ISSN 2320-5407

International Journal of Advanced Research (2014), Volume 2, Issue 4, 380-386

Journal homepage: http://www.journalijar.com

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
OF ADVANCED RESEARCH

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Water Quality Parameters of Thamirabarani Estuary

1

1.
2.

D.Thommai Arockia Gaspar and 2Dr. G. Lakshman.

Research Scholar, M.S. University, Tirunelveli.
Associate Professor and Head, Aditanar College, Tiruchendur.

Manuscript Info

Abstract

Manuscript History:
Received: 15 February 2014
Final Accepted: 22 March 2014
Published Online: April 2014

Key words:
Thamirabarani Estuarine, pH, EC,
TDS, turbidity and hardness

*Corresponding Author
D.
Thommai
Gaspar

The present study, Water Quality Parameters of Thamirabarani Estuary

was analyzed for consequent years 2011 and 2013. The physico - chemical
parameters were analyzed from the water samples of five stations of the
estuarine. The parameters such as pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total
dissolved solids and hardness were analyzed. The range of parameters like
Turbidity 0.4 to 0.6 NTU, EC 215 to 98000 mg/l, PH 6.9 to 8.2, TDS 144 to
64600 mg/l and Hardness 59 to 7070 mg/l. All parameters exhibit higher
degree in station I & II (Punnaikayal Mouth and Pazhayakayal Mouth) and
low level in station V nearby Eral river bridge.

Arockia
Copy Right, IJAR, 2014,. All rights reserved.

Introduction
Water is one of the most valuable natural resources on earth, and is essential for every living organism.
Human history is tied directly or indirectly to fresh water source such as lakes, rivers and estuaries. Human beings as
well as other terrestrial and adequate life forms are sensitive to changes in the quality of the fresh water supply.
Changes in properties such as total dissolved solid, pH and dissolved oxygen in particular affect the mortality of
aquatic life. The characteristics of both natural weathering process and anthropogenic activities can have a
significant impact on water quality. Rain fall tends to dissolve and carry away minerals and contaminants found in
the soil and the atmosphere. (Lawrence.b 2010).
People mostly depend on water for agricultural and domestic purposes. But with rapid growing population
and urbanization, different activities like unplanned building and encroachment, clearing of riparian vegetation
along the river banks, disposal of waste materials in river and unwise mining of construction materials from the
rivers are commonly observed in rivers. Human as well as natural phenomena are responsible for bringing
disturbances in the river system (Gyawali etal. 2011).

The water quality of river and lakes changes with the seasons and geographic areas, even when there is no
pollution present. Water quality guidelines provide basic scientific information about water quality parameters and
ecologically relevant toxicological threshold values to protect specific water uses. Important physical and chemical
parameters influencing the quality environment are pH, turbidity, ec, tds and hardness. These parameters are the
limiting factors for the survival of aquatic organism (flora and fauna). Poor water quality may be caused by low
water flow, municipal effluents and industrial discharges (Lawson,EO. 2011).

Materials and methods

Thamirabharani River is one of the most important aquatic resources in southern Tamilnadu especially
Tirunelveli and Tuticorin Districts. This river originated from Agastiar Mountain of Western Ghats, and reaches the
Bay of Bengal Punnaikayal and Pazhayakayal Estuarine, part of Gulf of Mannar. Study area thamirabarani Estuarine
is located between latitude 8.641316N, longitude 78.127298E.

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This study was carried out from 2011 to 2013 and surface water samples were collected from five different
stations in and around thamirabharani estuary. Five different stations namely Station I Punnaikayal Mouth, Station II
Pazhayakayal Mouth, Station III Sernthapoomangalam river area, Station IV Mukkani river bridge area and Station
V Eral River bridge area. Station I and Station II are brackish water area and reaming Stations III, IV and V are
fresh water area.
Samples were collected during early morning time of Summer, Pre-Monsoon, Monsoon and Post-Monsoon.
All parameters were estimated in the laboratory by using standard method as prescribed by WHO.

