IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)

e-ISSN: 2279-0853, p-ISSN: 2279-0861.Volume 14, Issue 10 Ver. VI (Oct. 2015), PP 73-82
www.iosrjournals.org

Effect of Magnesium Sulphate on intraoperative hemodynamic

responses in laparoscopic cholecystectomy
AnjumShamim1(MBBS, MD),Raja Suhail Shounthoo2(MBBS, MD),
Sabeeha Gul3 (MBBS, MD),
1.

Senior Resident, MD(Anaesthesia), Department of Anaesthesia, Government medical college srinagar,

Jammu & Kashmir, 190010, India.
2.
Postgraduate, MD(Anaesthesia), Department of Anaesthesia, Government medical college srinagar, Jammu
& Kashmir, 190010, India.
3.
Senior Resident, MD(Radiodiagnosis), Department of Radiology, Government medical college srinagar,
Jammu & Kashmir, 190010, India.

Abstract:
Background: Laryngoscopy and intubation are mandatory for patients undergoing general anesthesia. Direct
laryngoscopy and intubation along withpneumoperitoneum with carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation for
laparoscopic surgery cause afferent sympatho-adrenal response, this causes increase in blood pressure (BP),
heart rate (HR) and cardiac arrhythmias in some patients.Magnesiumsulphate has been recently shown to have
a potential to prevent such harmful responses.
Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of administration of magnesium sulphate to attenuate hemodynamic responses
due to laryngoscopy, intubation and pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic surgery.
Methods: After taking informed consent, 60 patients were systematicallyrandomised into two groups of 30 each.
Patients were kept NPO 8 hours prior and given Tablet Alprazolam 0.25mg and Omeprazole 20 mg at bed time
day before surgery and morning of surgery.Group1 received Magnesium sulphate 50 mg/kg in 250 ml of
isotonic 0.9%N.S intravenously over 15 to 20 minutes in the preoperative room and Group II ,Same volume of
isotonic 0.9%N.S iv. over 15 to 20 minutes ,before shifting the patient immediately afterwards to the operation
room.
Results: Magnesium sulphate pretreatment in a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight intravenously before
laryngoscopy and intubation effectively attenuates hemodynamic responses during intubation and
pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Conclusion: Magnesium sulphate effectively attenuates hemodynamic responses during intubation and
pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Key Words: Magnesium Sulphate, hemodynamic responses, Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

I.
Introduction:
Laryngoscopy and intubation are mandatory for patients undergoing general anesthesia. Direct
laryngoscopy and intubation causes afferent vagal stimulation and efferent sympatho-adrenal response, this
causes increase in blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and cardiac arrhythmias in some patients. These reflex
changes in cardiovascular system are most marked and lead to average increase in blood pressure by 20-40%
and increase in heart rate by 20%.[1]Usually these changes are well tolerated by healthy individuals. However
these changes may be fatal in patients with hypertension, coronary artery disease, intracranial hypertension and
aneurysms.[2]
Pneumoperitoneum with carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation for laparoscopic surgery induces abrupt
elevations of arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance with no significant change in heart rate possibly
due to an increase in intraperitoneal pressure and stimulation of the peritoneum by CO 2.and due to humoral
mediators like catecholamines, prostaglandins, the renin-angiotensin system, and vasopressin which cause an
increase in systemic vascular resistance.[3][4][5]These disturbances could be mediated both mechanically and
humorally, mechanically by increased venous resistance, compression of the abdominal aorta contributing to the
increase in cardiac afterload and tilting the patient to the head-up position reducing venous return.[6][7]
Magnesium blocks the release of catecholamines from both adrenergic nerve terminals and the adrenal
gland and i.v. magnesium sulphate inhibits catecholamine release associated with tracheal intubation .[8]
Moreover, magnesium produces vasodilatation by acting directly on blood vessels and high-dose magnesium
attenuates vasopressin-stimulated vasoconstriction and normalizes sensitivity to vasopressin. studies have
suggested that magnesium can inhibit catecholamine release in vitro and in vivo.[9] Magnesium also has
endothelium derived nitric oxide induced vasodilatory effect and produces vasodilatation by directly acting on
DOI: 10.9790/0853-141067382

