbrush, not to mention that the dry
plains are largely a jungle (manigua) of very high bushes
and thick grasses, and one may begin to form some idea
of the difficulties inseparable from a campaign in this land
of tropical suns and lurking fevers.
Strategic Conditions of the War. The two conditions
ibove described largely account for the surprising paucity
of results accomplished for so long a period in the war of
1895-1897 by the vastly preponderant armies of Spain. The
insurgent forces, being so inferior numerically, were obliged
to remain amid the favoring shelter of the mountains and
other inaccessible timbered regions. The necessity of
cutting paths through the dense undergrowth of the forests
and among the jungled manigua of the dry plains accounts
for the omnipresence of the machete in the Cubans' warfare.
This famous weapon is primarily not a weapon at all, but
ridges.
level,
GENERAL DESCRIPTION.
an implement designed for hewing a passage through the

limitless woody expanses above mentioned. Surprising
strength and skill are acquired in wielding this favorite and
usually horn -handled blade of from twenty-four to thirty
inches in length, perfectly straight, as heavy as a cleaver,with an edge always kept like a razor. It somewhat resembles an American farmer's corn-scythe, only it is made for
heavier work, and the cutting is done with the outer edge
instead of the inner one. As David before Goliath chose the
simple sling, the use of which infinite practice, for entirely
different purposes, had given him perfect command, so, in
the painful lack of rifles and cartridges, the Cuban belligerent fell back on his trusted machete; and the execution
he proved himself capable of doing with it in a sudden rush
upon the enemy, or rather, the ferocious climax of a handto-hand conflict, is astonishing.
Climate. The climate of the low coast lands is tropical
that of the more elevated interior resembles the warmer
portions of the temperate zone. As regards temperature,
it is remarkably equable, making Havana a sanatorium of
world-wide celebrity for sufferers from bronchial and pulmonary troubles. The mean annual temperature there is
77 to 80 degrees. Eighty-two degrees is the average for
July and August, and 72 for December and January, the
total range of the thermometer during the year being only
30 degrees, or from 58 to 88. The average annual rainfall
at Havana is 40.5 inches, of which 27.8 inches is during the
wet season (middle of April to middle of October). Fireplaces are unknown in Cuba's capital, and almost so are
glazed windows, which are replaced by double sets of shutters or curtains.
Yellow fever seldom becomes epidemic in the elevated

notwithstanding its prevalence during the summer in Havana and other seaports, whose wretched
sanitation constantly invites the attacks of this dreaded
interior,
scourge
>
THE HISTORY OP CUBA.
RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES.

Products.
Cuban
world over.
oni
to coffee.
sugars and tobaccos are famous the

them separate sections, and another
Next in export value come oranges and
give
the various native woods, including a superior quality of

mahogany. The cigar-boxes so familiarly known throughout the United States and Europe are made from a tree of
the same natural order as mahogany, the Cedrela odorata of
Linnaeus, but popularly known as cedar, a wood which is
also much used for the inside of drawers, wardrobes, etc.
The several
different species of
palms found in Cuba are
luxuriant specimens of tropical trees. The Royal palm,

rising to the height of one hundred feet or more, is strikingly beautiful and majestic. The cocoanut-palm grows
wild, a glorious tree, immensely rich in leaves and fruit.
In some seasons oranges have been so abundant that on the
great estates, as a traveler declares, they "lay all about on
the bright red earth, little naked negroes kicking aside and
satiated pigs disdainfully neglecting great luscious fruit
which the North would have piled w ith great pride upon
salvers of silver and porcelain." The banana " bunches " are
r
always cut from the parent stem while green. The official
Value of the total exports for one year shortly before the
last
insurrection
was upward
of
$83,000,000,
almost wholly of agricultural products and
consisting
fruits.
Sugar. The ingenios or sugar-plantations, with large

buildings and mills for sugar-refining, and in connection
therewith the distillation of rum, are, and always have been,
the most important industrial establishments of the island.
Though his former lordliness and feudal magnificence have
of late years undergone more or less modification, the great
sugar-planter is still a prince of agriculture. He has one
great advantage over all his foreign competitors, and that
is the fertility of his soil seems practically exhaustless.
In
Jamaica one to two hogsheads of sugar to the acre has coma
y
RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES.
to be considered a good yield, while in Cuba three hogsheads continue to be the average. Not all the bounty-stimulated and cheaper production of beet-sugar in Europe has
been able to displace Cuban sugars in foreign markets,
though competition from this source has largely reduced
the profits in raising them. The introduction of modern
machinery requiring large capital has more than counteracted that natural tendency to subdivide great holdings
of land which is usually observed when a system of slave
labor gives place tola free one, and has aided in crowding
the smaller planters to the wall.
In Cuba the grinding season lasts twice as long as it does
in Louisiana.
Throughout the sugar-raising
districts the
towering furnace-chimneys of the mills are everywhere

the most conspicuous objects. The sugar is put up in jute
bags (the government tax on which trebles their cost to the
planter), averaging something over three hundred pounds
each, and in this shape is sent to Havana or other port.
Under conditions of peace the sugar production approxWell-informed
imates one million tons per annum.
Americans consider this only one fifth the amount which,
with a good government and proper enterprise, the island
is capable of yielding. The average value of sugar exported
amounts to $50,000,000, and of molasses $9,000,000, of which
eighty per cent goes to the United States.
- Tobacco. Tobacco is indigenous to Cuba.
As a source of
income it ranks next after sugar. Yet the tobacco industry
has always been an uncertain one, owing to the restrictions
and exactions imposed by the government, which has controlled it as a monopoly, in the interests of the crown and
the Spanish officials. An immense contraband trade in
cigars is known to exist. The salaries of the officers of
the government Factoria de Tobacco in Havana have been
quoted as high as $541,000 for a single year. The tobacco
crop of Cuba is estimated at about $10,000,000 annually.
The tobacco raisers largely favor the revolution.
,,
For tobacco-raising, the rich plains in the western province of Cuba, Pinar del Rio, have no rival in the world.
This is the region which Maceo, commanding the insurgent
"Army of Invasion," chose as the principal theater of his
operations in the campaign of 1896, and where, in consequence, the tobacco crop of that year was nearly all lost.
Riding through the fields just at the critical season for cutting and curing the leaves, his troops enlisted thousands
of the laborers and stampeded the rest. The Spaniards,
regarding the rebellion and the tobacco interests as largely
identical perhaps not without reason, either retaliated
with ruinous effect wherever their army could penetrate.
However, not all the tobacco exported is produced in the
western provinces. Ordinarily, large quantities come from
the eastern half of the island as well.
Coffee.
This crop formerly came next to sugar in
export value, as also in profit to the planters and although
Brazil long since broke down, without entirely destroying,
the Cuban coffee trade, the cafetals, as the coffee estates are
ealled, are still scattered throughout the island, especially
as adjuncts to the great ingenios, where their ornamental

Coffee culture was introduced
effects are much prized.
from Hayti in 1748, and fifty years later received a great
impetus from the superior methods introduced by intelligent and wealthy French planters, who had lied from the
now proverbial "horrors of San Domingo."
Minerals. Cuba's mineral resources remain but slightly
developed. The mountains, wooded to the summit, in
places contain iron and copper, both of which, as also manganese, are exported. The city of Santiago de Cuba is the
center of a flourishing mining and smelting industry.
Though silver ore has been found, and in some of the
rivers alluvial gold deposits, Cuba as a producer of the
precious metals has always ranked low. Bituminous coal

deposits, in extensive layers, seem to constitute the most
important item of its mineral wealth.
PEOPLE, CAPITAL, ETC.
PEOPLE, CAPITAL, ETC.

Population. The latest census of Cuba
was taken in 1887, as follows
is
that which
PROVINCES.
Havana
Pinar del Rio
Matanzas
Santa Clara
Puerto Principe...
Santiago de Cuba
Total
344,417
167.160
143,169
244,345
54,232
157,980
109,777.
259,570^
354.122,
13,557
114,339
67,789
272,319
1,111,303
520,316
1,631,619
107,511
58,731
116,401
451,928
225,891
As regards density, this population is distributed very

unevenly in the several provinces, being per square kilometer (a kilometer is within a fraction of five eighths of an
English mile) as follows: Santiago de Cuba, 7.75; Puerto
Principe, 2.10; Santa Clara, 15.34; Matanzas, 30.59 Havana,
52.49; Pinar del Rio, 15.09. The population of the state of
New York, a little larger than Cuba, in 1890 was 5,997,853.
Religion and Education.
The government recognizes
but one religion the Roman Catholic. Education has been
greatly neglected, anything in thenatureof public schools
for the benefit of the people in general being entirely
unknown. One of the grievances of the Cuban patriots
for generations lies along this line.
City of Havana.
The famous capital of Cuba, which
is also the commercial renter of the West Indies, is the
oldest city founded by Europeans in America, dating from
Its harbor is very fine.
1519.
It is the foremost tobacco
and sugar market of the world, and manufactures cigars
in immense quantities. The census of 1887 showed a pop;
ulation of 200,448. The city, whi h is made up of the "old"

and "new" towns, the latter outside the old walls, has
10
THE HISTORY OF
CUBA.
handsome suburbs, besides many and beautiful public

parks and promenades.
Havana is a metropolis of wealth, good living and genwith an abundance of cafes and restaurants,
of Paris.
It is massively built,
mostly of stone, and paved with granite or other stone
equally hard, as being the best material for this land of
prodigious rains and flaming suns. A well-known American journalist, recently returned from Havana, designates
it a city of palaces fronting on alleys, some of the principal
thoroughfares, sidewalks and all, having a width of only
twenty-five feet, and none of the streets being kept clean.
The Cathedral of Havana, venerable and imposing without,
ornate and brilliant within, has in its keeping (unless an
almost incredible fraud was perpetrated in 1796) the priceless treasure of the bones of Columbus, in a marble urn.
Moro Castle, at the entrance of the harbor, is quite celebrated, lastly as the dreary prison of political offenders,
including more than one American. For harbor defense,
however, the main reliance is some newer fortifications on
the neighboring hills.
Santiago de Cuba comes next to Havana
Other Cities.
in population. It contained 71,307 in 1892, while Matanzas
had 56,379, Puerto Principe 46,641, and Cienfuegos 40,964.
(An enumeration was made in the cities in 1892, but it was
not general throughout the island.)
Communications. There are 1,000 miles of railroad in
regular operation, in times of peace, throughout the island,
besides about 200 miles of private lines running to the
large sugar-plantations, and which, during the war of 18951897, were more or less completely destroyed. The telegraph
eral luxury,
fairly rivaling those
lines aggregate 2,810 miles. The number of vessels that

entered the five principal portsHavana, Santiago, Cienfuegos, Trinidad and Nuevitas in 1894 was in round numbers two thousand, with a tonnage of two and one half
millions.
<
CUBA UNDER SPAIN.
11
CUBA UNDER SPAIN.

Early Spanish Rule. Forty years of cruel and rigorous servitude sufficed to blot the three hundred thousand
gentle, indolent aborigines of Cuba off the face of the earth.
For a long time the island continued sparsely settled, its
wondrous agricultural capabilities surprisingly unappreThe Spanish vessels passing between the New
World and the home ports of Cadiz and Barcelona invariably made the harbor of Havana; that city quickly grew
ciated.
into importance, but the rest of the island lay neglected.

Meanwhile the West Indian waters were churned into
bloody foam whenever war arose in Europe. Here would
assemble the French, the English, the Dutch navies, and
here they dealt some of their most telling blows upon the
power of Spain at sea. Havana was destroyed by a French
privateer in 1538, and again in 1554, and in 1624 the Dutch
captured it, but gave it back to Spain. During two centuries the rich Spanish galleons offered an irresistible
temptation to hostile seamen and swarming bucaneers.
English Conquest of 1762. The conquest of Havana and
other important points in Cuba by the English in 1762 was
a striking feat of arms, which, strange as it sounds, owed
its success to a timely reinforcement of 2,300 men, under
General Lyman and Lieutenant-colonel Israel Putnam,
from the colonies of Connecticut, New York and New Jersey. The resistance of the Spaniards cost the victors dearly,
most of all in an appalling death-rate from disease, exposure and lack of water. The spoil taken was enormous, that
part of it which was divided among the British soldiers and
sailors as prize-money amounting to about $4,000,000. Lord
Albemarle and Sir George Pocock each pocketed about

English statecraft never made a worse bargain
than when it gave Cuba back to Spain in 1763, in exchange
for a barren title to Florida. Had England held Cuba,
French assistance in the Revolution might have been futile,
$600,000.
12
and possibly George III. would have had his way, instead
of Washington and Hancock having theirs.
From 1763 to 1873. English domination lasted scarcely a
twelvemonth, but that was enough to impart a decided
impetus to the industries of the island. The replacement
of the iron and bloody hand of Spain retarded, but did not
check, the development of Cuba's marvelous resources.
When the French deposed the reigning family in Spain, in
Nor was this
1808, Cuba declared war against Napoleon.
sentiment of loyalty subverted by the example of successful revolt on all sides. Spain lost Mexico, Colombia, Peru,
Bolivia, Chili, etc., but Cuba remained her prize, with only
one disturbance of note, the Black Eagle Conspiracy of
However, because of government (since
1829, amid it all.
1810) by a foreign captain-general, also because of the
heavy taxation, a discontent was breeding, which gradually hardened into opposition, hatred and defiance after
1836, when Cuba was denied a share in the benefits of the
new constitution granted the mother-country. The antagonisms of race likewise came into play, and 1844 brought
the short-lived insurrection of the blacks. In 1848 President Polk offered Spain $1,000,000 for the island, but
encountered an indignant refusal. In 1851 Nareisso Lopez,
a Venezuelan and a filibusterer, led a much-vaunted expedition from one of our southern ports into its death-trap in
the western part of Cuba, and was garroted. The famous
Ostend Manifesto by the United States ministers to England, France and Spain was issued in 1854, declaring that if
country should seize Cuba by

last mentioned
were conceived in the interest of slavery extension. In
1873 occurred the tragic Virginius incident, when Captain
Fry, of that ill-fated vessel, and fifty-two other American
prisoners were shot at Santiago as "pirates." In 1889,
Sagasta, the Spanish premier, told the United States minister there was not gold enough in the world to buy Cuba<
Spain would not
force
and annex
sell, this
it.
The three movements
CAUSES OF DISCONTENT.
War
mined
of
13
1868=1878. The year 1868 inaugurated a deterCuban independence, under the military
effort for
leadership of Maximo Gomez, a retired officer and native

West Indian. The war dragged its weary length for ten
years, its operations being limited to the eastern third of
the island. It was finally terminated by the treaty of
El Zanjon, between Cespedes, the civil head of the revolutionary movement (Gomez and most of the generals assenting), and Captain-general Martinez Campos. This treaty
was hailed with delight by all; by the Cubans as also a
guarantee of autonomy, and of personal rights and privileges, and equal protection under the law. Gomez then
retired to his family and little farm in Santo Domingo.
The " ten years of ruin and of tears " for Cuba had cost Spain
and 100,000 men, most of them by yellow fever.

