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LIBRARY
DAVID O. MCKAY

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DATE DUE
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DEMCO,

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in

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Brigham Young University- Idaho

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IPPE TOTEC,

GOD OF SILVERSMITHS,

IN

FULL COSTUME.

HYMN

XV.

TON

LIBRARY OF

AMERICAN LITERATURE.

NUMBER

VIII.

Americanus.

>F

THE ANCIENT MEXICANS,

LOSS IN NAHUATL.

\RAPHRASE, NOTES AND

WI

ABULARY,

BY

MTON,
and

A.M., M.D.,

Linguistics

sylvania.

PHILADELPHIA
D. G.

BRINTON,
1890.

in

the

University

brinton's

library of

aboriginal american literature.

number

viii.

Rig Veda Americanus.

SACRED SONGS OF THE ANCIENT MEXICANS,

WITH A GLOSS

IN

NAHUATL.

EDITED, WITH A PARAPHRASE, NOTES AND

VOCABULARY,

DANIEL

G.

of American

IJRINTON. A.M., M.D.,

Archaology and Linguistic*

of Pennsylvania.

PHILADELPHIA
I).

G.

BR]

NTO X.

in

the

<

LIBRARY
OF

Aboriginal American
Literature.
No. VIII.

EDITED BY

D. G.

BRINTON, M.D.

PHILADELPHIA.
1890.

PRESS OF WM.
1220-24-

F.

FEU. & CO.,

SANSOM STREET,

PHILADELPHIA.

1.37J32

THE LIBRARY
OF

ABORIGINAL AMERICAN LITERATURE,

intended for the publication of works written in the Aboriginal tongues
of

America by native (Indian) authors, edited

at present the following volumes

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VEDA AMERICANOS.

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OPINIONS AND PRESS NOTICES.

" It is to be hoped that the Indian publications which Dr. Brinton is issuing will meet
with a wide circle of readers, and that others besides scholars of this department will
interest themselves to aid the work he has so vigorously and successfully begun."

H. Toy,

Prof. C.

"

The

in the

efforts of

American Journal of Philology

Dr. Brinton should be welcomed by

all

antiquarian students, for they

are not only original contributions, but are presented in a readable and interesting

manner.''

The American Antiquarian.

" Scholars everywhere should vie with each other

The Kansas City Review.
prise of Dr. Brinton."

in

encouraging

this

laudable enter-

"Around the red man/ native to America, there clusters an ever-deepening interest,
and the desire to know more concerning him increases every day. Such books as those
which Dr. Brinton has given to the public are well adapted to meet these requirements."
The Chautauquan.
'

"

We

must repeat our thanks

express our sincere wishes for

its

to

Dr. Brinton for this excellent

To

success.

all

available material

Brinton's Library muss

Ranges bezeichnet werden.
Wiener Anthropol. Gesell.

"On

is

exhausted."

in ihrer soliden

Prof.

ne peut que remercier

le

and again

and we hope that their publication will be

Notes and Queries, London.

these volumes are of the highest interest;

continued until

series,

the antiquary, philologist and ethnologist

Ausfuhrung

als ein

Quellenwerk ersten

Friedrich Miiller, of Vienna, in the Mittheil. der

savant professeur de Philadelphie pour cette excellente

mene si activement, aura certainement pour

aux Etats-Unis le gout des etudes historiques Americaines. M.
Brinton aura ainsi rendu un signale service a l'ethnographie et a l'archseologie du
nouveau continent." Desire Charnay, in the Revue d' Ethnographie.
edition.

L'oeuvre qu'il a entreprise et qu'il

resultat de repandre

We hope that Dr. Brinton will receive every encouragement in his labors to disclose
Americans these literary antiquities of the Continent. He eminently deserves it,
both by the character of his undertaking and the quality of his work."
The American
"

to

(Philadelphia).

In 1885 the Societe Americaine de France decreed the bestowal of a medal

following

"Une
velle de

terms:

upon the editor of

this

series,

in

the

Medaille de la Societe Americaine d'apres une composition nou-

M.

le statuaire

Hegel, a M.

adelphie, delegue general de

1'

le

Docteur Daniel G. Brinton, a Phil-

Alliance Scientifique Universelle pour les

nombreux
Nouveau Monde."

Etats-Unis, qui, dans ces derniers temps, s'est place par ses

savants travaux au premier rang des Americanistes du

Rapport Annuel sur

les

Recompenses

et

Encouragements

et

Paris, 1885.

For copies or further particulars, address the general editor,

DR. D.
2041

Chestnut

St.,

G. BRINTON,
Philadelphia, Penna.

PREFACE.

In accordance with the general object of this series of

volumes

which

to furnish materials for study rather

is

than to offer completed studies

this

of

number the

American

acter, I

From

religious lore.

Veda Americanus,

have prepared

for

most ancient authentic record

text of the

have ventured to

its

antiquity and char-

call this little collection

after the

Rig

the

similar cyclus of sacred

hymns, which are the most venerable product of the

Aryan mind.

As for my attempted
I

offer

translation of these mystic chants

with the utmost reserve.

it

height of temerity in
difficulties

me

which one so

It

to pretend to

would be the
have overcome

Na-

familiar with the ancient

huatl as

Father Sahagun intimated were beyond his

powers.

All that

of the Gloss
gestions

and

hope

to have achieved

is,

by the

not always in conformity to

to give a general idea of the sense

its

aid

sug-

and pur-

port of the originals.

The
texts

desirability of preserving

seems

to

me

to be manifest.

undoubtedly authentic

spirit

and publishing these

They reveal

to us the

of the ancient religion; they

iii

PREFACE.

IV

show us the language

in its

most archaic form

they

preserve references to various mythical cycli of importance to the historian

in

and they

illustrate the alterations

the spoken tongue adopted in the esoteric dialect of

the priesthood.

Such considerations

will, I trust, attract

the attention of scholars to these fragments of a lost

literature.

In the appended Vocabulary

have inserted only

those words and expressions for which

correct

or, at least,

have to be

left

probable

renderings.

to future investigators.

can suggest
Others

will

CONTENTS.
PAGK

Preface,

Ill

Introduction

ix

I.

II.

Hymn

War

of Huitzilofochtli,

Song of the Huitznahuac,

15

19

III.

Hymn

IV.

Hymn to the All-Mother

27

V.

Hymn

to the Virgin Mothek,

31

VI.

Hymn

to the God of Fire,

33

VII.

Hymn

of Mixcoatl,

36

VIII.

Hymn

to the God of Flowers,

39

IX.

Hymn

to the Goddess of Artists,

41

X.

of Tlaloc,

Hymn to the God

22

of Fishing,

43

XI.

Hymn

of the Otomi Leader,

45

XII.

Hymn

to the Goddess of Childbirth,

47

XIII.

Hymn

to the Mother of Mortals,

49

XIV.

Hymn Sung

at a Fast every Eight Years,

XV. Hymn to a Night God,

52

56

XVI.

Hymn

to the Goddess of Food,

59

XVII.

Hymn

to the Gods of Wine,

61

XVIII.

Hymn to the Master

of Waters,

XIX. Hymn to the God of Flowers,

XX. Hymn to the God of Merchants,

63
65

67

Glossary,

69

Index,

89

LIST

OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

XirPE Totec, God of Silversmiths, in Full Costume,

Frontispiece

Priest of Xippe Totec, Drinking and Playing on a

Hymn xv

Drum,
Chicomecoatl, Goddess of Food and Drink,

....

totochtin, the rabbits, gods of the drunkards,

Hymn
hymn

Hymn

Atlaua, Singing and Dancing,

Vll

xvi
xvii

xviii

INTRODUCTION.
As

in

a previous number of the Library of Aboriginal

American Literature

have discussed

of the ancient Mexican poetry,

in detail the character

shall

confine myself at

present to the history of the present collection.

We

owe

its

preservation to the untiring industry of Father Bernardino de

Sahagun, one of the

earliest missionaries to

Mexico, and the

author of by far the most important work on the religion,

manners and customs of the ancient Mexicans.

By long

residence and close application Sahagun acquired

a complete mastery of the Nahuatl tongue.

celebrated Historia de las Cosas de la
in the native language,

and from

He composed

Nueva Espana

this original

his

primarily

wrote out a

Spanish translation, in some parts considerably abbreviated.

This incomplete reproduction

is

that

which was published

in

Spanish by Lord Kingsborough and Bustamente, and in a

French rendering with

useful notes

by Dr. Jourdanet and M.

Remi Simeon.
So

far as I

original

now

know, the only complete copy of the Nahuatl

in existence

Laurentio-Mediceana
April, 1889.

It

is

is

that preserved in the Bibliotheca

in Florence,

where

a most elaborate

and

examined

beautiful

three large volumes, containing thirteen hundred

eight illustrations, carefully

illustrative

besides
2

it

in

MS.,

in

and seventy-

drawn by hand, mostly colored,

of the native mythology, history, arts and usages,

many

elaborate head

and
ix

tail

pieces to the chapters.

INTRODUCTION.
There

another Nahuatl MS. of Sahagun's history in the

is

King of Spain

private library of the

May, 1888, and of which

examined

in

tion in the

Memoires de

eam'stes, for that year.

first

at
I

Madrid, which

published a colla-

Ameri-

la Societe Internationale des

incomplete, embracing only the

It is

books of the Histoiia, and should be considered

six

merely as a borrador or preliminary sketch for the Florentine

copy.

It

not included in the

me

amount of

material

and has been peculiarly

useful to

contains, however, a certain

latter,

in the preparation of the present

volume, as not only

affording another reading of the text, valuable for comparison,

but as furnishing a gloss or Nahuatl paraphrase of most of the

MS.

hymns, which does not appear

in

evidently the older of the two,

have adopted the readings of

the

Madrid MS.

MS.

Florentine

Neither
at

as

my

at the

text,

the Florentine

As

and given the variants of the

end of each hymn.

MS. attempts any

translation of the

That

hymns.

Madrid has no Spanish comment whatever, while

that at

Florence places opposite the hymns the following remarks,

which are
the

also

found

Appendix of

"It

is

the

in the printed copies, near the close of

Second Book of the Hisioria

an old trick of our enemy the Devil to try

to conceal

himself in order the better to compass his ends, in accordance

with the words of the Gospel,

the light.'

'

He whose deeds

are evil, shuns

Also on earth this enemy of ours has provided

himself with a dense

wood and a ground, rough and

filled

with abysses, there to prepare his wiles and to escape pursuit,

as

do wild

beasts

and venomous serpents.

these abysses are the songs

This wood and

which he has inspired

service to be sung in his honor within the temples

for his

and outside

INTRODUCTION.
of them

they

for they are so artfully

XI

composed

that they say what

but disclose only what the Devil commands, not

will,

being rightly understood except by those to

addressed.

It is, in fact,

whom

they are

well recognized that the cave,

or abysses in which this cursed

enemy

wood

hides himself, are these

songs or chants which he himself composed, and which are

sung to him without being understood except by those who

are acquainted with this sort of language.
is

that they sing

what they

please,

The consequence

war or peace, praise to the

Devil or contempt for Christ, and they cannot in the least be

understood by other men."

Lord Kingsborough

says in a note in his voluminous

on the Antiquities of Mexico

text

work

that this portion of Sahagun's

was destroyed by order of the Inquisition, and that there

was a memorandum to that

effect in the

This could scarcely have

the noble writer's possession.

ferred to a translation of the

any MS.
mates

Spanish original in

hymns,

for

none such

exists in

have consulted, or heard of; and Sahagun

in the passage

re-

inti-

quoted above that he had made none, on

account of the obscurity of the diction.

Neither does any

appear in the Florentine MS., where the text of the hymns

given in

full,

although the explanatory Gloss

This last-mentioned fact has prevented

the text of the Gloss, which in

erroneous;
strictly

but

me from

some passages

who

will

make

The Florentine MS.

divinities, or their

is

omitted.
correcting
manifestly

have confined myself to reproducing

according to the original MS., leaving

to those

is

use of

its

is

it

correction

it.

has five colored illustrations of the

symbols, which are spoken of in the chants.

These are probably copied from the native hieroglyphic books

INTRODUCTION.

Xll

in which, as

we

learn from Sahagun, such ancient songs were

preserved and transmitted.

These

illustrations I

had copied

with scrupulous fidelity and reproduced by one of the photographic processes, for the present work.

Such

is

the history of this curious document,

I

submit

it

skill to

unravel

its

brief introduction

patience and

to

those

manifold

who

and with
will

difficulties.

this

have the

RIG VEDA AMERICANA.

HYMN OF
I.

1.

HUITZILOPOCHTLI.

15

Vilzilopochtli icuic.

Vitzilopuchi, yaquetlaya, yyaconay, ynohuihuihuia:

anenicuic, tociquemitla, yya, ayya,

yya y ya

uia,

queya-

noca, oya tonaqui, yyaya, yya, yya.

2.

Tetzauiztli

ya mixtecatl, ce ymocxi pichauaztecatla

pomaya, ouayyeo, ayyayya.

3.

Ay

tlaxotla tenamitl yuitli

macoc mupupuxotiuh,

yautlatoa ya, ayyayyo, noteuh aya tepanquizqui mitoaya.

4.

Oya yeua

uel

mamauia,

in tlaxotecatl teuhtla mila-

catzoaya, itlaxotecatl teuhtla milacatzoaya.

5.

Amanteca toyauan xinechoncentlalizquiuiaycalipan

yauhtiua, xinechoncentlalizqui.
6.

Pipiteca toyauan xinechoncentlalizquiuia

ycalipan.

yautiua, xinechoncentlalizqui.
Var. 6. This verse

is

omitted in the Medicean MS.

Gloss.

1.

In ivitzilopochtli ayac nouiui, id

neneuilia, ayac iuhqui, in iuhqui.

est,

ayac nech-

Anenicuic, id

est,

amo

ca nen nonicuic, in quetzali, in chalchihuitl in ixquich

Queyanoca oya tonaqui,

ynotlatqui, togiquemitl.

id

est,

onocatonat, onocatlatuit.
2.

inic

Q.

n., tetzauiztli,

oquiyaochiuhqui

id

est,

oquintetzauito, in mixteca

oquimanilito in imicxi

in

pichau-

azteca, ioan in mixteca.

3.

Ay

tlaxotla tenamitl,

aquique yauchiuallo.

Iuitli

q. n.,

quitepeua inin tena in

macoc,

q.

;/.,

oncan quitema

HYMN OF

16
in

inic

Mopopuxotiuh yauhtlatuaya,

in ihuitl.

tigatl

HUITZILOPOCHTLI.

mopopuxoticalaqui yauc, ioan,

maca y yauyutl

q.

n. ,

q.

n.,

yeuatl quite-

tepanquizqui, mito-

quitemaceuaitia,

ayaqui yehuatl quichioa yauyutl.

Oya yeua huel mamauia, q.

tiaya in aya momochiua yauyutl.
4.

q. n.,

in

noteuh

n.,

gan oc

momamauh-

Teuhtla milacatzoaya

opeuh yauyutl, aocac momauhtica

in

iniquac ynoteuhtli moquetza ynoteuhtica tlayoa(lli).

5.

Amanteca toyauan,

q. n.,

yn iyaoan yn aquique

in

cani omocentlalique ca in calipan in yautioa ca tlatlaz

ynin
6.

cal.

Pipiteca,

xinechoncentlalizque,

toyaoan,

Yn

y yaoan mochiuhque.

pipiteca

yauyutl

in

calla

in

q.

n.,

in

mochiua

calipan.

Translation.

The Hy?nn of Huitzilopochtli.

1.

Huitzilopochtli

unto him

is first

not vainly do

the garb of our ancestors

2.

He

is

I
;

in rank,

no one, no one

sing (his praises)

I

shine

like

forth in

I glitter.

a terror to the Mixteca

coming

is

he alone destroyed the

Picha-Huasteca, he conquered them.

3.

The Dart-Hurler

is

an example

to the city, as

he

sets to

He who commands in battle is called the representative of my God.

4. When he shouts aloud he inspires great terror, the divine

work.

hurler,

the

hurler, the

god turning himself

god turning himself

in

in the

the combat, the divine

combat.

HYMN OF
5.

HUITZILOPOCHTLI.

17

me

Amanteca, gather yourselves together with

in the

house of war against your enemies, gather yourselves together

with me.
6.

Pipiteca, gather yourselves together with

me

in the

house

of war against your enemies, gather yourselves together with

me.
Notes.
Huitzilopochtli was the well-known war-god of the Azteca,

whose functions are described by Sahagun

cap. 1)

and many other

writers.

(Ifistoria, Lib.

The hymn

probably the tlaxotecuyotl, which was chanted

tion of his feast in the fifteenth

month of

dar (see Sahagun, Historia, Lib.

means "
set

his glory

and repeated
1.

"In

be established."

till

II.,
It

the

here given

I.,
is

at the celebra-

Mexican calen-

cap. 34).