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Effect of Magnesium Sulphate on intraoperative hemodynamic responses in laparoscopic...

the blood vessels by interfering with a wide range of vasoconstrictor substances.[10] Nitric oxide causes
activation of guanylcyclase and increase in cyclic guanine monophosphate, which mediates the relaxation of
vascular smooth muscles. Magnesium is now regarded first and foremost as a cardiovascular drug with calcium
antagonistic and antiadrenergic properties that may be accompanied by minimal myocardial depression.
The present study was designed primarily to study the effects of Magnesium Sulphate on patients
hemodynamic responsesbefore induction andduring pneumoperitoneumin laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

II.

Methods

After obtaining informed patient consent and approval from institutional ethical committee, this
randomized control trial was conducted between May 2010 to May2013in a tertiary care medical college
hospital. Study included 60 patients divided into two groups of 30 each, of ASA grade I and II of either sex
between the age of 18-65 years, undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia with
endotracheal intubation after a detailed preanesthetic check up
Following patients were excluded from the study;
Anticipated difficult intubation.
ASA grade III or greater.
History of consumption of antihypertensive drugs, sedatives,
Hypnotics and antidepressants preoperatively.
Pre-existing cardiovascular disease, significant respiratory, renal
And hepatic disorder.
Patients on treatment with calcium channel blockers or Magnesium.
History of drugs or alcohol abuse.
Pregnant women.
Patients were prepared by 8 hours preoperative fasting, receiving Tablet Alprazolam 0.25mg and
Omeprazole 20 mg at bed time day before surgery and morning of surgery. After obtaining informed consent,
patients were randomly allocated into two groups using computer-generated Microsoft excel programme.The
two groups of patients received the following treatment in the preoperative room, monitors were attached to the
patients and all parameters like heart rate, noninvasive blood pressure, oxygen saturation and ECG were
recorded.
Group I. Magnesium sulphate 50 mg/kg in 250 ml of isotonic 0.9% sodium chloride solution were administered
intravenously over 15 to 20 minutes in the preoperative room, immediately before induction of anesthesia.
Group II. Same volume of isotonic 0.9% sodium chloride solution intravenously over 15 to 20 minutes in the
preoperative room just before induction of anesthesia.
During the administration of the preoperative medication patients pulse, blood pressure, and oxygen
saturation were monitored. The anesthesiologistsin charge of intraoperative management and those responsible
for postoperative observation of patient were not aware of the treatment given before anesthesia in the
preoperative room (Magnesium Sulphate or normal saline).After this a Ringer lactate infusion at rate of 10ml
/kg was started through the intravenous 18G or 20G cannula inserted in a peripheral vein and patients were
shifted immediately to operation room along with proper monitoring of vitals, which is continued. Injection
Ondansetron 0.1mg/ kg and Fentanyl 0.5 g/kg was given 5 minutes before induction. After 3 minutes of
preoxygenation, anesthesia was induced with Propofol 2.0 mg/kg body weight over 30 seconds and injection
Atracurium 0.5 mg/kg body weight. All intubations were performed after 3 min, by experienced
anesthesiologist. The duration of laryngoscopy and intubation was limited to minimum possible time being
similar to all patients. Depending upon the type and duration of surgery all the patients were maintained with
33% Oxygen, 66% Nitrous oxide, 0.4% Halothane and Atracurium 5mg as intermittent boluses. Anesthesia was
supplemented with 10-20 mg Propofol if there was any sudden increase in heart rate and blood pressure. The
additional supplements were made note of in patient record form. During surgery CO2 pneumoperitoneum was
established and maintained at a pressure of around 12-14 mm Hg by an automatic insufflation unit till the
completion of surgery. The surgical technique used was identical in the two groups. Arterial pressure and heart
rate was measured before induction (baseline); after intubation, before pneumoperitoneum (P0) and at 5(P5),
10(P10), 20(P20), and 30(P30) min after commencement of insufflations.
At the end of the surgery residual neuromuscular blockade was reversed with injection Neostigmine
0.05mg/kg and injection Glycopyrolate 0.01mg/kg and patient extubated. All the observations made in the study
were compared for each parameter within the group and intergroup comparison. All the data obtained was
analyzed and subjected to subsequent statistical analysis using, student Independent T- test were intergroup
means were compared, paired T- tests for intragroup comparisons and Chi Square tests were non-parametric
data was compared.
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Effect of Magnesium Sulphate on intraoperative hemodynamic responses in laparoscopic...

