Adi Shankara

Adi Shankara (pronounced [adi k]; early 8th century CE[2][note 1]) is a widely
studied and influential Hindu philosopher and theologian[5] from India who consolidated
the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta.[1][6]
His works in Sanskrit discuss the unity of the tman and Nirguna Brahman "brahman
without attributes".[7] He wrote copious commentaries on the Vedic canon (Brahma
Sutras, Principal Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita) in support of his thesis. His works
elaborate on ideas found in the Upanishads.
Shankara's publications critiqued of rituals-oriented Mms school of Hinduism.[8] He
also explained the key difference between Hinduism and Buddhism, stating that
Hinduism asserts "Atman (Soul, Self) exists", while Buddhism asserts that there is "no
Soul, no Self".[9][10][11]
Shankara travelled across the Indian subcontinent to propagate his philosophy through
discourses and debates with other thinkers. He established the importance of monastic
life as sanctioned in the Upanishads and Brahma Sutra, in a time when the Mms
school established strict ritualism and ridiculed monasticism. He is reputed to have
founded four mathas ("monasteries"), which helped in the historical development, revival
and spread of Advaita Vedanta of which he is known as the greatest revivalist.[6] Adi
Shankara is believed to be the organiser of the Dashanami monastic order and the founder
of the Shanmata tradition of worship.
He is also known as Adi Shankaracharya, Shankara Bhagavatpada, sometimes spelled as
Sankaracharya, (di) akarcrya, akara Bhagavatpda and akara
Bhagavatpdcrya.
Contents
1 Biography
o 1.1 Sources
o 1.2 Birth-dates
o 1.3 Life
o 1.4 Philosophical tour and disciples
o 1.5 Death
2 Works
o 2.1 Authentic works
o 2.2 Works of doubtful authenticity or not authentic
o 2.3 Themes
3 Philosophy and practice
o 3.1 Knowledge of Brahma
o 3.2 Practice
o 3.3 Shankara on the difference between Hinduism and Buddhism
4 Historical and cultural impact
o 4.1 Historical context
o
o
o
o
4.2 Influence on Hinduism

4.3 Critical assessment
4.4 Mathas
4.5 Smarta Tradition
5 Film
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Sources
o 9.1 Published sources
o 9.2 Web-sources
10 Further reading
11 External links
Biography
Sources
There are at least fourteen different known biographies of Adi Shankara's life.[12] Many of
these are called the ankara Vijaya, while some are called Guruvijaya, Sankarabhyudaya
and Shankaracaryacarita. Of these, the Brhat-Sankara-Vijaya by Citsukha is the oldest
hagiography but only available in excerpts, while Sankaradigvijaya by Vidyaranya and
Sankaravijaya by Anandagiri are the most cited.[12][13] Other significant biographies are
the Mdhavya akara Vijaya (of Mdhava, c. 14th century), the Cidvilsya akara
Vijaya (of Cidvilsa, c. between the 15th and 17th centuries), and the Keraya
akara Vijaya (of the Kerala region, extant from c. the 17th century).[14][15] These, as
well as other biographical works on Shankara, were written many centuries to a thousand
years after Shankara's death,[16] in Sanskrit and non-Sanskrit languages, and the
biographies are filled with legends and fiction, often mutually contradictory.[12][17]
Scholars note that one of the most cited Shankara hagiography by Anandagiri includes
stories and legends about historically different people, but all bearing the same name of
Sri Shankaracarya or also referred to as Shankara but likely meaning more ancient
scholars with names such as Vidya-sankara, Sankara-misra and Sankara-nanda.[13] Some
biographies are probably forgeries by those who sought to create a historical basis for
their rituals or theories.[13][16]
Adi Shankara died in the thirty third year of his life,[18] and reliable information on his
actual life is scanty.[13]
Birth-dates
The birthplace of Adi Shankara at Kalady

Several different dates have been proposed for Shankara:[18]
788820 CE: This is the mainstream scholarly opinion, placing Shankara in mid
to late 8th century CE. These dates are based on records at the geri rad
Pha, which is the only matha to have maintained a relatively unbroken record of
its Acharyas; starting with the third Acharya, one can with reasonable confidence
date the others from the 8th century to the present.[19] The Sringeri records state
that Shankara was born in the 14th year of the reign of "VikramAditya", but it is
unclear as to which king this name refers. Though some researchers identify the
name with Chandragupta II (4th century CE), modern scholarship accepts the
VikramAditya as being from the Chalukya dynasty of Badami, most likely
Vikramaditya II (733746 CE),[20] which would place him in the middle of the 8th
century.[19] Max Mller, Macdonnel, Pathok, Deussen and Radhakrishnan all
accept the dates 788820 CE.[3] The date 788820 is also among those considered
acceptable by Swami Tapasyananda, though he raises a number of questions.[21][22]
509477 BCE: This dating, more than a millennium ahead of all others, is based
on records of the heads of the Shankara Mahas at Dvaraka Pitha and Govardhana
matha and the fifth Peetham at Kanchi.[4] However, the succession of acharyas at
these two mathas were often disrupted by geopolitical realities and these records
are not considered as reliable as the Sringeri chronology. Also, such an early date
would be in conflict with much else in Indian chronology. According to these
revisionist models, these are the actual dates, and it is other collateral dates, such
as the date of Gautama Buddha (which serves as an anchor for modern academic
history of India), that need to be moved back. However, such an early date is not
consistent with the fact that Shankara quotes the Buddhist logician Dharmakirti,
who finds mention in Xuanzang (7th century).[19] Also, his near-contemporary
Kumrila Bhaa is usually dated c. 8th century CE. Most scholars feel that due to
invasions and other discontinuities, the records of the Dwaraka and Govardhana
mathas are not as reliable as those of Sringeri.[19] Thus, while considerable debate
exists, the pre-Christian Era dates are usually discounted, and the most likely
period for Shankara is during the 8th century CE.
4412 BCE: the commentator Anandagiri believed he was born at Chidambaram
in 44 BCE and died in 12 BCE.[3]
6th century CE: Telang placed him in this century. Sir R. G. Bhandarkar believed
he was born in 680 CE.[3]
805897: A D Venkiteswara not only places Shankara later than most, but also
had the opinion that it would not have been possible for him to have achieved all
the works apportioned to him, and has him live ninety two years.[3]
The most accepted dating places Adi Shankara to be a scholar from the first half of the
8th century CE.[2][12]
Life
Shankara was most likely born in the southern Indian state of Kerala, in a village named
Karati or Kalati[12][23] according to the oldest biographies, but some texts suggest the
birthplace to be Cidambaram.[13][24] His father died while Shankara was very young.[12]
Shankara's upanayanam, the initiation into student-life, had to be delayed due to the death
of his father, and was then performed by his mother.[25][full citation needed]
Idol of Adi Shankara at his Samadhi Mandir, behind Kedarnath Temple, in Kedarnath,
India
Shankara's hagiography describe him as someone who was attracted to the life of
Sannyasa (hermit) from early childhood. His mother disapproved. A story, found in all
hagiographies, describe Shankara at age eight going to a river with his mother,
Sivataraka, to bathe, and where he is caught by a crocodile.[26] Shankara called out to his
mother to give him permission to become a Sannyasin or else the crocodile will kill him.
The mother agrees, Shankara is freed and leaves his home for education. He reaches a
Saivite sanctuary along a river in a north-central state of India, and becomes the disciple
of a teacher named Govindapada.[26][27] The stories in various hagiographies diverge in
details about the first meeting between Shankara and his Guru, where they met, as well as
what happened later.[26] Several texts suggest Shankara schooling with Govindapada
happened along the river Narmada, a few place it along river Ganges in Kashi (Varanasi)
as well as Badari (Badrinath in the Himalayas).[27]
The biographies vary in their description of where he went, who he met and debated and
many other details of his life. Most mention Shankara studying the Vedas, Upanishads
and Brahmasutra with Govindapada, and Shankara authoring several key works in his
youth, while he was studying with his teacher.[26] It is with his teacher Govinda, that
Shankara studied Gaudapadiya Karika, as Govinda was himself taught by Gaudapada.[12]
Most also mention a meeting with scholars of the Mimamsa school of Hinduism namely
Kumarila and Prabhakara, as well as Mandana and various Buddhists, in Shastrarth (an
Indian tradition of public philosophical debates attended by large number of people,
sometimes with royalty). [27] Thereafter, the biographies about Shankara vary significantly.
Different and widely inconsistent accounts of his life include diverse journeys,
pilgrimages, public debates, installation of yantras and lingas, as well as the founding of
monastic centers in north, east, west and south India.[13][27]
Philosophical tour and disciples