Of course, the expenses of the war were saddled on Cuba.
$60,000,000,
CAUSES OF DISCONTENT.
Injustice and Oppression. The Cuban patriots always
claimed that the treaty of El Zanjon (see preceding paragraph) became a hollow mockery in the hands of its
Spanish administrators. Names only were changed, not
methods. The title of captain-general gave place to governor-general, but it was the same office, the same arbitrary,
pow er, as before. The right of banishment

was nominally given up, but a "law of vagrancy " was
framed, which accomplished precisely the same end. The
brutal attacks on defenseless citizens were prohibited, but
under a new and soft Castilian name they still went on, and
remained unpunished. Taxation without the knowledge
or consent of the Cubans themselves was, as ever, the core
of the whole fiscal system. The groundwork of the administrative policy remained the same; namely, to exclude
every native Cuban from every office which could give
him effective influence in public affairs, and to make the
irresponsible
naost out of the colonists' labor for the benefit of Spain.
14
The Spaniards never conceived any other policy than

that the helpless Cubans were in duty bound to maintain the manufactures of Spain, and be doubly taxed
once as goods went, and again as goods came for the
privilege of the exchange. The government at Madrid
was always on the alert to issue decrees whose effect would
be to cheapen sugar and tobacco, the two great Cuban
products, and at the same time to compel the importation
many
things which she ought to raise in her

her own shops, the only consideration being how to raise the largest revenue possible, by
an export duty on the former and a tariff duty on the latter.
The oppression this policy wrought was greatly aggravated
by the all-pervading corruption in the custom-houses.
Spain practically confiscated the product of the Cubans'
labor without giving them in return either safety or prosperity, nor yet education. She systematically impoverished
Cuba, while demoralizing its people by condemning them
by Cuba
own
of
fields or fabricate in
to political inferiority.
The Cuban deputies were never able to accomplish anything in the Cortes at Madrid in fact, few of them really
attempted anything, the majority owing their places to
distinctly Spanish influence. The vast sums amassed by
taxes multitudinous, searching, grasping, were raised and
spent, not for roads, not for schools, not for improvements,
not for developing internal resources, but for the enrichment and indulgence of a swarm of overbearing foreigners.
A popular way of putting the case was that Spain had
fastened on Cuba a debt of $200,000,000, considerably over
$100 per capita, and in addition a system of taxation which
wrung |39,000,000 annually from the Cubans. Nor is this
severe indictment much of an exaggeration.
The Spanish Side. On the other hand, the Spanish
officials protested that the political regime had been
entirely transformed on the treaty lines. The island was
immediately divided into its present six provinces. The
;
COMMENCEMENT OF THE WAR.
15
slavery was removed in 1886, two years

before the limit set. (Concerning this, the Cubans insist
that the ten years' war had killed slavery anyhow, and the
royal decrees were simply its obituary.) The promised
constitutional reforms, according to this view, were carried
out in good faith, including, besides Cuban representation
in the Cortes, a considerable extension of the suffrage and
of the principle of self-government, the promotion of
education, the legalizing of civil marriages, etc. Cuba, in
short, was a spoiled child.
The revolutionary leaders
were pestiferous cranks and adventurers, the Maceos
who were mulattoes being particularly obnoxious, as inciters of revolt among the blacks.
last vestige of

The Cuban Junta. The Cuban exiles
at
Key West and
other Florida points, as also New York City, with those in

the non-Spanish West Indies, Mexico, Honduras and Venezuela, numbered many thousands, including numerous
veterans of the ten years' war; and these lived in perpetual
ferment over some project or other for the liberation of
Cuba, always keeping in close touch with their compatriots
there. The obvious desirability of a union of effort led to
the formation of a supreme Revolutionary Junta, with New
York City for headquarters, and for its master spirit that
indomitable and tireless organizer, Jose Marti. Before the
end of 1894 the Junta had the moral and material support
of nearly one hundred and fifty revolutionary clubs, all
actively at work in raising a war fund and purchasing
arms and ammunition. The Cuban cigar-makers, etc., in
the United States pledged to the cause one tenth of their
earnings, or more if needed.
At the same time their
friends at home were stealthily adding to the limited
supply of arms that had been secreted there since the war
closed in 1878, doing so mostly by smuggling them in, or
by purchase from corrupt underlings at the government
16
Tttfi
MISERY OF
CUBA,
The most prized of these acquisitions were Oil

thousand Mausers, a repeating rifle of high repute, first
used in the German army.
A " filibustering expedition " was broken up January 14,
1895, at Fernandina, Florida, when on the eve of sailing.
Its leaders, General Antonio Maceo and Jose Marti, were
next heard of in February, in San Domingo, whither they
had gone to concert further measures with their fellowpartisans living in Cuba. It was at this period that Marti,
president of the Revolutionary Junta, made his way to a
modest home in the western part of San Domingo, and to
the same able and wily soldier, veteran of a dozen wars,
who had led the last Cuban army, officially tendered the
organization and the command of the Cuban army of the
arsenals.
future.
And Maximo Gomez
accepted.
Desultory Outbreaks.
The program agreed on contemplated a rising in all six provinces on February 24, 1895.
This is the date of the revolutionists' formal declaration of
war, though they wT ere then able to raise the flag of the
republic in but three provinces, only one of which seemed
the theater of events at all threatening. Disturbances were
reported in Matanzas and Santa Clara, that in the former
having for one of its two ringleaders the colored editor
of a popular Havana daily newspaper; but these were soon
quelled by the capture or dispersion of the insignificant
rebel forces, the colored editor promptly accepting a pardon
at the hand of Governor-general Calleja.
The province of Santiago de Cuba is for the most part
thinly settled, which, with its generally mountainous and
densely wooded character, makes it an ideal territory for
guerrilla warfare; besides, from San Domingo, just across
the Windward Passage, any craft larger than a skiff can
gain its coast readily. The landing there, February 24th,
of a little party of hostile Cubans aroused the Spanish
authorities to a s^nse of annoyance scarcely more. But
the handful of insurgent guerrillas playing hide-and-seek
17
in the mountains and the swamps found welcome, succor,

reinforcements, wherever they appeared. Then came the
unearthing of a widespread plot in this same province that
occasioned genuine alarm, the conspirators' plans including
wholesale conflagrations, and the extermination of the
Spanish officials and soldiery, beginning with the resident
governor.
Calleja proclaimed martial law in Santiago,
also in Matanzas, and hurried detachments to both. Out
of a nominal army of 20,000 he could only put 9,000 effectives into the field, while of thirteen gunboats on patrol
duty along the coast no more than seven were fit for serThe commissary arrangements were so bad as to
more than once block important movements of the troops.
The almost daily story of the telegraph would be the
appearance in such or such a district of an insurrectionary
band, which at the approach of troops vanished into the
mountains or the swamps where pursuit was impossible
reappearing in a few days as raiders on such and such
Loyalists' plantations, which they not only plundered, but
enticed the laborers away from, thus terrorizing the community and ruining the prospects for a crop.
Drawbacks. Government circles in Havana admitted
there was an epidemic of brigandage. Proceedings in Huh
vice.
with this characterization did discredit the popular uprisings in some districts, where predatory outlaws pushed
themselves to the front, displacing more reputable leaders.
Another dampener for the patriotic ardor of many was the
overshadowing prestige of the more numerous negroes <>r
mulattoes in many of the rebel detachments. Thesp two

disparaging associations led some thousands of ori urinal
enthusiasts for Cuba libre to abandon the cause a few
months later, and avail themselves of the amnesty proclaimed by Campos. The Cuban patriots also felt keenly
the do-nothing attitude of the Autonomists. (See next
paragraph.) The Central Junta of this important party at
Havana was induced in April to issue a manifesto, support-
18
ing the government, and strongly deprecating a recourse

to war. However, many individuals belonging to the party
who were living elsewhere in the island especially those
in Santa Clara province as soon as they could do so without danger of immediate arrest, came out as revolutionists.
Three Parties.
Of the three parties in Cuba Loyalists, Separatists and Autonomists the first comprises those
of Spanish birth or Spanish patronage the office-holding
class, and all others whose privileges and interests are
bound up with a continuance of the present regime. The
Separatists are the party of revolution, of Cuba librc, ready
to fight for independence as the only remedy for their
country's ills. The Cubans in the United States, as well as
the thousands of other exiles in the lands and islands
neighboring Cuba, belong to this party almost to a man,
and so, by racial instinct, does the negro population. The
Autonomists occupy middle ground, passionately inveighing against the misgovernment, favoritism and centralization which disgrace the present state of things, yet
limiting their demands to home rule under Spain, such
as Canada enjoys under England.
CAMPAIGN OF
1895.
Maceo and Gomez in Cuba. Taking up now the main

thread of war history, it was the thirty-first of March when
Antonio Maceo, with sixteen comrades of the former war,
sailed from Costa Rica and landed near Baracoa, on almost
the eastern tip of Cuba. Intercepted by a mounted Spanish
party, they kept up a brave though shifting fight for many
hours, and after several of his companions had fallen and
his hat been shot through, Maceo managed to elude his
pursuers and get away. For ten days he continued his
stealthy progress westward through the woods, living on
the plantains and other tropical fruits that grow wild in
Cuba. At length, in the rough country north of Bahia de
Guantarjamo, he stumbled upon a body of rebels, and iden-
CAMPAIGN OF
19
1895.
was welcomed with rapturous enthusiasm.

His was indeed a name to conjure with, because of his
famous deeds in the last war and his unquenchable
devotion to Cuba libre. At once he took command of the
insurgent bands in the vicinity, and began recruiting vigorously. In three sharp brushes that he presently had
with small Spanish detachments he more than held his
own, the moral effect of which was especially valuable.
Since 1878 the mulatto chieftain had become a traveled and
for all practical purposes an educated man. The art of war
he had made a close study, out of books and in every other
way he could find. That he served, at one time, in the
capacity of hostler at West Point is a myth. His only
surviving brother, Jose, who had come over from Costa
Rica with him, was also given a generalship, and fell during the war, a number of months before him.
On the eleventh of April Maximo Gomez and Jose Marti
together succeeded in crossing over from San Domingo,
and landing on the southern coast. The district was alive
with the enemy's patrols and pickets, so that for two days
they were in constant danger; but ere the third evening
they were safe within a rebel camp, and Gomez had entered
upon his duties as commander-in-chief. Experienced
tifying himself,
leadership, their great lack at first, the rebels

Soon they numbered over six thousand men.
now
had.
Death of Marti. Marti and Gomez, having marched

toward the central provinces, intent on arranging for a
Constituent Assembly, as well as organizing insurrection,
the former, on May 19th, was led into an ambush by a
treacherous guide. Gomez heard the firing, and galloped
to the scene, but Marti had already been killed. A furious
hand-to-hand fight ensued for possession of the corpse, but,
receiving a painful wound, his inferior force was
obliged to retire. Marti was the father, and thus far had
been the soul, of the revolution. His body, after it had
been embalmed, was borne to the city of Santiago, where
Gomez
20
THE HISTOBY OF CUBA.
was buried by the Spanish commandant. It is said that

he and his associates of the Junta had raised a million
it
dollars for the cause of revolution.

Pians of Campaign.
The few battalions of
recruits
hurried over from Spain at the first call of Calleja (who

Ih&d likewise got 7,000 troops from the other Spanish island
<*f Porto Rico) were followed, in April, by no less than
25,000 men. On the sixteenth of that month Field-marshal
Cam pos, to the joy of the Spaniards, reached the port of
Santiago de Cuba, on his way to Havana, relieving Calleja
as governor-general. He took hold with energy. But his
task grew daily, the contagion of revolt continuing to
spread westward, and, in spite of the inadequate supply of
artns and ammunition, to gather military strength. Calleja
hied i#-el>ks before proclaimed the whole island under martial âw.
By May the Havana officials conceded they were
coping with revolution. Sharp fighting at outlying points,
though never between large numbers heavy skirmishing
had now grown common. No longer were the Spaniards
trying to ferret out a despised enemy in his hiding-places;
for the rainy reason, with its added discomforts and
increased peril to life, was now on, and at best that kind of
work was wearing and fruitless. All through the war the
insurgents, secure in the good- will of the masses, have
enjoyed the great advantage of being kept fully informed
of every move the government troops made; so now the
rebels always gave the Spaniards the slip, or on occasions
would attack their columns from ambush.