Results & Discussion

The result of water quality parameters of water samples from five stations in Thamirabarani estuarine are
presented in tables
Turbidity
The turbidity is one of the key factors in aquatic habitat. Turbidity occurs due to organic and / or inorganic
constituents. It measures water clarity, which allows sunlight to penetrate to a great depth. The main source of
turbidity is erosion, living organism and those from human activity. This present study results are given at table and
figure 1.
Table 1: Seasonal variation of turbidity level at station 1- 5
Stations

station 1
station 2
station 3
station 4
station 5

TURBIDITY(NTU)

Year
2011 -2012
2012 - 2013
2011 -2012
2012 - 2013
2011 -2012
2012 - 2013
2011 -2012
2012 - 2013
2011 -2012
2012 - 2013

Pre Monsoon
1.0
1.2
2.2
1.0
3.0
0.9
3.6
1.0
3.8
1.3

Monsoon
2.4
2.9
2.2
2.6
3.0
1.9
3.6
1.5
4.0
1.8

Post Monsoon
1.0
1.9
2.1
1.7
1.9
1.1
1.4
0.9
1.1
0.8

Summer
1.4
1.7
1.2
1.4
1.1
0.9
1.4
0.7
1.9
0.6

Fig 1: Seasonal variation of turbidity level at station 1- 5

TURBIDITY
TURBIDITY Pre Monsoon

TURBIDITY Monsoon

TURBIDITY Post Monsoon

TURBIDITY Summer

1.4
1.0
2.4

1.7
1.9
2.9

1.0

1.2

1.2
2.1
2.2
2.2

1.4
1.7
2.6
1.0

1.1
1.9
3.0
3.0

0.9
1.1
1.9
0.9

1.4
1.4
3.6

0.7
0.9
1.5

1.9
1.1
4.0

0.6
0.8
1.8

3.6

1.0

3.8

1.3

2011 - 2012 - 2011 - 2012 - 2011 - 2012 - 2011 - 2012 - 2011 - 2012 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013
station 1

station 2

station 3

station 4

station 5

Prasanna and Ranjan (2010) have reported, Turbidity value varied from 1.89 to 112.75 NTU. The
maximum being at station I in monsoon period and the minimum at station V in the pre-monsoon period at Dhamra

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Estuary. In this present study, turbidity of the water fluctuated from 0.6 to 4.0. The maximum value 4.0 was
recorded in 2011-2012 monsoon at station V and minimum value 0.6 was recorded in 2012 2013 summer at station
V. During the monsoon time the level of turbidity is very high due to the estuarine received rain water along with
industrial waste and manmade waste. In summer, low level of turbidity was observed it may be due to the low level
of inflow of fresh water.
Electrical conductivity
Electrical conductivity is another key factor that determines the quality of water. Electrical Conductivity
indicates the presence of ions within the water, usually due to in majority saline water and in part, leaching. It can
also indicate industrial discharge, tidal and wind velocity. The results are given in this table and figure 2.
Table 2: Seasonal variation of electrical conductivity at station 1- 5
ELECTRICEL CONDUCTIVITY
(mh.s)
Stations Year