While the details and chronology vary, most biographies mention Adi Shankara traveling
widely within India, Gujarat to Bengal, and participating in public philosophical debates
with different orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy, as well as heterodox traditions such
as Buddhists, Jains, Arhatas, Saugatas, and Carvakas.[28] During his tours, he is credited
with starting several Matha (monasteries), however this is uncertain.[28] Ten monastic
orders in different parts of India are generally attributed to Shankara's travel-inspired
Sannyasin schools, each with Advaita notions, of which four have continued in his
tradition: Bharati (Sringeri), Sarasvati (Kanchi), Tirtha and Asramin (Dvaraka).[29] Other
monasteries that record Shankara's visit include Giri, Puri, Vana, Aranya, Parvata and
Sagara - all names traceable to Ashrama system in Hinduism and Vedic literature.[29]
Adi Shankara had a number of disciple scholars during his travels, including Padmapada
(also called Sanandana, associated with the text Atma-bodha), Sureshvara, Tothaka,
Citsukha, Prthividhara, Cidvilasayati, Bodhendra, Brahmendra, Sadananda and others,
who authored their own literature on Shankara and Advaita Vedanta.[28][30]
Death
Adi Sankara is believed to have died aged 32, at Kedarnath in the northern Indian state of
Uttarakhand, a Hindu pilgrimage site in the Himalayas.[29][31] Some texts locate his death
in alternate locations such as Kanchipuram (Tamil Nadu) and somewhere in the state of
Kerala.[27]
Works
For more details on this topic, see Adi Shankara bibliography.
Adi Shankara's works are the foundation of Advaita Vedanta school of Hinduism, and his
doctrine, states Sengaku Mayeda, "has been the source from which the main currents of
modern Indian thought are derived".[31] Over 300 texts are attributed to his name,
including commentaries (Bhya), original philosophical expositions (Prakaraa
grantha) and poetry (Stotra).[31][32] However most of these are not authentic works of Adi
Shankara and are likely to be works of his admirers or scholars whose name was also
Shankaracharya.[33][34] Piantelli has published a complete list of works attributed to Adi

Sankara, along with issues of authenticity for most.[35]
Authentic works
Adi Shankara is most known for his systematic reviews and commentaries (Bhasyas) on
ancient Indian texts. Among his commentaries, Shankara's masterpiece work is
Brahmasutrabhasya (literally, commentary on Brahma Sutra), a fundamental text of the
Vedanta school of Hinduism.[31]
His commentaries on ten early Primary Upanishads are also considered authentic by
scholars,[31][33] and these are: Bhasya on the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, the Chandogya
Upanishad, the Aitareya Upanishad, the Taittiriya Upanishad, the Kena Upanishad,[36] the
Isha Upanishad, the Katha Upanishad, the Mundaka Upanishad, the Prashna Upanishad,
and the Mandukya Upanishad.[37][38] Of these, the commentary on Mandukya, is actually a
commentary on Madukya-Karikas by Gaudapada.[38]
Other authentic works of Shankara include commentaries on the Bhagavad Gita (part of
his Prasthana Trayi Bhasya).[39] His Vivarana (tertiary notes) on the commentary by
Vedavyasa on Yogasutras as well as those on Apastamba Dharma-stras (Adhyatamapatala-bhasya) are accepted by scholars as authentic works of Adi Shankara.[37][40] Among
the Stotra (poetic works), the Daksinamurti Stotra, the Bhajagovinda Stotra, the
Sivanandalahari, the Carpata-panjarika, the Visnu-satpadi, the Harimide, the Dasa-shloki,
and the Krishna-staka are likely to be authentic.[37][41]
Shankara also authored Upadesasahasri, his most important original philosophical work.
[40][42]
Of other original Prakaranas (, monographs, treatise), seventy six works are
attributed to Adi Shankara. Modern era Indian scholars such as Belvalkar as well as
Upadhyaya accept five and thirty nine works respectively as authentic.[43]
Shankara's stotras considered authentic include those dedicated to Krishna (Vaishnavism)
and one to Shiva (Shaivism) - often considered two different sects within Hinduism.
Scholars suggest that these stotra are not sectarian, but essentially Advaitic and reach for
a unified universal view of Vedanta.[41]
Adi Shankara's commentary on the Brahma Sutras is the oldest surviving. However, in
that commentary, he mentions older commentaries like those of Dravida,
Bhartrprapancha and others which are either lost or yet to be found.[44]
Works of doubtful authenticity or not authentic

Commentaries on Nrisimha-Purvatatapaniya and Shveshvatara Upanishads are attributed
to Adi Shankara, but their authenticity is highly doubtful.[33][38][45] Similarly, commentaries
on several early and later Upanishads attributed to Shankara are rejected by scholars[46] to
be his works, and are likely works of later scholars; these include: Kaushitaki Upanishad,
Maitri Upanishad, Kaivalya Upanishad, Paramahamsa Upanishad, Sakatayana
Upanishad, Mandala Brahmana Upanishad, Maha Narayana Upanishad, Gopalatapaniya