III.

Results

We studied 60 patients divided into two groups of ASA grade I and II of either sex between age of 1865 years, who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation
Parameters like heart rate, noninvasive blood pressure (SBP, DBP and MAP) and oxygen saturation were
monitored before administration of study drug, after administration of study drug, before induction, after
intubation, before pneumoperitoneum and 5 ,10, 20 and 30 minutes after pneumoperitoneum in both groups.
Any adverse increase in hemodynamic response during surgery was treated by propofol administration and was
made note of.
The difference of age, sex, weight, ASA grading and duration of surgery were statistically nonsignificant. ( p> 0.05 which is not significant )

IV.

Effect On Heart Rate:

The mean SD values of heart rate in Group I and II are shown in Table No 1.
Table 1:
TIME

MEANSD
GROUP I

MEANSD
GROUP II

BEFORE MEDICATION

76.43 8.858

76.43 6.719

AFTER MEDICATION
BEFORE INDUCTION
(BASE-LINE)
AFTER INTUBATION
PN
EU BEFORE PNEUMOPERITONEUM
M
5 MINUTES AFTER
OP PNEUMOPERITONEUM
ER 10 MINUTES AFTER
IT
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
ON 20 MINUTES AFTER
EU PNEUMOPERITONEUM
M
30 MINUTES AFTER
PNEUMOPERITONEUM

76.50 9.012
75.83 8.554

76.30 7.680
74.50 7.436

76.13 8.645
76.60 8.046

98.50 6.684
78.17 6.347

75.13 8.705

77.77 7.947

76.43 8.916

78.50 5.824

77.13 7.938

78.07 7.007

75.53 8.464

78.60 6.856

The values before medication, after medication and before induction (baseline) were comparable with
no statistical significant difference among them. There was an increase in heart rate in Group II (control) only
at, after intubation, due to laryngoscopy and intubation, which was statistically significant. It was gradually and
uneventfully corrected with administration of Halothane. No such change was seen in Group I (Magnesium
sulphate group).
Heart rates at different time intervals during insufflations (upto 30 min) remained comparable within
the two groups as shown in Table No 2.
Table 2: Inter Group comparison ( Ivs II ) of Mean Heart rate (min-1)
TIME

MEANSD
GROUP I

MEANSD
GROUP II

BEFORE MEDICATION
AFTER MEDICATION
BEFORE INDUCTION
(BASE-LINE)
AFTER INTUBATION
PNEU
MOP
BEFORE
ERIT
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
ONEU
5 MINUTES AFTER
M
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
10 MINUTES AFTER
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
20 MINUTES AFTER
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
30 MINUTES AFTER
PNEUMOPERITONEUM

76.43 8.858
76.50 9.012
75.83 8.554

76.43 6.719
76.30 7.680
74.50 7.436

Group I vs II
't' value
p value
0.000
1.000
0.093
0.927
0.644
0.522

76.13 8.645
76.60 8.046

98.50 6.684
78.17 6.347

11.211
0.837

0.000
0.406

75.13 8.705

77.77 7.947

1.224

0.226

76.43 8.916

78.50 5.824

1.063

0.292

77.13 7.938

78.07 7.007

0.483

0.631

75.53 8.464

78.60 6.856

1.542

0.128

Unpaired (independent) 't' test ( NS: p > 0.05; Not Significant; p < 0.05; Significant;) .The difference in
mean heart rates at various intervals was found to be statistically significant only at, after intubation, rest
were non significant.

