GANADIPATHY TULSIS JAIN ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Chittoor Cuddalore Road, Kaniyambadi (Post), Vellore 632102.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME 6404 THERMAL ENGINEERING
Unit: 1 GAS POWER CYCLES

Part-B (16 Marks)

1) Derive an expression for the air standard efficiency of diesel diesel cycle and then deduce
it for mean effective pressure.(Nov 2010)
This cycle was introduced by Dr. R. Diesel in 1897. It differs from Otto cycle in that heat
is supplied at constant pressure instead of at constant volume. This cycle comprises of the
following operations :
(i) 1-2......Adiabatic compression.
(ii) 2-3......Addition of heat at constant pressure.
(iii) 3-4......Adiabatic expansion.
(iv) 4-1......Rejection of heat at constant volume.
Point 1 represents that the cylinder is full of air. Let p1, V1 and T1 be the corresponding
pressure, volume and absolute temperature.
Working Process:
During this addition of heat let volume increases from V2 to V3 and temperature T2 to T3,
corresponding to point 3. This point (3)is called the point of cut-off. The air then expands
adiabatically to the conditions p4, V4 and T4 respectively corresponding to point 4. Finally, the air
rejects the heat to the cold body at constant volume till the point 1 where it returns to its original
state.

P-V and T-S diagram for Diesel Cycle

Consider 1 kg of air.
Heat supplied at constant pressure = Cp (T3 T2)
Heat rejected at constant volume = Cv(T4 T1)
Work done = Heat supplied heat rejected
= Cp(T3 T2) Cv(T4 T1)
Efficiency = Work done / Heat supplied
= Cp(T3 T2) Cv (T4 T1)/ Cp(T3 T2)
= 1- { (T4 T1)/ (T3 T2)}
Where Cp/Cv=

It may be observed that for efficiency of diesel cycle is different from that of the Otto
cycle only in bracketed factor. This factor is always greater than unity, because > 1. Hence for
a given compression ratio, the Otto cycle is more efficient.
The net work for diesel cycle can be expressed in terms of pv as follows :

2) A six cylinder four stroke petrol engine has a swept volume of 300cubic cm per cylinder,
a compression ratio of 10 and operates at a speed of 35000rpm. If the engine is required to
develop an output of 73.5kw at this speed, calculated the cycle efficiency, the necessary
Rate of heat addition,the mean effective pressure , maximum temperature of the cycle and
efficiency ratio. The pressure and temperature before isentropic compression are 1.0bar
and 15 C respectively, take
= 0.72 and = 1.4 (nov 2010)

Given data :
r 10
vs 300cm3 300 106 m3
n 35000rpm
w 73.5 Kw
p1 1.0bar
T1 150 C 288 K
cv 0.72
1.4
solution :

compression ratio, r

vs vc
vc

10

300 106 vc
vc

300 106
1
vc

vc 33.33 106
air standard efficiency, 1

1
1

r
1
1 1.41
10
0.602 60.2%
work output
heat supplied , Qs

73.5
Qs
122.09 Kw
0.602

work output , w pm vs

N
Z
60
35000
6
60
pm 70000 KN / m 2 0.7bar

73.5 103 pm 300 106

T2 V1

T1 V2

V
T2 T1 1
V2

288 101.41 723.4 K

3) A four stroke petrol , four cylinder petrol engine of 250 mm bore and 375 mm stroke
works on Otto cycle. The clearance volume is 0.01052
.The initial pressure and
temperature are 1bar and 47 C. if the maximum pressure is limited to 25 bar, find the
i. the air standard efficiency of the cycle
ii. mean effective pressure. Take = 1.005 kJ/kgk and = 1.4
(Nov- 2011)
Given data:
cylinder diameter , d 250 mm 0.250m
stroke length, l 375 mm 0.375m
clearance volume, vc 0.01052m3
p1 1bar 100 KN / m 2
T1 47 0 C 320 K
p3 25 bar 2500 KN / m 2
solution :
d2

2
l 0.250 0.375
4
4
vs 0.01839 m3

stroke volume, vs

compression ratio , r

vc vs 0.01052 0.01839

2.74
vc
0.01052

air standard efficiency , 1

1
1

r
53.78%

w.k .t
v1
2.74
v2

1
6.8881.41

consider process 1 2 (adiabatic compression);

v
p2 p1 1
v2

100 (2.74)1.4
410.0631KN / m 2
pressure ratio, k

p3
2500

6.096
p2 410.063

1.4 1

6.096 1 2.74
100 2.74

1.4 1 2.74 1
pm 993.43Kpa

4) In an air standard dual cycle, the pressure and temperature at the beginning of
compression are 1 bar and 57 C respectively. The heat supplied in the cycle is 1250 Kj.kg,
two third of this being added at constant volume and rest at constant pressure. If the
compression ratio is 16, determine the maximum pressure, temperature in the cycle,
thermal efficiency and mean effective pressure. (Nov 2011)