The word

was commenced

at sun-

sunrise.

the garb of our ancestors " (to-citli-quemitl).

The

high priest appeared in the insignia of Quetzalcoatl, which,

says

Sahagun, "were very gorgeous."

{Hist.,

Lib.

II.,

Appendix.)
2.

Mixteca, plural of Mixtecatl, an inhabitant of Mixte-

capan, near the Pacific.

lineage, lived
3.

on the Gulf

The god was

The Huasteca, a nation of Maya

coast.

called the Hurler, as he was believed to

hurl the lightning serpent (the xiuhcoatl}.

5.

Sahagun

recites the legends

toria, Lib. IX., cap. 18).

about the Amanteca (Ifis-

Here the name

refers to the in-

habitants of the quarter called Amantlan.

6.

Pipiteca, a

nomen

class of the hearers.

gentile, referring doubtless to a certain

HYMN OF

18
This

same

to another, descriptive of the

MS.

divinity, preserved in Sahagun's

my

translation

by

in

Madrid.

Huitzilopochtli,

Can maceualli
Can tlacatl catca.

Only a

Naualli

A
A
A

subject,

Only a mortal was.

Tetzauitl

Atlacacemelle

Teixcuepani
in yaoyotl

magician,
terror,
stirrer

of

strife,

deceiver,

maker of war,

Yautecani

An

Yautlatoani

Ca itechpa mitoaya
Tepan quitlaza

That he hurled

In xiuhcoatl

His flaming serpent,

Immamalhuaztli

His

arranger of battles,

lord of battles

And

of

him

it

was said

fire stick

Quitoznequi yaoyotl

Which means war.

Teoatl tlachinolli.

Blood and burning

Auh

And when

iniquac ilhuiq'xtililoya

his festival

was celebrated,

Malmicouaya

Captives were slain,

Tlaaltilmicoaya
Tealtilaya impochteca.

Washed slaves were slain,

The merchants washed them.

Auh

And

inic

It is

side.

its

Vitzilopuchtli

Quiyocoyani

HUITZILOPOCHTLI.

hymn may be compared

as follows, with

mochichiuaya

thus he was arrayed

Xiuhcoanauale

With head-dress of green feathers,

Holding his serpent torch,

Xiuhtlalpile

Girded with a

Matacaxe

Bracelets

Tzitzile

Wearing turquoises,
As a master of messengers.

Xiuhtotonacoche catca

Oyuvale.

When

in Florence, in 1889, I

of the Nahuatl text and

Sahagun's History.
in

all

upon

belt,

his arms,

had an accurate copy made

the figures of the

The colored

first

book of

figure of Huitzilopochtli is

accordance with the above description.

WAR SONG OF THE HUITZNAHUAC.

11.

Uitznaoac yautl

Ahuia tlacochcalco

1.

auia,

icuic.

notequioa ayayui nocaquia

ya nechyapinauia, ayaca nomati,

tlacatl,

19

nitetzauiztli,

ayaca nomati niya, yautla, aquitoloc tlacochcalco

notequioa, iuexcatlatoa ay nopilchan.

Ihiya quetl tocuilechcatl quauiquemitl nepapan oc

2.

uitzetla.

Huia oholopa

3.

telipuchtla,

yuiyoc yn nomalli, ye

nimauia, ye nimauia, yuiyoc yn nomalli.

Huia uitznauac

4.

telepochtla yuiyoc,

yn nomalli, ye

nimauia, ye nimauia yuiyoc, ynomalli.

Huia

5.

yn nomalli, ye

ytzicotla telipochtla, yuiyoc,

nimauia, ye nimauia, yuiyoc yn nomalli.

Uitznauac

6.

machiyotla

teuaqui,

tetemoya, ahuia

oyatonac, yahuia oyatonac, machiyotla tetemoya.

7.

Tocuilitla

machiyotla* tetemoya, ahuia

teuaqui,

oyatonac, yahuia oyatonac

Var.

6.

uia,

machiyotla tetemoya.

Vitzanaoac teuhoaqui machiotla.

MS. Med.

The War Song of the Huitznahuac.

What ho

1.

my work

mortal, nor can any put

am

the Terror,

work

is

is

in the hall of arms, I listen to

me

know none

to

shame,

other, I

know none

am where war

said to be in the hall of arms, let

no

such,
is,

no one curse

my
my

children.
2.

Our adornment comes from

out the south,

it is

varied in

color as the clothing of the eagle.

3.

Ho

ho

abundance of youths doubly clothed, arrayed

3722

WAR SONG OF THE HUITZNAHUAC.

20

in feathers, are

my captives,

I deliver

them up,

deliver

them

my captives arrayed in feathers.

youths for the Huitznahuac, arrayed in feathers,
4. Ho
these are my captives, I deliver them up, I deliver them up,
arrayed in feathers, my captives.
5. Youths from the south, arrayed in feathers, my captives,
I deliver them up, I deliver them up, arrayed in feathers, my

up,

captives.
6.

The god

enters,

the Huitznahuac, he descends as an

example, he shines forth, he shines forth, descending as an

example.
7.

Adorned

he enters as a god, he descends as an

like us

example, he shines forth, he shines forth, descending as an

example.
Notes.

There
clear.

is

no Gloss

to this

hymn, but

its

Huitznahuac was a name applied

the great temple at Tenochtitlan, as

The word

by Sahagun.

is

we

signification seems

to several edifices in

are informed at length

a locative from huitznahua.

This

term means "magicians from the south" or "diviners with

thorns," and was applied in the Quetzalcoatl mythical cyclus
to the legendary
to

have destroyed

of this

myth

Society for

whom he is said
(See my discussion

enemies of Huitzilopochtli,
as

soon as he was born.

in Proceedings of the

1887.)

American Philosophical

Apparently to perpetuate the memory

of this exploit, the custom was, at the festival of Huitzilopochtli, for the slaves

who were

to

be sacrificed

to

form two

bands, one representing the Huitznahua and the other the

partisans of the god,
arrival of the

Btvfi

and

to slaughter each other until the

god Paynal put an end

to the

combat (Sahagun,

WAR SONG OF THE HUITZNAHUAC.

Historta, Lib. II., cap. 34).
this portion
1.

The

of the ancient

tlacochcalli,

The song

21

here given belongs to

rite.

" house of arrows"

(Jlacochtlt,

arrow,

house), was a large hall in the temple of Huitzilopochtli

calli,

where arrows, spears and other arms were kept (Sahagun, Lib.

VIIL, cap.
2.

The " adornment from

of the
3.

32).

name Hnitznahua.

the south " refers to the meaning

(See Glossary.)

Sahagun (ubi sup.) informs us that the

to die fought against free warriors,

slaves

condemned

and when any of the

latter

were captured they were promptly put to death by their captors.

HYMN OF

22

III.

Ahuia Mexico

1.

TLALOC.

Tlalloc icnic.

teutlaneuiloc

anauh-

amapanitla

campa, ye moquetzquetl, aoyequene y chocaya.

2.

Ahuia anneuaya

niyocoloc, annoteua eztlamiyaual,

aylhuicolla nic yauicaya teutiualcoya.

3.

Ahuia annotequiua

cayouh

tic

naualpilli aquitlanella

motona-

yachiuh quitla catlachtoquetl, can mitziya-

pinauia.
4.

Ahuia cana

matia, anotata

Ahuia

5.

catella

nechyapinauia anechyaca uel-

yn oquacuillo

ocelocoatl aya.

tlallocana, xiuacalco

aya quizqui aquamotla,

acatonalaya.

Ahuia xiyanouia, nahuia xiyamotecaya ay poy-

6.

auhtla,

ayauh chicauaztica, ayauicalo

tlallocanaya.

7.

Aua nacha

8.

Ahuia queyamica xinechiuaya, temoquetl

tozcuecuexi niyayalizqui aya y chocaya.

aitlatol,

aniquiya ilhuiquetl, tetzauhpilla niyayalizqui aya y chocaya.

Ahuia nauhxiuhticaya itopanecauiloc ayoc yno-

9.

ay motlapoalli, aya ximocaya ye

matia,

quetzalcalla

nepanauia ay yaxcana teizcaltequetl.

10.

Ahuia xiyanouia, ahuia xiyamotequaya ay poy-

auhtla,

ayauh chicauaztlica ayauicallo

Var.

1.

tlalloca.

Amopanitl.

Gloss.
1.

Auia Mexico

nauiloc in tlaloc.

teutlanauiloc,

q. n.,

yn Mexico

onetla-

Amapanitl annauhcampa ye moquetz-

HYMN OF
quetl, q.

n.,

amapanitl nauhcampa omoquequetz.

yeque naichocaya, id
2.

23

TLALOC.

est,

itlaocuyaya.

Auia anneuaya niyocoloc,

ynehuatl

q. n.,

Annoteua eztlamiyaual,

oniyocoloc.

Aylhuigolla,

miyaualtitiuh.

Ao-

q. n.,

ni tlalloc

noteu eztla-

q. n. f

yn umpa

ilhuigololo.

Inic yauicaya teuitualcoya, q. n. in teuitualoc.

3.
pilli,

Auia annotequiua
i.

e.,

Aquitlanella motonacayouh,

tlalloc.

teuatl ticmochiuilia in
q. n.,

4.

naualpilli, q. n. in tinoteuh naual-

motonacayouh.

teuatl ticmochiuilia

Ahuia cana

auh

q.

ft.,

Catlachtoquetl,

aquin timitzpinauia.

catella nechyapinauia, q.

pinauia ca monechuelmati.
locoatl aya,

in

ca nelli

q. n.,

n.,

catel nech-

Annotata ynoquacuillo oce-

yn notaua ioan yna quacuiloa yn

ocelo-

quacuili.
5.

Ahuia

calco,

id

tlallocana xiuacalco, q.

est,

ualquizque.

acxoyacalco.

q.

q.
n.,

tepeticpac.

Ay

poyauhtlan,

Ayauh

ayauh chicauaztica

Aua

umpa

n. }

y notauan

acatonal.

Ahuia xicanouia nauia xiyamotecaya,

ximotecati.

7.

in tlalocan xiuh-

Ayaquizqui,

Aquamotla acatonalaya,

yn oquacuiloan
6.

n.,

q. n.,

in

xiuian

q. n.,

umpa poyauhtlan

chicauaztica ayauicalo tlalocana,

q.

;/.,

in auicalo tlalocan.

nach tozcuecuexi niyayalizqui,

q.

n.,

y nach

tozcuecuex y ye niauh niman ye choca.

8.

Ahuia queyamica xinechiuaya,

q. n.,

quenamican y

ya niauh aco anechtemozque. Aniquiya ilhuiquetl

pilla niyayalizqui
pilli

ayaichocaya,

ye niyauh niman ye choca.

q. n. t

tetza-

onquilhui yn tetza-

HYMN OF

24

Ahuia nauhxiuhticaya nitopanecauiloc,

9.

xiuhtica in topanecauiloz,

Ayoc

teizcaltiquetl, q.

Ahuia xiyanouia,

caya ay poyauhtla,

Ayauh

q.

;/.,

q.

?i.,

I,

mochiuaz.

quetzalcalla

?i.,

iniaxca inic oteizcalli.

Auia xiya mote-

xiuia.

umpa

q.

71.,

poyauhtla.

ayauh chicau-

tlallocan.

Hymn

of Tlaloc.

In Mexico the god appears; thy banner

directions,

is

unfolded

the god, have returned again, I have turned again to

day grows

made

with

old, I

Thy work

am

is

that of a noble magician

truly thou hast

thou hast made thyself, and

me

does not find himself well

affront thee ?

Truly he who affronts

me

when the

beheld as a god.

thyself to be of our flesh

who dare
4.

in

and no one weeps.

the place of abundance of blood-sacrifices; there

3.

nauh-

aocmo nomatia

u.,

ximotecati in

umpa

T/ie

2.

q.

chicauaztica auicallo tlalocan,

aztica in auicallo in

all

tepan

in

q. n. t

ye qualcan ye netlamachtiloyan ynemca.

q. .,

yaxcana

1.

est,

oximoac ye

Ca

motlapoalpan.

nepanauia,

10.

id

inomatia ay motlapoalli,

iniquin

Ay

TLALOC.

my

fathers took

by the head the

tigers

and the

serpents.
5.

In Tlalocan, in the verdant house, they play at

ball,

they cast the reeds.

6.

Go

forth,

go forth to where the clouds are spread abun-

dantly, where the thick mist makes the cloudy house of Tlaloc.
7.

There with strong voice

I rise

up and cry aloud.

HYMN OF
Go

8.

25

TLALOC.

ye forth to seek me, seek for the words which

have

and cry aloud.

said, as I rise, a terrible one,

After four years they shall go forth, not to be known,

9.

not to be numbered, they shall descend to the beautiful house,

to unite together
10.

Go

forth,

and know the doctrine.

go forth

where the clouds are spread

to

abundantly, where the thick mist makes the cloudy house of

Tlaloc.

Notes.

The god Tlaloc shared with

place in the

Huitzilopochtli the

He

Mexican Pantheon.

highest

was the deity who pre-

sided over the waters, the rains, the thunder and the lightning.

The annual

honor took place about the time of

festival in his

corn -planting, and was intended to secure his favor for this
all-important crop.

Its details

are described at great length

by Diego Duran, Historia de Nueva Espana, cap.

Sahagun, Hisioria, Lib.

name
v. 5,

derived from

is

cap.

II.,

tlalli,

25,

and elsewhere.

and
His

Tlalocan, referred to in

earth.

"the place of Tlaloc," was

86,

the

name

of a mountain east

of Tenochtitlan, where the festival of the god was celebrated

but

it

had

also a mythical

meaning, equivalent to " the earthly

Paradise," the abode of happy souls.

It will

be observed that

word ayaidcalo

home

v.

10

is

a repetition of

refers to the ayauhcalli,

v. 6.

The

" house of mist," the

of the rain god, which Sahagun informs us was repre-

sented at the annual festival by four small buildings near the

water's

edge,

carefully disposed

to

face

the

four cardinal

points of the compass (Sahagun, ubi supra).

In

v.

8 the expression tetzauhpilli {tctzauhqui, to frighten)'

3

HYMN OF

26
may be

TLALOC.

explained by the figure of Tlaloc, whose statue, says

Duran, was that of un espantable monstruo, la cara muy fea

{ibid.').

The compound

in v. 10, nauhxiuhtica, "after four years,"

appears to refer to the souls of the departed brave ones, who,

according to Aztec mythology, passed to the heaven for four

years

and

after that returned to the terrestrial Paradise,

palace of Tlaloc.

(See

in Proceedings of the

Philadelphia, i88j.)

my

the

paper, The Journey of the Sou/,

Numismatic and Antiquarian

Society of

HYMN TO THE ALL-MOTHER.

27

IV. Teteuynan ycuic.

1.

Ahuiya cogauic

xochitla oya cueponca yeua tonana

teumechaue moquigican tamoanchan, auayye, auayya,

yyao, yya, yyeo, aye ayo, ayy ayyaa.
2.

Cogauic xochitla oya moxocha yeua tonana, teume-

chaue, moquigica tamoanchan,

ouayye, auayya, yyao,

yya, yyeo, ayo aye, ayya, ayyaa.

3.

Ahuia

iztac xochitla,

teumechaue

oya cueponca yeua tonana

moquicica tamoanchan, ouayye, auayya,

yyao yya, yyeo, ayeaye, ayya ayyaa.

4.

Ahuiya

iztac xochitla

teumechaue moquigica

oya moxocha yeua tonana

tamoanchan, ouayye, auayya,

yyao, yya, yyeo, aye aye, ayya ayyaa.

5.

Ahuia ohoya
Ao, auatic ya

ica mozcaltizqui
7.

niloc
8.

paca tona aya, itzpa-

auayye, yyao, yya, yyeo, ayyaa.

palotli,
6.

teutl ca teucontli

itaca chicunauixtlauatla magatl yyollo,

tonan

Aho, ye yancuic
yn auicacopa

Aho

tlaltecutli,

tigatla

acatl

ayao, ayyao, ayyaa.

ye yancuic yuitla oya poto-

xamontoca.

magatl mochiuhca teutlalipan mitziya noittaco,

yeua xiuhnello, yeua mimichan.

Var.

7.

Xamantoca.

8.

Yehoa.

Gloss.
1.

Q.

n. y in

tonan ocueponya

umpa

oalquiz

yn tamo-

anchan.
2.

Q.

n.,

in

amona

yn tmoanchan.

ca izcui

yn xochiuh ca umpa oquiz

HYMN TO THE ALL-MOTHER.

28
3.

Q.

n.

In tonan ocuepo in

4.

Q.

n.,

in

amona

iztac in

umpa

oquiz tamoanchan.

oxochiuh yn umpa oniquiz

tamoanchan.
5.

Q.

n. t in

tonan ca teucumitl icpac

in

quiz yn itzpa-

palotl.
6.

calti
7.

