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    Chapter 3 - Noise

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    Wan Ting
    The document discusses noise in communication systems. It defines noise as any unwanted signal that interferes with the proper reception of transmitted signals. There are two main types of noise: internal noise generated within electronic circuits from random electron movement (e.g. thermal noise), and external noise from natural and man-made sources (e.g. atmospheric noise). Noise degrades signal quality and system performance. Key concepts covered include the decibel scale for measuring noise levels, noise properties of networks, and methods for analyzing noise in communication systems using metrics like signal-to-noise ratio and noise figure.

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    Chapter 3 - Noise

    Uploaded by

    Wan Ting
    137 views21 pages
    The document discusses noise in communication systems. It defines noise as any unwanted signal that interferes with the proper reception of transmitted signals. There are two main types of noise: internal noise generated within electronic circuits from random electron movement (e.g. thermal noise), and external noise from natural and man-made sources (e.g. atmospheric noise). Noise degrades signal quality and system performance. Key concepts covered include the decibel scale for measuring noise levels, noise properties of networks, and methods for analyzing noise in communication systems using metrics like signal-to-noise ratio and noise figure.

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    The document discusses noise in communication systems. It defines noise as any unwanted signal that interferes with the proper reception of transmitted signals. There are two main types of noise: internal noise generated within electronic circuits from random electron movement (e.g. thermal noise), and external noise from natural and man-made sources (e.g. atmospheric noise). Noise degrades signal quality and system performance. Key concepts covered include the decibel scale for measuring noise levels, noise properties of networks, and methods for analyzing noise in communication systems using metrics like signal-to-noise ratio and noise figure.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    137 views21 pages

    Chapter 3 - Noise

    Uploaded by

    Wan Ting
    The document discusses noise in communication systems. It defines noise as any unwanted signal that interferes with the proper reception of transmitted signals. There are two main types of noise: internal noise generated within electronic circuits from random electron movement (e.g. thermal noise), and external noise from natural and man-made sources (e.g. atmospheric noise). Noise degrades signal quality and system performance. Key concepts covered include the decibel scale for measuring noise levels, noise properties of networks, and methods for analyzing noise in communication systems using metrics like signal-to-noise ratio and noise figure.

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    of 21

    Noise in Communication

    System
    Prepared by
    Dr M.Murugappan

    Topics Covered in this Chapter


    Definition of noise: Elements of noise

    Compare the source of noise( thermal noise, shot noise,

    burst noise)
    Discuss and analyze the decibel, noise properties of networks
    and noise analysis

    Noise
    Any unwanted introduction of energy tending to interfere

    with the proper reception and reproduction of transmitted


    signal.
    Practically, we cannot avoid the existence of unwanted signal
    together with the modulated signal transmitted by the
    transmitter.
    This unwanted signal is called noise.
    Noise is a random signal that exists in a communication
    system.
    Random signal cannot be represented with a simple
    equation.
    The existence of noise will degrade the level of quality of
    the received signal at the receiver.

    Types of noise
    an undesired coupling
    (energy transfer) from
    one circuit or medium to another
    Noise
    Internal Noise

    Due to random movement of


    electrons in electronic circuit
    Thermal noise/Johnson noise
    Shot noise

    External Noise

    Man-made noise and


    natural resources
    Lightning
    Solar noise
    Ignition
    Crosstalk

    any phenomenon by which a signal transmitted on one frequency


    creates an undesired effect on another frequency.

    External Noise (1/2)


    1. Atmospheric Noise:
    Static noise due the effect of thundering, and lightning
    Less frequent and affects effectively
    Less severe at frequencies above 30 MHz

    Field strength of this noise is inversely related to frequencies

    2. Solar Noise:
    Radiation of sun introduces noises to the electromagnetic waves

    3. Cosmic Noise:
    Distant stars around the sun also radiates the high temperature

    RF noise and will attenuate the original signal of reception


    Effects of this noise to the communication signal is very less due
    to the presence of ionosphere region.