The aim of Campos was to divide the island into zones
by a series of strongly guarded military lines running
north and south, and, while his flying columns would give
the sandwiched rebels no rest, to move his successively
consolidated forces toward the sunrise, and finally crowd
the Cubans off the eastern end of the island. As it turned
out, however, it was Gomez and Maceo who fiddled and
Campos who danced. The governor-general had to keep
CAMPAIGN OF
1895.
21
drooping and water-soaked regiments from

point to point, to meet threatened attacks or to protect this
district or that from ruinous rebel incursions, and could
not solidify even the two trochas he did begin.
Gomez adapted means to ends. Pitched battles and regular sieges were, with his limited resources, out of the question. The armies of oppression could not be crushed, but
they might be harassed and their convoys cut off, might
be worn out in a life of alarms and hard work, might be
picked off in detail and yellow fever would do the rest.
His hardened native soldiers, especially the negroes, would
thrive and keep in fighting trim under hardships and
exposure no European could undergo and live.
Campos Outmatched. By the fourth week of May the
rebel armies numbered over 10,000 men, of whom nearly
three fourths were armed with good rifles. The Spanish war
expenses in three months had been $10,000,000, and their
shifting" his
death-roll 190 officers and 4,846 men. Early in June Gomez

put his plans into execution for the invasion of Puerto
Principe, and brushing aside the attenuated opposition in
his way, was soon in the heart of his old campaigning
ground in the 70's, with thousands flocking to his standard.

Three weeks later Maceo, still in Santiago province, concentrated his forces in the Holguin district, moved southwestward, and demonstrated heuvily against Bayamo,
capturing train after train of provisions that were started
for that place. Campos put himself at the head of 1,500
men, with General Santocildes next in command, and
marched to the relief of the starving garrison. July 13th,
several miles before reaching Bayamo, he was attacked by
2,700 rebels led by Maceo, and with his entire staff narrowly
escaped capture. Only the heroism of Santocildes averted
this catastrophe, at the cost of his own life. For five hours
the Spaniards, with admirable steadiness, fought their
assailants on four Sides, being surrounded, but finally broke
through, and made good their escape to Bayamo, the rear-
22
guard with difficulty covering their retreat. They had

been saved by Maceo's lack of artillery. The Spanish loss
in killed was seven officers and 119 men that of the Cubans
was nearly as great. But Maceo, by a rapid flank movement and a tremendous assault upon the enemy's rear, had
captured the ammunition train a prize indeed. Campos
did not dare to stir from Bayamo for several days, or until
strong reinforcements had reached him. By this time
Maceo had brought about the concentration against him of
10,000 of the enemy. Withdrawing now, in a night he was
out of reach.
By early August the Spanish losses by death had reached
20,000 men; by September 1st their expenditures to $21,The Madrid government, after already realizing
300,000.
$48,000,000 from the sale, at 40 per cent, of $120,000,000 worth
of Cuban bonds of the series of 1890, in October negotiated
a $14,000,000 loan with some Paris and Dutch bankers.
Autumn Campaign. Campos had massed his troops at
commanding points on the railroads and along the trochas,
while the commercial seaports, besides being strongly garrisoned, were under the sheltering guns of the Spanish
war-ships. The other side had planned to kindle the fires
of revolution all over the island, and compel the government to scatter its forces. The heavy reinforcements
dispatched from Spain in August, unlike the earlier ones,
were mainly veterans, the flower of the Spanish army. A
few thousand volunteers had also been recruited in Brazil,
Argentina and Uruguay, and these, it was thought, a few
weeks would thoroughly acclimate for any service.
September found not only 30,000 rebels in the field, but
their number increasing faster than ever. And now began
their destructive and dreaded work of dynamiting trains,
bridges, etc., tearing up tracks and cutting telegraph lines,
as also their more systematic levies of "contributions"
upon the planters, and of taxes upon food supplies for the
cities. More fighting, too, but always of the partisan kind
;
CAMPAIGN OF
1896.
23
two or three times the stronger, no insurgent

would either attack or wait to be attacked. They knew
every foot of ground, all the negroes and three fourths of
the whites formed a spy service for them, and when it
came to marching, the imported regulars were nowhere.
They worried and stung the Spanish columns and outposts
perpetually, always making off before an effective blow
could be dealt in return. When their ammunition ran low,
they would swoop down upon some exposed party of the
enemy and replenish from the prisoners' cartridge-boxes.
October saw 25,000 government troops in the province of
Santa Clara alone there were indications the tiger was
for unless
force
about to make another spring out of his jungle. Sure

enough, in his own time, Gomez rushed his columns by
night over into Santa Clara. The combat of November 19th
and 20th, at Taguasco, in that province, was the severest
encounter of the year, Gomez gaining a decided advantage
over Valdes, one of the Spanish brigadiers. Before the
end of 1895 Campos' campaign was an admitted failure.
Under a heavy fire of criticism from the ultra-Spanish

Havanese because he would not depart from the humane
and considerate policy he had all along pursued, the oncelauded "Pacificator of Cuba " at the new year returned to
Spain. Both sides now had in the field three times as
many men as in the ten years' war, the government about
200,000 men, counting 60,000 volunteers home guards
and the loosely organized and wonderfully mobile insurgent armies
50,000 to 65,000.
CAMPAIGN OF
1896.
Less blood and

The Torch
more fire gives the second year's campaign in an epigram.
The Cuban leaders in December, 1895, had announced
that their next move would be to stop production and
commerce, and thus deprive the Spanish crown of war
revenues and supplies. Thus, too, the situation would
and Grass-grown
Fields.
24
become so intolerable that Loyalist and Autonomist would

cease opposing independence, for they would see it was
the only alternative to anarchy and ruin. So Gomez again
took up his line of march westward to the confines of
Santa Clara, and across Matanzas, and into the province of
the capital; which, as completed by Maceo's lodgment in
Pinar del Rio, made a march of triumph for the Cubans of
the whole length of their country, or about as far as from
Pittsburg to St. Louis. Gomez had got hold of a few
pieces of artillery, and the thunder of his guns at almost
the back door of Havana was the greeting he gave the new
governor-general, Yaleriano Weyler, who arrived early
in February. His march had lain through the cultivated,
rich sugar districts, and these he left a smoking desolation.
Then Maceo, like a thunderbolt, burst into Pinar del Rio,
where he did a corresponding work, though not the same
ene, in the tobacco regions; and in Pinar del Rio he staid,
in spite of all efforts to capture him or starve him out.
The Trochas. Trocha simply means a military line of
fortified posts, near together, designed to bar an enemy's
passage beyond. The Spaniards always placed great reliance on their trochas as a means of cooping up the enemy,
and, as it were, strangling rebellion to death. Yet Gomez,
in the ten years' war crossed and recrossed them several
times, once bringing his wife with him. Those which
Campos established in 1895 soon had to be abandoned as
useless. His last was along the line of railroad running
from Havana to Batabano, on the south coast, a distance
f twenty-eight miles; and, in addition to the usual forts,
hundreds
of freight-cars were covered with boiler-iron,

their sides perforated with openings for the rifles of his
and some of these were kept moving up and dowiiF

day and night. On the evening of January 4, 1896,
Gomez and Maceo crossed this trocha without firing a shot,
soldiery,
the line
but tore up three miles of railroad track, "just to

Spaniards know we noticed their toy," Gomez said.
let the
CAMPAIGN OF
1897.
25
In 1896 Weyler threw two trochas across the island, one

in the western part of the province of Puerto Principe
(see
map), from Jucaro to Moron.
The western one was
shorter and stronger than any before it, and at first much
the most talked of. It extended twenty-three miles from
Pto. de Mariel on the north to B. Majana on the south,
just within the eastern boundary of Pinar del Rio. (See
map.) Its object was to shut Maceo up in the province
just named, and make the assurance doubly sure of
cutting the revolutionary army in two.
Death of Maceo. After passing the trocha with a small
detachment on the night of December 4, 1896, Maceo (on his
way to consult with Gomez) was killed on the seventh;
assassinated, the Cubans claimed, through the purchased
treachery of Dr. Zertucha, of his personal staff. His eight
brothers had all perished before him in the cause of Cuban
liberty. He was succeeded by General Rius Rivera.
CAMPAIGN OF
1897.
Situation in January. The year of 1897 dawned upon a

situation which for Spain was intensely strained, financially, and scarcely less so from the military and diplomatic
standpoints, with gloom and mourning throughout the
patriot ranks for the death of Maceo, though the Cuban
Junta asserted, a few weeks later, it had received a
quarter of a million dollars in the way of increased contributions because of it. " Meanwhile," says a trustworthy
account of that period, "in one of the fairest lands on earth
the misery, the suffering, goes on without mitigation.
Thousands are in sudden extreme penury, many on the
verge of starvation, and from one end of the island to the
other there is a complete unsettling of everything. The
paciftcos, or non-combatants, are rudely h ustled about by the
Spanish soldiery, and any informer's tale may seal the
death-warrant of a number of them, as if they were so
many cattle.
Weyler, though he has not proved himself
26
the butcher he was dubbed beforehand, is harsh and relentand some of his orders have worked indescribable hardship and privation to multitudes of country people. His
forces continue to garrison the seaports, and hold certain
interior lines along the railroads, including the western
and eastern trochas, but the insurgents have their own way
in nearly all of the eastern two thirds of the island, and
are able to raid at will over much of the rest."
Strength of the Two Armies. The numerical strength of
the opposing armies at this time had not greatly changed
since the close of 1895. (See page 23.) Additional reinforcements from Spain, though reaching Havana frequently, did not much more than replace the heavy Spanish
losses resulting from exposure and disease. The Cuban
armies, according to a speech in the United States Congress,
then aggregated 60,622 men 5,000 each under Gomez and
Maceo, and 6,700 under other commanders, these 16,700
constituting the Army of Invasion; and 43,922 in the Army
of Occupation, scattered throughout the six provinces as
follows: Santiago de Cuba, 13,900; Puerto Principe, 2,500;
less,
Matanzas, 8,800; Havana, 8,160; Pinar del

Of the twenty-four generals in the Cuban
armies, nineteen were whites, three blacks, one a mulatto
and one an Indian and of the thirty-four colonels, twentyseven were whites, five blacks and two mulattoes.
Paper Pacifications. Upon Maceo's death Weyler put
forth increased efforts to crush out rebellion in Pinar del
Rio. By means of the western trocha he succeeded in
confining Rivera's scattered bands to that province, and
in a series of small engagements he gained some advantages but there was a continuous stream of wounded and
sick soldiers back to Havana.
In the spring of 1897
Rivera, wounded, was made prisoner, after which event
military operations in Pinar del Rio became absolutely
unimportant. Rivera was released a few months later,
Santa Clara,
5,000;
Rio, 5,562.
and already
is
well-nigh forgotten.
On January
11, 1897 t
CAMPAIGN OF
1897.
27
Weyler proclaimed the pacification of the three western

of Havana, Matanzas and Pinar del
provinces, those
Rio; then made haste to show the hollowness of it

not only by unrelaxed activity in Pinar del Rio, but
by a campaign of ruthless devastation throughout Matanzas. His further " pacifications," at intervals during the
summer, deceived nobody. As autumn approached, the
fruitlessness of his harsh policy aroused strong criticism
all,
even in Madrid.
Autumn Campaign. The two eastern provinces, Santiago

and Puerto Principe, were dominated by the insurgents
from the very first. It cost the Spaniards continual severe
effort and many lives to retain their hold on the Bayamo
district.
More than once the garrison of that place were
reduced to almost starvation allowances, by the cutting of
the railroad to the north, thus making them dependent on
such supplies as could be brought up the Rio Cauto (see
map) by boat. In January, 1897, a Spanish gunboat
patroling that river, was blown up by a torpedo operated
electrically from the woods along the shore. During the
greater part of that year the more important demonstrations of the insurgents were those made by various
detachments of the army of General Calixto Garcia, now
the next in rank to Gomez, and, like him, a veteran of the
ten years' war though the heavily guarded and formidably strengthened Jucaro-Moron trocha long prevented
any junction with the commander-in-chief, who was
having a watchful, but by no means sanguinary, time in
Santa Clara province, or, as the Cubans call that region,
;
El Camaguey.
Strangely confused and meager were the accounts of
military operations in Cuba throughout 1897. The insurgents were playing a waiting game. The most striking
success their side achieved was Garcia's capture of the important fortified post of Victoria de las Tunas, northwest
of Bayamo (see map), on the thirtieth of September, after
28
three days' fighting, in which the Spanish commander was

killed, and the beleaguered garrison had a casualty list of
forty per cent, the rest surrendering. The Cubans, who
also lost heavily, owed their victory to Garcia's recent
artillery re-enforcements two heavy and six rapid-fire
young
guns worked by a little band of Americans.
they captured
Missourian, writing home, declared
44
twenty-one forts, over a thousand rifles, a million rounds
of ammunition and two Krupp cannon." It was now that
Weyler, in the interest of the officers captured at Tunas,
made his first and only exchange of prisoners with the
Cubans. As he had cabled that Tunas was 44 impregnable,"
its fall occasioned deep chagrin and severe criticism in
Madrid; nor did these abate, notwithstanding Weyler's
early reoccupation of the place, the rebels having left.
RECONCENTRATION HORRORS.
President McKinley's Description. Not on the prowess
of her armies, however, but on her cold-blooded policy of
"reconeentration," Spain had long since come to place her
main reliance for subduing the rebellion. The Cuban
laboring classes, the common country people, all sympathized with the cause of Cuba libre; they must be
taken in hand, and put where neither they nor the food
they were accustomed to raise could aid the insurgent
bands. 44 The cruel policy of concentration," said President
McKinley's message of December, 1897, "was initiated