Given data :
p1 1bar
T1 47 0 C 320k
r 16
Qs 1250 KJ / kg
Qs1 2 / 3Qs 833.33KJ / Kg
Qs2 1 / 3Qs 416.67 KJ / Kg
solution :
specific volume, v1

rT1 287 320

0.9184m3 / kg
5
p1
1 10

v2 0.0574m3 / kg
1 2 isentropic compression processes
p2 (r ) p1
161.4 1 48.5bar
T (r ) 1 T1
161.41 320 970.06 K
2 3 constant volume heat addition process
cv (T3 T2 )
0.718(T3 970.06)
2130.69 K
w.k .t
T
p3 3 p2
T2
2130.69

48.5
970.06
106.53bar
3 4 constant pressure heat addition process
Qs2 C (T4 T3 )
416.67 1.005(T4 2130.69)
T4 2545.29 K

v4

T4
2545.29
v3
0.0574
T3
2130.69
0.0686m3 / Kg

expansion ratio, re

v4
0.0686

0.0747
v1 2130.69

4 5 isentropic expansion process

T re 1 T4
(0.0747)1.41 2545.29
901.71K
heat rejected from the cycle,
Qr Cv (T5 T1 )
0.718(901.71 320)
417.67 KJ / Kg
workdone W Qs Qr
1250 417.67 832.33KJ / Kg
cycle efficiency ,

w 832.33

66.59%
Qs
1250

mean effective pressure ,

pm

w
832.33

9.67bar
v v2 0.9184 0.0574

5)In the engine working on dual cycle , the temperature and pressure at the beginning of
the cycle are 90 C and 1 bar respectively. The compression ratio is 9 . The maximum
pressure is limited to 68 bar and heat supplied per Kg of air is 1750KJ. determine :
i.
Pressure and temperature at all salient points
ii.
Air standard efficiency
iii. Mean effective pressure.
(may 2012)

p1 1bar
T1 900 C
p3 p4 68bar
r 9
Qs 1750 KJ / Kg
solution :
1 2 : isentropic comp. process
p2 r p1 9.1.4 1
21.67bar
T2 r 1 T1 90.4 363
874 K
2 3 constant volume heat addition process
p
T3 3 T
p2
68

874
21.67
2743K
3 4 : constant pressureheat addition process
Qs cv (T3 T2 ) c p (T4 T3 )
1750 0.718(2743 874) 1.005(T4 2743)
T4 3149 K
v

RT1 287 363

1.04181m3 / Kg
p1
1 105

v1 1.04181

0.11576m3 / Kg
r
9
T
3149
v4 4 v3
0.11576
2743
T3
0.132894m3 / Kg
v3 v2

cut off ratio,

v4 0.13289

1.148
v3 0.11576

pressure ratio , K

p3
68

3.138
p2 21.67

efficiency of the cycle

1
k 1

1
r (k 1) ( 1)

1
3.138 1.148 1.4 1

1.4 1
9
(3.138 1) 3.138 1.4(1.148 1)
58.19%
1

net work of the cycle,

wnet Qs
0.5819 1750
1018.33KJ / Kg
mean effective pressure,
pm

wnet
1018.33

10.98bar
v1 v 2 1.04181 0.11576

6) a. Consider an air standard cycle in which the air enters the compression at 1 bar and 20
C. The pressure of air leaving the compressor is 3.5 bar and the temperature at turbine
inlet is 600 C .determine per Kg of air. (May 2012)
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

Efficiency of the cycle

Heat supplied to air
Work available at the shaft
Heat rejected in the cooler and
Temperature of air leaving the turbine

Given data:

p1 1bar
T1 20 C
T3 600
P2 3.5

solution :
consider the process 1 2 adiabatic compression
T2 p2

T1 p1
p
T2 2
p1

T1

1.4 1

3.5 1.4

293

1
419 K
consider the process 3 4 adiabatic exp ansion
T4 p4

T3 p3
p
T4 4
p3

T3

1.4 1

1 1.4

873 674.3K

3.5
air standard efficiency , 1

1
rp

1
1.4 1
1.4

0.30

3
30%
heat supplied Qs c p (T3 T2 ) 1.005(873 419) 456.2 KJ / Kg
heat rejected Qr c p (T4 T1 ) 1.005(610.3 293) 318.8 KJ / Kg
compressor work , wc c p (T2 T1 ) 1.005(419 293) 126.63KJ
similarly for exapander ,We c p (T3 T4 ) 1.005(873 610) 264.31KJ
work output w We wc 264.31 126.63 137.68
temperature of leaving the turbine 674.3K

b. The efficiency of an Otto cycle is 60% and = 1.5. What is the compression ratio
Solution:
Efficiency of Otto cycle, = 60%
Ratio of specific heats, = 1.5
Compression ratio, r = ?
Efficiency of Otto cycle is given

by,
7) a. A spark ignition engine working on ideal Otto cycle has the compression ratio 6. The
initial pressure and temperature of air are 1 bar and 37 C. the maximum pressure in the
cycle is 30bar. For unit mass flow, calculated
i.
ii.