Q.

in

.,

in mozcaltito

macatl y yollo y yeua tonan

Q.

auh

71.,

yancuic yn
8.

tonan ixtlauan

Q.

yuhqui

in

7i.,

moz-

yancuic

ticatl

ioan

auh nauhcampa quite ynacatl.

macatl yeuan can iliaya yn ixtlauacan

quic

inic

inic

tlaltecutli.

inic potoniloc, tonan,

iuitl,

auh

noitayan y yeuatl

inimich

ioan

in

xiuhnel.

Hymn
1.

Hail to our mother,

blossom,
forth
2.

to the

who

Mother of the Gods.

who caused

the yellow flowers to

scattered the seeds of the

maguey,

as she

came

from Paradise.

who poured

Hail to our mother,

dance,

who

forth flowers in abun-

scattered the seeds of the maguey, as she

came

forth from Paradise.

3.

Hail to our mother,

blossom, she

came
4.

forth

who

who caused

the yellow flowers to

scattered the seeds of the maguey, as she

from Paradise.

who poured

Hail to our mother,

forth white flowers in

abundance, who scattered the seeds of the maguey,

came
5.

as she

forth from Paradise.

Hail to the goddess

who

shines in the thorn bush like a

bright butterfly.
6.

Ho

she

is

our mother, goddess of the earth, she sup-

HYMN TO THE ALL-MOTHER.

plies

29

food in the desert to the wild beasts, and causes them to

live.

Thus, thus, you see her to be an ever- fresh model of

7.

liberality

And

8.

toward
as

all flesh.

you see the goddess of the earth do

beasts, so also does she

to the wild

toward the green herbs and the

fishes.

Notes.

The goddess
Teteoina?i, the

nal ancestor),

to

whom

hymn

this

Mother of the Gods,

and

also

is

devoted was called

Toci, our

Mother (mater-

by another name which

Heart of the Earth," the

latter

signified

" the

being bestowed upon her, says

Duran, because she was believed to be the cause of earthquakes.

tility,

Her

general functions were those of a genius of fer-

extending both to the vegetable and the animal world.

Thus, she was the patroness of the native midwives and of

women

Her

in childbirth (Sahagun).

chief temple at Tepe-

yacac was one of the most renowned in ancient Mexico, and

it

was a

felicitous idea of the early missionaries to

Lady of Guadalupe " make her appearance on

site

have M Our

the immediate

of this ancient fane already celebrated as the place of

The Codex Ramirez makes

worship of the older female deity.

her a daughter of the
1.

Ta?noanchan.

first

King of Culhuacan.

This word Sahagun translates " we seek

our homes," while the Codex Telleriano-Reme7isis gives the

more

intelligible rendering

descend," and adds that

" the place where the

" there

it is

is

their

they

synonymous with Xochitlycacan,

flowers are lifted."

Paradise of the Aztecs, the

home whither

Home

It

was the mystical

of the Gods, and the happy

HYMN TO THE

30

realm of departed

souls.

ALL-

MOTHER.

The Codex

just

quoted adds that

the gods were born there, which explains the introduction of

the

word

5.

For

into this

hymn.

teucontli (see Glossary) I should suggest teocomiil, a

species of ornament,

37-)

(cf.

Sahagun, Historia, Lib.

II., cap.

HYMN TO THE VIRGIN-MOTHER.

V. Chimalpanecatl

31

icuic loan tlaltecaua (nanotl).

Ichimalipan chipuchica ueya, mixiuiloc yautlatoaya,

1.

ichimalipan chipuchica ueya, mixiuiloc yautlatoa.

Coatepec tequiua, tepetitla moxayaual teueuel aya

2.

quinelli moquichtiuiui tlalli cuecuechiuia aqui

moxayaual

teueuella.
Var. Title.

Tlaltecaoannanotl.

2.

Cohoatepechquiua.

Gloss.

Q.

1.

n.,

omixiuh ynanotl chimalipan

yautlatolli ipa

omixiuh, id

est.

in

ipa oquitlacatilli ynanotl in uitzilopochtli

y yauyutl.
Q.

2.

n. }

coatepec otepeuh tepetitla yc moxaual ioan

teueuel, id

ichimal

est,

ic

otepeuh aocac omoquichquetz

iniquac peualoque coatepec a iniquac

id

est,

cuecuechiuh,

iquac opopoliuhque.

Hymn
1.

otlalli

to

Chimalipan in Parturition.

Chimalipan was a virgin when she brought forth the

adviser of battles

Chimalipan was a virgin when she brought

forth the adviser of battles.

2.

On

the Coatepec was her labor;

ripened into age

as

he became a

on the mountain he

man

truly the earth

was

shaken, even as he became a man.

Notes.

The goddess Chimalipan

ties at

my command

is

not mentioned by the authori-

but from the tenor of the

hymn

it

is

HYMN TO THE VIRGIN-MOTHER.

32

evident that the

name

is

Huitzilopochtli,

who

is

Yautlatoani (see ante,

p.

synonym

for the virgin

distinctly referred

to

mother of

by

his

title

In the myth, she dwelt upon

18).

the Coatepetl, the Serpent Mountain, on the site of Tulan.

For a
* <

full

Were

discussion of this

the Toltecs

an

myth

refer to

Histoi'ic Nationality

?"

my

inquiry,

in Proceedings

of the Amer. Phil. Soc. for Sept. 1887, and American Hero-

Myths, chap.

The Gloss
pochtli

is

11.

(Phila., 1881).

distinctly states that the

referred to in the

hymn.

We

mother of Huitzilomust regard Chima-

lipan therefore as identical with Chi?nalman, who, according

to

another myth dwelt in Tula as a virgin, and was divinely

impregnated by the descending

spirit

of the All-father in the

shape of a bunch of feathers.

In other myths she

is

mentioned

as also

the mother of

the Huitznahua, the enemies and the brothers of Huitzilopochtli, referred to in the second of this collection of chants.

HYMN TO THE GOD OF

VI. Ixcogauhqui

33

FIRE.

icuic.

Huiya tzonimolco notauane ye namech maya

i.

tetemoca ye namech maya pinauhtiz.

auhtiz,

Xonca mecatla notecua

2.

yocan

pin-

iccotl

mimilcatoc chicue-

naualcalli nauali temoquetlaya.

Huiya tzonimolco cuicotipeuhque, aya tzonimolco

3.

cuicotipeuhque, aya iztleica naual moquizcauia, iztlauan

naual moquizca.

Huia tzonimolco maceualli maya temacouia, oya

4.

tonaqui, oya tonaqui maceualli,

5.

maya temacouiya.

Huiya tzonimolco xoxolcuicatl cacauantoc ya ayou-

ica mocuiltonoaci tontecuitl moteicnelil mauiztli.

Huiya

6.

ciuatontla xatenonotza, ayyauhcalcatl qui-

yauatla, xatenonotza.
Var.

Xoncan mecatlan notechoan.

2.

lauan).

Iztleica (for izt-

3.

la ayiauhcalcatl.

6.

Gloss.
1.

Q.

n.,

yn itzonmolcatl notauane ye nemechpinauhtiz

nachcan nochan tetemoan, ye nemechpinauhtiz.

2.

Q.

n. t

yn mecatla amo tecuhuan

mimilcatoc ueyaquixtoc

iccotl

uncan

in

in

oncan

temoc

in

iccotl

chicue-

yocan.
3.

Q.

n.,

yn tzonmolco otipeuhque macuico yn tzon-

molco macuico otipeuhque

tleica
4.

yn
Q.

tleica

in

amo

anualquica

ayaualquic^..

n. }

yn tzonmolco otonac auh

in

omaceualhoan

xinechinacaqui notechpouizque yn enetoltiloyan.

HYMN TO THE GOD OF

34
Q.

5.

yn

n.,

FIRE.

tzomolco ca ye cauani

cuicatl

in aic

necu-

yeua moteicnelil ca mau-

iltonollo netotilo in tetecuti

iztic.

Q.

6.

id

calcatl,

yn

n.,

est,

ciuatontli xitenonotza in quiauat

in ticiuatontli xitenonotza.

Hymn
ancestors

by

3.

Why

it I,

does he not

rise

Let his subjects

let

me not put to shame my

me not put you to shame.

may descend

why does

in eight folds,

to the magical house.

Flames

in the Hall of

it

begin your song

the magician not

come forth

up ?

assist in the

Hall of Flames

he appears,

let his subjects assist.

Let the servants never cease the song in the Hall of

Flames
6.

a magician,

Hall of Flames;

he appears,
5.

let

a rope to the sacred tree, I twist

Begin your song

in the

4.

Ixcogauhqui.

descending there,

I fasten

2.

that

to

In the Hall of Flames

1.

ayauh-

let

them

rejoice greatly, let

woman

Call ye for the

the mist

and the

them dance wonderfully.

with abundant hair, whose care

is

rain, call ye for her.

Notes.

Ixcocauhqui, "the Yellow Faced," was the Mexican

Torquemada

of Fire.

"Lord

of Fire,"

gives

as

his

synonyms

identifies

him with the Sun-god

Sahagun describes

Xiuhtecutli,

and Huehueteotl, "the Ancient

{Monarquia Indiana, Lib. VI., cap.

his

and gives another of

annual

his

{/did.,

28).

God

God"

Elsewhere he

Lib. XIV., cap. 4).

festival {Hist., Lib. II., cap. 38),

names, Cuecaltzin, a reverential form

of cuezalotl, flame {Hist., Lib.

I.,

cap. 13).

HYMN TO THE GOD OF

35

FIRE.

hymn was

the

sixty-fourth edifice in the great temple of Tenochtitlan,

and

was devoted to the worship of Ixcocauhqui (Sahagun).

The

The

word

tzonmolco so often referred to in this

literally

means " the place of spreading hairs," the rays

or ornaments spreading from the head of the statue of the god

representing flames (Sahagun).

The

reference in v. 6 seems to be to one of the

were sacrificed
App.).

at the festival, as related

women who

by Sahagun (Lib.

II.,

HYMN OF

36

MIXCOATL.

VII. Mimixcoa
1.

icidc.

Chicomoztoc quinexaqui, gani aueponi,

gani,

gani,

teyomi.
2.

Tziuactitlan quinexaqui, gani a aueponi, gani, gani,

teyomi.
3.

Oya

nitemoc, oya nitemoc, aya ica nitemoc notzi-

uaquimiuh, aya ica nitemoc notziuaquimiuh.

4.

Oya

nitemoc, oya nitemoc, ayayca nitemoc nomatl-

auacal.
5.

Ni quimacui,

ni

quimacui, yuaya niquimacui, niqui-

macui, yuanya ayo macuiui.

6.

Tlachtli icpacaya, uel incuicaya, quetzalcuxcuxaya,

quinanquilia ginteutla, aay.

Var.

1.

Quinehoaqui.

2.

Quineuaqui.

6.

Ipac.

Gloss.
1.

Q.

7Z.,

chicomoztoc oniualleuac gani aueponi,

ichi-

chimecatlatol, gani aueponi, gani, gani teyomi.

2.

Q.

?t.,

tziuactli in itlan

oniualleuac gani aueponi,

gani, gani teyomi.

3.

Oya

nitemoc,

q. n. }

onitemoc

onitlacatl ipan ynotzi-

uacmiuh; onitemoc ipan ynotziuacmiuh ga niman ipan

nitlacat ynotlauitol
4.

Q.

n.,

niman ipan
5.

onitemoc onitlacat inipan nomatlauacal ga

nitlacat.

yacatlatol.

mecatlatol.

ynomiuh.

Yc

a a inya in chichimeca in chichi-

HYMN OF
6.

Q.

n.,

yn

come

of Mixcoatl.

from Chicomoztoc, only to you,

forth

my

friends,

my

friends,

honored ones.

to you,
2.

uncan ticuio

in quetzalcocox.

Hymn
I

37

tlatagica tictecazque totlach

azque noyehuatl

i.

MIXCOATL.

come

forth

from Tziuactitlan, only

to

you

only to you honored ones.

3.

sought, I sought, in

pack; in
4.

directions

all

sought,

sought with

sought, in

directions

all

all

my

my

sought with

pack.

directions

my

sought with

traveling net.
5.

them
6.

took them in hand,

in

hand

yes, I

yes, I

took

took them in hand.

In the ball ground

quetzal bird

took them in hand

sang well and strong, like to the

answered back to the god.

Notes.

" The Chichimecs," says Sahagun (Hist., Lib. VI., cap.

" worshipped only one god,

called Mixcoatl."

7),

The Anales

de Cuanhtitlan speaks of Mixcoatl as one of the leaders of the

ancient Nahuas from their primitive

land of the Seven Caves.

above hymn.

This

is

home Chicomoztoc,

what

is

referred to in the

In later times Mixcoatl became god of hunting

and of the tornado, and

Tzihuactitlan,

his

worship extended to the Otomis.

" the land of the tzihuac bushes,"

have not

found mentioned by any of the Spanish authorities, but

named

in

the

it

is

connection with Chicomoztoc in an ancient war-

song given in

my

Ancient Nahuatl Poetry, pp. 88 and 140.

HYMN OF

38

The hymn appears

to

MIXCOATL.

be in memory of the leadership of

Mixcoatl in conducting the ancestors of the Nahua on their

long wanderings after leaving their pristine

be read

in

seats.

It

should

connection with the earlier pages of the Annals of

Cuauhtitlan.

The

reduplicated form of the name, Mimixcoatl,

found elsewhere, and appears to be a poetic license.

is

not

HYMN TO THE GOD OF FLOWERS.

VIII. Xochipilli
1.

Ye

39

icuic.

cuicaya tocniuaya ouaya yeo, ye cuicaya ye

quetzalcoxcuxa yoaltica tlao cinteutla, oay.

an quicaquiz nocuic ocoyoalle teumechaue, oqui-

2.

caquiz nocuica in cipactonalla

3.

atilili,

Ayao, ayao, ayao, ayao,

ouayya.

ay tlalocan

nitlanauati

tlamacazque, ayao, ayao, ayao.

4.

Ayao, ayao, ayao, tlalocan tlamacazque

nitlanauati,

aya, ayao, ayyao.

5.

Ao cani

uallagic, otli nepaniuia, cani cjnteutla

ye noyaz, campa
6.

otli

campa

nicyatoca 9a oay.

Ayao, aya, ayao, tlalocan tlamacazque, quiauiteteu,

ayyao, aya, ayao.

Gloss.
1.

Q.

ca otonac, ca otlatuic ca ye cuico ca ye cuica

n.,

centeotl in quetzalcocox.
2.

Q.

macaco

n.,

in tocuic

ynican maquicaquican yn

nican tlaca.
3.

niauh
4.

Q.
in

Q.

in

n.,

tlaloque tlamacazque

niquinnauatia ye

nochan.

yn tlaloque tlamacazque niquinnauatia ye

n. }

niauh in nochan.
5.

Q.

n.,

ca onitlanauati ni tlaloca

catli

ye nictocaz

utli.

6.

Q.

n. y

yn antlaloque yn antlamacazque

yn anteteuh.

catli

nictocaz

HYMN TO THE GOD OF FLOWERS.

40

Hymn
i.

friends,

to Xochipilli.

the quetzal bird sings,

sings

it

song at

its

midnight to Cinteotl.
2.

my

The god

song

my

song by night, he

will

hear

to break.

send forth the priests to the house of Tlaloc.

4.

The

5.

I shall

6.

day begins

as the

3.

where

will surely hear

priests to the

go

house of Tlaloc do

send forth.

myself unto them,

forth, I shall join

I shall

go

Cinteotl, I shall follow the path to him.

is

The

priests

go forth

to the

house of Tlaloc, to the

home

of the gods of the plain.

Notes.
Xochipilli,
chitly

"

"lord of flowers," otherwise named Macuilxo-

five flowers

the deity

is

name of a

who gave and protected

of the gods of
Tlaloc,

" (the

god of

fertility

rains,

all

small odorous plant), was

and production, he was associated with

and Cinteotl, god of maize.

described in Sahagun (Historia, Lib.

2.

Cifiactonalla,

Cipactonal,

the

As one

flowering plants.

from

reputed

cipactli,

and

I.,

His

cap. 14).

tonalli,

may

discoverer of the Aztec

See Sahagun, Historia, Lib. IV., cap.

1.

festival

refer

to

calendar.

HYMN TO THE GODDESS OF

IX. Xochiquetzal
Atlayauican

i.

icuic.

tlacya niuitza

xochiquetzalli

ni

41

ARTISTS.

ya

motencaliuan tamoanchan oay.

2.

Ye

quitichocaya tlamacazecatla piltzintecutlo qui-

yatemoaya ye xochinquetzalla xoyauia ay topa

Var.

2.

niaz, oay.

Icotochiquetzalla.

Gloss.
i.

Q.

n.,

ompa

niuitz ynixochiquetzal

2.