February 16, 1896. The productive districts controlled by
the Spanish armies were depopulated. The agricultural
inhabitants were herded in and about the garrison towns,
their lands laid waste, and their dwellings destroyed. This
policy the late cabinet of Spain [that of Canovas] justified
as a necessary measure of war, and as a means of cutting
off supplies from the insurgents. It has utterly failed as a
war measure. It was not civilized warfare. It was
extermination.
29
In his memorable special message to Congress, April 11,

u The efforts of Spain added to
the President said
the horrors of the strife a new and inhuman phase happily
unprecedented in the modern history of civilized Christian
1898,
people.
The policy
of
devastation and concentration,
inaugurated by Captain-general Pando on October 21, 1890,

in the province of Pinar del Rio, was thence extended to
embrace all of the island to which the power of the

Spanish arms was able to reach by military occupation or
operations.
The peasantry, including all
dwellers in the open agricultural interior, were driven
into the garrisoned towns or isolated places held by the
troops. The raising and movement of provisions of all
The fields were laid waste,
kinds were interdicted.
dwellings unroofed or fired, mills destroyed, and, in short,
everything that could desolate the land and rend&rit unfit
for human habitation or support, was commanded by on#
or the other of the contending parties, and executed by all
the powers at their disposal."
Starvation and Suffering. u By the time the present
administration took office, a year ago," continues the
President, " reconcentration, so called, had been made
effective over the better part of the four central and
western provinces, Santa Clara, Matanzas, Havana and
Pinar del Rio. The agricultural population, to the
estimated number of 300,000 or more, was herded within
the towns and their immediate vicinage, deprived of the
means of support, rendered destitute of shelter, left poorly
clad, and exposed to the most unsanitary conditions.
"As the scarcity of food increased with the devastation
of the depopulated areas of production, destitution and
want became misery and starvation. Month by month the
death rate increased in alarming ratio. By March, 1897,
according to conservative estimates, from official Spanisft
sources, the mortality among the reconcentrados froni
starvation and the diseases thereto incident exceeded
by military
30
per centum of their total number. No practical relief

was accorded to the destitute. The overburdened towns,
already suffering from the general dearth, could give no
aid. So-called zones of cultivation that were established
within the immediate area of effective military control
about the cities and fortified camps proved illusory as a
remedy for the suffering. The unfortunates, being for the
most part women and children, or aged and helpless men,
enfeebled by disease and hunger, could not have tilled the
50
without tools, seed or shelter, to provide for their own

support or for the supply of the cities. Reconcentration
worked its predestined result. As I said in my message of
last December, it was not a civilized warfare; it was
extermination. The only peace it could beget was that of
the wilderness and the grave."
American Protests. Exactly that which had been predicted by the Cuban Junta and the better informed portion
of the American press thus came to pass, only in form
more horrid still. "But some doubted," and among them
were United States Senators and Congressmen. A party
of these, including Senators Proctor,
of Vermont
Gallinger,of New Hampshire and Thurston, of Nebraska,
experienced a harrowing awakening when they visited
Cuba early in March, 1898, and with their own eyes beheld
the hopeless, unspeakable misery of the famishing "reconcentrados;" and the subsequent speeches of the three
Senators just mentioned produced a powerful effect.
The
wife of Senator Thurston was in delicate health; her
sympathetic nature received so great a shock from the
dreadful scenes the party everywhere encountered, that
she died on the trip. Under the law of nations, had the
helpless reconcentrados been fortunate enough to be her
prisoners of war, Spain must have provided for them but
as they were only simple peasantry, and mostly women,
children and broken-down old men at that, she could and
did take steps to starve upward of half a million of them
soil
31
into the grave, and it was no person's business in particular

to demand the reason why, till a few wide-awake American newspapers exposed, and kept on exposing, the
enormities that were going on. By May, 1898, not less
than a quarter of a million reeoneentrados had died of
slow starvation and disease.
Against this abuse of the rights of war the American
government repeatedly and earnestly protested. Finally,
in October, 1897, the Spanish government conceded certain
measures (see page 33), and subsequently made a

great display of others, but they were miserably inadequate, and did not meet the real situation.
Relief Measures. Hundreds of Americans came within
the scope of reconcentration. Largely upon the representations of General Fitzhugh Lee, the lion-hearted United
States Consul-general at Havana, President McKinley,
very early in his administration, requested, and Congress
granted, $50,000 for their relief, including the return to the
United States of such of them as desired it. Nearly the
whole amount had been expended, under the direction of
the American consular authorities, before those officials
withdrew from the island in the fore part of April, 1898.
During the autumn of 1897 the conviction grew strong
that the Red Cross Association ought to undertake the
mitigation of the terrible suffering in Cuba. Clara Barton,
president of the American section of that noble organization, was still in Armenia, on
relief work there.
relief
Returning in the winter, she took up the suggested Cuban

work simultaneously with an independent movement of
similar character, headed by Dr. Louis Klopsch, proprietor
of a religious weekly in New York City.
The Government lent its influence to the cause. Several scores of tons
of food supplies were donated by private and public
benevolence, chiefly in the West, and considerable sums
of money were obtained in
the East and elsewhere.
Among other newspapers actively promoting the good
82
work was a
daily in Omaha, which alone succeeded in

raising over $20,000, in cash and supplies, in a short time.
The President's Account.With exceptional pleasure
President McKinley doubtless penned the following

paragraphs of his special message of April 11, 1898: " The
success which had attended the limited measure of relief
extended to the suffering American citizens in Cuba, by
the judicious expenditure, through consular agencies, of
money appropriated expressly for their succor by the
joint resolution approved May 24, 1897, prompted the
humane extension of a similar scheme of aid to the great
body of sufferers. A suggestion to this end was acquiesced
in by the Spanish authorities. On the twenty-fourth of
December last, I caused to be issued an appeal to the American people, inviting contributions, in money or in kind,
for the succor of the starving sufferers in Cuba, following
this on the eighth of January by a similar public announcement of the formation of a Central Cuban Relief Committee, with headquarters in New York City, composed of three
members representing the American National Red Cross
and the religious and business elements of the community.
" The efforts of that Committee have been untiring, and
have accomplished much. Arrangements for free transportation to Cuba have greatly aided the charitable work.
The president of the American Red Cross and representatives of other contributory organizations have generously
visited Cuba, and co-operated with the Consul-general and
the local authorities to make effective disposition of the
relief collected through the efforts of the Central Committee. Nearly $200,000 in money and supplies has already
reached the sufferers, and more is forthcoming. The

supplies are admitted duty free, and transportation to the
interior has been arranged, so that the relief, at first
necessarily confined to Havana and the larger cities, is
now extended through most if not all of the towns where
suffering exists. Thousands of lives have already been
BLANCO IN CUBA.
33
The necessity for a change in the condition of the

reconcentrados is recognized by the Spanish government."
Spanish Relief Illusory. As a counter to the American
Government's revolting expose of the policy of reconcentration, the Spanish cabinet, early in April, 1898, voted
three million pesetasupward of $600,000 for the starving
reconcentrados. Consul-general Lee, when questioned by
the Foreign Relations Committee of the United States
" I do not
Senate on April 12, 1898, had this to say
believe $600,000, in supplies, will be given to those people,
and the soldiers left to starve. They will divide it up here
and there; a piece taken off here, and a piece taken off
there. I do not believe they have appropriated anything
The condition of the reconcentrados
of the kind.
out in the country is just as bad as in General Weyler's
day. It has been relieved a good deal by supplies from the
United States, but that has ceased now.
"General Blanco published a proclamation rescinding
General Weyler's bando, as they call it there, but it has
had no practical effect. In the first place, these people
have no place to go the houses have been burned down;
there is nothing but the bare land there, and it would take
them two months before they could raise the first crop.
In the next place, they are afraid to go out from the lines
of the towns, because the roving bands of Spanish
guerillas, as they are called, would kill them. So they
stick right in the edges of the town, just like they did,
with nothing to eat except what they can get from charity.
The Spanish have nothing to give."
saved.
BLANCO
IN
CUBA.
Spanish Politics. The so-called Liberal Party of Spain,

under the leadership of Sagasta (the same who, as Prime
Minister, once sent wr ord to President Grant there was
not gold enough in the world to buy Cuba), was, to all
appearances, gradually undermining the Conservative
THE HISTOBY OP CUBA,
34
Ministry of Canovas, and had become outspoken in its

condemnation of General Weyler's severe and futile
measures, when, on August 6, 1897, Canovas was assassinated by an obscure anarchistic crank. The Queen Regent
immediately designated General Azcarraga, the Minister
of War, to serve as head of the cabinet, and for several
weeks things went on much as before. Then came the
expected ministerial crisis," the outcome of which was a
new cabinet, under Sagasta, pledged to afford Cuba
autonomyhome ruleand at the same time to prosecute
the war there with increased vigor.
Early in October
'**
Weyler, a Conservative, placed his resignation in the

hands of the new ministry, and a few days later was
recalled, one reason for this step, according to a semiofficial account, being "the deplorable condition of the
sick and wounded soldiers arriving from Cuba."
Before
sailing for Spain, Weyler accepted an almost riotous
ovation from the volunteers of Havana, the ultra-Spanish
element of the city, and responded in a speech full of
To what extent his twenty
absurd self-glorification.
months in Cuba had swelled his private fortune cannot
be stated, but it is known to have been quite considerable.
Sagasta was a man of less commanding intellect than
Canovas, but an adroit politician, and a master hand at the
worn-out Spanish game of make-believe and delay.
He
promised the Washington government many nice things,
and really did try to get the Cubans to accept his scheme
of autonomy. But the Cuban patriots would have none of
it, and, what was no less fatal to it, neither would the
Spanish out-and-outers, the Weylerites. However, some
twoseore of American prisoners in Cuba were released.
Some of them had been in prison seventeen months, and
never brought to trial.
The Queen Regent graciously
forgave their crimes anyhow, at President McKinley's
request, which brought many congratulations to the
White House and the Department of State.
BLANCO IN CUBA.
35
Blanco's Administration.Weyler's successor was not

Marshal Campos, as many had predicted it would be, but
General Ramon Blanco, late Governor-general of the
Phillipine Islands, where he had coped successfully with
a determined rebellion. In politics he was a Liberal, and
in traits of personal character very different from his
predecessor.
He
reached Havana October
31,
1897.
He
have made an honest effort to carry out the

milder policy which, under the pressure of American
opinion, had been decided on at Madrid. Before reaching
Cuba he had stated, in an interview: " My policy will
never include concentration. I fight the enemy, not
women and children. One of the first things I shall do
will be to greatly extend the zones of cultivation, and to
allow the reconcentrados to go out of the towns and till the
soil." For the difference at this point between promise
and fulfillment General Blanco must not be held alone
to blame. The situation has largely overmastered him
throughout. The amnesty proclamation, which the Governor-general issued on the eighth of November, fell flat;
the insurgents paid no attention to it.
Few were the
estates, either, on which he was able to start the mills to
grinding sugar-cane once more.
Equally inconclusive were his efforts in the field. In
its military aspect the war had relapsed into a dogged
struggle amid the central provinces, and around the
garrisoned points in the two eastern ones. General Pando,
seems
to
in the east, organized the principal expeditions of the

winter, and exhausted his ill-rationed columns in gaining
petty victories of no lasting value. One cannot help admiring the constancy of the suffering and neglected
Spanish soldiery, whose pay in April, 1898, was nine
months in arrears for the men, and four months for the
officers.
Failure of
Blanco
Autonomy. It was not without difficulty that

several posts of government when, in
manned the
36
1897, he launched the new autonomous administration, on which Sagasta had built such hopes. The
real leaders of public opinion held aloof. Many of them
denounced autonomy as a weak concession that endangered the whole fabric of Spanish supremacy. The autonomous office-holders the Colonial Government, as highsounding cablegrams phrase it are mere puppets, with
no influence, except as upheld by Spanish bayonets.
As to the Cuban leaders, nothing could be more clear-cut
than their stern avowal, a hundred times repeated, to consider no proposal along the lines of home rule under
Spanish domination. " Independence or death " has been
November,
every step. That it must be

independence or nothing, should they have a voice in
the settlement, presented diplomacy with a knotty and
singularly unwelcome problem. And yet whose right to
a voice in the settlement had been better earned? With a
terrible emphasis, Gomez issued his warning, even before
Blanco had ensconced himself in the palace at Havana,
that any person attempting to bring offers of autonomy
to his camps would be seized as a spy and shot; and in
their impassioned cry at
one case
Was
at least
the
this savagery, or
summary
was
it
the
order was carried out.

of patriotism ?
acme
THE CUBAN REPUBLIC.

Civil
Government Organized. Marti 's death
(see
page
19)
organization of the revolutionists, but on

September 13, 1895, their first Constituent Assembly met
at Camaguey, with twenty members representing all six
provinces. It declared Cuba independent, and adopted a
constitution for the new government, whose supreme power
was vested in a Government Council, to be composed of the
President of the Republic, the Vice-president and four
Secretaries those of war, interior, foreign affairs and
agriculture with a sub-secretary for each of these four
delayed the
civil
departments.
THE CUBAN REPUBLIC.
37
It next elected and installed the officers of government.