Upanishad. However, in Brahmasutra-Bhasya, Shankara cites some of these Upanishads
as he develops his arguments, but the historical notes left by his companions and
disciples, along with major differences in style and the content of the commentaries on
later Upanishad have led scholars to conclude that the commentaries on later Upanishads
were not Shankara's work.[38]
The authenticity of Shankara being the author of Vivekacmai[47] has been
questioned, but scholars generally credit it to him.[48]
Aparoksha Anubuti and Atmabodha are also attributed to Shankara, as his original
philosophical treatises, but this is doubtful. Paul Hacker has also expressed some
reservations that the compendium Sarva-darsana-siddhanta Sangraha was completely
authored by Shankara, because of difference in style and thematic inconsistencies in
parts.[46] Similarly, Gayatri-bhasya is doubtful to be Shankara's work.[38] Other
commentaries that are highly unlikely to be Shankara's work include those on Uttaragita,
Siva-gita, Brahma-gita, Lalita-shasranama, Suta-samhita and Sandhya-bhasya. The
commentary on the Tantric work Lalita-trisati-bhasya attributed to Adi Shankara is also
unauthentic.[38]
Adi Shankara is also widely credited with commentaries on other scriptural works, such
as the Vishnu sahasranma and the Snatsujtiya,[49] but both these are considered
apocryphal by scholars who have expressed doubts.[38] Hastamalakiya-bhasya is also
widely believed in India to be Shankara's work and it is included in Samata-edition of
Shankara's works, but some scholars consider it to be the work of Shankara's student.[38]
Themes
Using ideas in ancient Indian texts, Shankara systematized the foundation for Advaita
Vedanta in 8th century CE, one of the six orthodox schools of Hinduism founded many
centuries earlier by Badarayana.[42] His thematic focus extended beyond metaphysics and
soteriology, and he laid a strong emphasis on Pramanas, that is epistemology or "means
to gain knowledge, reasoning methods that empower one to gain reliable knowledge".
Rambachan, for example, summarizes the widely held view on one aspect of Shankara's
epistemology before critiquing it as follows,
According to these [widely represented contemporary] studies, Shankara only accorded a
provisional validity to the knowledge gained by inquiry into the words of the ruti
(Vedas) and did not see the latter as the unique source (pramana) of Brahmajnana. The
affirmations of the ruti, it is argued, need to be verified and confirmed by the knowledge
gained through direct experience (anubhava) and the authority of the ruti, therefore, is
only secondary.
Anantanand Rambachan[39]
Sengaku Mayeda concurs, adding Shankara maintained the need for objectivity in the
process of gaining knowledge (vastutantra), and considered subjective opinions
(purushatantra) and injunctions in ruti (codanatantra) as secondary. Mayeda cites
Shankara's explicit statements emphasizing epistemology (pramana-janya) in section
1.18.133 of Upadesasahasri[50] and section 1.1.4 of Brahmasutra-bhasya.[51][52]
Adi Shankara cautioned against cherrypicking a phrase or verse out of context from Vedic
literature, and remarks in the opening chapter of his Brahmasutra-Bhasya that the Anvaya
(theme or purport) of any treatise can only be correctly understood if one attends to the
Samanvayat Tatparya Linga, that is six characteristics of the text under consideration: (1)
the common in Upakrama (introductory statement) and Upasamhara (conclusions); (2)
Abhyasa (message repeated); (3) Apurvata (unique proposition or novelty); (4) Phala
(fruit or result derived); (5) Arthavada (explained meaning, praised point) and (6) Yukti
(verifiable reasoning).[53][54] While this methodology has roots in the theoretical works of
Nyaya school of Hinduism, Shankara consolidated and applied it with his unique
exegetical method called Anvaya-Vyatireka, which states that for proper understanding
one must "accept only meanings that are compatible with all characteristics" and "exclude
meanings that are incompatible with any".[55][56]
Hacker and Phillips note that this insight into rules of reasoning and hierarchical
emphasis on epistemic steps is "doubtlessly the suggestion" of Shankara in Brahma-sutra,
an insight that flowers in the works of his companion and disciple Padmapada.[57]
Merrell-Wolff states that Shankara accepts Vedas and Upanishads as a source of
knowledge as he develops his philosophical theses, yet he never rests his case on the
ancient texts, rather proves each thesis, point by point using pranamas (epistemology),
reason and experience.[58][59]
Adi Shankara, in his text Upadesasahasri, discourages ritual worship such as oblations to
Deva (God), because that assumes the Self within is different from the Brahman. [60] The
"doctrine of difference" is wrong, asserts Shankara, because, "he who knows the
Brahman is one and he is another, does not know Brahman".[61][62] However, Shankara
also asserts that Self-knowledge is realized when one's mind is purified by an ethical life
that observes Yamas such as Ahimsa (non-injury, non-violence to others in body, mind
and thoughts) and Niyamas. Rituals and rites such as yajna (a fire ritual), asserts
Shankara, can help draw and prepare the mind for the journey to Self-knowledge.[63] He
emphasizes the need for ethics such as Akrodha and Yamas during Brahmacharya, stating
the lack of ethics as causes that prevent students from attaining knowledge.[63][64]
Adi Shankara has been varyingly called as influenced by Shaivism and Shaktism.
However, his works and philosophy suggest greater overlap with Vaishnavism, influence
of Yoga school of Hinduism, but most distinctly his Advaitin convictions with a monistic
view of spirituality.[12][42][65]
Philosophy and practice

The song of the Self:
I am Thought, I am Joy, I am He, I am He.

Without hate, without infatuation, without craving, without greed;
Neither arrogance, nor conceit, never jealous I am;
Neither dharma, nor artha, neither kama, nor moksha am I;
Without sins, without merits, without elation, without sorrow;
Neither mantra, nor rituals, neither pilgrimage, nor Vedas;
Neither the experiencer, nor experienced, nor the experience am I,
Without fear, without death, without schism, without jati;
Neither father, nor mother, never born I am;
Neither kith, nor kin, neither teacher, nor student am I;
Without form, without figure, without resemblance am I;
Vitality of all senses, in everything I am;
Neither attached, nor released am I;
Adi Shankara, Nirvana Shatakam, Hymns 3-6[66]
Knowledge of Brahma
Adi Shankara systematised the works of preceding philosophers.[67] His system marks a
turn from realism to idealism.[68][69] His Advaita ("non-dualism") interpretation of the sruti
postulates the identity of the Self (Atman) and the Whole (Brahman[note 2]). According to
Adi Shankara, the one unchanging entity (Brahman) alone is real, while changing entities
do not have absolute existence. The key source texts for this interpretation, as for all
schools of Vednta, are the Prasthanatrayithe canonical texts consisting of the
Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita and the Brahma Sutras.
Practice
Advaita Vedanta is based on stra ("scriptures"), yukti ("reason") and anubhava
("experiential knowledge"), and aided by karmas ("spiritual practices").[70] Starting from
childhood, when learning has to start, the philosophy has to be a way of life. Shankara's
primary objective was to understand and explain how moksha is achievable in this life,
what it is means to be liberated, free and a Jivanmukta.[42] His philosophical thesis was
that jivanmukti is self-realization, the awareness of Oneness of Self and the Universal
Spirit called Brahman.[42]
Shankara considered the purity and steadiness of mind achieved in Yoga as an aid to
gaining moksha knowledge, but such yogic state of mind cannot in itself give rise to such
knowledge.[71] To Shankara, that knowledge of Brahman springs only from inquiry into
the teachings of the Upanishads.[72] The method of yoga, encouraged in Shankara's
teachings notes Michael Comans, includes withdrawal of mind from sense objects as in
Patanjali's system, but it is not complete thought suppression, instead it is a "meditative
exercise of withdrawal from the particular and identification with the universal, leading
to contemplation of oneself as the most universal, namely, Consciousness".[73] Shankara
rejected those yoga system variations that suggest complete thought suppression leads to
liberation, as well the view that the Shrutis teach liberation as something apart from the
knowledge of the oneness of the Self. Knowledge alone and insights relating to true
nature of things, taught Shankara, is what liberates. He placed great emphasis on the
study of the Upanisads, emphasizing them as necessary and sufficient means to gain Selfliberating knowledge. Sankara also emphasized the need for and the role of Guru
(Acharya, teacher) for such knowledge.[73]
Shankara on the difference between Hinduism and Buddhism

