DEM in LS-Dyna

Particles as Discrete Elements in LS-DYNA:
Interaction with themselves as well as

Deformable or Rigid Structures
N. Karajan1, E. Lisner1, Z. Han2, H. Teng2, J. Wang2
1
DYNAmore GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany
LSTC, Livermore, USA
11th LS-DYNA Forum 2012

10. October 2012, Ulm
Outline
Introduction and Motivation

Discrete-Element Method in LS-DYNA
Examination of the Parameters
Sample Applications
Extension to Bonded Particles
Conclusion
1
Introduction and Motivation
Granular
Media
Numerical Simulations Help to Design

Storage
Silos
Piles
Transportation
Conveyor belts/ screws
Pumps
Processing
Sorting
Mixing/ Segregation
Filling
[Wiese Frderelemente GmbH]
Hopper/ funnel flow
Numerical Methods
Discrete-Element Method (DEM)
Finite-Element Method (FEM)
2
The Discrete-Element Method in LS-DYNA
Definition of the Discrete Elements

Particles are approximated with spheres via
*PART, *SECTION_SOLID
Coordinate using *NODE and with a NID
Radius, Mass, Moment of Inertia
*ELEMENT_DISCRETE_SPHERE_{OPTION}
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$#
NID
PID
MASS
INERTIA
RADII
30001
4 570.2710 6036.748
5.14
30002
5 399.0092 3328.938
4.57
30003
6 139.1240
575.004
3.21
*NODE
$--+---1-------+-------2-------+-------3-------+-------4---+---5---+---6
$#
NID
X
Y
Z
TC
RC
30001
-29.00
-26.8
8.7
0
0
30002
-21.00
-24.8
18.2
0
0
30003
-27.00
-14.7
21.2
0
0
Definition of the Discrete Elements

Particles are approximated with spheres via
*PART, *SECTION_SOLID
Coordinate using *NODE and with a NID
Radius, Mass, Moment of Inertia
Density is taken from *MAT_ELASTIC

*ELEMENT_DISCRETE_SPHERE_VOLUME
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$#
NID
PID
MASS
INERTIA
RADII
30001
4 570.2710 6036.748
5.14
30002
5 399.0092 3328.938
4.57
30003
6 139.1240
575.004
3.21
*NODE
$--+---1-------+-------2-------+-------3-------+-------4---+---5---+---6
$#
NID
X
Y
Z
TC
RC
30001
-29.00
-26.8
8.7
0
0
30002
-21.00
-24.8
18.2
0
0
30003
-27.00
-14.7
21.2
0
0
Definition of the Contact between Particles

Mechanical contact
Discrete-element formulation according to
[Cundall & Strack 1979]
Extension to model cohesion using capillary forces

*CONTROL_DISCRETE_ELEMENT
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$#
NDAMP
TDAMP
Fric
FricR
NormK
ShearK
CAP
MXNSC
0.700
0.400
0.41
0.001
0.01
0.0029
0
0
$#
Gamma
CAPVOL
CAPANG
26.4
0.66
10.0
Possible collision states

Depends on interaction distance
Elastic Contribution
Normal contact forces
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$#
NDAMP
TDAMP
Fric
FricR
NormK
ShearK
CAP
MXNSC
0.700
0.400
0.41
0.001
0.01
0.0029
0
0
Normal spring constant

: compression moduli taken
from *MAT_ELASTIC
Tangential spring constant relative to normal spring constant

Default values: NormK = 0.01, ShearK = (2/7)*NormK
Damping Contribution
Normal damping force
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$#
NDAMP
TDAMP
Fric
FricR
NormK
ShearK
CAP
MXNSC
0.700
0.400
0.41
0.001
0.01
0.0029
0
0
Damping constants as a ratio of the critical damping

with
Influence of the normal damping during particle contact

NDAMP
NDAMP
NDAMP
NDAMP
NDAMP
NDAMP
Z-Coordinate [m]
particle is dropped from 1m height

values for NDAMP are altered
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Time [s]
Frictional Contribution
Friction force based on Coulombs law of friction
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$#
NDAMP
TDAMP
Fric
FricR
NormK
ShearK
CAP
MXNSC
0.700
0.400
0.41
0.001
0.01
0.0029
0
0
Friction coefficient
Fric = 0.0
yields a central force system for each particle
reduction to 3 translations as DOF
Fric > 0.0

yields a general force system for each particle
full 6 DOF are enabled (3 translations and 3 rotations)
Extension to model rolling resistance

FricR > 0.0
typical values for sand grains around 0.01
larger values may account for rough particles or other particle shapes
Capillary Force Contribution