Salvador Cisneros Betancourt, chosen President, was the
ex-Marquis of Santa Lucia, who formally renounced his
title of nobility when he joined the revolution in 1868,
and lost his estates by confiscation. Bartolome Masso, of
Manzanillo, was elected Vice-president, and Dr. Thomas

Estrada Palma, minister plenipotentiary and diplomatic
agent abroad, with headquarters in the United States.
Gomez was confirmed as General-in-chief of the army, and
Maceo as second in command.
Quesada's Statements. Senor Gonzales de Quesada,
charge d' affairs of the Cuban Republic at Washington, is
a graduate of the University of New York, and in training
In a recent statement he said:

" The civil authorities of the Republic have continued to
exercise their functions throughout the territory controlled
by the Republic of Cuba, which is about three fourths of
the island. There is a Civil Governor in every province,
who has his subordinates and employes. The provinces
are divided into prefectures, under the supervision of the
Secretary of the Interior. The duties of the Prefects are
various and are subject to special laws. That these prefec-
thoroughly American.
tures are in working operation the official telegrams of the

Spanish press afford innumerable proof. Documents on
file before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
prove that the civil government legislated as to commerce,
government workshops, manufactories, coast inspectors,
post-offices; that stamps have been issued, public schools
established, civil marriages provided for that the public
treasury is well organized, taxes being collected, and
amounting to hundreds of thousands of dollars; and that
;
President Cisneros and, afterward, President Masso have

issued state papers."
Masso's Administration. The second Constituent Assembly, which met at the end of the constitutional two years,
numbered twenty-four members, elected by ballot on the
38
TYIE
HISTORY OF CUBA.
basis of universal suffrage. It sat during October and

November, 1897, Dr. Domingo Mendez Capote, ex-professor
of law in Havana University, presiding. Says Quesada:
"The outgoing Secretaries of State submitted their reports,
which were examined and passed upon by committees

appointed for the purpose. A new constitution was adopted
on October 29, 1897, which will be in force two years,
unless independence is obtained before, when an Assembly
is to be called to provide temporarily for the government
and administration of the Republic until a definite Constituent Assembly shall meet. The constitution determines
is called the Republic, who are citizens, theit
individual and political rights, the officers of the government, their power, and provides for the assembling of the
For the new term of two years the
representatives."
Assembly chose former Vice-president Bartolome Masso
to be president; Dr. Capote, mentioned above, vice-president, and Jose B. Alemen, secretary of war. By the
constitution the latter official is "the superior chief in
rank of the Army of Liberty."
A Portable Capital. Early in the revolution the Cuban
capital was set up at Cubitas, which is among the" mountains " of that name north of the city of Puerto Principe
see map.) It has been quite itinerant. In January, 1898,
when it happened to be at the village of Espanza, in the
Cubitas region, it was raided by a heavy Spanish column
and captured, "after a stubborn resistance, which gave the
rebel officials time to escape."
Consul-general Lee told the Foreign Relations Committee of the United States Senate: "I have never thought
that the insurgents had anything except the skeleton form
of a government a movable capital. I asked one day why
they did not have some permanent capital, and I think
they gave a very good reason. It would require a large
force to protect it and defend it, and they could not afford
to mass up their men there so the capital and the govern-
what
STRAINED DIPLOMACY.
39
the safest.
offices had to move where they would be
in
Whatever may be said about old General Gomez, he is,
it
way
only
the
in
war
the
righting
opinion,
my humble
ment
to concan be fought-scattering his troops out; because

commissary tram
centrate would be to starve, having no
for
to get supplies. They come in sometimes
thinks it
he
where
raid,
little
some
making
of
the purpose
orders, so I have
will do something; but he has given
not to lose
always been informed, not to fight in masses,
gets into a fight,
their cartridges; and sometimes when he
to fire not more than two cartridges.
and no way
each
man
is
ordered
The way the insurgents do is this
They have little patches

there very abundantly
They drive
of sweet potatoes-e very thing grows

fruits.
in a short time-and Irish potatoes and
they
and cattle into the valleys and hillsides, and
plant crops in
use those and scatter out. The insurgents
many parts of the island."
their pigs
STRAINED DIPLOMACY.
Spain
American Pressure-President Cleveland tendered
they were refused.
bluntly, but
President McKinley's offers were met less
consent to
tacit
a
even
avoid
to
careful
Sagasta was most
Washington
mediation. While he sought to quiet the
Cuba,
government with promises, and partial reforms in
forth efforts,
putting
continued
office
war
Spanish
the
surprising,
such as for a nation literally bankrupt were
States upon the
to create a navy overmatching the United
opinion in this
ocean. The growing strength of public
Washington
the
impelling
irresistibly
was
country
government to a policy of moral coercion, notwithstanding
his good offices in April, 1896, but
the superthe gratifying release of American prisoners,

of General
sedure of Weyler, and the unfailing suavity
at Madrid
Stewart L. Woodford, the American minister
virtually lost
since July, 1897. The American people had
and cruelty
faith in Spain, and, because of her incapacity
40
were fast losing all patience. Official circles, too,

showed unmistakable irritation over Spain's pretense that
the Cuban war had been so prolonged mainly on account
of American failure to enforce neutrality, the facts being
this country had already expended $2,000,000, in Spain's
interest, in doing just that thing, and had stopped vastly
more CubaU expeditions than the Spanish gunboats had
in Cuba,
ever intercepted.
The DeLome Letter.Spain's accomplished representa-
Washington was Senor Enrique DeLome, who had

been there many years. A confidential letter that he had
written to Senor Canalejas, whom Sagasta had sent over
early in the winter to quietly investigate the Washington
situation, was stolen from the mail by a Cuban sympathizer in the Havana post-office, and sent to the Cuban
tive at
Junta at New York, by whom carefully photographed

copies were made public early in February, 1898. In this
letter the Spanish minister abused President McKinley as
a "low politician," fatally uncovered the duplicity of his
own part in pending negotiations, and distinctly admitted
the precariousness of Spain's hold on Cuba.
It was
impossible, of course, for him to remain at Washington.
He cabled his resignation, and it had already been accepted
before Minister Woodford went to Sagasta, with a " representation."
His successor, in March, was Senor Polo,
whose father had held the same post many years before.
The Maine Horror. At forty minutes past nine on Tuesday night, February 15, 1898, the United States battleship
Maine, Captain Charles D. Sigsbee commanding, which
had been lying quietly at anchor in Havana harbor since
the evening of January twenty-fifth, was destroyed by an
explosion. Two officers and not less than two hundred
and sixty of her crew perished, most of them ground to
pieces amid the steel partitions and decks, the others
penned by the tangle of wreckage and drowned by the
immediate sinking of the wreck. The news caused intense
WAR
PREPARATIONS.
41
excitement throughout the United States, more especially

because treachery was suspected. The Maine was one of
the very finest vessels in the American navy, representing,
together with her armament and stores, an expenditure
closely approximating five millions of dollars. Seldom, if
ever,
was there a
finer
example of
self-control
on the part
weeks, the United States

determination of the cause of
of a great people, as, for several
stood awaiting the official

this appalling calamity.
Official Findings.
The government at once organized a
naval court of inquiry, composed of experienced officers of
high rank, who, in their continuous labor of twenty-three
days, were aided by a strong force of wreckers and divers,
besides experts. They made a thorough investigation on
the spot, sifting and weighing every item of evidence that
could be adduced. The type-written testimony made a
bundle of twelve thousand pages, weighing about thirty
pounds. The unanimous finding of the court dated March
21, 1898 (as summarized in President McKinley's message
of the twenty-eighth of March), was: "That the loss, of
the Maine was not in any respect due to fault or negligence on the part of any of the officers or members of her
crew; that the ship was destroyed by the explosion of a
submarine mine, which caused the partial explosion of
two or more of her forward magazines; and that no
evidence has been obtainable fixing the responsibility for
the destruction of the Maine upon any person or persons."
"The crime or the criminal negligence of the Spanish
officials" were essentially the terms in which Congress
put the case two weeks later, and in this Congress voiced
the conviction of the American people.
WAR
PREPARATIONS.
Precautionary Activities. Preparations comporting with

possible hostilities began, to be made in both the army and
Jjavy departments in January, 1898, and from the date of
42
the Maine horror were pushed with great energy. The

strengthening of coast fortifications and the accumulation
and distribution of war material, with recruiting for all
branches of service, and arrangements for mobilizing not
only the regular army, but the National Guard of the
several States, went on apace. There was especial urgency
in strengthening the navy. At government and at contractors' shipyards work was pushed night and day. A
naval officer was hurried to Europe to buy up every suitable warship on the market, while others were bought in
own
In Europe were also purchased hundreds

cannon and perhaps a thousand tons of
ammunition. Old monitors and other discarded craft
were overhauled and put in condition for coast-defense.
A fleet of auxiliary cruisers began to be organized. The
purchase and conversion of merchant vessels soon counted
our
ports.
of the smaller
up
into the millions.

the ninth of March Congress, at the President's
request, unanimously voted $50,000,000 as an emergency
fund for the national defense. A few days later it passed
a bill adding two regiments of artillery to the regular
army; these were sorely needed to man the heavy defensive guns along the Atlantic and Gulf seaboards.
Congress and the People. Rid of DeLome's presence,
the President magnanimously ignored the DeLonie letter.
His whole nature shrinking from the responsibility of a
bloody war, he even forebore making the Maine tragedy
the occasion for more than a "representation" to the
But Congress, reflecting the overcourt of Madrid.
whelming sentiment of the nation, was by this time
Hercuablaze with indignation and warlike enthusiasm.
lean were the efforts of the President to control the storm
in the interests of peace, through delay. Public opinion
The
grew imperative.
It insisted on definite action.
President's message transmitting the Maine findings was
sent to Congress # the twenty -eighth of March. His yet
well
On
WAK
PREPARATIONS.
43
more memorable message of the eleventh of April had

been withheld nearly or quite a week, to give time for
American residents in Cuba to leave there, and with a
lingering hope the situation might yet, in some way, take
a pacific turn. In that message the President handed the
whole matter over to Congress, and asked for its decision.
Action of Congress. After several days of impassioned
debate, and a prolonged disagreement between the Senate
and House of Representatives over the side question of
recognizing the existing Republic in Cuba, the action of
Congress was given to the world, April 19, 1898, in the
following joint resolution, which was approved by the
President the following day:
Joint resolution for the recognition of the independence of
the people of Cuba, demanding that the government of Spain
relinquish its authority and government in the Island of Cuba,
and withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban
waters, and directing the President of the United States to use
the land and naval forces of the United States to carry these
resolutions into effect.
Whereas, the abhorrent conditions which have existed

more than three years in the Island of Cuba, so near
our own borders, have shocked the moral sense of the
people of the United States, have been a disgrace to
Christian civilization, culminating, as they have, in the
destruction of a United States battleship, with two hundred
and sixty-six of its officers and crew, while on a friendly
visit in the harbor of Havana, and cannot longer be
endured, as has been set forth by the President of the
United States in his message to Congress of April 11, 1898,
upon which the action of Congress was invited; therefore,
Resolved, By the Senate and House of Representatives
of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
1. That the people of the Island of Cuba are, and of right
ought to be, free and independent.
for
44
2.
That
it is
the duty of the United States to demand, and
Government of the United States does hereby demand,

that the Government of Spain at once relinquish its
authority and government in the Island of Cuba and
withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban
the
waters.
3. That the President of the United States be, and he
hereby is, directed and empowered to use the entire land
and naval forces of the United States, and to call into
the actual service of the United States the militia of the
several states to such extent as may be necessary to carry
these resolutions into

4. That the United
position or intention
or control over said
effect.
hereby disclaims any
States
dis-
to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction
except for the pacification

determination, when that is accomplished, to leave the government and control of the island
thereof,
and asserts
island
its
to its people.
THE CUBAN SPANISH DEBT.

(
The so-called Cuban debt practically represents the

amounts which Spain, in order to retain possession of the
island, has been obliged to borrow, pledging the Cuban
revenues as security.
(bonds),
and
It consists of three classes of stocks
of a floating debt in addition, as follows:
Bonds, six percent loan of 1886

Bonds, five per cent loan of 1890,
Bonds, five per cent loan of 1896,
$ 114,194,960
166,215,280
154,880,000
Bonds, total
Add
floating debt,
8 435.290,240
January
1,
1898,
Total
67,760,000
$503,050,240
The floating debt has undoubtedly increased since the

opening of 1898. Its main items are the heavy arrears due
to the army, navy, civil servants and army contractors
in Cuba. The enormous total amounts to more than $300
per capita for the entire population.
RESOURCES AND STATISTICS.
4S
RESOURCES AND STATISTICS OF THE

UNITED STATES.
March,
1898.
Population in 1898 (estimated),

Percent gain in population since 1820,
Area in square miles, exclusive of Alaska,
Military resources in able-bodied men,..
Naval strength (active
list, 13,582;
74,500,000
680
3,524,880
11,139,788
Naval Reserve,
16,382
2,800),
Manufactures, annual value, 1897,

Imports, 1897
Exports, 1897,
Revenue, 1897,
National wealth, 1898 (estimated),,
Balance in Treasury March 7, 1898,
War fund appropriated March 9, 1898,
$ 9,372,000,000
742,630,855
1,099,129,519
461,000,000
90,000,000,000
224,864,297
50,000,000
RESOURCES AND STATISTICS OF SPAIN.