Q.

n.,

choca

piltzintecutli

xoyauia no

umpa

xochiquetzal

Xochiquetzal.

to

Xochiquetzal, go forth willingly to the dancing place

I,

by the water, going

2.

in

niaz.

Hymn
i.

quitemoa

tamoanchan.

Ye noble

quetzal,

go

forth to the houses in

who

youths, ye priests

forth there

where

am

Tamoanchan.

wept, seeking Xochi-

going.

Notes.
Xochiquetzal, ''plumage of flowers," was the deity of the
artists,

the painters, weavers, engravers

goldsmiths, and of

all

was that of a young

who

sis

she

is

assigned as

Itzpapalotl, literally

dealt in fine colors.

woman

(Duran, Historia, cap. 94).

on metal,

Her

and

figure

with gay garments and jewelry

In the Codex Telleriano-Remen-

synonyms

Ichpochtli, the Virgin,

"the obsidian

butterfly," but

probably applied to a peculiar ornament of her

On Tamoanchan

silver

see notes to

Hymn

IV.

and

which was

idol.

42

HYMN TO THE GODDESS OF

The term

atlayauican, which

ARTISTS.

have translated " the dancing

place by the water," appears to refer to the "jar dance,"

baile de las jicaras,

goddess, in the

was executed

which took place

month of October.

at a spot

pollution.

Duran informs

by the shore of the

bathing was carried on at the same

were considered

at the festival of the

to cleanse

from

lake.

festival,

us this

Ceremonial

and these baths

sin, as well as

from physical

HYMN TO THE GOD OF

X. Amimitl
Cotiuana, cotiuana,

1.

cali

43

FISHING.

iciiic.

totoch

maca huiya

yyali-

manico, oquixanimanico, tlacochcalico, oua, yya yya,

matonicaya, matonicalico, oua yya yo, cana, gana, ayoueca
niuia,

gana canoya, ueca niuia, yya, yya, yyeuaya, gana,

gana,

yeueua

2.

Ye

niuia.

nauh

necuiliyaya, niuaya, niuaya, niuaya, ay ca

niuahuaya, niuaya, niuaya, ay ca nauh.

3.

tzini,
4.

Tlaixtotoca ye ca nauhtzini, tlaixtotoca ye ca nauh-

ayoaya, yoaya, ye ca nauhtzini.

Aueya

itzipana nomauilia,

aueya itzipana nomauilia,

aueya itzipana nomauilia.

Var.

1.

Manca.

Matinicaya.

Gloss.

In amimitl icuic

amo

yuh mitoa

to

Amimitl.

Join together your hands in the house, take hands in the

sequent course,

for this

have

Yes,

let

them spread

forth, spread forth in the hall

Join hands, join hands in the house, for

of arrows.

2.

chichimeca cuic

uel caquizti in quein quitoa in tonauatlatol ypa.

Hymn
1.

in ueli

come, have

this,

come.

have come, bringing four with me, yes

have

come, four being with me.

3.

Four noble ones, carefully selected, four noble ones,

carefully selected, yes, four noble ones.

4.

They

personally appear before his face, they personally

appear before his face, they personally appear before

his face.

HYMN TO THE GOD OF

44

FISHING.

Notes.

The

brief Gloss to this

Hymn

Chichimec origin and that

Nahuatl.

Its

language

is

it

states that

it

is

of ancient

cannot well be rendered

exceedingly obscure, but

it

is

in
evi-

dently a dancing song.

Amimitl, " the water-arrow," or " fish-spear," was, according to Torquemada, especially worshipped at Cuitlahuac.

was god of

fishing,

and

He

visited the subjects of his displeasure

with diseases of a dropsical or watery character {Monarquia

On

Indiana, Lib. VI., cap. 29).

grounds Clavigero

identifies

slender and questionable

him with Opochtli,

the

god of

net makers and fishers with nets (JStoria Antica del Messico,

Tom.
The

II., p.

20).

four noble ones referred to in vv. 3

refer to those characters in the

and 4 probably

Mexican sacred dances called

" the four auroras," four actors clothed respectively

green, yellow and red robes.
cap. 87.

in white,

See Diego Duran, Htstoria,

HYMN OF THE OTOMI LEADER.

XI.
1.

Otonteciitli

45

iciiic.

Onoalico, onoalico, pomaya, yyaya, ayyo, ayyo, aya,

aya, ayyo.
2.

Chimalocutitlana motlaqueuia auetzini nonoualico,

quauinochitla, cacauatla motlaqueuia auetzini.

3.

Ni tepanecatli aya cuecuexi,

ni

quetzallicoatli

aya

cuecuexi.

ya

4.

Cane ca ya

5.

Otomico, noyoco, nauaco, mexicame ya

itziueponi, cane ca

itziueponi.
yauilili,

noyoco, nauaco, mexicame ya.

6.

aco,

chimalli aya, xa, xauino quiyauilili, noyoco, nau-

mexicame

ya.
Var.

2.

Hymm

Nonoualco.

of Oiontecutli.

Oho

Oho

1.

At Nonoalco he

2.

In the pine woods he prepares your destruction at Nono-

alco, in the tuna

rules, at

Nonoalco,

woods, in the cacao woods he prepares your

destruction.
3.

I,

dweller in the palace, shook them

I,

Quetzalcoatl,

shook them.
4.

There was a splendor of

5.

With my

captain, with

Mexicans were put to

courage, with
6.

with

my

flight

spears, a splendor of spears.

my
;

courage, with

my

skill,

the

even the Mexicans, with

my

skill.

Go forth, ye shield bearers,

my courage, with my skill.

put the Mexicans to flight

HYMN OF THE OTOMI LEADER.

46

Notes.

The absence of
of a translation.
rais,

a Gloss to this

hymn adds

Otontecutli was the chief deity of the Oto-

and the chant appears to be one of

their conflict with the Azteca.

ofo??iitI,

an Otomi, and

referred to

by Sahagun

cestors of the

to the difficulty

The name

tecutli, ruler

as

Otomis."

" the

their

first

is

or lord.
ruler to

war songs

in

compound of

He

is

slightly

govern the an-

(Hisloria, Lib. X, cap. 29, sec. 5.)

HYMN TO THE GODDESS OF CHILDBIRTH.

XII. Ayopechtli
1.

Cane cana

47

icuic.

ichan, ayopechcatl cozcapantica mixi-

uhtoc.
2.

Cane cana ichan ayopechcatl cozcapantica mixi-

uhtoc, cane ichan chacayoticaya.

3.

Xiualmeuayauia, xiua xiualmeuayaauiaya yancuixiualmeuaya.

pilla,

4.

Auiya xiualmeuaya, ueya,

xiua, xiualmeuaya, coz-

xiualmeuaya.

capilla

Gloss.
1.

Q.

n.,

in

oncan ichan ayopechtli oncan mixiuiqui

tlacatilia in cuzcatl quetzalli.

2.

Cane cana

oncan

ichan,

q. n. f in

oncan ichan ayopechcatl

quitlacatilia in cozcatl quetzalli

oncan yoliua,

tla-

catiua.
3.

Q.

n.,

ximeua, ximeua,

in tipiltzintli

xiualmeua

in

quinotitlacat tipiltzintli.
4.

Q.

catl, in

n. }
ti

xiualmeua, xiualmeua, in

ti

cuz-

quetzalli.

Hymn
1.

tipiltzintli in

to

Ayopechcatl.

Truly in whatever house there

is

a lying-in, Ayopechcatl

is

a lying-in, Ayopechcatl

takes charge of the child.

2.

Truly

in

whatever house there

takes charge of the child, there where

it

is

weeping

in the

house.
3.

Come

along and cry out, cry out, cry out, you new

comer, come along and cry out.

HYMN TO THE GODDESS OF

48
4.

Come

CHILDBIRTH.

along and cry out, cry out, cry out, you

little

jewel, cry out.

Notes.

The name
divinities
at

of Ayopechcatl

does not appear

named by Sahagun, Duran

my command.

Her name

among

the

or the other authorities

indicates her function as the

goddess of the child-bed and the neonatus, and the above

hymn

establishes her claim to a place in the

Aztec pantheon.

HYMN TO THE MOTHER OF MORTALS.

XIII.

Quaui, quaui,

1.

Ciuacoatl

49

iciiic.

xayaualoc uiuiya

quilaztla, coaeztica

quauiuitl uitzalochpa chalima aueuetl ye colhoa.

Huiya

2.

tonaca,

motlaquechizca.

aztica,

Uitztla, uitztla,

3.

acxolma centla teumilco chicau-

nomactemi,

uitztla, uitztla

nomac-

temi, agan teumilco chicauaztica motlaquechizca.

Malinalla nomactemi, agan teumilco

4.

chicauaztica

motlaquechizca.

5.

omei quauhtli, ye tonanaya chalmecatecutli ay

y mauiztla nechyatetemilli, yeua nopiltzinaya mix-

tziuac
coatla.

Ya

6.

tonani, yaugiuatzin, aya tonan yauciuatzi aya

maca coliuacan y yuitla y potocaya.

7. Ahuiya ye tonaquetli, yautlatocaya, ahuiya ye
quetli yautlatocaya

maca
8.

amo

coliuaca

Ahuia

tona-

moneuila no tlaca cenpoliuiz aya y

yuitla

quauiuitl

y potocaya.

amo

xayaualli onauiya yecoyametl

xayaualli.

Var.

1.

Cohoaeztica.

2.

Acxoima.

7.

Maneuila, cenpoali-

huiz, in maca.

Gloss.
1.

Q.

n. y in

quauhcihuatl,

in quauhtli yhuitli in

icoc
2.

ic

oxaualoc

in coaetztli, ioan

moteneua iquauhtzon, ipan

iualu-

yn umpa colhuacan.
Q.

n.,

inic

motocaya

gentli, in

mochiuaya teumilpa,

ichicauaztica inic tlatatacaya, inic tocaya.

HYMN TO THE MOTHER OF

50

Uitztla, q.

3.

MORTALS.

nomactemi nochicauaztica

11.,

inic

nito-

caya, inic nitlatatacaya.

Malinalla, uictli,

4.

iceliniquia,

q.

11.,

uictica in tlachpanaya, id

yn uncan teumilpan auh ychicauaztica

est,

inic

nitlatatacaya, inic tocaya.

Q.

5.

11.,

matlactli

omei quauhtli yn notonal innamona

auh ynan nopilhoan

chalmeca

in

in

xicuiti

tziuactli

xinechtemilica.
Q.

6.

11.,

in iyauciuatzin

yn amona umpa nochan

in

coluaca auh in quauiuitl nictemaca ynic oquauhtiuac.

Q.

7.

tlamalo

11.,

temaca

in quauiuitl.

aahuia yn otlamaloc

Hymn
1.

momochiua yauyutl ma

ca otonac ca otlatuic

tlalpiliuiz nic

Q.

8.

11.,

Quilaztli,

yc moxaua.

in quauiuitl

to Cihuacoatl.

plumed with eagle

feathers, with the crest of

painted with serpents' blood, comes with her hoe,

eagles,

beating her drum, from Colhuacan.

2.

She alone, who

shrubs,
3.

is

our

strong to support

flesh,

goddess of the

support

full,

fields

and

us.

With the hoe, with the hoe, with hands

hoe, with hands

4.

is

full,

the goddess of the fields

is

with the
strong to

us.

With a broom

in her

hands the goddess of the

fields

strongly supports us.

5.

Our mother

filling
6.

is

as twelve eagles,

the fields of tzioac

She

is

goddess of drum -beating,

and maguey

like

our lord Mixcoatl.

our mother, a goddess of war, our mother, a

HYMN TO THE MOTHER OF

MORTALS.

51

goddess of war, an example and a companion from the home

of our ancestors (Colhuacan).
7.

She comes

protects us in

appears

forth, she

war that we

shall not

when war

is

waged, she

be destroyed, an example

and companion from the home of our ancestors.

8.

She comes adorned

crest, in the

in the ancient

manner with the

eagle

ancient manner with the eagle crest.

Notes.

Cihuacoatl was the mythical mother of the

Her name,
rendered

myth

generally translated "serpent

"woman

was her

woman," should be

fertility that

she always bore

(Torquemada, Monarquia

one lying-in.

at

She was also known by the

Indiana, Lib. VI., cap. 31.)

Tonan or Tonantzin, "our mother,"

as in v. 5

another of her appellations was Quilaztli, which

in

v.

She was essentially a goddess of

The name

ci/iuacoall

is

Reference

is

made

antiquity, she

is

place of the old

fertility

6.

title

Still

given her
cap.

27.)

and reproduction.

was also applied to one of the higher

magistrates and war chiefs

in

the Aztec

to this in v. 6.

As

army (Sahagun).

a goddess of venerable

spoken of as coming from Colhuacan, "the

men," or of the ancestors of

name

is

colli,

an old man.

172-3O

and

(Comp. Sahagun, HistoiHa, Lib. VI.,

1.

race.

of twins" or "bearing twins," as the

related that such

two children

human

the tribe.

This

derived from coloa, to bend down, as an aged person,

(See

my

Ancient Nahuatl Poetry, pp.

3"7o^

HYMN AT A

52

XIV.

Izcatqid

yn

FAST.

cuicatl chicuexiuhtica

meuaya iniquac

atamalqiialoya.

Xochitl noyollo cuepontimania ye tlacoyoalle, oaya,

1.

oouayaye.
2.

Yecoc ye tonan, yecoc ye

teutl tlacolteutla, oaya,

ooayaya.
Otlacatqui centeutl tamiyoanichan ni xochitlicacani.

3.

fey

xochitli yantala, yantata, ayyao, ayyaue,

tilili

yao,

ayaue, oayyaue.
Otlacatqui centeutl,

4.

atl,

yayaui cani tlaca pillachiu-

aloya chalchimichuacan, yyao, yantala, yatanta, a yyao,

ayyaue

tilili

Oya

5.

yao, ayyaue, oayyaue.

tlatonazqui

tlauizcalleuaya

inan

tlachinaya

nepapan quechol, xochitlacacan y yantala, yantata, ayyao,

ayyaue, tilili yao, ayyaue, oayyayaue.
6.

Tlalpa timoquetzca, tianquiz nauaquia nitlacatla, ni

quetzalcoatla, yyao, yantala, yantata, ayyao, ayyaue,

tilili

yao ayyaue, oayyayue.

7.

Ma

ya auiallo xochinquauitl

ma ya

cholli

in quecholli

itlani

nepapan que-

xicaquiya tlatoaya y toteuh,

xicaquiya tlatoaya y quechol amach yeua tonicauh

pitza
8.

amach ychan

Aye

tlacaluaz, ouao.

oho, yyayya,

9a miquiyecauiz

ga noxocha

tonaca xochitli ye izqui xochitla, xochitlicacan, yyaa.

9.

tla-

Ollama, ollama uiue xolutl nauallachic, ollama ya

xolutl chalchiuecatl xiquitta

tecutli

yoanchan, yoanchan.

mach, oya moteca

piltzin-

HYMN AT A

Piltzintle, piltzintle tociuitica

10.

timotlalli

53

FAST.

timopotonia tlachco,

yoanchan, yoanchan.

n. Oztomecatla yyaue, oztomecatla xochiquetzal

mama,

ontlatca cholola, ayye, ayyo, oye

maui noyol, aoya yecoc

qui-

maui noyol, oye

centeutl, matiuia obispo, ozto-

chacalhoa, xiuhnacochtla, yteamic ximaquiztla

mecatl

yteamico, ayye, ayye.

Cochina, cochina, cocochi ye nicmaololo, ni cani

12.

ye

cochina yyeo, ouayeo, yho, yya, yya.

ciuatl ni

Var.
qui.

Qenteuteutl.

3.

Tlapan.

6.

4.

Timotlalia.

10.

Oya

tonaz-

11. Suchiquetzal.

Ont-

Uillachiualoia.

5.

latoa cholollan.

This

the

is

Hymn

which they sang every eight years when they

fasted on bread and water.

1.

The

flower in

my

heart blossoms and spreads abroad in

the middle of the night.

2.

Tonan

has satisfied her passion, the goddess Tlazolteotl

has satisfied her passion.

3.

I,

Cinteotl, was born in Paradise, I

of flowers.
4.

am

come from

the place

the only flower, the new, the glorious one.

Cinteotl was born from the water

mortal, as a youth, from the cerulean

he came born as a

home

of the

fishes,

new, a glorious god.

5.

He

shone forth as the sun

his

mother dwelt

in the

house

of the dawn, varied in hue as the quechol bird, a new, a

glorious flower.

;
;

HYMN AT A

54
6.

came

on the

forth

a mortal, even

quetzal bird

listen to the singing

like

the flower-bush varied in hue as the

gods

the

to

of the quechol along the river

hear

its

along the river in the house of the reeds.

flute

Alas

8.

our

market place

the quechol singing

to

listen

earth, even to the

Quetzalcoatl, great and glorious.