Idea of a liquid bridge with fixed volume
[Rabinovich et al. 2005]
Only activated for

$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$#
NDAMP
TDAMP
Fric
FricR
NormK
ShearK
CAP
MXNSC
0.700
0.400
0.41
0.001
0.01
0.0029
1
0
$#
Gamma
CAPVOL
CAPANG
26.4
0.66
10.0
Involved parameters
CAP = 0
dry particles
CAP = 1
wet particles
additional input card is required
Gamma > 0.0 : Liquid surface tension

CAPVOL > 0.0 : Volume fraction of the liquid bridge with respect to
1/10 of the contacting sphere volumes
CAPANG > 0.0 : Contact angle between liquid bridge and sphere
Capillary Force Contribution The Formulas

Characterization of the liquid bridge
Volume
Rupture distance
Capillary force
with
10
Definition of the Particle-Object Contact I

Classical nodes-to-surface contact definition
Well-proven and tested contact definition
*CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_NODES_TO_SURFACE_ID
$#
CID
2
$#
SSID
MSID
SSTYP
MSTYP
300
1
4
3
$#
FS
FD
DC
VC
0.6
0.4
0.0
0.0
$#
SFS
SFM
SST
MST
1.0
60.0
0.0
0.0
SBOXID
0
VDC
20.0
SFST
1.0
MBOXID
0
PENCHK
0
SFMT
1.0
SPR
0
BT
0.0
FSF
1.0
MPR
0
DT
1.0E+20
VSF
1.0
Contact between
SSTYPE= 4 : slave node set
MSTYPE=() : segment set (0), shell element set (1),
part set (2), part (4)
Benefits of the contact definition

static and dynamic friction coefficients
penalty scale factors
works great with MPP
Drawbacks of the contact definition

not possible to apply rolling friction
friction force is applied to particle center
11
Definition of the Particle-Object Contact II

New contact definition for discrete elements
*DEFINE_DE_TO_SURFACE_COUPLING
$#
SLAVE
MASTER
STYPE
300
1
0
$#
FricS
FricD
DAMP
0.5
0.01
0.2
MTYPE
1
BSORT
100
LCVx
0
LCVy
0
LCVz
0
Contact between
STYPE=0: slave node set
MTYPE=0: part set
STYPE=1: slave node

MTYPE=1: part
Damping determines if the collision is elastic or plastic

Benefits of the contact definition
static and rolling friction coefficients

friction force is applied at the perimeter
possibility to define transportation belt velocity via LCVxyz
easy to set up!
Drawbacks of the contact definition

no possibility to tweak via penalty scale factors
sometimes problems with MPP
12
Static Friction Benchmark

PEBBLE Test of Idaho National Laboratory
J. J. Cogliati & A. M. Ougouag: In PHYSOR 2010 - Advances in Reactor Physics to
Power the Nuclear Renaissance, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (2010)
Critical coefficients of friction
Case to pass the test

stable pyramid for
LS-DYNA simulation
Pyramid becomes unstable for
a)
b)
a)
b)
Test is well passed!
13
Biaxial Compression Test

Standard geomechanics test to determine material parameters
Granular specimen (3300 particles) wrapped in latex
Pressure is applied to the side surfaces
Bottom, back and front surfaces are fixed
Top surface is displacement driven
Z-Force [N]
Force versus displacement diagram
secondary shear bands
LS-DYNA simulation
Top displacement [mm]
14
Funnel Flow
Variation of the parameters in
*DEFINE_DE_TO_SURFACE_COUPLING
$-------+-------1--------+--------2---------+--------3---------+--------4---------+--------5
RHO
0.80E-6
2.63E-6
2.63E-6
2.63E-6
1.0E-6
P-P Fric
0.57
0.57
0.57
0.10
0.00
P-P FricR
0.10
0.10
0.01
0.01
0.00
P-W FricS
0.27
0.30
0.30
0.10
0.01
P-W FricD
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
CAP
0
0
1
1
1
Gamma
0.00
0.00
7.20E-8
2.00E-6
7.2E-8
$-------+-------1--------+--------2---------+--------3---------+--------4---------+--------5
foamed clay
dry sand
wet sand
fresh concrete
water
15
Sample Applications
Drum Mixer I
12371 particles with two densities
Green: foamed clay
Blue: sand
Drum Mixer II
6640 particles of the same kind
Fringe color: particle velocity
White lines: particle path
16
Hopper Flow
Problem description
Rigid silo walls
350 x 150 x 25 mm
shell elements 2mm thick
Problems to avoid
Ratholing
Arching
17000 rough particles

radius from 1.5 3 mm
static & rolling friction of 0.5
Gravity-driven outflow
Sample Applications
17
Drop of a Particle-Filled Ball from 1m Above the Rigid Ground
Large deformations demand for a coupled solution