    External Noise (1/2)


    4. Industrial Noise:
    Range of frequencies: 1 - 600 MHz
    Create the internal or external to the receiver.
    Mainly due to automobile ignition, electrical motors and

    switching equipments, and leakage from high voltage lines.


    Nature of this noise is so variable and its difficult to analyze it
    on any basis of statistics.

    Internal Noise:
    Noise created due to any passive or active devices in the receiver.

    Random noise: Distributed over the entire spectrum


    Random noise is proportional to the bandwidth over which its

    measured
    1. Thermal Noise
    2. Shot Noise
    3. Miscellaneous Noise:
    Flicker or Modulation noise: No effect above 500 Hz
    Noise in mixers: Mixers are much nosier than amplifier

    Noise Effect
    Degrade system performance for both analog and

    digital systems.
    The receiver cannot understand the sender.
    The receiver cannot function as it should be.
    Reduce the efficiency of communication system.

    Thermal Noise
    JohnsonNyquist noise (thermal noise, Johnson noise, or Nyquist

    noise) is the Electronic noise - generated by the thermal agitation of


    the charge carriers (the electrons) inside an electrical conductor in
    equilibrium, which happens regardless of any applied voltage.

    Movement of the electrons will forms kinetic energy in the

    conductor related to the temperature of the conductor.


    When the temperature increases, the movement of free electrons
    will increase and the current flows through the conductor.
    Current flows due to the free electrons will create noise voltage,
    n(t).
    Noise voltage, n(t) is influenced by the temperature and
    therefore it is called thermal noise.
    Also known as Johnson noise or white noise.

    This type of noise was first measured by John B. Johnson at Bell Labs in 1928. He described his
    findings to Harry Nyquist, also at Bell Labs, who was able to explain the results.

    In 1928, J. B. Johnson have proven that noise power generated is


    proportional to the temperature and the BW.

    Pn TB
    Pn kTB

    Watt

    where

    Pn
    k
    T
    B

    =
    =
    =
    =

    noise power (Watt)


    Boltzmanns constant (1.38 x 10-23 J/K)
    Temperature (K)
    BW spectrum system (Hz)

    Noise power can be modeled using voltage equivalent circuit (Thevenin


    equivalent circuit) or current equivalent circuit (Norton equivalent circuit)

    It can be modeled by a voltage source representing the noise of the non-ideal


    resistor in series with an ideal noise free resistor.

    Rn, Noise
    source

    Vn, Noise
    voltage source
    =

    (a) Noise source circuit

    Rn, noise
    free

    (b) Thevenin equivalent circuit

    Noise source will be connected to a system with the input resistance RL.

    Therefore, total noise power is Pn.


    With the concept of maximum power transfer ie when Rn = RL , all the

    power will be transferred to the load.


    Also called as impedance matching.

    revise on circuit theory

    Vn, Noise
    voltage source
    Rn, Noise
    free

    VL

    RL, system input


    resistance

    (c) Thevenin equivalent circuit with the load


    Given

    Rn RL R

    Note: Vn = Vrms

    voltage divider rule

    Voltage across RL :

    RL
    VL
    Vn
    Rn RL
    Vn

    =>
    2

    =>
    and

    Vn
    VL2 2 Vn2
    PL

    R
    R
    4R

    Pn PL kTB

    Vn2
    kTB
    4R
    Vn2 4kTBR
    Vn 4kTBR

    Example 1
    One operational amplifier with a frequency range of (18-20) MHz has
    input resistance 10 k. Calculate noise voltage at the input if the
    amplifier operate at ambient temperature of 27 0C.

    BW = fh fl = (20-18) MHz
    = 2 MHz

    Vn2 = 4KTBR

    = 4 x 1.38 x 10-23 x (273+ 27) x 2 x 106 x 104


    Vn = 18 volt

    How to determine noise level in


    communication system?
    Noise effect can be determined by measuring:

    - Signal to Noise Ratio, SNR for analog system


    - Relative measure of signal power to noise power
    - probability of error or bit error rate, BER for digital
    system

    To determine the quality of received signal at the receiver

    or an antenna, SNRi is used.