I,

Be ye happy under

7.

FAST.

would

flesh is as flowers,

He

9.

lous skill

my

that

flowers

would cease from dying

even as flowers

in the place of flowers.

plays at ball, he plays at ball, the servant of marvel;

he plays

at ball, the precious servant

look at him

even the ruler of the nobles follows him to his house.

10.

ancestors

youths
;

make

youths

follow

yourselves equal to

example of your

the

them

count

in the ball

establish yourselves in your houses.

n. She goes
mart

startles

to the mart, they carry Xochiquetzal to the

she speaks at Cholula

my

in the place of

sell

green jade earrings she

wonders she

is

Sleep, sleep, sleep,

woman,

my

she startles

heart; she has not finished, the priest

where the merchants

12.

heart

she

knows her;

is

to

be seen,

to be seen.
fold

my

hands

to

sleep,

I,

sleep.

Notes.

In default of a Gloss to this hymn, the indispensable Saha-

gun again comes

to the

to our aid.

second book of

He

informs us in the Appendix

his Hisioria that

"

When

the Indians

celebrated the festival called atamalqualiztli, which took place

every eight years, certain natives called Mazateca swallowed

living serpents

and

frogs,

pense for their daring."

pose of the

festival,

and

and received garments

We
its

as a

recom-

are not informed as to the pur-

name, which

signifies

"eating

HYMN AT A
bread made with water,"

is

55

FAST.

merely that of one of the regular

systems of fasting in vogue in ancient Mexico.

The song

Lib. III., cap. 8.)

tion calling

before us appears to be a recita-

on a number of the Nahua

" The flower

i.

in

my

(See Sahagun,

heart "

is

divinities.

a metaphorical expression

for song.

Tonan,

2.

"Our Mother";

lascivious love,

have

its

the goddess of

Tlazolteotl,

The verb yecoa appears

Venus impudica.

to

early signification, expressing carnal connection.

3.

Centeotl,

8.

The

god of maize and

fertility.

flowers referred to are the youths

and maidens who

die young.
9.

The house

11.

This verse

of the ball player

is

is

very obscure and

the tomb.
is

obviously corrupt.

contains the only Spanish word in the text of these

obispo

word including two

letters,

and

s,

It

hymns

not in the

Nahuatl alphabet.
12.

The woman

referred to

is

Xochiquetzal.

See

Hymn

IX.

HYMN TO A

56

XV. Xippe
1.

Yoalli

NIGHT-GOD.
yoallanana.

icuic, Totec,

tlauana,

iztleican

mitlatia teocuitlaquemitl,

nimonenequia

xiyaqui

xicmoquenti quetlauia.

Noteua chalchimamatlaco, apana, y temoya ay

quetzallaueuetl, ay quetzalxiuicoatl, nechiya iqui noca2.

uhquetl, ouiya.
3.

Maniyauia, nia nia poliuiz,

noyollo,

ateucuitlatl

ni

yoatzin achalchiuhtla

noyolceuizqui

nocoyaitaz,

tlacatl

achtoquetl tlaquauaya, otlacatqui yautlatoaquetl ouiya.

4.

Noteua ce

conoa y yoatzin mote-

in tlaco xayailiuiz

peyocpa mitzualitta moteua, noyolceuizquin

ach-

tlacatl

toquetl tlaquauaya, otlacatqui yautlatoaquetl, ouiya.

Var.

Quetloujia.

1.

pana itemoia.

2.

Noteuhoa chalchimmama

Achalchiuhtla.

3.

4.

tlacoa-

Centlaco, mitzualitla.

Gloss.
1.

Q.

yn

;/.,

monequi

in

yoallauana,

ti

timocuma,

ti

xipe, totec, tleica in

in timotlatia, id

quiauiteocuitlaquemitl, xicmoquenti,

ualauh yn
2.

Q.

n. 7

yn

ti

noteuh, otemoc in mauhouallayn

ye xopantla.

cauhquetl, id
3.

Q.

n.,

q. n.,

amo
ma quiaui, ma
tleica in

atl.

ay quetzalla ueuetl, id
ouia,

est,

ti

est,

Ay

est,

mauh;

ye tlaquetzalpatia ye tlaxox-

quetzal xiuhcoatl nechia iqui no

ca ye otechcauh yn mayanaliztli.

ma mauh, ma

nipoliui

yn

ni yoatzin, id

catleuatl,

yuhquin chalchiuitl noyollo.

coyaitaz,

q. n., in

catleuatl

est,

A teocuitlatl

in

no-

achtomochiuaz ninoyolceuiz.

PRIEST OF XIPPE TOTF.C, DRINKING

AND PLAYING ON A DRUM.

HYMN XV

HYMN TO A NIGHT-GOD.
Q.

4.

yn oteuh cequi

n. y

57

tlatlacotyan in

mochiua

in-

itonacayouh, auh in tlein tlatlacotyan achto mochiua

mochi

tlacatl

achto mitzualmaca, auh iniquac ye omochi-

mochiuh occeppa nomochi

mitzualmaca yn moto-

tlacatl

nacayuh.

Hymn
The

1.

of the High Priest of Xipe To tec.

why

nightly drinking,

and array yourselves

forth

Go

should I oppose it?

the golden garments, clothe

in

yourselves in the glittering vestments.

2.

My

god descended upon the water, into the

glistening surface

beautiful

he was as a lovely water cypress, as a

beauteous green serpent

now

have

left

me my

behind

suffering.
3.

soul

is

I shall

go

go forth about

forth, I

in the cerulean

water

appear unto mortals

to destroy, I, Yoatzin

am

my

seen in the golden water

strengthen them for the

I shall

words of war
4.

My

god appears

as a mortal

upon the mountains;

shall

Yoatzin, thou art seen

appear unto mortals;

shall

strengthen them for the words of war.

Notes.

There

is

slight

He

Spanish writers.
smiths,

and

Historic*, cap.

zalcoatl,
5

was the patron divinity of the

his festival,

was celebrated

21, etc.)

mention of the deity Xipe Totec

in the

is

silver-

attended with peculiarly bloody

first

month of

87; Sahagun, Lib.

Totec

in the

named

as

I.,

the calendar.
cap.

rites,

(Duran,

18, Lib. II., cap.

one of the companions of Quet-

and an ancient divinity whose temple stood on the

HYMN TO A NIGHT-GOD.

58

Tzatzitepec (see the Codex Vaticanus, Tab. XII. , in Kings-

borough's Mexico).

"the nocturnal

His high

tippler' '

priest

(youa/li,

drink to slight intoxication), and

the hearts of the
thet Yoatzin,

human

it

was called Youallauan,

night,

and tlauana,

was

duty to tear out

his

victims (Sahagun, u.

"noble night-god,"

celebration of his rites at night.

bears

some

s.).

The

to

epi-

relation to the

CHICOMECOATL, GODDESS OF FOOD AND DKINK.

HYMN

XVI.

HYMN TO THE GODDESS OF

XVI.

Chicomecoatl

iciiic.

Chicomollotzin xayameua, ximigotica

1.

titech icnocauazqui tiyauia

mochan

aca

tona

tlallocan nouia.

Xayameua ximigotica aca tonan

tiyauian mochan tlallocan nouiya.
2.

Var.

59

FOOD.

titech icnocauazqui

Xaia mehoa.

i.

Gloss.

Q.

1.

n.,

yn

ti

chicomolotl, id

xixoa, ca otimouicaya in

xic,a,

Q.

2.

n. y

xayameua, id

otimouicaya

in

est,

in

mochan

tlallocan.

ximeua, xixua, xica, ca

est,

mochantzinco

ximeua,

centli

ti

in tlallocan ca

yuhquin

ti

tonatzon.

Hymn

i.

to Chicomecoatl.

noble Chicomolotl,

arise,

awake, leave us not unpro-

on the way, conduct us to the home of Tlaloc.

tected

Arise, awake, leave us not unprotected

2.

duct us to the

home

on the way, con-

of Tlaloc.

Notes.

The goddess Chicomecoatl, "seven

who
she
is

presided over food and drink.

is

referred to as Chicomolotl,

spoken of

as a

guests," was the deity

Hence

"seven

in the

first

verse

ears of corn,"

guide to Tlalocan, or the

home

and

of abun-

dance.

Father Duran,

who

(Hlstoria, cap. 92),

gives a long chapter

translates her

on

this

name "serpent

heads," and adds that she was also called

goddess
of seven

Chalciucihuatl,

HYMN TO THE GODDESS OF

60
"Lady

FOOD.

of the Emerald," and Xilonen, "goddess of the ten-

der ears of maize.

'
'

Every kind of seed and vegetable which

served for food was under her guardianship, and hence her
festival,

held about the middle of September, was particularly

solemn.
years old.

Her

statue represented her as a girl of about twelve

TOTOCHTIN, THE RABBITS, GODS OF THE DRUNKARDS.

HYMN

XVII.

HYMN TO THE GODS OF

XVII.

WINE.

61

Totochtin incitic Tezcatzoncatl.

Yyaha, yya yya, yya ayya, ayya ouiya, ayya yya,

1.

ayya yya, yyauiyya, ayya ayya, yya ayya, yya yya yye.
Coliuacan mauizpan atlacatl

2.

yya

ichana,

ayya,

yyayyo.
Tezcatzonco tecpan

3.

Auia axalaco

macayui, macayui
Var.

3.

auia,

macoc yye chocaya.

macaiui, macayui teutl,

4.

macoc ye chocaya,

teutl,

tecpanteutl,

macoc yye chocaya,

macoc yye chocaya.

teutl,

Tezcatzoncatl tepan.

Axalaca.

4.

Gloss.
1.

2.

Coliuacan mauizpa tlacatlichana,

tlauelcuic, tlauelcuica.

est, octli

ompa

ichan ni colhoacan.

q.

11.,

in tlacatl, id

Mauizpa,

q. n.,

tema-

mauhtican.

Tezcatzonco tecpanteutl,

3.

q. n.,

ye choca

teutl tezcatzonco tecpan, id est, octli.

Macaiui

in teutl.

id

est, octli,

4.

Ye
in

teutl, q. n.,

tecpanteutl,

choca yn omacoc, id

est,

omacoc, macamo omaco

Hymn
Alas

2.

In the

thing.

omacoc

Quimonacayotia

macamo omatoni

in teutl,

ye choca cayamo ynemac.

Aia axalaco

1.

in

alas

to

alas

q. n.,

axala in tecpanteutl.

octli axalatecpan,

ni

ye choca

ye choca cayamo ynemac.

Tezcatzoncatl Totochtin.
alas

home of our

alas

alas

ancestors this creature was a fearful

HYMN TO THE GODS OF

62
3.

In the temple of Tezcatzoncatl he aids those

him, he gives them to drink

who
4.

call

WINE.

the

god

who

cry to

gives to drink to those

cry to him.

In the temple by the water-reeds the god aids those

upon him, he gives them

to drink

the

god

who

aids those

who cry unto him.

Notes.

Tezcatzoncatl was one of the chief gods of the native inebriating liquor, the pulque.
disastrous, as

is

"he who hangs

people."

Its effects

were recognized

people," and Teatlahuiani " he

y

first

who drowns

Sahagun remarks, " They always regarded the

plural of tochtli, rabbit,

The

most

seen from his other names, Tequechmecaniani,

pulque as a bad and dangerous article."

some of the

as

The word

Totochtin,

was applied to drunkards, and

also to

deities of special forms of drunkenness.

verse

is

merely a

second speaks of the sad

(On Colhuacan

effects

see Notes to

series

of lamentations.

The

of the pulque in ancient times.

Hymn

XIII.)

ATLAUA, SINGING AND DANCING.

HYMN

XVIII.

HYMN TO THE MASTER OF WATERS.

XVIII. Atlana
1.

Auia nichalmecatl,

63

Icuic.

nichalmecatl,

necaualcautla,

necaualcautla, olya quatonalla olya.

2.

Ueya, ueya, macxoyauh quilazteutl y tlapani mac-

xoyauh.
3.

Nimitz acatecunotzaya,

monecoya

chimalticpac

n mitzacatecu notzaya.
i

4.

Ayac nomiuh

timalla aytolloca nacatl

nomiuh aca

Tetoma amo yolcana tlamacazquinte

tometl, acan

xeliui timalla.
5.

axcan ye quetzaltototl, nic ya

6.

Y yopuchi

zaltototl, nic

1.

ya

noteuh atlauaquetl, aca naxcan ye quetizcaltiquetla.

Necaualcactla.

malli.

5.

izcaltiquetla.

2.

Itlamani.

4.

Ti-

Aitollaca acatl.

Tetonac amo yolcana tlamacaz quin tetometl.

Gloss.
1.

Q.

n.,

nioholti,
2.

Q.

n. y

ynichalmecatl,

yn inecaualac oqixicauhteuac

nioya, ixquatechimal iquatunal.

ma

xiyauh

ti

quilazteutl,

momactemi

in

mac-

xoyauh.
3.

Q.

n. y

iniquac onimitznotz, mochimalticpac timi-

cpya.
4.

acatl
5.

Auh

Q.

n.,

atle

nomiuh yc notimaloa, ca

nomiuh, yn
Q.

n.,

acatl xeliui

oncan euac

in

inaxcan ye quetzaltotol

uel itoloc in

yc ninotimaloa.
tetuman nitlacochtetumetl.
inic ni tlazcaltia.

HYMN TO THE MASTER OF WATERS.

64
Q.

6,

n.,

tiacauh in oteuh in atlaua, auh inaxcan yuh-

qui quetzaltotol in nitlazcaltia.

The
I

i.

Chalmecatl,

Hymn

of Atlaua.

Chalmecatl,

my

leave behind

2.

my sandles and my helmet.

Go ye forth and follow the goddess Quilaztli,

3.

I shall call

sandles,

I leave

I shall call

4.

my

upon thee

upon thee

my

boast of

to arise

when among

follow her

the shields,

to arise.

my

arrows, even

reed arrows, I boast of

arrows, not to be broken.

Arrayed

5.

now

even

I shall arise

Mighty

6.

arrow in thy hand, for

in priestly garb, take the

is

and come forth

my god

Atlaua

like the quetzal bird.

truly I shall arise

and come

forth like the quetzal bird.

Notes.

Atlaua, mentioned by Olmos,

" Master of waters,"

The

is

who

a divinity of

translates

whom

little

derivation from allall, arrow, would seem

of this hymn.

priate to

the words

synonym

in v. 1, appears

strike, as a

On

to

is

word

known.

more appro-

Chalmecatl, used as a

be from chalania, to beat, to

drum.

Quilaztli see notes to

the

Hymn

XIII.

HYMN TO THE GOD OF FLOWERS.

XIX.
1.

Macuilxochitl

65

Iciric.

Ayya, yao, xochitlycaca umpan

iuitza

tlamacaze-

catla tlamocoyoalca.
2.

Ayya, yao, ayo intinotzicaya teumechaue oya, yao,

tlauizcalac yacallea tlamacazecatlo tlamocoyoualca.

3.

Tetzauhteutla notecuyo tezcatlipuca quinanquilican

cjnteutla, oay.
4.

Tezcatzonco moyolca ayyaquetl yya tochin quiyo-

cuxquia noteuh, niquiyatlacaz, niquiyamamaliz, mixcoatepetl colhoacan.

5.

intli

1.

Tozquixaya, nictzotzoniyao, yn

tezcatzintli tezcatz-

tezcaxocoyeua, tzoniztapaliati tlaoc xoconoctlia ho,

Tlamocoioaleua.

5.

Tozquiuaia.

a.

Tzoniztapalatiati.

Gloss.
1.

Q.

n. y

ompa nochan

in xochitlicacan in

itlamacazqui

ni macuilxochitl.
2.

Q.

n. y

motilinia in tinoci in

umpa tochan
3.

ynic

Q.

titlaecoltilozque

ez.

yn

tetzauitl in tezcatlipoca ca

umpa

titlananquilizque in centeotl.

n.,

tiui

ompa

oyaque auh

Tezcatzonco moyolcan, q n., tezcatzonco oyol in

tochtli ynic yaz, oquiyocux, oquipic, y noteuh oquito
4.

nittlagaz,

nicmamaliz, in mixcoatepetl colhoacan, id

est,

nictepeuaz.
5.

Tozquixaya nictzotzomiao,

catzintli

oncan nexa

palatiati

ocxoni

q. n.,

in tezcatzonco,

ni octli.

nictzotzona, in tez-

oncan oyol tzonizta-

HYMN TO THE GOD OF FLOWERS.

66

Hymn
i.

Yes, I shall go there to-night, to the house of flowers

I shall exercise
2.

to Macuilxochitl.

We

the priestly office to-night.

dawn unto

labor in thy house, our mother, from

night, fulfilling the priestly office, laboring in the night.

3.

dreadful god

is

our god Tezcatlipoca, he

is

the only

god, he will answer us.