March,
1898.
Population in 1898 (estimated),

Per cent gain in population since 1820,
Population Spanish Colonies, estimated: Porto
Rico, 785,000; Philippine Islands, 9,500,000;
Spanish Africa, 437,000,
Area in square miles, exclusive of colonies, but
including the Balearic and Canary Islands,...
Military resources in able-bodied men, colonies
17,600,000
60
10,722,000
202,370
included,
Naval strength (active
4,200,000
list, 24,269;
Naval Reserve,
49,269
25,000)
Manufactures, annual value,

Imports, 1895,
Exports, 1895,
Revenue,
1895,
National wealth, 1895,

Balance in Treasury,
War fund,
1895,
105,000,000
160,000,000
140,000,000
150,000,000
7,965,000
None
None
46
UNITED STATES
April
WAR
1,
Unprotected Cruisers.
First-class Battleships.
Tons,
Name.
Displacement.
Indiana
Knots,
Speed.
10,300
11.350
10,300
10,300
Iowa
Massachusetts,
Oregon,
15%
17
16
16
Marblehead,
Montgomery,
New
York,
Castine,
18
Concord,*
Helena,
Machias,
Nashville,
22
21
9,200
8,200
Wilmington,
Yorktown,t
2,100
Annapolis,
II
Marietta,
Newport
Armored Coast-defense Vessels.
Amphitrite,
Miantonomah,....
Monadnoek,*
Monterey,*
Puritan,
Terror,
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,100
6,000
4,000
Vicksburg,
Wheeling
10ft
%
10)1
patch boat)
Vesuvius (Dynamite gunboat)..
3,,700
Ericsson, ..
Foote,
Rodgers, ...
16
18
19
Winslow,..
Columbia,
Minneapolis,
Newark,f
4,,100
19
Talbot,
3,,500
Olympia,*
5. 900
Philadelphia,*....
4, 300
20
22
20
Raleigh,*
San Francisco,
3, 200
19
4, 100
20
New Orleans,
7,,400
7,,400
19
12
15
16
13
13
13
13
1,000
1,500
900
Torpedo-boats.
Cushing,...
3, 200
17
15K
15%
(Dis-
Dolphin
4,
3,,000
1,400
1,700
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
14
V*
(now
in Alaska),
12
Protected Cruisers.
Baltimore,*
Boston,*
Charleston,*
Cincinnati,
840
1,700
1,200
1,700
1,400
1,800
1,400
900
Petrel,*
Armored Ram.
Katahdin,
2,000
2,000
2,000
Gunboats.
Cruisers.
Brooklyn
Tons,
Displacement.
"
Bancroft
Bennington,
6,300
Armored
v
Mme
Detroit,
Second-class Battleship.
Texas,
VESSELS.
1898.
23
23
Topeka,
20
1, 800
*On duty in Pacific Ocean,
105
120
140
140
140
22^
24
24K
24K
24)|
29
Porter,
190
Du Pont,...
20
20
Stiletto......
190
50
50
30
Somers,
160
23
Gwyn,
27%
18
Submarine Torpedo-boat.
Plunger,
f
Out
of
170
commission.
Notable additions to this list during April, 1898, were the

four Morgan Line steamers (plying between New York
and Gulf of Mexico), Prairie, Yosemite, Yankee and Dixie
SPANISH
WAR
VESSELS.
47
and the two American Line steamers (between New York

and England), St. Louis and St. Paul. These become
auxiliary cruisers, more or less protected, and are especially
valuable for their speed. The St. Louis was the fastest
transatlantic steamer afloat, with the exception of one
Cunarder and one German line vessel.
As will be seen, the foregoing list takes no account of
the old monitors, nor the so-called "mosquito fleet," and
other auxiliary and coast-defense vessels, aggregating a
large number. The Holland diving torpedo-boat at New
York, it is understood, has also been purchased by the
Government.
SPANISH
WAR
March,
VESSELS.
1898.
In the modern battleship class Spain has one ship, the

Pelayo, which has a displacement of 9,900 tons, about 400
tons less than vessels of the Indiana class. Of second-class
battleships Spain has two, the Numancia and Vittoria both
are old broadside ships, lightly plated with wrought-iron.
They are slow in speed. Spain's greatest strength is in her
armored cruisers, of which she has six, the Infanta Maria
Teresa, Almirante Oquendo, Yiscaya, Princessa Asturias,
Carlos Y. and Cristobal Colon. These are ships of about
7,000 tons displacement, and each carries a main battery of
two 11-inch guns, with a secondary battery of 5-inch,
6-pounder and 1-pounder rapid-fire guns. They have 12
inches of armor on the belt, and 10}4 inches on the turrets.
Of unarmored ships of all classes there are the Alphonso
XIII., Lepanto, Reina Christina, Reina Mercedes, Alphonso XI L, Velasco, Conde Yenadito, Don Antonio Ulloa,
Don Juan de Austria, Infanta Isabel, Isabel II., Ensenada,
;
de Cuba, Isla de Luzon, Filipinas, Nuevo Espana,

Marquez de Molino, Martin Alonzo Pinzon, Rapido,
Temerario, Vincente Yanez Pinzon and Destructor. Of
Isla
Galicia,
unarmored
cruisers the
Alphonso XIII. and the Lepanto
48
are alike in dimensions, though the Lepanto has a displacement of but 4,826 tons, against the other's 5,000. The
Reina (Christina has a displacement of 3,520 tons, speed
17% knots; battery, six 6.34-inch, two 9-pounders, three
6-pounders and eight 3-pounders. The Alphonso XII. and
the Reina Mercedes are of 3,000 tons displacement and 17%
knots speed. Their batteries are the same as the Reina
Christina.
From
the 3,000-tonners there is a long drop down to

tons in the Velasco. She has a speed of 14.3 knots,
and a battery of three 6-inch Armstrong guns and two
2.76-inch breech-loaders.
Then follow five 1,130-ton gunboats, from the Conde de Venadito down to the Infanta
Isabel, inclusive. Then three similar gunboats of 1,030
tons. Then a miscellaneous list of nine torpedo gunboats,
1,152
ranging in displacement from 750 to 458 tons. Some of

these craft might be available as torpedo-boats, but in
general they would add little to the lighting strength of
the Spanish navy.
In torpedo-boats and torpedo-boat
destroyers Spain is considerably stronger than the United
States. Of the latter, she has six formidable craft, and the
United States till lately had none. Spain's obsolete wooden
ships, and the large number of toy gunboats mounting
each one light gun that she carries on her naval list, need
not be itemized. But she has several warships approaching completion or well under way.
In the caliber of guns, America's righting ships surpass
those of Spain. In the Flying Squadron, organized at
Hampton Roads, under Commodore W. S. Schley, there
are five 13-inch guns, while the whole Spanish navy has
not one, and only two 12-inch ones. Our Flying Squadron
alone has four 12-inch guns, and of 8-inch guns fourteen.
Spain's best four ships have five- 11-inch guns, and the rest
are mainly 5-inch. The Brooklyn and New York are two
of the finest types of fighting ships in the world. Even
their, main batteries are supplied with rapid-fire guns*
RESIDENT MCKINLEY'S FAMOUS MESSAGE.
49
PRESIDENT McKINLEY'S FAMOUS MESSAGE.

The main points, not already quoted, of the President's
message of April 11, 1898, are as follows:
A Half Century of Strife. The present revolution is but
the successor of other similar insurrections which have
occurred in Cuba against the dominion of Spain, extending
special
over a period of nearly half a century, each of which,

during its progress, has subjected the United States to
great effort and expense in enforcing its neutrality laws,
caused enormous losses to American trade and commerce,
caused irritation, annoyance and disturbance among our
citizens, and by the exercise of cruel, barbarous and
uncivilized practices of warfare, shocked the sensibilities
and offended the humane sympathies of our people.
Present Revolution. Since the present revolution began
in February, 1895, this country has seen the fertile domain
at our threshold ravaged by fire and sword in the course of
a struggle unequaled in the history of the island and
rarely paralleled, as to the number of the combatants and
the bitterness of the contest, by any revolution of modern
times where a dependent people, striving to be free, have
been opposed by the power of the sovereign state. Our
people have beheld a once prosperous community reduced
to comparative want, its lucrative commerce virtually
paralyzed, its exceptional productiveness diminished, its
fields laid waste, its mills in ruins, and its people perishing
of thousands from hunger and destitution.
This Country Deeply Affected. We have found ourselves constrained in the observance of that strict neutrality, which our laws enjoin and which the law of nations
commands, to police our own waters and watch our own
seaports in prevention of any unlawful act in aid of the
Cubans.
Our trade has suffered; the capital invested by our
citizens in Cuba has been largely lost, and the temper and
by tens
50
forbearance of our people have been so sorely tried as to

beget a perilous unrest among our own citizens, which has
inevitably found its expression from time to time in the
national legislature, so that issues wholly external to our
own body politic engross attention, and stand in the way
of that close devotion to domestic advancement that
becomes a self-contained commonwealth whose primal
maxim has been the avoidance of all foreign entanglements. All this must needs awaken, and has indeed
aroused, the utmost concern on the part of this government,
as well during my predecessor's term as in my own.
Spanish Hauteur. In April, 1896, the evils from which
our country suffered through the Cuban war became so
onerous that my predecessor made an effort to bring about
a peace through the mediation of this government in any
way that might tend to an honorable adjustment of the
contest between Spain and her revolted colony, on the
some effective scheme of self-government for

Cuba under the flag and sovereignty of Spain. It failed,
through the refusal of the Spanish government then in
power to consider any form of mediation, or, indeed, any
plan of settlement which did not begin with the actual
submission of the insurgents to the mother country, and
then only on such terms as Spain herself might see fit to
grant. The war continued unabated. The resistance of
the insurgents was in no wise diminished.
basis of
[The President then discusses the horrors of reconcenand the relief measures undertaken (see pages
tration
and
31), and proceeds:]

Peculiar War. The war in Cuba is of such a nature
that short of subjugation or extermination a final military
victory for either side seems impracticable. The alternative lies in the physical exhaustion of the one or the
other party, or perhaps of both, a condition which, in
effect, ended the ten years' war by the truce of Zanjon.
The prospect of such a protraction and conclusion of the
28
PRESIDENT M'KTNLEY'S FAMOUS MESSAGE.
51
is a contingency hardly to be contemplated

with equanimity by the civilized world, and least of all by
the United States, affected and injured as we are, deeply
and* intimately, by its very existence.
Final Negotiations. Realizing this, it appeared to be my
duty, in a spirit of true friendliness, no less to Spain than
to the Cubans, who have so much to lose by the prolongation of the struggle, to seek to bring about an immediate
termination of the war. To this end I submitted, on the
twenty-seventh of March, as a result of much representation and correspondence, through the United States Minister at Madrid, propositions to the Spanish government
looking to an armistice until October 1st for the negotiation
of peace, with the good offices of the president.
In addition, I asked the immediate revocation of the
order of reconcentration, so as to permit the people to
return to their farms, and the needy to be relieved with
provisions and supplies from the United States, co-operating with the Spanish authorities, so as to afford full relief.
Spain's Reply. The reply of the Spanish cabinet was
received on the night of the thirty-first of March. It offers,
as the means to bring about peace in Cuba, to confide the
present strife
preparation thereof to the insular parliament, inasmuch as

the concurrence of that body would be necessary to reach a
final result, it being, however, understood that the powers
reserved by the constitution to the central government are
not lessened or diminished. As the Cuban parliament does
not meet until the fourth of May next, the Spanish government would not object, for its part, to accept at once a
suspension of hostilities if asked for by the insurgents
from the general-in-chief, to whom it would pertain, in
such case, to determine the duration and conditions of the
armistice.
Negotiations Fail. The propositions submitted by General Woodford and the reply of the Spanish government
were both in the form of brief memoranda, the texts of
52
which are before me and are substantially in the language

above given. The functions of the Cuban parliament in the
matter of preparing "peace " and the manner of its doing
so are not expressed in the Spanish memorandum ;" but
from General Woodford's explanatory reports of preliminary discussions preceding the final conference it is
understood that the Spanish government stands ready to
give the insular congress full power to settle the terms of
peace with the insurgents whether by direct negotiations
or indirectly by means of legislation does not appear.
With
direction of immediate
and its disappointing reception by Spain, the executive was brought to the end of his effort.
Arguments Against Belligerency. In my annual message
"Of the untried measures there
of December last I said
this last overture in the
peace,
Recognition of the insurgents as belligerents;

recognition of the independence of Cuba; neutral intervention to end the war by imposing a rational compromise
between the contestants, and intervention in favor of one
or the other party. I speak not of forcible annexation, for
that cannot be thought of. That, by our code of morality,
would be criminal aggression."
Thereupon, I reviewed these alternatives in the light
of President Grant's measured words, uttered in 1875,
when, after seven years of sanguinary, destructive and
cruel barbarities in Cuba, he reached the conclusion that
the recognition of the independence of Cuba was impracticable and indefensible, and that the recognition of belligerent rights was not warranted by the facts according
remain:
to the tests of public law.