Inside: 1941 particles (dry sand)
Outside: 1.8 mm thick visco-elastic latex membrane
Sample Applications
18
Bulk Flow Analysis

Introduction of a particle source and sink
*DEFINE_DE_INJECTION
possibility to prescribe
location and rectangular size of the source
mass flow rate, initial velocity
min. and max. radius
*DEFINE_DE_ACTIVE_REGION
definition via bounding box
Problem Description
Belt conveyor
Deformable belt
Transport velocity
Contact with rigid supports
Generated particles
Plastic grains
Sample Applications
19
Introduction of *DEFINE_DE_BOND
All particles are linked to their neighboring particles through Bonds

Bonds represent the complete mechanical behavior of Solid Mechanics
Bonds are calculated from the Bulk and Shear Modulus of materials
Bonds are independent of the DEM
Every bond is subjected to
Stretching, bending
Shearing, twisting
The breakage of a bond results in Micro-Damage

which is controlled by a prescribed critical fracture energy release rate
20
First Benchmark Test with Different Sphere Diameters

Pre-notched plate under tension
Quasi-static loading
Material: Duran 50 glass
Density: 2235kg/m3
Youngs modulus: 65GPa
Poisson ratio: 0.2
Fracture energy release rate: 204 J/m2
I:
Case I
4000 spheres r = 0.5 mm

Crack growth speed: 2012 m/s
Fracture energy: 10.2 mJ
Case II
16000 spheres r = 0.25 mm
Case III
64000 spheres r = 0.125 mm
II:
III:
21
Fragmentation Analysis with Bonded Particles
Crack branching Path
Energy Density
Fragmentation
Energy Density
22
Pre-Cracked specimen
Loading plates via *CONTACT_CONSTRAINT_NODES_TO_SURFACE
Pre-cracks defined by shell sets
23
Conclusion
Introduction of loose particles

Particle definition with volume option
Particle-particle interaction
contact stiffness, damping and friction
cohesion
Particle-structure interaction
deformable or rigid finite-element structures
contact stiffness, damping and friction
Particle source and sink for bulk flow analysis
Extension to bonded particles

Linear-elastic solid behavior
Brittle fracture
24
Thank you for your attention!
Your LS-DYNA distributor and more
25

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What are some applications of discrete element modeling discussed in the document?

What are some applications of discrete element modeling discussed in the document?

What parameters define particle-particle interactions?

What parameters define particle-particle interactions?

Particles as Discrete Elements in LS-DYNA:

Interaction with themselves as well as

DYNAmore GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany

LSTC, Livermore, USA

11th LS-DYNA Forum 2012

Introduction and Motivation

Introduction and Motivation

Numerical Simulations Help to Design

Hopper/ funnel flow

The Discrete-Element Method in LS-DYNA

Definition of the Discrete Elements

The Discrete-Element Method in LS-DYNA

Definition of the Discrete Elements

Density is taken from *MAT_ELASTIC

Definition of the Contact between Particles

Extension to model cohesion using capillary forces

Possible collision states

The Discrete-Element Method in LS-DYNA

Normal spring constant

Tangential spring constant relative to normal spring constant

The Discrete-Element Method in LS-DYNA

Damping constants as a ratio of the critical damping

Influence of the normal damping during particle contact

particle is dropped from 1m height

The Discrete-Element Method in LS-DYNA

Fric > 0.0

Extension to model rolling resistance

Capillary Force Contribution

Only activated for

Gamma > 0.0 : Liquid surface tension

Capillary Force Contribution The Formulas

The Discrete-Element Method in LS-DYNA

Definition of the Particle-Object Contact I

Benefits of the contact definition

Drawbacks of the contact definition

Definition of the Particle-Object Contact II

STYPE=1: slave node

Damping determines if the collision is elastic or plastic

static and rolling friction coefficients

Drawbacks of the contact definition

The Discrete-Element Method in LS-DYNA

Examination of the Parameters

Static Friction Benchmark

Case to pass the test

Test is well passed!

Biaxial Compression Test

Force versus displacement diagram

secondary shear bands

Top displacement [mm]

Examination of the Parameters

Examination of the Parameters

17000 rough particles

Drop of a Particle-Filled Ball from 1m Above the Rigid Ground

Large deformations demand for a coupled solution

Bulk Flow Analysis