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Effect of Magnesium Sulphate on intraoperative hemodynamic responses in laparoscopic...

This shows magnesium sulphate attenuated the hemodynamic response of increase in heart rate during
intubation. This observation was similar to James et al study , which concluded that magnesium sulfate
attenuates the catecholamine mediated responses after tracheal intubation improving control of heart rate and
blood pressure in the magnesium group.[8]
Within group II, the changes in mean heart rate at various intervals after intubation and during
insufflations (upto 30 min.) as compared to base-line, were higher and statistically significant. Within group I
difference in mean heart rate at various intervals with respect to base-line were found to be statistically not
significant as in Table No 3.
Table 3: Intra Group comparisons (within Group I and II) of Mean Heart rate (min-1)
TIME

MEANSD
Group I

MEANSD
Group II

76.43 8.858
76.50 9.012
75.83 8.554

Intra Group p
value Compared
with BI
_
_
_

76.43 6.719
76.30 7.680
74.50 7.436

Intra Group p
value Compared
with BI
_
_
_

BEFORE MEDICATION
AFTER MEDICATION
BEFORE INDUCTION
(BASE-LINE)
AFTER INTUBATION
P
N
BEFORE
E
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
U
5 MINUTES AFTER
M PNEUMOPERITONEUM
O
10 MINUTES AFTER
P
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
E
20 MINUTES AFTER
R
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
I
30 MINUTES AFTER
T
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
O
N
E
U
M

76.13 8.645
76.60 8.046

0.398
0.407

98.50 6.684
78.17 6.347

0.000
0.017

75.13 8.705

0.481

77.77 7.947

0.030

76.43 8.916

0.555

78.50 5.824

0.005

77.13 7.938

0.247

78.07 7.007

0.009

75.53 8.464

0.806

78.60 6.856

0.003

Paired 't' test (NS: p > 0.05; Not Significant; p < 0.05; Significant; p <0.001: Highly significant. Within
group II difference in mean heart rate at various intervals compared to base-line were higher and
statistically significant. Whereas, within group I difference in mean heart rate at various intervals with
respect to base-line were found to be statistically not significant.
These results were comparable, which suggested that i.v magnesium sulphate before
pneumoperitoneum attenuates arterial pressure and heart rate increase during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. [11]
Effect On Blood Pressure
The mean SD values of systolic blood pressure (SBP) in Group I and II are shown in Table No 4.
Table 4 :
TIME
BEFORE MEDICATION
AFTER MEDICATION
BEFORE INDUCTION
(BASE-LINE)
AFTER INTUBATION
PNE
UM
BEFORE PNEUMOPERITONEUM
OPE
5 MINUTES AFTER
RIT
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
ON
10 MINUTES AFTER
EU
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
M
20 MINUTES AFTER
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
30 MINUTES AFTER
PNEUMOPERITONEUM

MEANSD
GROUP I
129.20 7.871
126.90 8.973
127.27 9.059

MEANSD
GROUP II
128.27 7.372
128.93 8.917
126.60 8.826

128.80 7.125
128.87 8.617

152.07 7.634
140.43 6.745

128.30 8.571

140.00 6.422

129.07 9.262

140.17 6.455

128.83 8.726

139.73 6.858

129.27 8.246

140.70 6.374

Above table shows differences in mean systolic blood pressure at different time intervals within and
among group I and II.

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Effect of Magnesium Sulphate on intraoperative hemodynamic responses in laparoscopic...

The values before medication, after medication and before induction (baseline) were comparable with
no statistical significant difference among them. In between the two groups the difference in mean systolic
blood pressures at various intervals after intubation and during insufflation(upto 30 min), were found to be
statistically significant, the values being higher in group II as compared to group I as in Table No 5.
Table 5 : Inter Group comparison ( I vs II ) of Mean systolic blood pressure ( mmHg )
TIME
BEFORE MEDICATION
AFTER MEDICATION
BEFORE INDUCTION
(BASE-LINE)
AFTER INTUBATION
P
N
E
U
M
O
P
E
R
I
T
O
N
E
U
M