Buddhists and Lokyatas, wrote Shankara,[9] assert that soul does not exist. Hinduism
asserts that soul does exist. The whole Vedas, states Shankara,[74] "has the design to
explain by what means objects of desire and aversion, that cannot be proved by
perception or inference, may be obtained or removed, for every man has naturally the
wish to obtain objects of desire, and remove objects of aversion. The Veda has not to
investigate objects of the senses, because the knowledge of what satisfies desires, or
removes objects of aversion, is produced by perception and inference". Shankara citing
Katha Upanishad, asserted[10] that the Hindu Upanishad starts with stating its objective as
"this is the investigation whether after the death of man the soul exists; some assert the
soul exists; the soul does not exist, assert others." At the end, states Shankara, the same
Upanishad concludes with the words, "it exists."[75]
Modern scholars[76][77] concur with Shankara's statement as it being one difference, among
others, between the two major Indian religions - the premise of Hinduism is that there is a
soul, while in Buddhism the premise is that there is no soul. This difference extends to
their respective definition of what "liberation" means. Nirvana, a term more often used in
Buddhism, is the liberating realization and acceptance that there is no self nor
consciousness. Moksha, a term more common in Hinduism, is liberating realization and
acceptance of Self and Universal Soul, the consciousness of one's Oneness with all
existence and understanding the whole universe as the Self.[76][78]
Historical and cultural impact

See also: History of Hinduism
Adi Sankara Keerthi Sthampa Mandapam, Kalady, Kerala
Historical context
Further information: History of India and History of Hinduism
This section requires expansion. (April 2015)
Shankara lived in the time of the so-called "Late classical Hinduism",[79] which lasted
from 650 till 1100 CE.[79]
Influence on Hinduism
Shankara has an unparallelled status in the tradition of Advaita Vedanta. He travelled all
over India to help restore the study of the Vedas.[80] His teachings and tradition form the
basis of Smartism and have influenced Sant Mat lineages.[81]
He introduced the Pacyatana form of worship, the simultaneous worship of five deities
- Ganesha, Surya, Vishnu, Shiva and Devi. Shankara explained that all deities were but
different forms of the one Brahman, the invisible Supreme Being.[82]
Benedict Ashley credits Adi Shankara for unifying two seemingly disparate philosophical
doctrines in Hinduism, namely Atman and Brahman.[83] Isaeva states Shankara's influence
included reforming Hinduism, founding monasteries, edifying disciples, disputing
opponents and engaging in philosophic activity that, in the eyes of Indian tradition, help
revive "the orthodox idea of the unity of all beings" and Vedanta thought.[84]
Prior to Shankara, views similar to his already existed, but did not occupy a dominant
position within the Vedanta.[85] Nakamura states that the early Vedanta scholars were from
the upper classes of society, well-educated in traditional culture. They formed a social
elite, "sharply distinguished from the general practitioners and theologians of
Hinduism."[86] Their teachings were "transmitted among a small number of selected
intellectuals".[86] Works of the early Vedanta schools do not contain references to Vishnu
or Shiva.[87] It was only after Shankara that "the theologians of the various sects of
Hinduism utilized Vedanta philosophy to a greater or lesser degree to form the basis of
their doctrines,"[88] while the Nath-tradition established by him, led "its theoretical
influence upon the whole of Indian society became final and definitive."[86][89]
Critical assessment
Some scholars doubt Shankara's early influence in India.[90] According to Richard E.
King,
Although it is common to find Western scholars and Hindus arguing that Sankaracarya
was the most influential and important figure in the history of Hindu intellectual thought,
this does not seem to be justified by the historical evidence.[91]
According to King and Roodurnum, until the 10th century Sankara was overshadowed by
his older contemporary Mandana-Misra,[92][93] and in the later medieaval period his
teachings were overshadowed by Visista-Advaita.[94] In the centuries after Sankara it was
Maana Mira who was considered to be the most important representative of Vedanta.
[92][93][note 3]
Several scholars suggest that the historical fame and cultural influence of Shankara grew
centuries later, particularly during the era of Muslim invasions and consequent
devastation of India.[90][102] Many of Shankara's biographies were created and published in
and after 14th century, such as the widely cited Vidyaranya's ankara-vijaya. Vidyaranya,
also known as Madhava, inspired the re-creation of the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire of
South India in response to the devastation caused by the Islamic Delhi Sultanate.[102][103]
He and his brothers, suggest Paul Hacker and other scholars,[90][102] wrote about ankara
as well as extensive Advaitic commentaries on Vedas and Dharma. Vidyaranya was a
minister in Vijayanagara Empire and enjoyed royal support,[103] and his sponsorship and
methodical efforts helped establish Shankara as a rallying symbol of values, and helped
spread historical and cultural influence of Shankara's Vedanta philosophies. Vidyaranya
also helped establish monasteries (mathas) to expand the cultural influence of Shankara.
[90]
It may be these circumstances, suggest scholars,[104] that grew and credited Adi
Shankara for various Hindu festive traditions such as the Kumbh Mela one of the
world's largest periodic religious pilgrimages.[105]
Mathas
See also: Dashanami Sampradaya
(Vidyashankara temple) at Sringeri Sharada Peetham, Shringeri

Shankara is regarded as the founder of the Daanmi Sampradya of Hindu monasticism
and amata of Smarta tradition. He unified the theistic sects into a common framework
of Shanmata system.[106] Advaita Vedanta is, at least in the west, primarily known as a
philosophical system. But it is also a tradition of renunciation. Philosophy and
renunciation are closely related:[web 2]
Most of the notable authors in the advaita tradition were members of the sannyasa
tradition, and both sides of the tradition share the same values, attitudes and metaphysics.
[web 2]
Shankara, himself considered to be an incarnation of Shiva,[web 2] established the

