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    Lecture15 Psychophysics

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    Lecture15 Psychophysics

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    tejaldhulla
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    psychophysics

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    lecture15-psychophysics

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    psychophysics

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    181 views22 pages

    Lecture15 Psychophysics

    Uploaded by

    tejaldhulla
    psychophysics

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 22

    ME 327: Design and Control of Haptic Systems

    Autumn 2014

    Lecture 15:
    Human haptics:
    Psychophysics
    Allison M. Okamura
    Stanford University

    psychophysics
    the scientific study of the relation between
    stimulus and sensation
    fundamental to psychology
    has become fundamental to understanding
    haptic devices and virtual environments
    More information & sources of figures in this section: Gescheider,
    Psychophysics: Method, Theory and Application, 1984
    Stanford University

    ME 327: Design and Control of Haptic Systems

    Allison M. Okamura, 2014

    two principal functions


    Descriptive: Involves the specification of
    sensory capacities
    Analytical: Testing of hypothesis about the
    underlying biological mechanisms that determine
    human sensory capacity

    Stanford University

    ME 327: Design and Control of Haptic Systems

    Allison M. Okamura, 2014

    history
    1879 Wundt (British empiricist) articulated the
    idea of senses as key to human understanding
    Simultaneous advances in sensory physiology
    Facilitated transition of psychology from a
    philosophical to scientific discipline
    1860: Fechner published Elements of
    Psychophysics: techniques for measuring
    mental events
    Stanford University

    ME 327: Design and Control of Haptic Systems

    Allison M. Okamura, 2014

    measurement thresholds
    sensory threshold is a central idea
    absolute threshold
    sensitivity
    smallest amount of stimulus energy required to
    produce a sensation
    difference threshold
    resolving power
    amount of change in the stimulus required to
    produce a just noticeable difference (JND)
    in the sensation
    Stanford University

    ME 327: Design and Control of Haptic Systems

    Allison M. Okamura, 2014

    Just Noticeable Difference


    (JND)
    the amount of change in a stimulus that creates a
    perceptible increment in sensation
    example:
    stimulus intensity = 10 units
    goes up to 12 units before observer notices a
    change
    therefore, JND = 2 units at that stimulus level
    Stanford University

    ME 327: Design and Control of Haptic Systems

    Allison M. Okamura, 2014

    sensory dimensions
    intensity or magnitude
    e.g., amplitude, frequency
    quality or sensory modality
    e.g., visual or auditory stimulus
    haptic: vibration, force, movement
    extension
    e.g., size, location, separation
    haptic: bump width, space between bumps
    duration
    Stanford University

    ME 327: Design and Control of Haptic Systems

    Allison M. Okamura, 2014

    what its good for: description


    Characterizing a
    sensory systems
    sensitivity has practical
    purposes:
    Why doesnt delivering
    voice signals to a deaf
    person through the skin
    work very well?
    Stanford University

    ME 327: Design and Control of Haptic Systems

    Allison M. Okamura, 2014

    psychophysical laws
    Empirically derived
    Hold true across all senses in many situations
    Many such laws exist
    Oldest example still has experimental relevance
    (after 180 years!)

    Stanford University

    ME 327: Design and Control of Haptic Systems

    Allison M. Okamura, 2014

    Webers Fraction, 1834


    German Physiologist E. H. Weber

    Linear relationship between


    differential threshold and
    stimulus intensity
    For example: to feel
    different, 2 heavy weights
    must differ more than two
    light weights
    Gescheider, 1984
    Stanford University

    ME 327: Design and Control of Haptic Systems

    Allison M. Okamura, 2014

    Weber Fraction
    for weights placed on the skin, the Weber
    fraction is approximately 1/30
    this provides a useful index of sensory
    discrimination that can be compared across
    different conditions and modalities
    however, the WF law is not always perfect,
    especially near the absolute threshold (=0)
    Stanford University