P , v and T at various salient points of the cycle and

The ratio of heat supplied to the heat rejected. Assume = 1.4 and R = 8.314KJ/k
mol K
(Nov 2012)

Given data :
r6
p1 1bar 100 KN / m 2
T1 37 0 C 37 273 310k
p3 30 bar
solution :
consider process 1 2(adiabatic process ) :
p2 V1

p1 V2

V
p2 1 p1
V2
p2 61.4 100 1228.6 KN / m 2
T2 V1

T1 V2

V
T2 1 T1
V2
61.41 310
T2 634.78 K
consider process 2 3(constant volume process );
p3 T3

p2 T2

T3

p3
3000
T2
634.78
p2
100

T3 19043.4 K
consider process 3 4(adiabaticprocess) :
p4 v3

p3 v4

p4

1.4

v3
1
p3 3000 244.18KN / m 2
v4
6

T4 v3

T3 v4

v
1
T4 3 T3 19043.4 9300 K
6
v4
heat supplied : Qs mCv (T3 T2 ) 1 0.718 (19043.3634.78)
0.4

Qs 13217.39 KJ / Kg
heat rejected mCv (T4 T1 ) 1 0.718 (9300 310) 6454.82 KJ / Kg
Qs 13217.39

2.048
Qr
6454.82

8) An air standard dual cycle has a compression ratio of 18, and compression begins at 1
bar 40 C. The maximum pressure is 85 bar. The heat transferred to air at constant
pressure is equal to that at constant volume. Estimate:
i.
ii.
iii.

The pressure and temperatures at the cardinal points of the cycle.

The cycle efficiency and
Mean effective pressure of the cycle (Nov 2012)

Given data :
r 18
p1 1bar
T1 400 C 313k
p3 85bar
Qs1 Qs2
C p 1.005 KJ / KgK
Cv 0.718 KJ / KgK
solution :
spceific volume,V1

RT1 287 313

0.92701m3 / Kg
5
P1
1 10

V2 0.049906m3 / Kg
1 2 isentropiccompression process
p2 r p1 181.4 1 57.19bar
T2 r 1 T1 181.41 313 994.61K
2 3 cons tan volume heat addition process
p
85
T3 3 T2
994 1478.26 K
48.5
p2
Qs1 Cv ( T3 T2 )

 0.718(1478 994.61)
347.26 KJ / Kg
3 4 constant pressure heat addition
Qs1 Qs2 C p (T4 T3 )
347.26 1.005(T4 1478.26)
T4 1832.79 K
v4

T4
1832.79
v
0.04996 0.061919 m 3 / Kg
T3
1478.26

expansion ratio, re

v4 0.061919

0.06892
v1
0.89831

4 5 isentropic exp ansion process

p5 re p4
0.068921.4 85 2.009bar
T5 re 1 T4 0.068921.4 1 1832.79 628.7 K
cut off ratio,

v4
0.06892

1.380
v3 0.049906

p 85
pressure ratio, K 3
1.486
p2 57.19
the cycle efficiency


1
1.486 1.6380.1.4 1

1
r (1.486 1) 1.4 1.486 (1.380 1)
67.83%
1

net heat supplied to cycle

Qs Qs1 Qs2 311.612 311.612 692.521KJ / Kg
network done to cycle,
W Qs 692.52 0.6783 469.73KJ / Kg
the mean efficitive pressure
pm

W
413.45

5.57bar
v1 v 2 0.8931 0.049906

9) In an oil engine working on dual cycle the heat supplied at constant pressure is twice
that of heat supplied at constant volume. The compression and expansion ratios are 8 and
5.3. The pressure and temperature at the beginning of cycle are 0.93 bar and 27 C. find
the efficiency of the cycle and mean effective pressure. Take = 1.005 KJ/kgK and =
0.718 KJ/kgK.
Given data:

(May 2013)

P1 0.93bar
T1 27 0C
r 8
Qs2 2 Qs1
k

v5 v1
5.3
v4 v4

Cp 1.005KJ / KgK
Cv 0.718KJ / KgK
solution :
specificvolumes,
RT1 287 300

0.926m3 / Kg
5
p 0.9310
v 0.926
v2 1
0.11572m3 / Kg
r
8
v3 v2 0.11572m3 / Kg
v1

1 2 compression process
p2 r p1 81.4 0.93 17.093bar
T2 r 1 T1 81.41 300 689K

10) Air standard cycle consists of the following process.

(a).Isentropic compression from 15oc and 1 bar to 5 bar.
(b).2500KJ/Kg of heat is added at constant volume.
(c).Isentropic expansion to initial volume.
(d).Heat rejection at constant volume.
Calculate the ideal efficiency, mean effective pressure and peak pressure.

(Nov 2013)