Dashanami Sampradaya, organizing a section of the Ekadandi monks under an umbrella
grouping of ten names.[web 2] Several other Hindu monastic and Ekadandi traditions
remained outside the organisation of the Dasanmis.[107][108][109]
Adi Sankara organised the Hindu monks of these ten sects or names under four Mahas
(Sanskrit: ) (monasteries), with the headquarters at Dvrak in the West, Jagannatha
Puri in the East, Sringeri in the South and Badrikashrama in the North.[web 2] Each math
was headed by one of his four main disciples, who each continues the Vedanta
Sampradaya.
Yet, according to Pandey, these Mathas were not established by Shankara himself, but
were originally ashrams established by Vibhdaka and his son yanga.[110] Shankara
inherited the ashrams at Dvrak and Sringeri, and shifted the ashram at ngaverapura to
Badarikrama, and the ashram at Angadea to Jaganntha Pur.[111]
Monks of these ten orders differ in part in their beliefs and practices, and a section of
them is not considered to be restricted to specific changes made by Shankara. While the
dasanmis associated with the Sankara maths follow the procedures enumerated by Adi
ankara, some of these orders remained partly or fully independent in their belief and
practices; and outside the official control of the Sankara maths.[citation needed]
The advaita sampradaya is not a Saiva sect,[web 2][112] despite the historical links with
Shaivism:
Advaitins are non-sectarian, and they advocate worship of Siva and Visnu equally with
that of the other deities of Hinduism, like Sakti, Ganapati and others.[web 2]
Nevertheless, contemporary Sankaracaryas have more influence among Saiva
communities than among Vaisnava communities.[web 2] The greatest influence of the gurus
of the advaita tradition has been among followers of the Smartha Tradition, who integrate
the domestic Vedic ritual with devotional aspects of Hinduism.[web 2]
According to Nakamura, these mathas contributed to the influence of Shankara, which
was "due to institutional factors".[67] The mathas which he built exist until today, and
preserve the teachings and influence of Shankara, "while the writings of other scholars
before him came to be forgotten with the passage of time".[113]
The table below gives an overview of the four Amnaya Mathas founded by Adi Shankara,
and their details.[web 3]
Shishya
(lineage)
Padmapda
Surevara
Hastmalakcrya
Toakcrya
Maha
Direction
East
Govardhana
Pha
Sringeri
South rada
Pha
Dvraka
West
Pha
North
Jyotirmaha
Pha
Mahvkya
Prajnam brahma
(Consciousness is
Brahman)
Veda
Rig Veda Bhogavala
Aham brahmsmi (I Yajur

am Brahman)
Veda
Tattvamasi (That
thou art)
Ayamtm brahma
(This Atman is
Brahman)
Sampradaya
Sama
Veda
Bhrivala
Kitavala
Atharva
Nandavala
Veda
According to the tradition in Kerala, after Sankara's samadhi at Vadakkunnathan Temple,

his disciples founded four mathas in Thrissur city, namely Edayil Madhom, Naduvil
Madhom, Thekke Madhom and Vadakke Madhom.[citation needed]
Smarta Tradition
Main article: Smarta Tradition
Traditionally, Shankara is regarded as the greatest teacher[114][115] and reformer of the
Smartha.[116][115]
According to Alf Hiltebeitel, Shankara established the nondualist interpretation of the
Upanishads as the touchstone of a revived smarta tradition:
Practically, Shankara fostered a rapprochement between Advaita and smarta orthodoxy,
which by his time had not only continued to defend the varnasramadharma theory as
defining the path of karman, but had developed the practice of pancayatanapuja ("fiveshrine worship") as a solution to varied and conflicting devotional practices. Thus one
could worship any one of five deities (Vishnu, Siva, Durga, Surya, Ganesa) as one's
istadevata ("deity of choice").[117]
Film
In 1983 a film directed by G. V. Iyer named Adi Shankaracharya was premiered,

the first film ever made entirely in Sanskrit language in which all of Adi
Shankaracharya's works were compiled.[118] The movie received the Indian
National Film Awards for Best Film, Best Screenplay, Best Cinematography and
Best Audiography.[119][120]
In 2013, a film Sri Jagadguru Aadi Sankara directed by J. K. Bharavi in Telugu

Language was completed and released.[citation needed]
See also
Hinduism portal
Indian religions portal
India portal
Adi Shri Gauapdchrya

Advaita
Brahman
Jnana Yoga
Upanishads
Sannyasa
Shri Gaudapadacharya Mutt
Shri Govinda Bhagavatpadacharya
Vairagya
Vivekachudamani
Soundarya Lahari
Shivananda Lahari
Self-consciousness (Vedanta)
Notes
1.
Modern scholarship places Shankara in the earlier part of the 8th century
CE (c. 700750).[2] Earlier generations of scholars proposed 788820 CE.[2] Other
proposals are 686718 CE,[citation needed] 44 BCE,[3] or as early as 509477 BCE.[4]
2.
Brahman is not to be confused with the personalised godhead Brahma.
3.
According to the Advaita Vedanta tradition, Maana Mira position was
subordinate to Shankara's. According to the Advaita-tradition, Maana Mira
and his wife were defeated by Shankara in a debate, where-after Maana Mira
became a follower of Shankara,[95] and was identified with Surevara, a follower
of Sankara.[96]
This identification is rejected by several scholars, based on clear doctrinal
differences between Maana Mira and Surevara.[97][95] Maana Mira's
attitude toward Shankara is that of a "self-confident rival teacher of Advaita,"[98]
and his influence was such, that some regard this work to have "set forth a nonSankaran brand of Advaita."[95]
Maana Mira's influence is discerneable in the Bhamati school of Advaita
Vedanta.[99] Vachaspati Misra Bhamati provides the link between Mandana Misra
and Shankara,[100] attempting to harmonise Sankara's thought with that of
Mandana Misra.[web 1] According to Advaita tradition, Shankara reincarnated as
Vachaspati Misra "to popularise the Advaita System through his Bhamati."[101]
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2.
3.
4.
Sharma 1962, p. vi.