BEFORE PNEUMOPERITONEUM
5 MINUTES AFTER
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
10 MINUTES AFTER
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
20 MINUTES AFTER
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
30 MINUTES AFTER
PNEUMOPERITONEUM

MEANSD
GROUP I
129.20 7.871
126.90 8.973
127.27 9.059

MEANSD
GROUP II
128.27 7.372
128.93 8.917
126.60 8.826

Group I vs II
't' value
p value
0.474
0.637
0.880
0.382
0.289
0.774

128.80 7.125

152.07 7.634

12.165

0.000

128.87 8.617

140.43 6.745

5.789

0.000

128.30 8.571

140.00 6.422

5.984

0.000

129.07 9.262

140.17 6.455

5.385

0.000

128.83 8.726

139.73 6.858

5.379

0.000

129.27 8.246

140.70 6.374

6.008

0.000

Unpaired (independent)'t' test (NS: p > 0.05; Not Significant; p < 0.05; Significant; p<0.001:Highly
significant). With the exception of before medication, after medication and before induction which were
non significant. The rest difference in mean systolic blood pressures at various intervals were found to be
statistically significant, the values being higher in group II as compared to group I.
This increase was corrected with the administration of halothane and propofol to avoid any adverse
consequences if and when needed.
Within group II the changes in mean systolic blood pressure at various intervals, after intubation and
during insufflation (upto 30 min) compared to base-line were statistically significant. Whereas, within group I
difference in mean systolic blood pressures at various intervals, after intubation and during insufflation with
respect to base-line were found to be statistically not significant as shown in table 6.
Table 6: Intra Group comparisons ( within Group I and II ) of Mean Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
TIME

MEANSD
Group I

MEANSD
Group II

129.20 7.871
126.90 8.973
127.27 9.059

Intra Group p
value
Compared
with BI
_
_
_

128.27 7.372
128.93 8.917
126.60 8.826

Intra Group p
value
Compared
with BI
_
_
_

BEFORE MEDICATION
AFTER MEDICATION
BEFORE INDUCTION
(BASE-LINE)
AFTER INTUBATION
PNE
UM
BEFORE
OP
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
ERI
5 MINUTES AFTER
TO
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
NE
10 MINUTES AFTER
UM
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
20 MINUTES AFTER
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
30 MINUTES AFTER
PNEUMOPERITONEUM

128.80 7.125
128.87 8.617

0.052
0.247

152.07 7.634
140.43 6.745

0.000
0.000

128.30 8.571

0.283

140.00 6.422

0.000

129.07 9.262

0.108

140.17 6.455

0.000

128.83 8.726

0.262

139.73 6.858

0.000

129.27 8.246

0.145

140.70 6.374

0.000

Paired 't' test. (NS: p > 0.05; Not Significant; p < 0.05; Significant; p <0.001: Highly significant). Shows
the intra-group comparison of mean systolic blood pressure within group I and II. Within group II
difference in mean systolic blood pressure at various intervals compared to base-line were statistically
significant. Whereas, within group I difference in mean systolic blood pressures at various intervals with
respect to base-line were found to be statistically not significant.
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Effect of Magnesium Sulphate on intraoperative hemodynamic responses in laparoscopic...

Results were comparable to study which suggested that i.v magnesium sulphate before
pneumoperitoneum attenuates increase in arterial pressures during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.[11]
The mean SD values of mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in Group I and II are shown in Table No.7
Table 7 :
TIME

MEANSD
GROUP I

MEANSD
GROUP II

BEFORE MEDICATION

69.13 8.153

70.47 6.907

AFTER MEDICATION
BEFORE INDUCTION
(BASE-LINE)
AFTER INTUBATION
P
N
BEFORE PNEUMOPERITONEUM
E
5 MINUTES AFTER
U
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
M 10 MINUTES AFTER
O
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
P
20 MINUTES AFTER
E
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
R
30 MINUTES AFTER
I
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
T
O
N
E
U
M