station 1
station 2
station 3
station 4
station 5

Pre Monsoon

Monsoon

Post Monsoon

Summer

2011 -2012

77400

65600

48500

67600

2012 - 2013

98000

93100

93100

97755

2011 -2012

81600

73100

33300

59400

2012 - 2013

86000

81700

81700

85785

2011 -2012

1855

1622

2510

5690

2012 - 2013

9350

8800

8800

9240

2011 -2012

782

634

420

1880

2012 - 2013

3680

3400

3400

3570

2011 -2012

300

244

290

215

2012 - 2013

440

410

410

431

Fig 2: seasonal variation of electrical conductivity at station 1- 5

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
120000

ELECTRICEL
CONDUCTIVITY Pre
Monsoon

Axis Title

100000
80000

ELECTRICEL
CONDUCTIVITY Monsoon

60000
40000

ELECTRICEL
CONDUCTIVITY Post
Monsoon

20000
0
0

10

15

ELECTRICEL
CONDUCTIVITY Summer

Axis Title

Satheeshkumar and Anisa khan 2009 have observed at Pondicherry Mangroves, High EC was recorded
during post monsoon and relatively low value were at all stations during monsoon. In this present study EC ranged
from 215 to 98000. The higher value 98000 was obtained on 2012-2013 during Pre-Monsoon at station I and low
value 215 was obtained on 2011-2012 during summer at Station V. In pre- monsoon, action of wind velocity and

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tidal energy are high. Hence electrical conductivity level may be high in this time. During the summer, EC level
very low it may be due to absence of wind velocity.
pH
pH is the common and important parameter of any aquatic ecosystem. It also indicates the fertility or
potential productivity of water. If the pH value falls in below 4 or above 9 everything is dead. The pH results are
given the table and figure 3
Table 3: Seasonal variation of pH level at station 1- 5
Stations

station 1
station 2
station 3
station 4
station 5

PH

Year

Pre Monsoon

Monsoon

Post Monsoon

Summer

2011 -2012

8.1

8.1

7.6

8.1

2012 - 2013

7.9

8.1

8.2

8.1

2011 -2012

7.8

7.8

7.9

8.0

2012 - 2013

8.1

8.2

8.2

8.2

2011 -2012

7.6

7.6

7.8

7.8

2012 - 2013

7.9

8.0

8.1

8.0

2011 -2012

7.5

7.5

7.6

7.6

2012 - 2013

7.6

7.8

7.9

7.6

2011 -2012

6.9

6.9

7.4

7.4

2012 - 2013

7.2

7.6

7.7

7.5

Fig. 3: seasonal variation of pH level at station 1- 5

PH
8.1
7.6
8.1
8.1

8.1
8.2
8.1
7.9

8.0
7.9
7.8
7.8

8.2
8.2
8.2
8.1

7.8
7.8
7.6
7.6

8.0
8.1
8.0
7.9

7.6
7.6
7.5
7.5

7.6
7.9
7.8
7.6

7.4
7.4
6.9
6.9

7.5
7.7
7.6
7.2

2011 - 2012 - 2011 - 2012 - 2011 - 2012 - 2011 - 2012 - 2011 - 2012 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013
station 1

station 2

station 3

station 4

PH Pre Monsoon

PH Monsoon

PH Post Monsoon

PH Summer

station 5

Soundarapandian etal 2009 have measured at Uppanar Estuary. He explained, High value of PH during
summer was due to the uptake of CO2 by photosynthesizing organisms. The low PH observed during the month of
January to March may be due to the influence of fresh water influx, dilution of sea water, low temperature and
organic matter decomposition. In this present study, pH range from 6.9 to 8.2. The highest value 8.2 was recorded in
2012 2013 at all seasons from station I & II and the lowest value 6.9 was recorded I 2011 2012 on pre monsoon
and monsoon from station I. During summer, pH is very high it could be due to absence of rainfall. High level of pH
may be affect the flora and fauna of this ecosystem. During the monsoon, pH is very low due to fresh water floating
and heavy rainfall. Low level of pH is ideal for plants and animals.
Total Dissolved Solids(TDS)

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The total solids measures both dissolved and suspended solids. There are six major types of solids like
silts, clay, soil runoff, plankton, industrial waste and sewage. The total dissolved solids (TDS) in water consist of
inorganic salts and dissolved materials. In natural waters, salts are chemical compounds of anions such as
carbonates, chlorides (Cl2), sulphates (SO4), nitrates (No4) and cations such as potassium (K), magnesium (Mg),
calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na). The results are given this table and figure 4
Table 4: Seasonal variation of total dissolved solids (tds) at station 1- 5
Stations

station 1
station 2
station 3
station 4
station 5

TOTAL DISOLVED SOLIDS(mg/lit)