I commented especially upon the latter aspect of the
question, pointing out the inconveniencies and positive
dangers of a recognition of belligerence, which, while adding to the already onerous burdens of neutrality within
our jurisdiction, could not in
any way extend our
influence qv effective offices in the territory of hostilities*
PKESIDENT M'KINLEY'S FAMOUS MESSAGE.
53
my
Nothing has since occurred to change

view in this
regard, and I recognize as fully now as then that the issuance of a proclamation of neutrality, by which process the
so-called recognition of belligerency is published, could,
of itself and unattended by other action, accomplish nothing toward the one end for which we labor, the instant
pacification of Cuba and the cessation of the misery that
afflicts the island.
Arguments Against Recognition. Turning to the question of recognizing at this time the independence of the
present insurgent Government in Cuba, we find safe precedents in our history from an early day. They are well
summed up in President Jackson's message to Congress, December 21, 1836, on the subject of the recognition
of the independence of Texas. [Jackson's argument quoted
at length, ended with the following words:]
" Prudence, therefore, seems to dictate that we should
stand aloof and maintain our present attitude, if not until
Mexico itself or one of the great foreign powers shall
recognize the independence of the new government; at
least until the lapse of time or the course of events should
have proved beyond cavil or dispute the ability of the people of that country to maintain their separate sovereignty
and to uphold the government constituted by them.
Neither of the contending parties can justly complain of
this course. By pursuing it we are but carrying out the
long established policy of our government, a policy which
has secured to us respect and influence abroad and inspired
confidence at home."
Questionable Independence. I said in my message of
December last: " It is to be considered whether the Cuban
insurrection possesses beyond dispute the attributes of
statehood, which alone can demand the recognition of
belligerency in its favor."
The same requirement must certainly be no less considered when the graver issue of recognising independence,
54
'
in question, for no less positive test can be applied to

the greater act than to the lesser; while on the other hand,
influences of and consequences of the struggle upon the
internal policy of the recognizing state, which form
important factors when the recognition of belligerency is
concerned, are secondary if not rightly eliminable factors
when the real question is whether the community claiming recognition is or not independent beyond peradventure.
Recognition Unnecessary. Nor from the standpoint of
experience do I think it would be wise or prudent for this
Government to recognize at the present time the independence of the so-called Cuban Republic. Such recognition is not necessary in order to enable the United
States to intervene and pacify the island. To commit this
country now to the recognition of any particular government in Cuba might subject us to an embarrassing condition
of international obligations toward the organization so
recognized.
In case of intervention, our conduct would be subject to
the approval or disapproval of such government; we
would be required to submit to its direction, and to
assume to it the mere relation of a friendly ally. When it
shall appear hereafter that there is within the island a
government capable of performing the duties and discharging the functions of a separate nation and having, as
a matter of fact, the proper forms and attributes of
is
nationality, such government can be promptly and readily

recognized, and the relations and interests of the United
States with such nation adjusted.
Forms of Intervention^ There
remain the alternative

forms of intervention to end the war, either as an impartial
neutral, by imposing a rational compromise between the
contestants, or as the active ally of one party or the other.
As to the first, it is not to be forgotten that during the last
few months the relation of the United State has Virtually
been one of friendly intervention in many ways, each not
PRESIDENT M'KINLEY'S FAMOUS MESSAGE.
55
of itself conclusive, but all tending- to the exertion of a

potential influence toward an ultimate pacific result, just
and honorable to all interests concerned. The spirit of all

our acts hitherto has been an earnest, unselfish desire for
peace and prosperity in Cuba, untarnished by differences
between us and Spain and unstained by the blood of
American citizens.
The forcible intervention
of the United States as a

neutral to stop the war, according to the large dictates of
humanity and following many historical precedents where
neighboring states have interfered to check the hopeless
sacrifice of life by internecine conflicts beyond their borders, is justifiable on rational grounds. It involves, however, hostile constraint upon both the parties to the contest,
as well to enforce a truce as to guide the eventual settlement.
Grounds of Intervention. The grounds for such intervention may be briefly summarized as follows:
1. In the cause of humanity and to put an end to the
barbarities, bloodshed, starvation and horrible miseries
now existing there, and which the parties to the conflict
are either unable or unwilling to stop or mitigrate. It is
no answer to say that this is all in another country, belonging to another nation, and is, therefore, none of our
business. It is specially our duty, for it is right at our
doors.
2.
owe it to our citizens in Cuba to afford them that
protection and indemnity for life and property which no
Government there can or will afford, and to that end to
terminate the conditions that deprive them of local
protection.
3. The right to intervene maybe justified by the very
serious injury to the commerce, trade and business interests of our people, and by the wanton destruction of
property and devastation of the island.
4. And, what is of the utmost importance, the present
We
56
THE HISTOBY OP CUBA.
condition of affairs in Cuba is a constant menace to our

peace and entails upon this Government an enormous
expense. With such a conflict waged for years in an island
so near us, and with which our people have such trade and
business relations when the lives and liberty of our citizens are in constant dread, and their property destroyed
and themselves ruined where our trading-vessels are
liable to seizure and are seized at our very door, by warships of a foreign nation, the expeditions of filibustering
that we are powerless to prevent altogether, and the irritating questions and entanglements thus arisingall these
and others that I need not mention, with the resulting
strained relations, are a constant menace to our peace, and
compel us to keep on a semi-war footing with a nation
with which we are at peace.

The Maine Tragedy.- These elements of danger and disorder already pointed out have been strikingly illustrated*
by a tragic event which has deeply and justly moved the
American people. I have already transmitted to Congress
the report of the Naval Court of Inquiry on the destruction
of the battleship Maine in the harbor of Havana during
the night of the fifteenth of February.
The destruction of that noble vessel has filled the national heart with inexpressible horror.
Two hundred and
fifty-eight brave sailors and marines and two officers of
our navy, reposing in the fancied security of a friendly
harbor, have been hurled to death grief and want brought
to their homes and sorrow to the nation.
The Naval Court of Inquiry, which, it is needless to say,
commands the unqualified confidence of the Government, was unanimous in its conclusion that the destruction of the Maine was caused by an exterior explosion,
that of a submarine mine. It did not assume to place the
responsibility. That remains to be fixed.
In any event the destruction of the Maine, by whatever
exterior cause, is a patent and impressive proof of a state
PRESIDENT M'KINLEY'S FAMOUS MESSAGE.
57
Cuba that is intolerable. That condition is

thus shown to'be such that the Spanish Government cannot assure safety and security to a vessel of the American
Navy in the harbor of Havana, on a mission of peace and
of things in
rightfully there.
Suggested International Arbitration. Further referring
in this connection to recent diplomatic correspondence,
a dispatch from our Minister to Spain on the twenty-sixth
of March contained the statement that the Spanish Minister for Foreign Affairs assured him positively that
Spain will do all that the highest honor and justice requires
in the matter of the Maine.
The reply above referred to on the thirty -first of March
also contained an expression of the readiness of Spain
to submit to an arbitration all the difference which can
arise in this matter, which is subsequently explained by
the note to the Spanish Minister at Washington of the
tenth of April, as follows: "As to the question of fact
which springs from the diversity of views between the
report of the American and Spanish boards, Spain proposes that the fact be ascertained by the impartial investigation of experts, which decision Spain accepts in
advance." To this T have made no reply.
[After quoting President Grant's views, in 1875, of the ten
years' war in Cuba, the President closes thus:]
Referred to Congress. The long trial has proved that the
object for which Spain wages war cannot be attained.
The fire of insurrection may flame or may smoulder with
varying seasons, but it has not been, and it is plain that it
cannot be, extinguished by present methods. The only

hope of relief and repose from a condition which cannot
longer be endured is the enforced pacification of Cuba.
In the name of humanity, in the name of civilization, in
behalf of endangered American interests, which give us
the right and the duty to speak and to act, the war in Cuba
must
stop.
58
In view of these acts and these considerations, I ask

Congress to authorize and empower the President to take
measures to secure a full termination of hostilities between
the Government of Spain and the people of Cuba, and to
secure in the island the establishment of a stable government capable of obtaining order and observing its international obligations, insuring peace and tranquility and the
security of its citizens, as well as our own, and to use the
naval and military forces of the United States as may be
necessary for these purposes; and in the interest of
humanity, and to aid in preserving the lives of the starving
people of the island, I recommend that the distribution of
food and supplies be continued, and that an appropriation
be made out of the public treasury to supplement the
charity of our citizens.
A Solemn
Responsibility. The issue is now with Cona solemn responsibility. I have exhausted
every effort to relieve the intolerable condition of affairs
which is at our doors. Prepared to execute every obligation imposed on me by the Constitution and law, I await
gress.
It is
your action.
Yesterday, and since the preparation of the foregoing
message, official information was received by me that the
latest decree by the Queen Regent of Spain directs General
Blanco, in order to prepare and facilitate peace, to proclaim
a suspension of hostilities, the details of which have not
been communicated to me.
This fact, with every other pertinent consideration, will,
I am sure, have your just and careful attention in the
solemn deliberations upon which you are about to enter.
If this measure attains a successful result, then our aspirations as a Christian, peace-loving people will be realized.
If it fails, it will be only another justification for our contemplated action.
WILLIAM McKlNLEY.
Executive Mansion, April 11th.
KAVAL WAR
LOCALITIES.
59
NAVAL WAR LOCALITIES.

Cape Verde Islands. A group of islands in the Atlantic
ocean off the westernmost point of Africa, in the same
latitude as the Central American State of Honduras. They
belong not to Spain, but to Portugal, whose obligations as
a neutral will require her to forbid their use by a Spanish
fleet as a base of hostile operations against the United
States.
From
these islands to Porto Rico
is 2,500
miles.
A group
Canary Islands.
off the west coast
of islands, belonging to Spain,

of Africa, in about the same latitude as
Tampa, Florida. Population, nearly all of Spanish or
mixed origin, is about 310,00. The capital, Santa Cruz de
Santiago ("Holy Cross of St. Jago"), is on the island of
famous peak of the same name, and

hence is sometimes spoken of as Santa Cruz de Teneriffe,
or simply Teneriffe. The Canaries are a very valued possession of Spain, which would regard their conquest by
us as more humiliating than even the loss of Cuba.
Porto (or Puerto) Rico. The fourth in size of the West
India Islands. It has hitherto belonged to Spain. It is
about 450 miles east of Cuba, from which it is separated by
Hayti and the adjoining straits. Length, about 95 miles,
and greatest breadth, 36 miles. Area, 3,550 square miles,
with a population of not quite 800,000. Principal towns,
San Juan de Puerto Rico (commonly abbreviated to San
Juan), Mayaguez, Ponce, Arecibo, Aguadilla and Guayama.
Teneriffe, near the
The first-named is the capital. The seizure

by the United States would be a serious,
of this island
if not fatal,
matter for the Spanish cause in Cuba.
Danish Islands. The three Danish islands in the West
Indies are respectively situated about fifty to seventy
miles east of Porto Rico. St. Croix (or Santa Cruz), the
southernmost of them, is considerably the largest, yet
contains only eighty-five square miles, with a population
of about 20,000. The other two are St. Thomas and St. John.
List of Cities, Towns, Villages, Capes, Bays,
Peninsulas, and
Names
and Points
NOTE.To
find the location on the
and figure at end
of
of
Other Places
in Cuba.
map, notice the
capital letter
the line containing the name.
On the map, find that figure printed at the top or hottom of the
page between the border lines, draw an imaginary line straight
down the page to a point where it intersects a line drawn from
the capital letter similarly designated, at the sides of the map.
For illustration, the point on the map at which Havana is
located is designated as L 12, and it will be found on the map by
following the directions here given.
Abad
Aguacato
del Jibaro
Acerraderos
Aguadores'
Aguica
Alacranes
Alaeranes (Cape)
Albufera de Cortes
Algodonal
Alquizar
Alvarez
Amarillas
Amaro
Amiot
Ana
Sta
Aposentos
Ariguanab
Arimao
Arroyo Blanco
Artemisa
Auras
Bacunagua
24
Baez
22
3(5
Baga
S 32
Bagazar
Bahia de Guantanamo
Bahiahonda
14
38
M
M
18
15
7
(*>
23
N
N
18
21
19
los
P
T
Matanzas
Bejugad
B. de
Id
Bemba
36
9
Bermeja
60
Colorados
Banao
Banes
Baracoa
Barajagua
Barrancas
Ba. Santa Maria
20
29
Berrocal
W 35
N5
M9
M 15 Ba. Sta. Clara
X 32 Batabano
M 11 Bayamo
M
Baire
Baja
BajoH de
19
Y 39
2
R.29
11
2fi
18
12
W 43
V 37
W 34
,.'
W 34
L
M
M
M
15
12
1 1>
15
U 31
$HE HISTOKY
R
Blanco (Cape)
22
N 10
B. Majana
Boca de Carabelas
Q 31
L 1.3
Boca de Jaruco
Boca de la (Jienaga( Isla dePinos )R 10
Boca de la Yana o' de Moron
27
Belondron
Bolondron
...Q 2
N
V
Buena Vista
Burro (Cape)
B'y Albufera de Guadiana
Cabaiguan
Cabanas
Cabezas
Cabo de Cruz
Cabo de S. Antonio.
P 4
P 23
M
M
10
15
:10
1
Caimito
Caimito de la Hanabana
Caimito del Norte
Calabazar
Cala de Ovando
Caletade Munoz
Oalimete
Calvario
Camajuani
Camarioca
Camaronas
Camarones
Canas
11
22
Corral Falso
Corral Nuevo
("orral
Canasi
Candelaria
Caney
Canev
17
15
,...E 15
10
X
X
Canimar
Cano
Cantel
Caobillas
Caraballe
Carahatas
Cardenas
Cartagena
Cascorro
Casigua
Cauto
Canto Abajo
Cauto del Embarcadero
Cayadel Rey
Cayaguani
Cayajabos
Cay am as
Cayo de Cruz
Cayuelo de la Guajaba
C. de Catalina
0. de Guanos
C. de la Sulina
17
!V1
O
Q
X
O
Corrientes Bay
Corrientes (Cape)
Ch. de Ana Maria
Cs. de Guainabo
Cs. de Manzanillo
Cs. de Tana
Cubitas
Curnanayagua
Cupev
Datil
De Anton o' El Barril

Do la Jaula (Cape)
Eastern Trocha
Cobre
El Coreado
El Jobo
Kmb. de Carahalas
17
31
13
WV 37
W 3338
P
Nuevo.
16
12
16
17
14
20
22
10
33
30
31
40
44
24
16
7
18
30
19
....O 7
R29
E. Sta. Teresa
El Calvario
V 34
iSur
38
32
() 19
Q 22
Q 22
M 21
44
L
O
19
(Cape)
(Jorojo
lfi
M 21
P
Cougojas
Consolation del
27
22
16
Q 26
N
P7
18
N 9
O 20
O 20
Coloina
Colon
Colon
17
point of
38
X 40
Coliseo
17
Q 21
N 7
N 18
L 12
Calgranabo
M 19
Cocurucho
61
C. de Lucrecia
Ceja de Pablo
Cerro Guayabo
Chirigota
Ciego
Ciego Alonso
Ciego de Avila
Cieuaga de Zapata
Cienfuegos (Pop. 40,964)
Cifuentes
Ciracuse
N
N
Cajio
Eastern Trocha)
CUBA.
Q
N 23 Concha
Y 39 Contites
Caibarien
Caimanera
Camaguey (northern
16
18
41
OJP
El
Eml). del Mall

