0610 - Peds Acne Fea
0610 - Peds Acne Fea
0610 - Peds Acne Fea
Management of
Mild to Moderate
Pediatric Acne Vulgaris
Successful management of acne vulgaris requires a comprehensive approach to patient care.
By Joseph B. Bikowski, MD
s a chronic, inflammatory skin disorder affecting susceptible pilosebaceous units of the face,
neck, shoulders, and upper trunk, acne presents unique challenges for patients and clinicians. Characterized by both non-inflammatory and
inflammatory lesions, three types of acne have been
identified: neonatal acne, infantile acne, and acne
vulgaris; pediatric acne vulgaris is the focus of this
article. Successful management of mild to moderate
acne vulgaris requires a comprehensive approach to
patient care that emphasizes 1.) education, 2.) proper skin care, and 3.) targeted therapy aimed at the
underlying pathogenic factors that contribute to
acne. Early initiation of effective therapy is essential
to minimize the emotional impact of acne on a
patient, improve clinical outcomes, and prevent
long-term sequelae, such as scarring.1,2
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seek treatment, males tend to have more severe presentations. Acne typically begins between seven and
10 years of age and peaks between the ages of 16-19
years. A majority of patients clear by 20-25 years of
age, however some patients continue to have acne
beyond 40 years of age. So-called adult acne, persisting beyond the early-to-mid 20s, is more common
in women than in men. Given the hormonal mediators involved, acne onset correlates better with
pubertal age than with chronological age.
Acne Assessment
While several different acne grading scales have
been used in clinical trials, no standard method for
acne grading has been adopted into practice. The
Basic Acne Severity Index is a proposed method for
assessing acne severity based upon lesion type, number, and location.11
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Neck
Torso
Shoulders
Chest
Back
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Patient Education
Inform patients that although acne cannot
be cured (i.e., taken away so that it never
comes back), it certainly can be controlled.
Setting appropriate expectations is important, including how long it will take treatment to take effect and the likely duration
of treatment. Note that the typical patient
may anticipate just six months of treatment
or less.12 Treatment must be used on a consistent basis, despite a common perception
among teens that acne is a transient disease.20 Initial results from therapies can be
expected in about four to six weeks. To
achieve best results with any regimen will
require eight to 16 weeks.
Advise patients to discontinue all overthe-counter skincare programs and therapies: No soaps, astringents, cleansers,
fresheners, toners, scrubs, facial masks or
cosmetic skin care programs. Given that
only a relatively small proportion of the
estimated population affected by acne
May/June 2010 |
seeks treatment from a physician, it seems reasonable to assume that a majority of patients have
tried over-the-counter therapies.21 Had non-prescription remedies provided benefit, the patient
would not be in the office, therefore, he or she
should be willing to abandon those therapies.
Dispel common myths related to the role of dirt,
hygiene, and diet in causing acne. If a patient insists
that particular fatty foods exacerbate acne, suggest
that the patient undertake attempt to eat a healthier
diet, as there is no known detriment to the avoidance of high-fat snacks.
Questions frequently arise regarding cosmetics and
acne. In the past, researchers used animal models to
test the comedogenic potential of raw materials used
in cosmetics, and the term acne cosmetica was
coined to describe acne suspected to be caused by
cosmetic products. However, new evidence suggests
that finished products formulated with comedogenic
ingredients may not induce acne.22 Patients may,
therefore, continue to use foundation, setting powder,
blush, eye color, lip color, and any other cosmetics
they wish. Despite the rarity of acne cosmetica,
patients may feel more confident choosing cosmetics
labeled as non-comedogenic/non-acnegenic.
Skin Care
Proper skin care is essential to support therapeutic
outcomes and help minimize possible side effects
of topical therapy. Moisturizers are known to provide benefits in the management of inflammatory
skin diseases and have been recognized as important adjuncts to therapy.23,24 Specifically, studies
show that concomitant use of effective moisturizers, mild cleansers and daily sunscreens enhance
skin tolerance and comfort among individuals using
topical retinoids.25
Paients should not use soap to cleanse the face or,
in the case of truncal acne, the chest and back. To
wash the face each morning and evening, a mild,
soap-free cleanser, such as Cetaphil (Galderma),
Aquanil (PersonCovey), or CeraVe (Coria), should be
applied with the fingertips and rinsed with water. A
gentle moisturizer (such as CeraVe Moisturizer
(Coria)) should be applied after cleansing.
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Medications
Topical Therapy. A majority of patients with mild to
moderate acne will be managed quite adequately
with topical therapy alone. As noted above, there are
four main pathogenic factors in acne:
Increased androgen secretion
Increased sebum production
P. acnes proliferation.
Faulty keratinization
Currently, no topical therapy is available to modulate androgen levels or androgen receptors at the follicular level, nor are there topical therapies that can
modulate sebum production. However, topical therapies are available to:
Regulate keratinization
Decrease P. acnes colonization
Inhibit associated inflammation.
Topical retinoids primarily function to regulate
hyperkeratinization, preventing the formation of
microcomedones and encouraging resolution of clinically apparent comedones. They also confer antiinflammatory effects, i.e. reducing and preventing
erythematous papules and pustules.26-30
Despite treatment guidelines indicating that topical retinoidstretinoin, adapalene, tazarotene (See
table), are appropriate for use in a majority of
patients with mild to moderate acne,1,31 data suggest
topical retinoids may be underutilized.32,33
Several topical antibacterials and antimicrobials
have been shown to decrease or eradicate P. acnes.