4.

His heart

is

nor

is

like a hare

trate the
5.

in the Tezcatzontli

he peaceable

my god

is

not timid

I shall overturn, I shall

pene-

Mixcoatepec in Colhuacan.

I sing, I

play on an instrument, I

ment, the mirror

am

he who

lifts

am

the noble instru-

the mirror

cry aloud,

intoxicated with the wine of the tuna.

Notes,

As before
another

title

stated (Notes to

Hymn

VIII), Macuilxochitl

of the flower-god Xochipilli.

is

HYMN TO THE GOD OF MERCHANTS.

XX.
i.

Anomatia

67

Yacatecutli icuic.

aytoloc, anomatia aytoloc, tzocotzontla

aytoloc, tzocotzontla anomatia aytoloc.

2. Pipitla

aytoloc, pipitla anomatia

aytoloc, cholotla

aytoloc, pipitla anomatia aytoloc.

Tonacayutl nicmaceuh aga naxcan noquacuillo

3.

atli-

yollo, nechualyauicatiaque xalli itepeuhya.

Chalchiuhpetlacalco ni naxcan

4.

cuillo, atliyollo

nechualyauicatiaque

naxcan noqua-

ac,a

xalli itepeuhya.

Gloss.

amo nixpan in omito yauyutl inic

otepeualoc tzocotzontla, amo nomatia in omito yauyutl.
2. Pipitla aytoloc, q. n. ynic tepeualoc pipitla amo
1.

Anomatia,

q.

?t.,

nicmati inic omito yauyutl, in cholotla

amo nixpan
3.

ic

otepeualloc

ynic oyautlatolloc.

Tonacayutl nicmaceuh,

q. n.,

yn tonacayutl

mageuh ayaxcan, onechualhuicaque

in

inic onic-

oquacuiloan in

xochayutl, in goqniayutl in teuelteca, quimilhui in iquin-

tonaz tlatuiz anoquacuiloan ayezque.

id

est,

peuh
4.

in

Xalli tepeuhya,

Quilmach chalchiuhpetlacalli

tlalocan.

in quite-

inic tepeuh.

Chalchiuhpetlacalco ninaxcan,

chalchiuh petlacalco.

yn oquacuiloan

q. n.,

onca ninotlati

Ayaxcan ynechualhuicatiaque

atliyoloa in

umpa

tlallocan.

HYMN TO THE GOD OF MERCHANTS.

68

Hymn
i.
is

know

not what

to Yacatecutli.

said, I

is

said about Tzocotzontlan, I

know not what

know not what

is

is

said,

what

said about

Tzocotzontlan.
2.

know not what

Pipitlan,

nor what

is

said of Cholollan,

is

what

said of Pipitlan,

said of

is

what of Pipitlan, of

Pipitlan.
3.

Now

our food, proceeding to eat

I seek

it

and

to drink

of the water, going to where the sand begins.

4.

and

Now

go

my

to

beautiful house, there to eat

my

food,

where the sand begins.

to drink of the water, going to

Notes.

The god Yacatecutli, whose name means "

or

" the

lord

who

guides," was the divinity of the merchants.

Sahagun (Historia, Lib.

90) furnish us

The hymn

many
is

I,

is,

my
I

rendering

hymn seems

very doubtful.

The

to be that of a death-

by the victims about

to be sacrificed.

the sacred food to eat, as described by Duran,

and then prepared themselves

"the

is

think, also at fault in his paraphrase.

general purpose of the

song, chanted probably

to

and Duran (Historia, cap.

extremely obscure, containing a number of

writer of the Gloss

They were given

cap. 19)

particulars of his worship.

archaic words, and

The

lord of travelers,"

beautiful house,"

to

undergo death, hoping

which the Gloss explains

can, the Terrestrial Paradise.

to

go

as Tlalo-

GLOSSARY.
A
A,

prefix, negative, or positive prefix,

Acatecunotzaya, XVIII,

water.

atl,

Equivalent, according to the

3.

Gloss, to oniinitznotz.

Acatona, XVI,
Acatonalaya,

For ac a tonan.

1, 2.

From

III, 5.

Achalchiuhtla, XV,

Achtoquetl, XV,

Comp.

3,

In the

4.

3,

acatl,

See v.

reed

(?).

atl,

and

of

place,

first

Acxolma, XIII, 2. Apparently related

Agan, XIII, 3. Much, many times.

Aga naxcan,
Ahuia,

II,

XVIII,

An

1.

Amanteca,

I,

5,

Workers

5.

II,

3, 4.

chalchiuitl

first.

to acxoyatl, wild laurel.

Only now,

for

can axcan.

interjection.

cially feathers

Amapanitl,

XX,

2.

in

mechanic

arts (Molina), espe-

(Sahagun).

Panitl, banner, flag, with possessive pro-

1.

noun.

Amo,

adv., no, not, negative; pron., your.

Anauhcampa,

III, I.
i. e.

Anneuaya,
Annotata,

III, 2.

III, 4.

Annotequina,

"To

all

four quarters of the water,'

in all directions.

Poetic for in nehuatl,

According

in tino teuh, thou

Annoteua, III, 2.
Anomatia, XX, I.

my

Poetic for in no-tauan,

III, 3.

to

know,
69

ipse."

forefathers.

to the Gloss, equivalent to

my

god.

Poetic for in no-teuh,

Not

"ego

to

my

lord.

be ignorant

of.

70

GLOSSARY.

Aoyequene, III, I. For aocyequene, "and also no one."

Apana, XV, 2. Comp. of atl, water, and pant, upon, postpos.
Aquamotla, III, 5. From quammomotla, to play ball (?).
Aquitoloc,

II,

1.

negative, itoa, to say, to

tell,

in the pas-

sive preterit.

Ateucuitlatl, XV,

Comp. of

Golden water.

3.

atl,

and

teo-

cuitlatl.

Atlllll,

VIII,

Atl, XIV,

Water.

4.

Atliyollo, XX,

Aua,

AuatlC,

IV,

clear or light.

In composition, a.

From

3, 4.

An

III, 7.

become

Atilia, to

2.

atli, to

interjection

drink water.

(?).

Mistress of the waters

6.

A-uetztini, XI,

From

2.

(?)

(atl,

uetzi, to fall

water).

" your fall,"

" your

destruction."

Auiallo, XIV,

Axalaco, XVII,

Ayac,

I,

Ayauh,

From

7.

From axalli, a water plant, and

4.

Fog, mist

III, 6.

loc.

term.

co.

Nobody, no one.

i,ets<zpe.

Ayauhcalcatl,

aula, to be content, to rejoice.

VI,

6.

compound form

One who has charge

of ayauitl.

of the mist.

Com-

pare tepancalcatl, a gardener.

Ayailicalo,

III, 6.

From ayauh,

the Gloss renders

(cf.

Aylhlli^olla,

et

dewy house

Derived by the Gloss from ilhuice, more,

hence, to make to grow, to increase.
5.

For ayaic, never.

4; XX,
negative prefix.

I,

auicalo, the fresh,

Sah., p. 150).

Aytoloc, XVIII,
I,

by

the house of mist, but

III, 2.

AyOllica, VI,

Ayya,

it

calli,

sape ; also

ayyo, etc.

An

1, 2.

in the

From

itoa, to say, to tell,

with

forms yya, ya, yyo, yye, aya,

interjection, or shout.

GLOSSARY.

Ca.

And,

i.

a, an,

also.

VII,

CacauantOC,

VI,

Reduplicated from caua, to cease, stop,

5.

leave

Calli,

I,

XII,

Cane,

XII,

Caqui,

"Among the

2.

cacao trees."

in the house.

Somewhere.

1.

For canel, and

1.

VIII,

Caquia,

off.

House; calipan,

5, 6.

Cana,

be.

Only, solely.

I.

Cacauatla, XI,

To

2.

71

To

2.

hear, to listen.

From

II, 1.

Catlachtoquetl,

truly.

caqui, to hear.

Apparently compounded of the

III, 3.

and

rogative catli

tlacatl,

inter-

man, mortal; what

mortal ?

Catella,

III, 4.

Caua, XIV,

For catel; who indeed?

XV,

To

2.

cease, to stop

to surpass

lay

to

down.

Ce,

I,

XV,

4.

One,

Cenpolilliz, XIII,

Centeutl,

a,

an.

From

7.

VII, 6; VIII,

1,

5;

cempoliui, to perish wholly.

XIV,

4;

XIX,

3.

Prop. name.

The

god of maize.

Centla,

XIII,

Centlalia,

I,

2.

For centli ear of corn, dried corn.

5, 6.

Chacalhoa, XIV,

To

assemble.

For chachaloa,

11.

ChalchimamatlacO, XV,

Compound

2.

turquoise
to carry

water

Chalchimichuacan, XIV,

to tinkle, to resound.

of chalchiuitl, jade,

hence of that color

ref.

to

mama,

betake oneself

atl,

co, postposition.

4.

"The

cerulean

home

of the

fishes."

Chalchiuhecatl, XIV,
cally,

9.

From

chalchiuitl, jade

anything precious.

metaphori-

72

GLOSSARY.

Chalmecatl, XVIII,

From

i.

Chalmecatecutli,

XIII,

v.

1.

Apparently
especially a drum.

XIII,

Chan, XVI,

1,

1.

XVII,

Chicauaztica,

for chalani, to

strike, to beat,

House, home.

2.

6; XIII,

III,

Appa-

"Ruler of the (drum) beaters."

5.

Comp.

Chalima,

chalani, to beat, to strike.

name.

rently a proper

2,

3.

Strongly, boldly, energetic-

ally.

ChicomOZtOC,

VII,

"At

1.

Hymn
VI,

See Notes, p. 59.

1.

From

In eight folds.

2.

chicuei, eight.

Chicunaili, IV, 6. Nine but used generally

" many," " numerous."

in the sense of

Chimal,

XI,

For chimalli, buckler,

2.

Chimalticpac, XVIII,
Chipuchica, V,

See Notes to

VII.

Chicomollotzin, XVI,

Chicueyocan,

the seven caves."

"Above

3.

shield.

the shield."

Metastasis for ichpochtica, from ichpochtli,

1.

virgin.

Chilia,

To make,

III, 3.

Chocaya,

From

III, 1, 7.

ChocayOtica,

XII,

Cholola, XIV,

11

to form, to do.

Adverbial from choca

2.

XX,

choca, to weep, to cry out.

Proper name.

2.

" weepingly."

" Place of the fugi-

tives."

Cipactonalla,

VIII,

2.

From

tonalli, the sun,

day.

Perhaps

a proper name.

Ciuatontla, VI,

Coatepec,

V,

Colhoa,

XIII,

1.

1.

hands.

ciuatontli, little

woman.

Coatepetl, or Serpent Hill.

From

12.

Coliuacan, XVII,

Cotiuana, X,

At the

1.

Cochina, XIV,

For

6.

cochi, to sleep.

For Colhoacan, proper name.

2

XIX,

Probably

4.

Proper name, for Colhoacan.

for xo{xi-oii)titaana, tie

hands, join

GLOSSARY.
CogauiC,

IV,

Poetic for coztic,

2.

I,

73
yellow;

literally,

" yel-

lowed," from cocauia.

Cozcapantica,

XII,

Adverbial, from cozcatl, a jewel,

1.

fig.,

an

infant.

Cozcapilla, XII,

Cuecuechiuia,

Cuecuexi,

Cueponi,
Cuicatl,

XI,
IV,

I,

1,

From

4.

V,

From

cuecuechoa, to shake.

Hymn,

et scepe.

"jewel of a babe."

cuecuechoa, to shake.

To bloom,

etc.

1,

From

2.

3.

cozcatl, pilli,

to

blossom.

song.

In compos., cuic.

E
Eztlamiyaual,

HI,

Apparently from

2.

eztli,

blood, race,

and

tlainiauati, to surpass, to excel.

H
Hllia, 11,3.

Y,

I.

Ya.

See Ahuia.

For in (yn), he,

it,

the, that, etc.

See Ayya.

YanCUlC,

IV,

New,

7.

fresh, green.

Yancuipilla, XII,

3.

New-born babe.

Yantata, XIV,

An

exclamation.

Yaquetlaya,

3.

Apparently a form of tlayacati, or ofyaque,

both from the root yac-, a point, a prominence,
to be prominent. But the etymology is not clear.

I,

1.

Yauciuatzill, XIII, 6.
woman."

Yailicaya,
6

III, 2.

Yaotl-cihuatl-tzin,

From yank,

to go.

"the revered war-

74

GLOSSARY.

Yauillll, XI,

Causative form of yauh, "to cause to go," to

5.

put to
1

autiua,

flight.

Freq. from yaotia, to

I, 5, 6.

Yautlatoaquetl, XV,

Yautlatoaya,

fight.

See yautlatoaya.

3, 4.

From yaotl, war, tlaloa, to speak.

3; V. 1.
Yautlatoani, ruler in war, was one of the titles

I,

of Huitzilopochtli.

Yaxcana,

Axcan, now.

II I, 9.

axca,

YayalezCjUl, HI,
IV,

A tree planted

2.

used

VIII,

Yecoa,

Yeua,

I,

Ihuitl,

I,

Ihiya,

II,

end, to

4, etc.

2.

Ilhuiquetl,
Iliuiz,

XV,

5.

Its

bark was

IV,

leave unprotected, as orphans.

this, but,

XIV,

XIII, 8;

To

To

1,2.

Already,

1.

in front of temples.

mats (Sahagun).

for

Icnocaua, XVI,

Ye,

forth.

With which.

6.

VI,

IcCOtl,

2.

nevertheless.

To have

1.

For yehuatl, he,

7.

feather

Apparently
III, 8.

carnal connection.

I,

it,

that.

met., a model, pattern.

for iye, yes, affirmative particle.

From

ilkuia, to say, to call.

Thoughtlessly; with negative prefix

a,

not thought-

Poetic for in micti, from mictia, to slaughter.

2.

Yoalticatla, VIII,
Yoalli, XV,

Yoatzin, XV,

Yolcan, XVIII,
Yolceuiz, XV,
6.

Yoalli-ticatla,

midnight.

Reverential of yoalli, night.

3, 4.

Yocoxquia, XIX,

Yollotl, IV,

1.

Night.

1.

2.

finish.

lessly.

Ymocxi,

Y-

Frequent, of yaliztli ; to go and come,

7, 8.

go back and

Yea,

Axcatl, goods, property.

property.

his, its,

4.

5.

3, 4.

Peaceably, quietly.

Place of birth.

To

appease, to please.

Heart, mind, center.

75

GLOSSARY.
Itaca,

IV,

For

6.

Iteamic, XIV,
Itlani,

XIV,

From

11.

VI,

ItOpanecauiloc,

To

8.

YtZlCOtla,

tetecuti,

take to be an error for in tetenctin.

The Gloss

III, 9.

gives ni japan.

The verbal

a passive from caua, to leave, to abandon.

is

IV,

itta, to see.

Explained by the Gloss by in

5.

which

Itta,

sustenance.

See Tlani.

7.

Itontecuitl,

itacatl, food,

see, to esteem.

II,

5.

fig.,

For

uitzicotla,

lit.,

place abounding in thorns;

the south.

Apparently a compound of ixtli, face, and pan,

more usual ixpan, before, in front of; ixtli in
comp. sometimes becomes itz, as in itzoca, "tener

Itzipana, X,

4.

for the

sucia la cara," Molina, Vocabulario.

Itziueponi, XI,

For

4.

Itzpapalotl, IV,

itztle-cueponi, " resplendent with spears."

"The

5.

obsidian butterfly," an image of

gold and feathers, worn as a royal insignia.

Sahagun, Lib. VII, Cap.

Yua,

III,

To

8.

Yuitla, XIII,

YuivOC,

II,

3,

See

12.

send.
See ihuitl.

6.

From

5.

4,

yuiyotl, a

feather, yuiyoa,

to

be

dressed in feathers, or feather garments.

Ixtlauatl,

IV,

Open

6.

Yyaconay, I, 1. For
Yya. See Ayya.
Izqui,

XIV,

Iztac,

IV,

Iz tleica,

8.

3, 4.

field,

uncultivated region.

ayac-on-ay as appears by the gloss.

y

As many

as.

White.

VI, 3;

XV,

changed

I.

"Here

is

why."

into the predicative

Compendio,

p. 154.

The

form.

interrogative

See Paredes,

76

GLOSSARY.

M
Ma,

VI,

i.

Sign of negative, no, not.

i.

MacaiUl, XVII,
Maceualli,

VI,

ivlaceuh, XX,

Mach, XIV,

i,

Sign of imperative.
to drink.

Subjects, servants.

4.

From maceua,

3.

seek

to

for, to

obtain.

Intensive particle.

7.

11,617.

Macoa.

XVII,

3;

From macoa, and

3, 4.

Machiyotla,
I,

2.

For machiotl,

To

3.