Comans 2000, p. 163.
Y. Keshava Menon, The Mind of Adi Shankaracharya 1976 pp 108
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Sengaku Mayeda, Shankara, Encyclopedia Britannica
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The Seven Spiritual Laws Of Yoga, Deepak Chopra, John Wiley & Sons,
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Sanskrit: antman, the opposed doctrine of tman is central to Brahmanical
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akara, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120827714, pages 3-5
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of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791412817, pages 69-82
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Vidyasankar, S. "The Sankaravijaya literature". Retrieved 2006-08-23.
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Tapasyananda, Swami (2002). Sankara-Dig-Vijaya. viii.
16.
GC Pande (2011), Life and Thought of akarcrya, Motilal
Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120811041, page 35
17.
The hagiographies of Shankara mirror the pattern of synthesizing facts,
fiction and legends as with other ancient and medieval era Indian scholars. Some
biographic poems depict Shankara as an reincarnation of deity Shiva, much like
other Indian scholars are revered as reincarnation of other deities; for example,
Mandana-misra is depicted as an embodiment of deity Brahma, Citsukha of deity
Varuna, Anandagiri of Agni, among others. See: Natalia Isaeva (1993), Shankara
and Indian Philosophy, State University of New York Press, ISBN 9780791412817, pages 69-72
18.
19.
Vidyasankar, S. "Determining Shankara's Date An overview of ancient
sources and modern literature". Archived from the original on 17 June 2006.
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20.
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University Press, Madras, 1976.
21.
Tapasyananda, Swami (2002). Shankara-Dig-Vijaya. pp. xvxxiv.
22.
The dating of 788820 is accepted in Keay, p. 194.
23.
this may be the present day Kalady in central Kerala
24.
Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120811041, pages 75-76
25.
Y Keshava Menon 1976, The Mind of Adi Shankara pp 109
26.
27.
Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120811041, pages 31-32, also 6-7, 67-68
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33.
Paul Hacker, Philology and Confrontation: Paul Hacker on Traditional and
Modern Vedanta (Editor: Wilhelm Halbfass), State University of New York Press,
ISBN 978-0791425824, pages 30-31
34.
W Halbfass (1983), Studies in Kumarila and Sankara, Studien zur
Indologie und Iranistik, Monographic 9, Reinbeck
35.
M Piantelly, Sankara e la Renascita del Brahmanesimo, Indian
Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 3 (Apr. 1977), pages 429-435
36.
Kena Upanishad has two commentaries that are attributed to Shankara Kenopnishad Vakyabhasya and Kenopnishad Padabhasya; scholars contest
whether both are authentic, several suggesting that the Vakyabhasya is unlikely to
be authentic; see GC Pande (2011), Life and Thought of akarcrya, Motilal
Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120811041, page 107
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38.
39.
A Rambachan (1991), Accomplishing the Accomplished: Vedas as a
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Wilhelm Halbfass (1990), Tradition and Reflection: Explorations in Indian
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42.
John Koller (2007), in Chad Meister and Paul Copan (Editors): The
Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Religion, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-13418001-1, pages 98-106
43.
44.
Mishra, Godavarisha. "A Journey through Vedantic History -Advaita in the
Pre-Sankara, Sankara and Post- Sankara Periods" (PDF). Archived from the
original (PDF) on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 2006-07-24.
45.
Vidyasankar, S. "Sankaracarya". Archived from the original on 16 June
2006. Retrieved 2006-07-24.
46.
Paul Hacker, Sankaracarya and Sankarabhagavatpada: Preliminary
Remarks Concerning the Authorship Problem', in Philology and Confrontation:
Paul Hacker on Traditional and Modern Vedanta (Editor: Wilhelm Halbfass), State
University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791425824, pp. 41-56
47.
Adi Shankaracharya, Vivekacmai S Madhavananda (Translator),
Advaita Ashrama (1921)
48.
John Grimes (2004), The Vivekacudamani of Sankaracarya Bhagavatpada:
An Introduction and Translation, Ashgate, ISBN 978-0754633952, see
Introduction;
Klaus Klostermaier (1985), Moka and Critical Theory, Philosophy East and
West, Vol. 35, No. 1 (Jan., 1985), pp. 61-71;
Dhiman, S. (2011), Self-Discovery and the Power of Self-Knowledge, Business
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49.
Johannes Buitenen (1978). The Mahbhrata (vol. 3). Chicago: University
of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-84665-1
50.
Note: some manuscripts list this verse as 2.18.133, while Mayeda lists it as
1.18.133, because of interchanged chapter numbering; see Upadesa Sahasri: A
Thousand Teachings, S Jagadananda (Translator, 1949), ISBN 978-8171200597,
Verse 2.8.133, page 258;
Karl H Potter (2014), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 3,
Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691614861, page 249
51.
52.
Brahmasutra-bhasya 1.1.4, S Vireswarananda (Translator), page 35
53.
George Thibaut (Translator), Brahma Sutras: With Commentary of
Shankara, Reprinted as ISBN 978-1605066349, pages 31-33 verse 1.1.4
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55.
Mayeda & Tanizawa (1991), Studies on Indian Philosophy in Japan, 19631987, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 41, No. 4, pages 529-535
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Michael Comans (1996), ankara and the Prasankhyanavada, Journal of
Indian Philosophy, Vol. 24, No. 1, pages 49-71
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given up", see Karl Potter on page 220;
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Original Sanskrit: NIRVANASHTAKAM Sringeri Vidya Bharati

Foundation (2012);
English Translation 1: K Parappai and CNN Nair (2002),

Saankarasaagaram, Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN 978-8172762681, pages
58-59;
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Wisdom, ISBN 978-1434998989, page 148;
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Volume 1". Global Vision Publishing Ho
Tapasyananda (2002). Sankara-Dig-Vijaya: The Traditional Life of Sri

Sankaracharya by Madhava-Vidyaranya. India: Sri Ramakrishna Math.
ISBN 978-81-7120-434-2.
White (ed.), David Gordon (2000), Introduction. In: Tantra in practice, Princeton
and Oxford: Princeton University Press
Web-sources
1.
2.
3.
THE BHAMATI AND VIVARANA SCHOOLS

Sankara Acarya Biography Monastic Tradition
"Adi Shankara's four Amnaya Peethams". Archived from the original on
26 June 2006. Retrieved 2006-08-20.
Further reading
Ingalls, Daniel H. H. (1954). "Sankara's Arguments Against the Buddhists".

Philosophy East and West (Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press) 3 (4): 291306.
doi:10.2307/1397287. JSTOR 1397287.
Mishra, Parameshwar Nath (2003), "Era of Adi Shankaracharya 507 B.C.-475
B.C.", Howrah Samskriti Rakshak Parishad, West Bengal.
Mishra, Parameshwar Nath, "Amit Kalrekha", 3 vols. (in Hindi), Howrah
Samskriti Rakshak Parishad, West Bengal.
Succession of Shankaracharyas (a chronology) (from Gaudapada onwards)
Reigle, David (2001). "The Original Sankaracarya" (PDF). Fohat 5 (3): 5760, 70
71.
Tenzin, Kencho (2006). Shankara: A Hindu Revivalist or a Crypto-Buddhist?
(Religious Studies). Georgia State University.
"Sri Shankaracharya in Cambodia..?" by S. Srikanta Sastri
SANKARA'S LIFE
Transliteration Key
The following is based upon