    ME 327: Design and Control of Haptic Systems

    Allison M. Okamura, 2014

    revised Webers Law


    when is very close to the absolute threshold,
    Webers fraction increases

    Stanford University

    ME 327: Design and Control of Haptic Systems

    Allison M. Okamura, 2014

    Gustav Fechner, 1801-1887


    there must be
    quantitative laws
    governing the relations
    between mental
    sensations and body
    stimuli such that changes
    in one correspond to
    proportional changes in
    the other
    Stanford University

    ME 327: Design and Control of Haptic Systems

    Allison M. Okamura, 2014

    Fechners Law, 1860


    Assumption: All JNDs are equal psychological
    increments in sensation magnitude, regardless of
    the size of

    Stanford University

    ME 327: Design and Control of Haptic Systems

    Allison M. Okamura, 2014

    Fitts Law
    Fitts Law states that the time to acquire a target
    (T) is a function of the distance to (D) and size
    (W) of the target
    W

    index of difficulty
    D

    For a haptic virtual environment or teleoperation


    system, you often want to show that you can minimize
    difficulty via haptic feedback
    Stanford University

    ME 327: Design and Control of Haptic Systems

    Allison M. Okamura, 2014

    psychophysical methods
    methods for determining sensory thresholds:
    method of limits (and staircase method)
    method of constant stimuli
    method of adjustment

    Stanford University

    ME 327: Design and Control of Haptic Systems

    Allison M. Okamura, 2014

    method of limits
    measures absolute
    and difference
    threshold location
    Present subjects with
    ascending and
    descending
    stimulus series, and
    ask: is a comparison
    >, =, or < a
    reference?
    Stanford University

    absolute difference: average transition


    JND: size of equal band

    ME 327: Design and Control of Haptic Systems

    Allison M. Okamura, 2014

    staircase method
    (Modified Method of Limits)

    Begin with high-intensity


    stimulus
    l Intensity is reduced until
    observer makes error
    l Stimulus intensity reverses
    until subject detects stimulus
    l Reversal values averaged
    l Multiple staircase methods:
    step size
    up/down increments
    l

    Stanford University

    H. Levitt, Transformed Up-Down


    Methods in Psychoacoustics, The
    Journal of the Acoustical Society of
    America, vol. 49, 1971, pp. 467-477.

    ME 327: Design and Control of Haptic Systems

    Allison M. Okamura, 2014

    example study
    Yes

    No

    Finger fixed in place


    with dental gum
    l
    l
    l
    l

    X, Indentation depth (mm)

    Model held at target


    depth for 500 ms.

    Staircase Tracking Algorithm


    4

    dB = 2

    subjects trained with 5 models


    initial indentation is random, below threshold
    trial ends when last 10 indentations are within 2 dB
    indentation depth required for detection is mean of
    last five indentation values

    Stanford University

    ME 327: Design and Control of Haptic Systems

    dB = 1
    Reversal
    1

    dB = 0.5

    Reversal
    2

    indentation depth
    defined by:

    Allison M. Okamura, 2014

    method of constant stimuli


    Absolute threshold
    location at 50%
    JND between 25%
    and 75%

    repeat same 5-9 stimuli


    randomly present each ~100x
    detect stimulus? (Y/N)
    percent of positive responses calculated for each stimulus intensity
    fit curve to get psychometric function (usually s-shaped)
    advantage: subject can not predict level of next stimulus intensity
    (removes errors of habituation and expectation)

    Stanford University

    ME 327: Design and Control of Haptic Systems

    Allison M. Okamura, 2014

    method of adjustment
    gives absolute and
    difference threshold
    locations

    l
    l

    l
    l

    set stimulus intensity far above or below threshold


    subject tunes stimulus intensity to:
    l be perceptible (absolute threshold)
    l match a reference stimulus (difference threshold)
    mean = subjective equality
    difference threshold = standard deviation

    Stanford University

    ME 327: Design and Control of Haptic Systems

    Allison M. Okamura, 2014

    perceptual and
    performance experiments
    not all haptic experiments are
    psychophysical experiments...
    some are perceptual (i.e., they ask different
    questions about perception)
    some are related to user performance
    Stanford University

    ME 327: Design and Control of Haptic Systems

    Allison M. Okamura, 2014

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