Macxoyatlh, XVIII,

example.

aid, to assist.

By

3.

sign,

the Gloss, for ma-xi-yauh, imper.

of yank, to go.

Malinalli, XIII,
Malli,

Captive; one taken by hand.

II, 3, 4, 5.

Mama,

To

XIV, n.

Mamalia, XIX,
Maniauia,

To

4.

I,

Maololo, XIV,

carry a load on the shoulders.

To

4.

maid,

Mati,

A broom.

4.

penetrate.

Matiuia, XIV,

to fear.

From

12.

4.

Ma-tonicaya, X,

1.

Let

To

II, 3, 4, 5.

noyol, XIV,

Mauiztli

ma-ololo, to cover with the hand.

For matihuia from mati.

11.

VII,

Matlauacal,

Maui

from

To know.

II, 1.

Mauia,

frequentative-causative,

frighten,

VI,

5,

it

shine, let

be bright; from tona.

it

give into the hands

To

11.

XIII,

net-basket.

5.

fear in

my

of, to

deliver up.

heart.

An honor {cosa

de estima, Molina).

person of honor.

Mazatl,

IV,

Mecatla,

VI,

MilacatZOa,

Deer

(Doubtful.)

6.

For

2.

I,

4.

any large wild animal.

tnecatl, cord, rope.

Mo-ilacatzoa, to twine oneself, as a serpent

around a

tree

refers to the xiuhcoatl, fire-serpent,

of Huitzilopochtli.

GLOSSARY.

Mimicha,

IV,

MimilcatOC,

77

Fish, for michin.

8.

VI,

Twisted, twined.

2.

Miquiyecauiz, XIV,

8.
Compound of miqui, to
yecaui, to cease; "to cease dying."

Mltoaya,

I,

For mo-itoa-ya,

3.

Mixcoatepetl, XIX,
MlXCOatl,

XIII,

Mixiui, XII,

Mixtecatl,

2.

town of Mixcoatl.

bear a child.

to

The Mixteca

proper name.

Pacific

or

proper name.

To accouch,

1.

I,

5.

and

said, they said.

it is

The mountain

4.

die,

coast,

to the

southwest,

lived on the

and were not of

Nahuatl lineage.

MlXlUllOC, V,

From

1.

Mo-CUlltonoa,

mixiui, to accouch, to bear a child.

VI,

5.

To

Monegoya,

XVIII,

3.

From

Mo-neuila,

XIII,

Mo-quetzquetl,

rejoice or enjoy greatly.

From

7.

nefi, to appear.

eua, to rise up, to

For m-oqitequetz, frequent, of quetza ;

flow forth, to run from and out.
A poetic

form, not

uncommon.

Moqilichtiuiui, V,

2.

Mo-teca, XIV,

They assemble

9.

Oquichuia, to suffer manfully.

oneself, to lie
4.

forth.

III, 1.

to

Moteua, XV,

come

Perhaps from

Mo-tlaquecllizca, XIII,

2,

itoa, to say, "

3, 4.

quechia, to rest
to press

Mo-tlaqueilia, XI,

it is

said."

Strengthened form of tlato bear down upon

upon

upon.

To seek

2.

impers. from teca, to place

down.

people, or to hire

them

to

work

injury to others.

Mo-tonacayouh,

III,

3.

Our

flesh

the usual form

is

to-

iiacayo.

Moxayaual, V, 2. From yaua/oa, to wander about.

Moxocha, IV, 2, 4. Probably a compound of moxochitl-chayaui, to sow flowers.

Mozcaltizqui,

IV,

6.

From

mo-izcali, to resuscitate, to animate.

78

GLOSSARY.

Nacha,

For nachcan,

III, 7.

Nacochtla, XIV, n.

Nahuia,

III,

Nanquilia,

NauaCO,

ears.

From nam,

6.

XIX,

VII, 6;

XI,

The

there, in that place.

four.

To answer.

3.

"With (my)

5.

skill."

"Master magician;" said by the Gloss to

3.
be a name of Tlaloc. Sahagun gives this as one
of the gods of the goldsmiths (Lib. IX, cap. 18).

Naualpilli,

III,

to

NaualaclllC,

XIV,

Skilfully;

9.

from naualchiua,

to

do some-

thing skilfully.

Nauaquia, XIV, 6.
Nauhxiuhtica,

Perhaps

for

nakuaque, an epithet of divinity.

"After four years" (Molina).

III,9.

Negazualcactla, XVIII,

From

1.

the Gloss equivalent to ne-

gaualacantla, from negaualiztli,

and cana,

Nechyatetemilli,

XIII,
to

Necuilia, X,

Nella,

III,

2.

Nen, adv. I, 1.
Nenequia, XV,
NenouallCO,
Nepaniui,

Nepapan,

2;

2.

down,

In vain, of no advantage.

To

1.

oppose, to be angry with.

2.

5.

III, 9.

II,

lie

one.

See Oiioalico.
pronominal prefix.

Ne-qui-macui,

Niuaya, X,

Reverential of temi, to

5.

fill.

nelli> truly.

XI,

VIII,

Nepanauia,

to leave.

To bring some

For

3.

fast, fasting,

To

is

the impersonal,

join, to unite oneself to.

Nepan,

XIV,

Ne

5.

thither,

and yau/t,

to go.

Diverse, varied.

"I take them by the hand." Explained by the Gloss to be an archaic {chicimecci) expression used in leading or guiding (in
dance or song).
For ni-ihua-ya, I sent (some one).
VII,

5.

GLOSSARY.

Nl-yOCOloC,

79

III, 2.
Passive preterit from yocoya ; yocolia,
be made, composed, created.

No. i. Possess, pron. my, mine.

Noca, I, i. Of me, my, mine.
NohuinUlhuia,

I,

Adv.

2.

also, yet.

Poetic form for neuiuilia, to equal

I.

to

some

one.

Nomactemi,

XIII,

with

Nomauilia,

X,

Nomillh, XVI 1 1,
Nopeltzin,

XIII,

No-tauane,

VI,

my

No-pilli-tzin

5.

Our

1.

No-teuh,

I,

NoyoCO,

XI,

"my

revered lord."

fathers.

2.

II, 2.

2, 4.

"My

From yollotl,

3.

fast.

The

god."

Apparently for niyoco, "with

5.

Noyollo, XV,

Oc,

XX,

bone, point, arrow.

For nic-tecuia, I tie it, I make it

Gloss, amo-tecuhuan, is not intelligible.

No-teciia, VI,

fills,

thing personally.

No-omitl,

4.

it

hands.

To do a

4.

my hand

No-maitl-c-temi,

3, 4.

full

me

alone."

heart, soul, courage, etc.

Yet, besides this.

Ocelocoatl,

Ocoyoalle,

" Tiger snake."

III,4.

VIII,

"

2.

The

night pine."

Apparently a proper

name.

Ocutitlana, XI,

Oholopa,

II, 3.

and

Ollama, XIV,

"

2.

Poetic

ofifia,

9.

Among

To

compound

play at ball

1.

Omei,

5.

For ome, two

twelve.

of ololoa, to cover, to dress,

twice.

Olya, XVIII,
XIII,

the pine woods."

form from

from

ololoa, to
;

o//i,

a ball.

cover or clothe oneself.

the Gloss reads matlactli

ome

80
On,

GLOSSARY.
I,

i,

et scEpe.

particle,

merely euphonic, or signifying

action at a distance.

Onca,

There.

scepe.

OnoallCO,

XI, I. Proper name, derived from onoua, the impersonal form of onoc, and meaning " a peopled
place," a thickly inhabited spot.

the postposition,

Opuchi, XVIII,

The

terminal, co,

is

at.

"Left-handed;" by the Gloss == tiacauh,

6.

brave, valiant.

OquixanimanicO,

X,

I.

form

in the

second person

compounded of quica and

forth, scatter

Otlacatqui, XIV,
Otli, VIII,

I, 2.

1.

Oyatonac,

be born.

Path, road.

5.

Ouayyeo,
Oya, scepe.

"coming

yourselves around."

Ilacati, to

3, 4.

?na?ii,

plural,

An interjection.
An interjection. 2.

For otonac, from tona,

II, 6, 7.

Oztomecatl, XI V,

PetlacalcO, XX,

Preterit ofyau/i, to go.

11.

4.

to shine.

merchant.

From

petlall, mat, calli, house,

and

co,

post-position.

Peua,

VI,

To

3.

begin.

Picha-huazteca,

Proper name, " The frozen Huastecs,"

perhaps those living on the high Sierra, who
1,2.

were the nearest

Pillachilialoyan, XIV,

4.

to the

Nahuas.

Locative from pilli-chiua, to engen-

der offspring.

Piltzintecutli, IX, 2; XIV,

9.

Lord of the youths or children,

piltzintli.

Pipiteca,

I, 6.

Those having charge of the

spies,

from pipia,

pilli,

a child.

spy.

Pipitla,

XX,

2.

Reduplicated locative irom

to

GLOSSARY.
Pinaulltia, VI,

Pinauia,

II,

Poliuiz, XV,

Potonia,

affront, to put to

From poloa,

3.

I,

PotOCaya,

To

III, 3, 4.

shame;

to censure,

blame.

to

Pomaya,

To make ashamed.

I.

81

XI,

XIII,

IV, 7
freely

Poyauhtla,

panauza,

To be liberal,
10.
adorn with feathers.

XIV,

to

Among

1,3.

to

conquer.

to

give equally or

the fogs, from poctli, smoke, fog,

water.

atl,

for

companion.

Potli,

6, 7.

III, 6.

PupilXOtiuh,

Apparently

1.

mist

to destroy.

work the

gerundive form from popoxoa,

soil
here used figuratively.

to

to

till,

Q
Quacuillo,

III,

XX,

Qliatonalla, XVIII,

Quaui,

XIII,
verse

1.
;

1.

From

3.

qua, to eat.

Head bright,"

"

the helmet on the head.

shortened form of quauiuitl, in the same

compound

of quauhtli, eagle,

iuitl,

feather

decoration explained in the Gloss, usually called the

quauhtzontli, eagle crest.

Quauinochitla,

XI,

Ouailiquemitl,

II, 2.

"

2.

Among

From

the tuna trees."

quauhtli, eagle, quemitl, clothing,

garb.

Ouechol, XIV,
Quentia, XV,
Ouetl,

II, 2.

5, 7.

1.

dress oneself.

Poetic for quetza, to

See Gloss

Quetza, XIV,

To

A bird.

6.

rise, to

come

out of or from.

to III, 7.

To

arise from.

Quetzalaueuetl, XV,

2.

Of

quetzal, beautiful,

the water cypress,

fig. chief,

and

lord.

aueuctl,

82

GLOSSARY.

Quetzalcalla,

"The house

III f 9.

the quetzal bird.

of the quetzal," beautiful as

Explained

in the Gloss to

be

the Place of Joy.

Quetzalcoatli, XI,

OuetzalcOCOX,

Queyamica,
Queyanoca,

VII, 6

6.

VIII,

According

1.

Proper name.

7.

The pheasant.

For quenamican, how there?

III, 8.
I,

XIV,

to the Gloss, equivalent to onoca,

from onoc.

Quiauiteteu,

VIII,

Rain gods

6.

quiauitl, rain; teteu, plural

of teotl, god.

Quilaztla, XIII,

1.

For

Quilaztli,

2.

See Quilaztla.

Quilazteutl, XVIII,

Ouinexaqill,

VII,

another

of Cihuacoatl.

Explained by the Gloss by oniualleuac,

1.

came quickly (eua,

Hence

name

precipitation).

in
it

composition, signifies
is

a form from yatch,

yaqiri.

Quiyauatla,

VI,

Tamoanchan,

Poetic for quiauitl, rain.

6.

IV,

"We

etc.

1,

seek our home," a

plied to the Earthly Paradise.

Teacuitlaquemitl, XV,

Teca,

III, 6.

To spread

Tecpanteutl, XVII,
Teicnellili, VI,

Teizcaltequetl,

5.

See

name

ap-

p. 29.

Golden garb.

1.

out, especially of liquids.

"Palace god."

3, 4.

A benefit,

an advantage.

That which gives wisdom and life.

"Teizcali, cosa que da doctrina, y aviva, y da

III, 9.

entendimiento" (Molina).

Telipuchtla,

Temacouia,

II, 3, 4, 5.

VI,

4.

hands

For

From
of.

telpochtli,

a youth.

temaca, to give, to deliver into the

GLOSSARY.
I

emoquetl,

1 enaniltl,

I,

Tepanecatl,
I

From

III, 8.
3.

The

XI,

3.

epanquizqui,

I,

Tepetitlan, V,

temoa, to seek, quiza, to go forth.

wall of a city

"Dweller

hence, a town or

in the palace."

"Among

city.

proper name.

A substitute, one who represents

3.

2.

83

another.

the mountains."

Tepeuh, XX, 3, 4. From peua, to begin.

TepeyOCpa, XV, 4. From tepetl, pan.
I

V, 2, From tequiutl, task, labor, but explained by the Gloss as equivalent to lepeua, to over-

equilia,

II,

throw, to conquer.

Tetemoya,

II,

Frequentative from temo, to descend, to

7.

6,

come down,

Tetoma,

XVIII,

tetemo.

From

5.

loma, to open, to send forth, to

let

loose.

Tezauhpilla,
Tetzauiztli,

"Master of

III, 8.
I,

An

2.

fear."

A name

object which causes fear.

of

See Tezozomoc, Cronica Mexi-

Huitzilopochtli.

cana, cap. VI.

Teuaqill,

From

II, 6, 7.

teotl,

god, aqui, to enter, to penetrate.

Explained by the Gloss as teucumitl

icpac, upon the thorn bush {teocumitl, espina
grande, Molina). But I should think it to be

TeuCOlltlipaca,

IV,

5.

compound

of

teotl, conetl,

son of the goddess."

was

Teueuel,

V,

especially Centeotl,

"upon

the

of Teteunan

god of maize.

Poetic from ueue, the ancients, the elders.

2.

Teumechaue,

icpac,

The son

4; VIII, 2 XIX, 2. Perhaps from

teo-ome-chayaue, "the twice divine seed-thrower," or teometl-chayane, the planter of the divine
IV,

1, 2, 3,

maguey.

TeumilcO,

XIII,

2.

From

teotl, milli, co,

"in the divine corn-

field," fig. reference to the battlefield.

Teutiualcoya,

III, 2.

The

Gloss reads tenitualcoya, from

god, ittnalo, passive of

itta, to see.

teotl,

84

GLOSSARY.

Teil-tlaneuiloc,

Explained by the Gloss as equivalent

to oiietlanauiloc; an impersonal, passive, preterit, from naua, "it was danced."
The peIII, I.

dance called tlanaua, performed

by young girls, is described by Sahagun, Lib.
culiar sacred

cap. 24.

II,

Teutlalipan,

IV,

In the divine earth.

8.

eyomi,

ezcatlipuca, XIX,

VII,

From

1.

XIX,

1 ezcatzintll,

teyo,

esteemed, honored.

Proper

2.

Proper

5.

TezcatZOtlCO, XVII,

XIX,

name

of a divinity.

name from
4.

iezcatl, mirror.

Apparently the name of a

part of the temple.

Tianquiz, XIV,
Tigatl, IV,

limalla,

Chalk

7.

XVIII,

Tlacatl,

II,

Tla^az, XIX,

Form

4.

Xlacaluaz, XIV,
XV,

fig.,

place.

model, pattern.
of timalloa, to swell, to increase;

to rejoice, to glorify oneself.

fig.,

Tlacati,

The market

6.

For

7.

For

3, 4.
;

XIII,

Tlachco, XIV,

Tlacochcalco,

Mortal, creature, person.

5.

The

6.

tlaga, to overturn.

The

10.

Tlachinaya, XIV,
Tlachtli, VII,

tlacatl.

7.

From

4.

tlacahiaztli, a blow-pipe.

place of the ball play.

From

tlachia, to see.

ball.

X, 1. From tlacochtli, arrow, or generally, weapon, calli, house, co, post-position, in

"the hall of weapons," or arsenal. It was a
room in that part of the temple dedicated to
II,

and was filled with arrows,

Sahagun, Lib. VIII, cap. 32.

Huitzilopochtli,

spears, etc.

Tlagolteutla, XIV,

Tlacoyoalle, XIV,
Tlacyaniuitza, IX,

2.
1.

Name

of a

Mexican goddess.

At midnight.

Probably for tlayauani ni-huitz,

dancing, as a dancer.
1.

come

85

GLOSSARY.
TlaixtOtOCa, X,

3.

T lalli,

To

XIV,

Tlalocan,

10.

III, 5

Ixtotoca, to search for.

place oneself; earth, ground.

XVI,

The home

1.

Tlaloc tlamacazque,

of Tlaloc.

See

p. 25.

"Dispensers of the beneof Tlaloc"; the name applied to

VIII,
fits

3, 4, 6.

the priests of this divinity,

rialpa,

XIV,

From

6.