accounts known through oral
tradition and texts like the
mAdhavIya Sankara vijayam. There
exists some controversy about
Sankara's date, but most traditions
are quite unanimous about other
details.
Birth and childhood: Sankara
was born to the nambUdiri
brAhmaNa couple, Sivaguru and
AryAmbA, in a little village
called kAlaDi in Kerala. The
couple had remained childless for
a long time, and prayed for
children at the vaDakkunnAthan
(VRshAcala) temple in nearby
Trichur. Siva is said to have
appeared to the couple in a dream
and promised them a choice of
one son who would be short-lived
but the most brilliant philosopher
of his day, or many sons who
SankarAcArya ashThottaram
would be mediocre at best. The
couple opted for a brilliant, but short-lived son, and so Sankara was born.
Sankara lost his father when quite young, and his mother performed his
upanayana ceremonies with the help of her relatives. Sankara excelled in all
branches of traditional vaidIka learning. A few miracles are reported about the
young Sankara. As a brahmacArin, he went about collecting alms from families
in the village. A lady who was herself extremely poor, but did not want to send
away the boy empty-handed, gave him the last piece of Amla fruit she had at
home. Sankara, sensing the abject poverty of the lady, composed a hymn
(kanakadhArA stavam) to SrI, the goddess of wealth, right at her doorstep. As a
result, a shower of golden Amlas rewarded the lady for her piety. On another
occasion, Sankara is said to have re-routed the course of the pUrNA river, so
that his old mother would not have to walk a long distance to the river for her
daily ablutions.
sam.nyAsa: Sankara was filled with the spirit of renunciation early in his life.
Getting married and settling to the life of a householder was never part of his
goal in life, though his mother was anxious to see him as a gRhastha. Once
when he was swimming in the river, a crocodile caught hold of his leg. Sankara
sensed that he was destined to die at that moment, and decided to directly enter
the fourth ASrama of sam.nyAsa right then. This kind of renunciation is called
Apat sam.nyAsa. The crocodile released him when he thus mentally decided to
renounce the world, and Sankara decided to regularize his decision by going to
an accomplished guru. To comfort his anxious mother, he promised that he
would return at the moment of her death, to conduct her funeral rites,
notwithstanding the fact that he would be a sannyAsI then.
Sankara then traveled far and wide in search of a worthy guru who would
initiate him and regularize his vow of sam.nyAsa, till he came to the banks of
the river narmadA in central India. Here was the ASrama of govinda
bhagavatpAda, the disciple of gauDapAda, the famous author of the
mANDUkya kArikAs. Sankara was accepted as a disciple by govinda, who
initiated him into the paramahamsa order of sam.nyAsa, the highest kind of
renunciation. Seeing the intellectual acumen of his disciple, govinda
commanded Sankara to expound the philosophy of vedAnta through
commentaries on the principal upanishads, the brahmasUtras and the gItA.
Sankara took leave of his guru and traveled to various holy places in India,
composing his commentaries in the meantime. At this time he was barely a
teenager. He attracted many disciples around him, prominent among whom was
sanandana, who was later to be called padmapAda. In this period, Sankara
wrote commentaries on bAdarAyaNa's brahmasUtras, the various upanishads
and the bhagavad gItA. These commentaries, called bhAshyas, stand at the
pinnacle of Indian philosophical writing, and have triggered a long tradition of
sub-commentaries known as vArttikas, TIkAs and TippaNis. He also
commented upon the adhyAtma-paTala of the Apastamba sUtras, and on
vyAsa's bhAshya to patanjali's yogasUtras. In addition to these commentarial
texts, Sankara wrote independent treatises called prakaraNa granthas, including
the upadeSasAhasrI, Atmabodha, etc.
In addition to writing his own commentaries, Sankara sought out leaders of
other schools, in order to engage them in debate. As per the accepted
philosophical tradition in India, such debates helped to establish a new
philosopher, and also to win disciples and converts from other schools. It was
also traditional for the loser in the debate to become a disciple of the winner.
Thus Sankara debated with Buddhist philosophers, with followers of sAm.khya
and with pUrva mImAm.sakas, the followers of vedic ritualism, and proved
more than capable in defeating all his opponents in debate. Sankara then sought
out kumArila bhaTTa, the foremost proponent of the pUrva mImAm.sA in his
age, but bhaTTa was on his deathbed and directed Sankara to viSvarUpa, his
disciple. viSvarUpa is sometimes identified with maNDana miSra.
Sankara's debate with viSvarUpa was unique. The referee at the debate was
viSvarUpa's wife, bhAratI, who was herself very well-learned, and regarded as
an incarnation of Goddess sarasvatI. At stake was a whole way of life. The
agreement was that if viSvarUpa won, Sankara would consent to marriage and
the life of a householder, whereas if Sankara won, viSvarUpa would renounce
all his wealth and possessions and become a sannyAsI disciple of Sankara. The
debate is said to have lasted for whole weeks, till in the end, viSvarUpa had to
concede defeat and become a sannyAsI. bhAratI was a fair judge, but before
declaring Sankara as the winner, she challenged Sankara with questions about
kAmaSAstra, which he knew nothing about. Sankara therefore requested some
time, during which, using the subtle yogic process called parakAya-praveSa, he
entered the body of a dying king and experienced the art of love with the
queens. Returning to viSvarUpa's home, he answered all of bhAratI's questions,
after which viSvarUpa was ordained as a sannyAsI by the name of sureSvara.
He was to become the most celebrated disciple of Sankara, writing vArttikas to
Sankara's bhAshyas on the yajurveda upanishads, in addition to his own
independent texts on various subjects.
Establishment of maThas: Sankara continued to travel with his disciples all
over the land, all the while composing philosophical treatises and engaging
opponents in debate. It is said that none of his opponents could ever match his
intellectual prowess and the debates always ended with Sankara's victory. No
doubt this is true, given the unrivaled respect and popularity that Sankara's
philosophical system enjoys to this day. In the course of his travels, Sankara
stayed for a long time at the site of the old ASrama of the Rshis vibhAndaka
and RshyaSRnga, in the place known as SRngagiri (Sringeri). Some texts
mention that Sankara stayed at Sringeri for twelve years. A hermitage grew
around him here, which soon developed into a famous maTha (monastery).
sureSvara, the disciple whom he had won after long debate, was installed as the
head of this new ASrama. Similar maThas were established in the pilgrim
centers of Puri, Dvaraka and Joshimath near Badrinath, and padmapAda,
hastAmalaka and troTaka were placed in charge of them. These are known as
the AmnAya maThas, and they continue to function today. Their heads have
also come to be known as SankarAcAryas, in honor of their founder, and
revered as jagadgurus, or teachers of the world. Sankara also organized the
community of ekadaNDI monks into the sampradAya of daSanAmI sannyAsins,
and affiliated them with the four maThas that he established.
Meanwhile, Sankara heard that his mother was dying, and decided to visit her.
Remembering his promise to her, he performed her funeral rites. His ritualistic
relatives would not permit him to do the rites himself, as he was a sannyAsI,
but Sankara overrode their objections, and built a pyre himself and cremated
his mother in her own backyard. After this, he resumed his travels, visiting
many holy places, reviving pUjAs at temples that had fallen into neglect,
establishing SrI yantras at devI temples as in Kancipuram, and composing
many devotional hymns.
Ascension of the sarvajnapITha: In the course of his travels, Sankara reached
Kashmir. Here was a temple dedicated to SAradA (sarasvatI), the goddess of
learning, which housed the sarvajnapITha, the Throne of Omniscience. It was a
tradition for philosophers to visit the place and engage in debate. The victorious
one would be allowed to ascend the sarvajnapITha. It is said that no
philosopher from the southern region had ever ascended the pITha, till Sankara
visited Kashmir and defeated all the others there. He then ascended the
sarvajnapITha with the blessings of Goddess SAradA. (A few centuries later,
rAmAnuja, the teacher of viSishTAdvaita, would visit the same sarvajnapITha
in search of the baudhAyana vRtti. However, a variant tradition places the
sarvajnapITha in the south Indian city of Kancipuram.)
Sankara was reaching the age of 32 now. He had expounded the vedAnta
philosophy through his writings; he had attracted many intelligent disciples to
him, who could carry on the vedAntic tradition; and he had established
monastic centers for them in the form of maThas. His had been a short, but
eventful life. He retired to the Himalayas and disappeared inside a cave near
Kedarnath. This cave is traditionally pointed out as the site of his samAdhi.
Other variant traditions place Sankara's last days at Karavirpitham or at Mahur
in Maharashtra, Trichur in Kerala or Kancipuram in Tamil Nadu. It is a measure
of SankarAcArya's widespread fame that such conflicting traditions have arisen
around his name.
True to the traditions of sam.nyAsA, Sankara was a peripatetic monk, who
traveled the length and breadth of the country in his short lifetime. His fame
spread so far and wide, that various legends are recounted about him from
different parts of India. The true sannyAsI that he was, he lived completely
untouched by the fabric of society. So much so that even the location of
kAlaDi, his birth-place, remained generally unknown for a long time. The
credit of identifying this village in Kerala goes to one of his 19th-century
successors at Sringeri, SrI saccidAnanda SivAbhinava nRsimha bhAratI.
Similarly, the credit of renovating Sankara's samAdhi-sthala near Kedarnath,
goes to SrI abhinava saccidAnanda tIrtha, his 20th-century successor at