Topical benzoyl peroxide has demonstrated activity
against P. acnes, and has the benefit of not being
associated with promoting antibacterial resistance.
Concentration-dependant irritation has been noted,
however, data show that 2.5% and 5% concentrations confer similar efficacy to 10% benzoyl peroxide.34 Benzoyl peroxide is also shown to confer
Retin-A
Micro
Pump
0.04%,
0.1%
(Ortho
confer activity
Dermatologics)
against P. acnes and
Atralin 0.05% (Coria Laboratories)
have demonstrated
Tretin-X 0.01%, 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.1% (Triax )
anti-inflammatory
36
effects. Their use as
Differin Gel 0.1%, 0.3% (Galderma)
+
+++
Adapalene
monotherapy has
largely diminished
+
+++
Tazorac Cream 0.1% (Allergan)
Tazarotene
given the substantial
body of data showing Anti-microbial
Anticomedonal AntiAntithat use of BPO in
Effects
P. acnes inflammatory
combination with a
NeoBenz Micro (Intendis)
+
+++
Benzoyl
topical antibiotic
Benzefoam 5.3% (Onset Therapeutics)
Peroxide
confers greater effi Benzagel 5%, 10% (Sanofi-Aventis)
cacy, enhances tolerability compared to
+
+++
Clindamycin or Cleocin T 1% (Pfizer)
either agent alone,
Erythromycin Akne-mycin 2% (Coria)
and obviates concerns about develop+
+++
Clindamycin/ Duac Gel, CLI 1%/BPO 5% (Stiefel)
ing resistance.35
BenzaClin, CLI 1%/BPO 5% (Sanofi-Aventis)
Benzoyl
Several fixed-com Acanya, CLI 1.2%/BPO 2.5%(Coria)
Peroxide
bination formulations
Anticomedonal AntiAntiare available that feaOther
Effects
P.
acnes
inflammatory
ture benzoyl peroxide
along with clin Aczone gel 5% (Allergan)
+++
Dapsone
damycin. A novel
combination of ben++
Epiduo 0.1%/2.5% (Galderma)
+
+++
Adapalene/
zoyl peroxide and
BPO
adapalene is now
available for once++
+
+++
Clindamycin/ Ziana, CLI 1.2%/tretinoin 0.025% (Medicis)
daily use in the manTretinoin
agement of acne vul+ signifies secondary effect
+++ signifies primary effect
- signifies no effect
garis. In trials, adapalene-BPO fixed-dose
combination gel was more effective than either comfound that dapsone gel was safe and effective when
ponent as montherapy, with safety similar to that of
used for up to 12 months.38
37
each component and vehicle.
Optimal treatment of acne depends on the initiaTopical dapsone, a relative newcomer to the martion of therapy aimed at multiple pathogenic feaket, is the first primarily anti-inflammatory topical
tures of the disease, and the majority of patients
treatment for acne. Analysis of pooled data from
with mild to moderate acne are best treated with a
three studies involving 1,306 patients age 12 to 15
combination of topical therapies.1,31,39 Given the
May/June 2010 |
Therapeutic Pearl: To minimize patient co-pay costs, many prescribers write for a three month supply. However, pharmacies
increasingly will not dispense multi-month prescriptions. With a
prescription for Doryx 75mg, #90; One tablet PO, QD a patient
may receive just 30 pills with instructions to return for a refill.
As noted, Doryx tablets can be broken in half without disrupting
the delayed release mechanism, thereby preserving the beneficial
GI effect profile. To save patients at least one months copay,
write for Doryx 150mg #30 and instruct the patient to split the
tablet in half, taking 75mg, which is one half tablet per, day.
Case 1
Baseline
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Week 4
Case 2
A 14-year-old male presents with grade I, II, and III, moderate to
severe acne of the face and neck.
He should be instructed to discontinue any OTC topical agents,
use sun protection daily, and to cleanse affected areas with gentle cleansers: Aquanil, CeraVe Cleanser, or Cetaphil Gentle Skin
Cleanser.
Appropriate therapy is
1. Topical:
A clindamycin/benzoyl peroxide combination: Acanya,
BenzaClin, Duac, or generic
2. Systemic
Antibiotic (minocycline or doxycycline): Doryx, Dynacin,
Minocin, Solodyn, or generic
The patient should be informed that the systemic antibiotic is
intended for short-term control of acne and the topical regimen
will be continued for long-term maintenance. Use of topical
benzoyl peroxide in conjunction with the oral antibiotic is
important to minimize reliance on the systemic agent and help
prevent bacterial resistance. If improvement is not seen at
week 4, consider referral to a dermatologist.
A retinoid:
Differin, Retin-A
Micro, Tazorac, or
generics
OR
A retinoid/BPO
combination:
Epiduo
Baseline
Week 4
May/June 2010 |
Week 8
AND
Patients treated with systemic or topical antibiotics should always undergo concomitant topical
therapy with a benzoyl peroxide-containing product,
a strategy shown to reduce the development of bacterial resistance.47 In addition, a topical retinoid is of
primary value in acne management and may be
used in conjunction with a systemic antibiotic.
Dr. Bikowski has served on the speaker's bureau or advisory
board or is a shareholder or consultant to Allergan, Coria,
Galderma, Stiefel/GlaxoSmithKline, Intendis, Medicis,
Promius, Quinnova, Ranbaxy, and Warner-Chilcott.
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| May/June 2010