Tlaltecutli, IV,

earth,

tlalli,

and jfom.

Tlalli, tecutli; lord of the earth or land.

6.

TlamacazecatiO, XIX,

For tlamacaztecatl, one concerned

2.

with the priestly

Tlamocoyoualca, XIX,

Apparently from tlamaca,

2.

1,

office.

to

serve.

Tlani, XIV,

Tlanuati,

7.

VIII,

Below

3, 4.

To

Tlapani, XVIII,
Tlapitza, xiv,
Tlapoalli,

see

Tlaquaua, XV,
Tlatia, XV,

Tlailia, XV,

To

5;

To burn

tona, to shine.
{petit).

red or shining.

XIX,

Master of the house of the dawn.

signifies an active possessive.

2.

The terminal e
Tlayauican, IX, 1. The dancing-place; from
in

a certain manner.

Tlaxotecatl teuhtla,

oneself.

speech, discourses, prayers.

drink wine

To appear

Tlauizcalle, XIV,

2.

sing, to chant, to speak.

From

5.

strong, or hard.

oneself.

tlatolli,

To

1.

I.

reckon.

to

To make

To hide

Tlatonazqui, XIV,

Tlauana, XV,

flute.

3, 4.

For

III, 8.

break.

Pomaya.

11.

7,

it.

send.

To number,

1.

1.

Tlatoa, XIV,
Tlatol,

7.

III, 9.

Tlapomaya,

To

2.

below

i-tlani,

I, 4-

See Tlaxotla.

tlayaua, to dance

86

GLOSSARY.

Tlaxotla,

Passive form from tlaca, to hurl, to throw.

I, 3.

was

Huitzilopochtli

Notes

lOCiquemitl,

Hymn

to

I,

From

1.

"the hurler."

specifically

See

I.

to-citli-quemitl,

vestment of our an-

cestress.

Tocniuaya,
ToCLlilitla,

VIII,

To-icniuk, our friend.

1.

See Tocuilechcatl.

II, 7.

TocillitlCa, XIV,

From

10.

" in the feather

Tocuilechcatl,

to-ciili-yuitl,

with adverbial ending;

garb of our ancestors."

To, our, cuilia, to paint,

II, 2.

adorn

" our

adornment."

To-naca,

XIII,

"Our

2.

flesh."

Tonanaya, XIII, 5. Reduplicated for tonaya,

Tonaqui, I, 1. A form from tona, to shine.
Tonana, IV, 1. " Our mother; " nantli.
Topaniaz,

IX,

The

2.

Gloss reads more correctly, no

niaz, " also there

Totoch, X,

XVII,

of wine

Toyauan,

I,

name

of a

god

a day of the week.

To-yauan, our enemies.

5, 6.

umpa

shall go."

Tochtli, a rabbit; the

title.

also, of

to shine forth.

{See Olmos. Grain.,

p. 25.)

Tozquiuaua, XIX,
Tzioac,

XIII,

For

5.

fig. for

From

5.

tozquitl, voice.

a sacred tree; here apparently

tzioactli,

a sacred person.

Tzioactitlan, VII, 2. "In the tzihuac bushes;'' the tzihuac

was a kind of maguey of a sacred character. See

my
Tziuaquimillh,

Ancient Nahitatl Poetry,

VII,

TzoCOtZOntla, XX,

TzonimolcO,

VI,

3.
I.

havresac

From

tzocoton,

"Where

1.

name

"My

p. 140.

made

little, tzontli,

The

hair.

the hair spreads abroad."

of the hall sacred to the

temple.

of tzihuac fibres."

god of

The

fire in

flames blazing upwards like hair from a head.

TzotZOnia, XIX,

5.

To

the

expression refers figuratively to the

play on an instrument.

GLOSSARY.

87

u
Ualltla, XV,

Comp.

4.

Ualla^lC, VIII,

From

5.

and

of uallauh

itla.

uallauh, to come,

and

acic,

which adds

the sense of approaching near.

Ualmeua,
Ueca,

X,

XII,

To

3.

cry lustily.

Far.

1.

Uel, or Huel, adv.,

Uelmatia,

Ueponi,

Uexcaitoa,

Uicacapa,

well, to

be well.

Uepollotl, kin, relations.

1.

To

II, I.

IV,

Well.

4.

To appear

III, 4.

VII,

I,

harm,

Towards,

7.

Uitzalochpan,

offer

XIII,

1.

to curse.

to.

Compound

of huttz, to come,

and

tlaloa, to run.

Uitzetla,

For uitzlan,

II, 2.

in at the south, or the

place of

thorns.

Uitznauac,

For Huitznauac.

II, 4.

According

Uitztla, XIII, 3.
form for

See Notes to

Hymn

II.

to the Gloss to v. 4, this is a poetic

uidli, a hoe, the native agricultural

implement.

X
XamontOCa,

IV,

Xi-am-on-itta, from

7.

Compare

Xatenonotza,

VI,

to look, to see.

the Gloss.

For xi-tenonotza,

6.

itla,

call

ye upon, pray ye

to.

Xayaualli,

XIII,

From xayaua,

8.

to

adorn oneself in the

ancient manner.

Xeliui, XVIII,

Ximocaya,

To

4.

III,

9.

split, to

divide.

Rendered by the Gloss

ximoayan, the Paradise of Souls

Nahuatl

Ximi^Otica, XVI,

as equivalent to
;

see

my

Poetry, p. 132.

I, 2.

From

if a, to

wake

up, awake.

Ancient

88
Xlllh, IV,

GLOSSARY.
Green

8.

XluacaiCO,

grass.

From

green house
the Gloss explains it by acxoyacalco, " in the house
of the wild laurel," or decorated with wild laurel, a
plant probably sacred to Tlaloc.
III, 5.

XlUlCOatl, XV,

xiuh,

in the

calll, co,

Grass snake, or green snake.

2.

From

xiuitl,

coatl.

Xiyanouia,

Imperative from yank, to go.

III, 6.

Xochinquauitl, XIV,

Xochiquetzal, XIV,
Xochitla,

IV,

11.

The

flower-tree.

Proper

name

Flowers, place

etc.

1,

7.

of,

of a deity.

or

abundance

of.

From

xochitl.

Xocllitlicacan, XIV,

Xoconoctli, XIX,

Xocoyeua, XIX,
Xolotl, XIV,

Xoyauia,

5.

9.

IX,

5.

2.

The

3, 5.

From

From

place of flowers.

xocotl, fruit, apple.

xococtl, fruit.

servant, a page.

From

xoyaui, to begrime, to spoil

xoyam'an,

the place of blackness, or of decay.

Xoxolcuicatl, VI,

5.

song.

From

xolotl, servant,

page, and cuicatl,

INDEX.
Abundance, the fabled house
Amanteca,

Amantlan

of, 59.

17.

a quarter of the

city of Tenochtitlan, 17.

hymn to, 43 his functions, 44.

the, a name of the god of fire, 34.

Amimitl, the god,

Ancient god,

"Ancient Nahuatl Poetry," quoted,

Arrows, the house
Artists, the

of,

goddess

Atlaua, the god,

21

37, 51.

god

of, 64.

63

signification of, 64.

of, 41.

hymn

to,

Auroras, the four, 44.

Ayopechtli or Ayopechcatl, a goddess,

hymn

to,

47

functions

of,

48.

Aztec Mythology, Paradise

Ball, the

game

of, 26,

29

nation, wars

of,

46.

of, 54, 55.

Bibliotheca Laurentio-Mediceana,

Bread and water, fasting on,

ix.

55.

Bustamente, his edition of Sahagun's Historia,

ix.

Cardinal points as symbols, 25.

Chalchiucihuatl, a

Chalmecatl,

name

name

of the goddess Chicomecoatl, 59.

of a deity, 64.

Chichimecs, an ancient

tribe, 37, 44.

Chicomecoatl, the goddess,

names,

hymn

to,

59

functions

of, 59,

60.

Chicomolotl, a
7

name

of the goddess Chicomecoatl, 59.

89

60

her

90

INDEX.

Chicomoztoc, the "seven caves," 37.

Childbirth, goddess

of, 29, 47,

Chimalman, the goddess

48.

of, 31.

Chimalipan, the virgin-mother, 31.

Cholula or Chollolan, a place name,

hymn

Cihuacoatl, the goddess,

to,

54, 68.

49; functions

of, 51.

Cinteotl or Centeotl, the god, 40; his birthplace, 53

his functions,

55-

Cipactonalli, a fabled personage, 40.

Clavigero, quoted, 44.

Coatepec, the sacred serpent mountain, 31.

Codex Ramirez,

the, 29.

Codex Telleriano-Remensis,
Codex Vaticanus,
Colhuacan,

first

the, 29, 41.

the, 58.

King

of,

29

derivation

of, 51

reference

66.

Colors,

symbolism

of, 34, 44.

Cuauhtitlan, the Annals

name

Cuezaltzin, a

Dance, the

jar,

Death-song,

42

of, 37, 38.

of the

god of

fire, 34.

of the " four auroras," 44.

a, 68.

Drum, use of

the, 64.

Drum-beating, goddess

Drunkenness,

of, 50.

deities of, 61, 62.

Duran, Diego, quoted,

25, 29, 41, 42, 57, 59, 68.

Eagle's crest, as ornament, 51.

Earth, goddess of the, 28

heart of the, 29.

Eight, as a sacred number, 54.

Emerald, the Lady of

the, 60.

Feathers, as ornaments, 20
Fertility,

genius

of, 29, 51.

symbol of the

spirit, 32.

to, 61, 62,

INDEX.
Fire, the

Mexican god

91

of, 34.

Fire-stick, the, 18.

Fish-spear,

god of

the, 44.

" Five flowers," the, a plant, 40, 66.

Flames, the Hall

Flowers, the god

of,

35

of, 40,

Food, the goddess

66

plumage

41

of,

as symbols, 54, 55.

of, 59.

Four, as sacred number, 25, 26, 43, 44.

Gods, mother of the, 28

Green corn, goddess

home

of the, 29, 40.

of, 60.

Guadalupe, Our Lady

of, 29.

Hair, as a symbol of flames, 35.

Heads, serpent of seven,

Hearts of victims torn

59.

out, 58.

Hieroglyphic books, native,

Huasteca, a

xi.

tribe, 17.

name of the god of fire, 34.

Huitzilopochtli, hymn to, 15
his functions,
Huehueteotl, a

idol, 18

festival of, 20;

Huitznahuac, war song

of,

temple
19

of,

21

17

description of his

mother

of, 32.

brother of Huitzilopochtli, 32.

Hurler, the; epithet applied to Huitzilopochtli, 17.

Ichpochtli, the virgin goddess, 41.

Illustrations, colored, xi.

Inquisition, action

on Sahagun's Historia,

Intoxicating drink, the gods

xi.

of, 61, 62.

Itzpapalotl, a goddess, 41.

Ixcocauhqui, the god of

Jade, ornaments

of,

fire,

hymn

mentioned,

to, 33.

54.

Jourdanet, Dr., his translation of Sahagun's Historia,

ix.

 *>! iiiiw iiiiitmuumgmfnna^

92

INDEX.

Kingsborough, Lord, his edition of Sahagun's Historia,

his

Mexican

ix,

xi

Antiquities^ 58.

Lightning, as a serpent, 17, 18.

Lying-in, goddesses

Macuilxochitl,

See Childbirth.

of.

name

of a deity, 40

Maguey, brought from Paradise,

Maize, the god

Maya tribes

in

40

of,

Mexico,

goddess

hymn

to, 65.

28.

of, 60.

17.

Mazateca, a certain tribe or caste,

Merchants, the god

54.

of, 68.

Mexicans, the, 45.

Mexicans, poetry

of, ix, 37.

Mexico, ancient, 24.

Mimixcoa.

See Mixcoatl.

Mirror, the use

of, 66.

Mist, the house of, 25.

Mixcoatl, the god,

hymn

of,

36

his functions, 37, 50

hill of, 66.

Mixcoatepec, mountain so called, 66.

Mixteca

a nation,

16, 17.

Mixtecatl
J

Mixtecapan, a

locality, 16, 17.

Mother of the gods,

Nahua,

the, as tribal

28, 29

" our mother," 51

name,

Night, the

the virgin, 31.

38.

Nahuatl language, the, ix; MSS.,

Naualpilli,

x.

"noble magician," a name of Tlaloc,

god

of, 57, 58.

Nonoalco, a place name, 44.

" Obsidian butterfly," a kind of ornament, 41.

Olmos, quoted,

64.

23.

INDEX.
Opochtli, the

god of netmakers,

Otomis, the tribe so-called, 37

Otontecutli, the god,

hymn

to,

93

44.

war song

43

of, 46.

his functions, 46.

Paradise, the terrestrial, 26, 28, 29, 53, 68.

Paynal, the god, 20.

Parturition,

goddess

Picha-Huasteca, a

Pipiteca, a

tribe, 16, 17.

name,

Pipitlan, a place

See Childbirth.

of.

nomen

68.

gentile, 17.

Poetry, ancient Mexican,

Pulque, the god

Quechol

ix, 37, 51.

of, 62.

bird, the, 54.

Quetzal bird, the, 40, 64.

Quetzalcoatl, priests adopt his garb,

companion,
Quilaztli,

Rain gods,

of a goddess, 50, 51

of,

as speaker, 45,

54; his

related to Atlaua, 64.

40.

the, the

house

of, 40.

Reproduction, the goddess

Sacrifices,

57.

name

Rain, the god

17

human,

of, 51.

18, 20, 21, 24, 35.

Sahagun, Bernardino de, MS. of

his Historia, ix

the chants, x; action of Inquisition on, xi

his

remarks on

quoted,

17, 18,

21,

2 5 29, 30, 34, 56, 57 et scepe.

Serpent, the lightning,

51

17, 18

mountain, 32

the serpent

woman,

serpent's blood, 50; swallowing of, 54; of seven heads, 59.

Seven, as a sacred number,

Simeon, Remi, his notes

Slaves, sacrifice

to

59.

Sahagun's Historia,

of, 18, 20, 21.

Soul, place in Aztec mythology, 26.

ix.

mwmwtm

jwvjcavxsi

94

INDEX.

South, the, as origin of deities,

Sun-god, the,

34.

Tamoanchan,

its

Teatlahuiani, a

Temple

19, 20.

signification, 29

name

the houses

of, 41.

god of the pulque,

of the

62.

of Tenochtitlan, 20, 34.

Tenochtitlan, ancient

Tepeyacac, temple

name

of the city of Mexico, temple

at, 29.

Tequechmecaniani, a name of the god of drunkenness,

Teteuinan,

hymn

of, 20, 34.

62.

of, 27.

Tezcatlipoca, the god, 66.

Tezcatzoncatl, god of the pulque, 61

hymn

to, 61,

62.

Tezcatzontli, 66.

Thorns, diviners with,

Tlaloc, the god, song

25

figure

20.

24

of, 22,

house

of, 24,

40, 59

functions of,

of, 26.

Tlalocan, the terrestrial Paradise, 24, 25, 26; guide

to,

59; ex-

plained, 68.
Tlazolteotl, the love goddess, 53.

Toci, our mother, a goddess, 29.

Toltecs, the fabulous nation

Torquemada, quoted,
Totec, the god,

hymn

of, 31.

34, 44, 51.

to,

56; a

companion of Quetzalcoatl,

Totochtin, gods of intoxication, 61.

Tochtli, the rabbit, as a

Tonan or Tonantzin,
Travelers, the deity

Tulan, the

god of drunkards,

the goddess, 51, 53.

of, 68.

site of, 31.

Turquoises as ornaments,

Twins, the goddess

Tzatzitepec, the

18.

of, 51.

hill

Tziuactitlan, a place

of proclamation, 58.

name,

37.

Tzocatzontlan, a place name, 68.

62.

57.

95

INDEX.
See Huitznabruac.

Uitznahuac.

Venus impudica,

See Huitzilopochtli.

Vitzilopochtli.

War,

the

Water

god

the Mexican, 55.

of, 17

goddess

of, 50.

cypress, the, 57.

Waters, master of the, 64.

Woman,

sacrifice of, 35.

Xilonen, goddess of green corn, 60.

Xippe Totec, the god,

Xiuhtecutli, a

name

56.

flowers,

fire,

34.

hymn

to,

39

functions

of,

40;

66.

Xochitlycacan,

name

of the earthly Paradise,

Xochiquetzal, the goddess,

ence

to,

of the god of

god of

Xochipilli, the

synonym,

hymn

hymn

meaning,

functions

of,

41

high priest of Totec,

58.

to,

41

its

to 54, 55.

hymn

Yacatecutli,

god of

travelers,

Yoatzin, the

god of

night, 57, 58.

Youallauan, the nocturnal

tippler,

to, 67.

29.
;

refer-

2241DR
BR
30910-27
4/95

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