66.63 7.968
67.73 7.825

68.30 7.438
66.83 6.374

67.93 8.221
67.67 8.053

94.73 5.759
90.23 6.426

78.50 6.962

88.23 6.334

77.93 6.690

87.80 7.863

79.27 6.838

89.87 6.107

77.83 8.200

87.83 7.076

Above table shows differences in mean diastolic blood pressure at different time intervals within and
among group I and II.
The values before medication, after medication and before induction (baseline) were comparable with
no statistical significant difference among them. In between the two groups the difference in mean diastolic
blood pressures at various intervals after intubation and during insufflation (upto 30 min), were found to be
statistically significant, the values being higher in group II as compared to group I as in table 8.
Table 8: Inter Group comparison ( Ivs II ) of Mean diastolic blood pressure ( mmHg )
TIME
BEFORE MEDICATION

MEANSD
GROUP I
69.13 8.153

MEANSD
GROUP II
70.47 6.907

Group I vs II
't' value
p value
0.683
0.497

AFTER MEDICATION

66.63 7.968

68.30 7.438

0.838

0.406

BEFORE INDUCTION
(BASE-LINE)
AFTER INTUBATION

67.73 7.825

66.83 6.374

0.488

0.627

67.93 8.221

94.73 5.759

14.624

0.000

P
N
E
U
M
O
P
E
R
I
T
O
N
E
U
M

67.67 8.053

90.23 6.426

11.997

0.000

78.50 6.962

88.23 6.334

5.664

0.000

77.93 6.690

87.80 7.863

5.235

0.000

79.27 6.838

89.87 6.107

6.333

0.000

77.83 8.200

87.83 7.076

5.057

0.000

BEFORE
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
5 MINUTES AFTER
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
10 MINUTES AFTER
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
20 MINUTES AFTER
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
30 MINUTES AFTER
PNEUMOPERITONEUM

Unpaired (independent) 't' test

p <0.001: Highly significant)

DOI: 10.9790/0853-141067382

( NS: p > 0.05; Not Significant; p < 0.05; Significant;

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Effect of Magnesium Sulphate on intraoperative hemodynamic responses in laparoscopic...

Above table shows Observations before medication, after medication and before induction were non
significant .Rest the difference in mean diastolic blood pressures at various intervals were found to be
statistically significant .
Within group II (control), the changes in mean diastolic blood pressure at various intervals, after
intubation and during insufflation (upto 30 min) compared to base-line were statistically significant. Whereas,
within group I difference in mean diastolic blood pressures at various intervals with respect to base-line were
found to be statistically significant with exception of, after intubation and before pneumoperitoneum which were
both not significant statistically as shown in Table No 9.
Table 9 : Intra Group comparisons ( within Group I and II ) of Mean Diastolic blood pressure ( mmHg
)
TIME

MEANSD
Group I

Intra Group p
value Compared
with BI

MEANSD
Group II

BEFORE MEDICATION

69.13 8.153

70.47 6.907

Intra Group p
value
Compared
with BI
_

AFTER MEDICATION
BEFORE INDUCTION
(BASE-LINE)
AFTER INTUBATION
PN
EU
BEFORE
MO
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
PE
5 MINUTES AFTER
RIT
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
ON
10 MINUTES AFTER
EU
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
M
20 MINUTES AFTER
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
30 MINUTES AFTER
PNEUMOPERITONEUM