    SNR o is always less than SNRi , due to the facts that the

    existence of noise in the receiver itself.

    Another parameters that can be used is Noise Figure, NF

    and Noise Temperature, NTe .

    Noise Calculation
    SNR is a ratio of signal power, S to noise power, N.

    S
    SNR 10 log dB
    N
    Noise Ratio, NR

    Si N i
    NR
    dB
    So N o

    Noise Figure, NF

    NF 10 log NR
    Si N i
    10 log
    dB
    So N o

    Noise calculation in Amplifier


    To simplify the analysis, two types of noise model are used.

    - Amplifier with noise

    input noise, Ni
    artificial noise source, Nai

    - Amplifier without noise

    Ni

    G
    Na

    Ni
    Nai

    No

    (a) Amplifier with noise

    N ai

    No

    (b) Amplifier without noise

    N o G N i N ai

    N o GNi N a
    where

    Gain

    Na
    G

    and

    Pn N i kTi B

    Analysis Amplifier with Noise


    Si
    Ni

    G
    Na

    (1)

    So
    No

    N o GNi N a

    Model Amplifier with noise


    Noise Figure, F
    (2)

    Si
    SNRi
    Ni

    GSi
    SNRo
    G N i N ai

    N i N ai
    Ni

    N ai
    Ni
    N ai
    F 1
    Ni
    1

    S o GSi

    SNRo SNRi

    Na

    G N i

    G N i N ai

    (3) We have:

    N i kTi B
    =>

    and

    N ai kTe B

    kTe B
    F 1
    kTi B

    Noise Figure:

    Te
    F 1
    Ti

    Noise Temperature:

    Te F 1Ti

    Analysis Amplifier Without Noise


    Si

    Ni+Nai

    So
    No

    (1)

    N o G N i N ai

    Model Amplifier without noise

    (2)

    Si
    SNRi
    Ni

    GSi
    SNRo
    G N i N ai

    N i N ai
    Ni

    N ai
    Ni
    N
    F 1 ai
    Ni
    1

    S o GSi

    SNRo SNRi
    (3) We have:

    N i kTi B
    =>

    and

    N ai kTe B

    kTe B
    F 1
    kTi B

    Noise Figure:

    Te
    F 1
    Ti

    Noise Temperature:

    Te F 1Ti

    Example 2

    Noise generated in amplifier of 5 MHz bandwidth is represented by


    amplifier input noise power of 0.082 pW. Calculate noise factor and
    noise figure if the amplifier was fed with the
    (a) source input signal match the temperature of 300 K

    (b) source input signal match the temperature of 100 K


    Ni

    No

    (a) Noise power from the source input = KTiB


    =

    1.38 x 10-23 x 300 x 5 x 106


    Ni
    0.021 pW

    Ne = 0.082PW

    Ni Ne 0.021 0.082 0.103


    Noise Figure

    4.9
    Ni
    0.021
    0.021
    Noise Factor = 10log10 4.9 = 6.9 dB

    (b) Noise power from the source input = KTiB

    Ni

    No

    = 1.38 x 10-23 x 100 x 5 x 106


    = 0.007 pW

    Ne = 0.082PW

    Ni Ne 0.007 0.082 0.103


    Faktor Figure

    12.7
    Ni
    0.007
    0.007
    Noise Factor = 10log10 12.7 = 11.04 dB

    Noise factor and noise figure were less when operated at room
    temperature.

    Example 3
    An antenna is connected to an amplifier with noise temperature, Te = 125 oK,
    gain, G = 108. Given the bandwidth, B = 10 MHz and output receiver noise, No
    = 10 W. Determine the antenna temperature, Ti and noise figure, F of the
    receiver.

    N o N i N e G

    KTi B KTe B G
    KBTi Te G

    10 1.38 10 23 10 10 6 Ti 125 10 8
    Ti 600 o K

    Te
    125
    F 1
    1
    1.2
    Ti
    600

    or

    N i N e 100
    F

    1.2
    Ni
    82.8
    (600+125)/600

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