Year

Pre Monsoon

Monsoon

Post Monsoon

Summer

2011 -2012

44600

52600

32980

45292

2012 - 2013

58653

64600

58653

60608

2011 -2012

49700

55480

22640

39798

2012 - 2013

51471

56700

51471

53187

2011 -2012

1100

1250

1910

3812

2012 - 2013

5544

6170

5544

5729

2011 -2012

430

525

285

1260

2012 - 2013

2142

2465

2142

2213

2011 -2012

165

200

195

144

2012 - 2013

258

290

258

267

Fig 4: Seasonal variation of TDS at station 1- 5

TDS
300000

Axis Title

250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
2011 - 2012 - 2011 - 2012 - 2011 - 2012 - 2011 - 2012 - 2011 - 2012 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013
station 1

station 2

station 3

station 4

station 5

Prasanna and Ranjan 2010 have reported the maximum range of TDS during the month of April and May
and the minimum range during January and February at Dhamra Estuary. In this present study, amount of TDS
ranges from 144 to 64600. The maximum value 64600 was analyzed from 2012 -2013 during Monsoon at station I
and minimum value was analyzed from 2011 2012 on summer at station V. During the monsoon, TDS level is
very high because of heavy rainfall. In summer, TDS level is very low it may be due to the low inflow of fresh
water.

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Hardness
Table 5: seasonal variation of hardness at station 1- 5
Stations

station 1
station 2
station 3
station 4
station 5

HARDNESS(mg/lit)

Year

Pre Monsoon

Monsoon

Post Monsoon

Summer

2011 -2012

6565

6100

4444

5630

2012 - 2013

7012

6740

6875

7070

2011 -2012

6706

6210

3028

4670

2012 - 2013

6670

6390

6518

6648

2011 -2012

263

221

464

532

2012 - 2013

707

656

669

683

2011 -2012

162

148

103

198

2012 - 2013

434

410

418

427

2011 -2012

71

59

83

90

2012 - 2013

101

96

98

100

Fig. 5: seasonal variation of hardness level at station 1- 5

HARDNESS
30000

Axis Title

25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
2011 - 2012 - 2011 - 2012 - 2011 - 2012 - 2011 - 2012 - 2011 - 2012 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013
station 1

station 2

station 3

station 4

station 5

Prasanna and Ranjan 2010 have analyzed at Dhamra Estuary, the hardness ranged from 969.68 to
5655.24mg/l, the highest and lowest were recorded at Station I and Station VI. It might be due to the dissolution of
the land derived carbonates and bicarbonates in the water. In this present study, the value of hardness is measured
from 59 to 7070. The highest value 7070 was recorded during 2012 2013 on summer at station I and lowest value
59 was recorded on 2011 2012 during monsoon at station V. During summer, high level of hardness is present in
the water because of dry weather and absence of water floating. This hardness may affect the photosynthesis and
aquatic ecosystem. In monsoon, hardness is very low due to rainfall and water floating.

Conclusion
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Physicochemical parameters affected the primary production in different seasons The primary production
varied from season to season with the load of nutrient in addition to phytoplankton species. The physicochemical
characteristics of river water in the study area suggested that Thamirabarani River is contaminated by various
effluents. If proper measures are taken for the treatment of sewage before discharge and restrictions are put on
various anthropogenic activities upstream, the estuary would remain healthy in the long run.

Acknowledgement
I would like to thank Dr. G. Lakshmanan, Associate Professor and Head, Department of Zoology,
Tiruchendur for the constant encouragement and advice in various stages of this work. I thank to Mr. Rajkumar,
Junior Water Analyst, TWAD Board for providing Lab facilities towards sample analysis. My sincere thanks to my
friends and family members for providing the moral support for finishing this work.

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