66.63 7.968
67.73 7.825

_
_

68.30 7.438
66.83 6.374

_
_

67.93 8.221
67.67 8.053

0.692
0.839

94.73 5.759
90.23 6.426

0.000
0.000

78.50 6.962

0.000

88.23 6.334

0.000

77.93 6.690

0.000

87.80 7.863

0.000

79.27 6.838

0.000

89.87 6.107

0.000

77.83 8.200

0.000

87.83 7.076

0.000

Within group II difference in mean diastolic blood pressure at various intervals compared to base-line
were statistically significant. Whereas, within group I difference in mean diastolic blood pressures at
various intervals with respect to base-line were found to be statistically significant with exception of, after
intubation and before pneumoperitoneum which are not significant statistically.
This shows magnesium attenuated the diastolic hemodynamic response during period of intubation and
just at time of insufflation. Results were comparable to study which suggested that i.v magnesium sulphate
before pneumoperitoneum attenuates increase in arterial pressures during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. [11] The
mean SD values of mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) in Group I and II are shown in Table No 10.
Table 10:
TIME
BEFORE MEDICATION
AFTER MEDICATION
BEFORE INDUCTION
(BASE-LINE)
AFTER INTUBATION
PNE
UM
BEFORE
OP
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
ERI
5 MINUTES AFTER
TO
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
NE
10 MINUTES AFTER
UM
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
20 MINUTES AFTER
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
30 MINUTES AFTER
PNEUMOPERITONEUM

MEANSD
GROUP I
89.07 7.230
86.43 7.257
87.70 6.944

MEANSD
GROUP II
89.47 6.010
88.77 6.621
86.43 6.151

88.00 6.628
87.80 6.845

114.43 5.380
106.50 5.380

95.50 6.601

104.93 4.748

95.80 7.572

105.23 5.507

96.00 6.417

106.43 4.953

95.67 6.200

105.33 5.333

Above table shows differences in mean arterial pressure at different time intervals within and among
group I and II.

DOI: 10.9790/0853-141067382

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Effect of Magnesium Sulphate on intraoperative hemodynamic responses in laparoscopic...

The values before medication, after medication and before induction (baseline) were comparable with
no statistical significant difference among them. In between the two groups the difference in mean arterial blood
pressures at various intervals after intubation and during insufflations (upto 30 min), were found to be
statistically significant, the values being higher in group II as compared to groupI as shown in Table No 11.
Table 11: Inter Group comparison ( Ivs II ) of Mean Arterial Pressure ( mmHg )
TIME
BEFORE MEDICATION
AFTER MEDICATION
BEFORE INDUCTION
(BASE-LINE)
AFTER INTUBATION
PNE
UMO BEFORE
PERI PNEUMOPERITONEUM
TON
5 MINUTES AFTER
EUM
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
10 MINUTES AFTER
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
20 MINUTES AFTER
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
30 MINUTES AFTER
PNEUMOPERITONEUM

MEANSD
GROUP I
89.07 7.230
86.43 7.257
87.70 6.944

MEANSD
GROUP II
89.47 6.010
88.77 6.621
86.43 6.151

Group I vs II
't' value
p value
0.233
0.817
1.301
0.198
0.748
0.458

88.00 6.628
87.80 6.845

114.43 5.380
106.50 5.380

16.960
11.764

0.000
0.000

95.50 6.601

104.93 4.748

6.354

0.000

95.80 7.572

105.23 5.507

5.519

0.000

96.00 6.417

106.43 4.953

7.050

0.000

95.67 6.200

105.33 5.333

6.475

0.000

Unpaired (independent) 't' test

NS: p > 0.05; Not Significant; p< 0.05; Significant; p <0.001: Highly significant
Table shows the Observations before medication, after medication and before induction were non
significant .Rest the difference in mean arterial pressures at various intervals were found to be
statistically significant after intubation and insufflations.
Within group II difference in mean arterial blood pressure at various intervals, after intubation and
during insufflation (upto 30 min) compared to base-line were statistically significant as shown in Table No 12.
Table 12: Intra Group comparisons
TIME

MEANSD
Group I

Intra Group p value

Compared with BI

MEANSD
Group II

BEFORE MEDICATION

89.07 7.230

89.47 6.010

Intra Group p
value Compared
with BI
_

AFTER MEDICATION
BEFORE INDUCTION
(BASE-LINE)
AFTER INTUBATION
PN
EU
BEFORE
MO PNEUMOPERITONEUM
PE
5 MINUTES AFTER
RIT PNEUMOPERITONEUM
ON
10 MINUTES AFTER
EU
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
M
20 MINUTES AFTER
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
30 MINUTES AFTER
PNEUMOPERITONEUM