Einb. de Sabanabamar
Emb. Sierra Merena
Emeo del Santo

Enramada
Ens. de Aroyo Seco
Etis. de Biija
Ens. de Birama
Ens. de Canete
Ens. de Dayaniguas
Ens. de la Herradura
Ens. del Junco
Ens. del Ojo del Toro
Ens. de Marianao
Ens. de Mora
Ensenada de Corrientes
Ermito Vieja
Esperanza
M 16
M 13
L
15
R3
B4
S 25
24
W 32
V 31
R30
P
21
W 36
W34
N
29
27
26
16
37
PQ R8
P
P
17
R 30
M 14
M 20
M 19
S 26
M 19
M 22
X 37
T
38
N5
V 32
V 42
O
S 36
29
Y31
11
.'...N
21
Y 31
Q3
R 29
62
Est.
Est.
Est.
Est.
Est.
Est.
M 22
Caunao
de
del
Guanm
Vertientes
Y. P. de Media Canoa
Vargas
Corralillo
Frances (Cape)
Frances (Cape Isla de Pinos)
Galafre
Galaton
Gavilan
Gertrudis
30
19
6
9
P 6
R
N
P
P
20
28
30
O5
N 29
Goayabal
Gramales
Grande
Grupo
Grupo Cubanacan
Grupo Guaniguanico
Guadalupe
Guadalupe
Guaimarillo
IT 31
Guaimaro
22
4
32
11
M
M
Guanahacabibes (Peninsula
Guanajay
Guanajayabo
,
Guillerma (Cape)
Guines
Guinia de Miranda
Guinia de Soto
Guirade Helena
Guisa
8
25
M
Q 20
M 18
Gualao
Guarnuhaya
Guasimas
Guata Viana
Guayacanes
21
(.)
Guamutas
Guanabacoa
Guanabana
Guanabao
Guanabo
Guane
Guano (Cape)
Guaracabuya
of)
12
15
11
L 13
Q3
11
17
P5
26
22
16
21
25
27
13
20
22
M
Q
M
X
M
11
Holguin
Hoi no
Hoyo Colorado
Huesped
34
18
12
36
\v
34
Tsabel
Hato Nuevo
Havana
Itabo
Jabaco
Jabacoa
(Pop. 200,408)
Q4
L 14
Q 25
L 13
Jicotea
Jiquiabo
R 32 Jiquirnas
44
Jucaro
N 29 Judas (Cape)
Diego Velasquez
Koncali
o'
Q4
L 13
Concha
Felipe
N 17
Jarreta
Jarueo
Jaula
Jibacoa
Falso (Cape)
Faro Colon
Faro
Faro
Faro
Faro
Jaguey -Grande
18
10
26
9
2
de Santa Clara
Sabanalamar
Cuaba
Encrncijada
Entrada
Guanaja
Gurna
M
M
M
Lagunilla
La Isabela
La Jagua
La Manainga
La Mu lata
Lanos de
S.
Diego
La Pahna
La Playa de Batabano
La Salud
Las Arenas
Las Cruces
M7
12
33
20
M 12
O
M 11
La Seiba
Las
Las
Las
Las
Las
5
26
15
IT 36
22
30
Q 30
V 37
16
N8
14
O 21
8
N8
Baliza
Cidra
M 20
N 20
M 10
Juniaguas
Lajas
Mangas....
N 21
Nuevas
U 34
Parras
La Teja
La Victoria
Limonar
18
33
M 15
R
Limones
Los Abreus
29
19
Los Alfonsos
T 35
Los HermanoB (Isla de Pinos).. R 12
Los Plurnajes
P3
L. S. Esteban
R 27
Lucas (Cape)
N 24
Luz (Cape Isla

Macagua
Madruga
Magarabomba
de Pinos)
'at
M alagueta
Maniabon
Manicaragua
16
Manzanillo
19
Mariana
Mantua
12
19
14
28
44
N
V
26
south end of
Western Trocha
Malabrigo (Cape)
Managua
R
N
Maisi (Cape)
Majana Bay
11
Jutias (Cape)
19
16
18
O 28
P 22
-Jumento
La
La
La
La
La
La
La
22
R 25
10
S 34
la
12
35
Vieja
21
W 32
L
12

Mariel (northern point of WestL
ern Trocha)
in
..L In
O 25
3*
27
Matanzas (Pop. 56,379)

Mayajigua
Mayari
Medialuna (Cape)
Medidas
Melena
Melena del Sur
V
N
L
Q
Melinos
Melones
Minas
Mojanga (southern
S 30
point
Western Trocha)
Mordazo
Moron
Moron
Mulas
Mulato
ly
13
13
15
M
M
'.
of
...-.
10
20
38
26
39
R28
T3
P 25
P9
Navajas.........
!Nazareno
Neuva Paz
Nuevitas
Nva. Gerona (Isla de Pinosj
P. Abato
Paez
10
22
)4
R 32
Q 11
O
2(i
-N 8
Palacios
Palmas (Cape)
Palma Soriano
Palmilla
Palmillas
Palmira.
Pan de A-zucar
Paredon (Capo-
X
N
28
30
18
18
19
N
N 29
N28
Paredondel Medio (Cape)
Q31
P. Arenas
P5
Paso Real
N8
Paso Real de S. Diego
P. Cabeza del Guano (Isla de
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
Pinos)
Caita
Cobarrubias
Cuvaguateje
de Paez
de Canas
11
20
28
Caunao
-
S 35
W 43
W 43
de Cocodrilos (Isla de Pinos).S ]<)

P8
de Gaspar
X 42
P.de la Puerta
X 43
P. de las Caletas
P. de la Yana o' de Mangle
Q6
P. del Cajou
P. del 'Corral flsla d*> Pinos)
P. del Este (Isla de Pinos)
P. del Fraile
P. del Gato
P. del Holandes
P. dellngles
P. de lo8 BarcoR (Isla de Pinos). Q 10

R 22
P. del<> Nesros
Y 35
P. del Tabaoat
P. del Tolete
S 23
....R 9
P. de Lugo (Isla de Pinos)
P. de Mangle
P. de Maternillos
42
32
N 10
de Salines
de S. Juan
Q 20
8
Pega de Ferrate
11
Pelanos
V
39
Pen. de Entresaco
Pen. de Latorre o' del Ramon....! 38
R 32
Peninsula del Sabinal
P.
P.
M
M
1
N
N
X
P
T
Najasa
Naianjo.
Naranjo
63
Q2
R 12
8
12
W 44
P
R3
Y 30
12
.....P
29
Pico de laDacuilla(Isla dePinos)R

P
Pico Tuerto
N
Pijuan
11
Pepe Antonio
P.
Guaney
P. Las Casas
Playa
Plava del Caimito
P Mangles Altos
19
19
....N 14
P
L
-.0
19
16
10
21
22
Maya
P. Nuevo
Potrcrillo
Potrerillo
M8
Pozas
Pt. Nipe
38
8
3S
.L 9
Y 40
R 22
Pto. de Bahiahonda
Pto, de Banes
Pto. de Cabanas
Pto. de Cananova
Pfo. de Casikla
Pto. de Cavo Moa
Pto. deCebollas
Pto. fie Gibara
Pto. de Jagna
Pto, de la Guira
Pto. de la Habana
Pto. de la Mulata
Pto. de las
17
7
....M. 14
Pipian
P.
21
Pinar del Rio
U
'.
41
,.V 40
36
-....T
19
23
M 10
L 12
M8
tunas
:....S 35
Pto. del Padre
...S35
Pto. de Malagueta
Pto. de Mariel (at north end of
Western Trocha;
Pto.
Pto.
Pto.
Pto.
Pto.
Pto.
de Mata
de Mavavi
de Mota
de 'Nnranjo
de Nipe
de Nuevas Grandes
Bavama
10
43
43
Y 33
T 37
L 39
W
W
'.
.,
o'
del
-j?
33
...R 32
de Nuevitas
Y 32
dH Portillo
Y 40
de Tanamo
T 37
de Vita
V 41
de Yaguaneque
R9
Pto. Frances (Isla de PinB>
Pto.
Pto.
Pto.
Pto.
Pto.
64
Pto. Manati
Ptos. de Lebisa
.".4
V 39
Y 37
Puerto <le Cuba

Puerto Principe (Pop. 46, Ml)
Punta de Cartas
Purnio
Quemado de los Guinea
8 29
U 36
20
Y 33
Ramon
Ranchuelo
Sa.
Sa.
Sa.
8a.
Sa.
S.
S.
12
S. Mutias
8. JVliguel
8. Miguel de Nuevitas
8. M. Rosario
S. Nicolas
la
Grande
Cayetano
Cristobal
Diego
Diego de Nunez
13
it
24
10
li
Domingo
Fernando
Franco de Fanla
Geronimo
19
12
21
14
Tiguabos
Union.
Velasco
Vequila
Vert ientes.......
Victoria de las Tunas
S ?8
31
13
Ynfiorno
20
Zi.njon
Sitio
31 19
21
W 35
Zapata (Peninsula
Zarzal
2ft
X
X
23
22
13
38
39
16
Q
PQ R 8
22
26
32
M
T
X
10
15
36
33
8 27
33
31
5
10
21
24
18
33
36
33
..V 40
T
T
Yarcv
Morena
Grande
8
26
M N
Yabu
Yagua jay
Yaguaramas
Yara
11
Western Trocba
Sierra
Sierra
Vijia Anticun
Sibarimar
Sibauicu
9
29
Actual
Yariffua
Y. de Cabonico
S.
MN
Tuabaquey
Vidua
S Felipe
10
15
N
Q
L
Talmarejo
Tapaste
Vi.jia
40
34
21
M
X
14
..N 20
Seibabo
S.
S.
20
Torriente
Trinidad
Troclia, Eastern
Troclm, Western
24
20
12
Surgidero de Turquina
Valentin
41
21
38
8 32
20
40
43
Tiarriba
Sa. S. Jose (Isla de Pinos).

S.
Y
Q
17
M7
14
M 16
L
23
36
19
X
X
Taguayabon
12
del R. Jojo
I'osa.,
S.
Antonio
Antonio
Antonio
Rosa
28
20
U
V
71,307)...
Rita
21
Anton
35
N
Q
13
18
6
10
25
23
28
Cruz
Cnr/
Fe (Isla de Pinos)
Maria
Maria (Cape)
II
Santa Clara
Santiago
Santiago de Cuba (Pop.
Santo Espiritu
S.
S.
24
Catalina
Clara
M
V
Sandago
S. Andres
S. Andres
Sangua de Tanamo
S.
Surg
Salto
S,
S.
S.
S.
24
de Matahambre
de Nipo
de Ramburanao
IT 35
M
M
Ana
Ana
38
A 36
V 39
P
Soledad
Sta.
Sta.
Sta.
Sta.
Sta.
Sta.
Sta.
Sta.
Sta.
Sta.
Sta.
Sta.
M
M
M
Agustin
Agustin
Juan
Juan deContreras
Juan de los Perros
Juan de los Remedios
Lazaro
Leguas (Cape)
Marcos
S.
8.
del Oobre
del Crista]
Sagua
S.
Jose
Jose de las Lajas
Jose de los Ramos
21
17
T 38
Retrete
O 15
R. Gonzalo
Rio de Ay
Q 22
() 7
Rio Hondo
M6
Rosario
N 13
Rosario
21
R. Sagua la Grande
P 7
R'y Est. de la Coloma
Sabanilla
15
Sabanilla de la Palma
17
Sa. de Caballas (Isla de Pinos )..Q 11
Sa. de Casas (Isla de Pinos)
Q 10
Sa. de la Canada (Isla de Pinosj.Q 10
'.
S.
S.
S.
S.
8.
S.
Recreo
Regla
S.
S 31
of)
14
X 33
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War Map & History of Cuba (Hannaford 1898)

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'

INCLUDING THE OPENING

FROM THE LATEST OFFICIAL AND MOST

(To United States),

Provinces, Railroads, Cities, Towns,

Harbors, Bays, Etc.

ALSO SOUTHERN FLORIDA AND NEIGHBORING ISLANDS OF

THE WEST INDIES.

Price, by Mail, Postpaid, 25 Gents.

by Mast, Cr owoll &

MAST, CROWELL ^ KIRKPATRICK,

Longltudi! KitHtfrom WaflMi^tou.

Went from Wanhii

MAST, CROWELL & KIRKPATRICK

General Description of Cuba

Cuba Under Spain

The Cuban Republic

Preparations of the United States

The Cuban (Spanish) Debt

Resources of the United States

THE HISTORY OF CUBA.

the discovery which was to immortalize

his name, and the date October 12, 1492, Columbus

natives called Cuba. Mistaken as the great discoverer was

West Indies almost incomparably

about 760 miles in length in width

$HE HtSTORY OF CUBA.

of the Isle of Pines

square miles, exclusive

and other small

containing 1,200, the latter aggregating 970 square miles.

an implement designed for hewing a passage through the

Yellow fever seldom becomes epidemic in the elevated

THE HISTORY OP CUBA.

RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES.

sugars and tobaccos are famous the

the various native woods, including a superior quality of

palms found in Cuba are

luxuriant specimens of tropical trees. The Royal palm,

almost wholly of agricultural products and

Sugar. The ingenios or sugar-plantations, with large

RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES.

Throughout the sugar-raising

towering furnace-chimneys of the mills are everywhere

THE HISTORY OF CUBA.

as adjuncts to the great ingenios, where their ornamental

precious metals has always ranked low. Bituminous coal

PEOPLE, CAPITAL, ETC.

PEOPLE, CAPITAL, ETC.

As regards density, this population is distributed very

ulation of 200,448. The city, whi h is made up of the "old"

handsome suburbs, besides many and beautiful public

fairly rivaling those

lines aggregate 2,810 miles. The number of vessels that

CUBA UNDER SPAIN.

CUBA UNDER SPAIN.

into importance, but the rest of the island lay neglected.

Albemarle and Sir George Pocock each pocketed about

THE HISTORY OF CUBA.

country should seize Cuba by