86.43 7.257
87.70 6.944

_
_

88.77 6.621
86.43 6.151

_
_

88.00 6.628
87.80 6.845

0.564
0.871

114.43 5.380
106.50 5.380

0.000
0.000

95.50 6.601

0.000

104.93 4.748

0.000

95.80 7.572

0.000

105.23 5.507

0.000

96.00 6.417

0.000

106.43 4.953

0.000

95.67 6.200

0.000

105.33 5.333

0.000

Paired 't' test ( NS: p > 0.05; Not Significant; p < 0.05; Significant; p <0.001: Highly significant). Within
group II difference in mean arterial blood pressure at various intervals compared to base-line were
statistically significant. Whereas, within group I difference in mean arterial blood pressures at various
intervals with respect to base-line were found to be statistically significant with exception of, after
intubation and before pneumoperitoneum which are not significant statistically.
Whereas, within group I difference in mean arterial blood pressures at various intervals with respect to
base-line were found to be statistically significant with the exception of the measurements, after intubation and
before pneumoperitoneum which were not significant statistically as shown in Table No 12,the results being
comparableconfirming the attenuating response of magnesium sulphate on blood pressures during laparoscopic
insufflations.[11] Table 13 showed Propofol consumption distribution amongst the two groups. There was not
much variation in Propofol consumption in the two groups. The results were not statistically significant.
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Effect of Magnesium Sulphate on intraoperative hemodynamic responses in laparoscopic...

Table 13: Inter Group comparison ( Ivs II ) of Propofol consumption (mg)
GROUPS

RANGE

MEAN

I
(N=30)
II
(N=30)

0-20

4.67

STANDARD
DEVIATION ( )
7.761

0-20

5.00

7.768

STATISTICAL
INFERENCE
t value= 0.166
P Value= 0.869

REMARKS

NS

T test
NS= Not Significant (p> 0.05; Not Significant;
p < 0.05; Significant;
p <0.001: Highly
significant). The above table shows Propofol consumption distribution amongst the two groups. There is
not much variation in Propofol consumption in the two groups. The results are not statistically
significant.

V.
Discussion:
Direct laryngoscopy and intubation causes afferent vagal stimulation and efferent sympatho-adrenal
response, this causes increase in blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and cardiac arrhythmias in some patients.
The changes in cardiovascular system are significant and lead to average increase in blood pressure by 20-40%
and increase in heart rate by 20%.[1] However these changes may be fatal in patients with hypertension, coronary
artery disease, intracranial hypertension and aneurysms .[2]
Investigating the ability of magnesium to control cardiovascular disturbances and inhibit the
release of catecholamines at the time of intubation in otherwise healthy subjects concluded that magnesium
sulfate attenuates the catecholamine mediated responses after tracheal intubation , probably due to a
combination of vasodilatory effects of the ion and inhibition of catecholamine release. [8]
Above results were similar to studies involving administration of magnesiumsulphate before the
peritoneal insufflation of CO2 attenuate the arterial pressure increase in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. [13] This
attenuation results from reduced neurohumoral changes with magnesium. Similar studies concluded use of
magnesium sulfate reduced opioid consumption for pain and hemodynamic control after thoracotomy
operations.[14] Also during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, carbon dioxide is commonly used to create
pneumoperitoneum (PP).[15][16]Causing adverse cardiovascular effects.[17]Leading to the release of
catecholaminesfrom both adrenergic nerve terminals and the adrenal gland which magnesium is effectively
blocks.[18] In addition to catecholamines, vasopressin is a major contributor to the hemodynamic changes
induced by PP. The high concentrations of vasopressin measured during pneumoperitoneum have been shown to
be sufficient to have significant cardiovascular effects. [19][20] Magnesium attenuates this vasopressin stimulated
vasoconstriction effectively too.[21]
VI.

Conclusion:

Magnesium Sulphate administered at induction attenuates haemodynamic responses at intubation and

during pneumoperitoneum in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments
No funding from any agency, support of ICU staff and OT staff is greatly appreciated. The authors
dedicate the great appreciation to Dr Daljit Singh Charak. Professor Department of Anesthesia, ASCOMS,
Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, India.

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