Dvaraka.
Shri Adi Shankaracharya (788-820)

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By Manoj Sadasivan
Shri Adi Shankaracharya or the first Shankara with his remarkable reinterpretations of
Hindu scriptures, especially on Upanishads or Vedanta, had a profound influence on the
growth of Hinduism at a time when chaos, superstition and bigotry was rampant.
Shankara advocated the greatness of the Vedas and was the most famous Advaita
philosopher who restored the Vedic Dharma and Advaita Vedanta to its pristine purity and
glory.
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Shri Adi Shankaracharya, known as Bhagavatpada Acharya (the guru at the feet of Lord),
apart from refurbishing the scriptures, cleansed the Vedic religious practices of ritualistic
excesses and ushered in the core teaching of Vedanta, which is Advaita or non-dualism
for the mankind. Shankara restructured various forms of desultory religious practices into
acceptable norms and stressed on the ways of worship as laid down in the Vedas.
Shankaras Childhood
Shankara was born in a Brahmin family circa 788 AD in a village named Kaladi on the
banks of the river Purna (now Periyar) in the Southern Indian coastal state Kerala. His
parents, Sivaguru and Aryamba, had been childless for a long time and the birth of
Shankara was a joyous and blessed occasion for the couple. Legend has it that Aryamba
had a vision of Lord Shiva and promised her that he would incarnate in the form of her
first-born child.
Shankara was a prodigious child and was hailed as Eka-Sruti-Dara, one who can retain
anything that has been read just once.
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Shankara mastered all the Vedas and the six Vedangas from the local gurukul and recited
extensively from the epics and Puranas. Shankara also studied the philosophies of diverse
sects and was a storehouse of philosophical knowledge.
Philosophy of Adi Shankara
Shankara spread the tenets of Advaita Vedanta, the supreme philosophy of monism to the
four corners of India with his digvijaya (the conquest of the quarters). The quintessence
of Advaita Vedanta (non-dualism) is to reiterate the truth of reality of ones essential
divine identity and to reject ones thought of being a finite human being with a name and
form subject to earthly changes.
According to the Advaita maxim, the True Self is Brahman (Divine Creator). Brahman is
the I of Who Am I? The Advaita doctrine propagated by Shankara views that the
bodies are manifold but the separate bodies have the one Divine in them.
The phenomenal world of beings and non-beings is not apart from the Brahman but
ultimately become one with Brahman. The crux of Advaita is that Brahman alone is real,
and the phenomenal world is unreal or an illusion. Through intense practice of the
concept of Advaita, ego and ideas of duality can be removed from the mind of man.
The comprehensive philosophy of Shankara is inimitable for the fact that the doctrine of
Advaita includes both worldly and transcendental experience.
Shankara while stressing the sole reality of Brahman, did not undermine the phenomenal
world or the multiplicity of Gods in the scriptures.
Shankaras philosophy is based on three levels of reality, viz., paramarthika satta
(Brahman), vyavaharika satta (empirical world of beings and non-beings) and
pratibhashika satta (reality).
Shankaras theology maintains that seeing the self where there is no self causes spiritual
ignorance or avidya. One should learn to distinguish knowledge (jnana) from avidya to
realize the True Self or Brahman. He taught the rules of bhakti, yoga and karma to
enlighten the intellect and purify the heart as Advaita is the awareness of the Divine.
Shankara developed his philosophy through commentaries on the various scriptures. It is
believed that the revered saint completed these works before the age of sixteen. His major
works fall into three distinct categories - commentaries on the Upanishads, the
Brahmasutras and the Bhagavad Gita.
Shankaracharya's Seminal Works
The most important of Shankaracharya's works are his commentaries on the
Brahmasutras - Brahmasutrabhashya - considered the core of Shankara's perspective on
Advaita, and Bhaja Govindam written in praise of Govinda or Lord Krishna - a Sanskrit
devotional poem that forms the center of the Bhakti movement and also epitomizes his
Advaita Vedanta philosophy.
Read a review of 'Bhaja Govindam'
Shankaracharya's Monastic Centers
Shri Shankaracharya established four 'mutts' or monastic centers in four corners of India
and put his four main disciples to head them and serve the spiritual needs of the ascetic
community within the Vedantic tradition. He classified the wandering mendicants into 10
main groups to consolidate their spiritual strength.
Each mutt was assigned one Veda. The mutts are Jyothir Mutt at Badrinath in northern
India with Atharva Veda; Sarada Mutt at Sringeri in southern India with Yajur Veda;
Govardhan Mutt at Jaganath Puri in eastern India with Rig Veda and Kalika Mutt at
Dwarka in western India with Sama Veda.
It is believed that Shankara attained heavenly abode in Kedarnath and was only 32 years
old when he died.
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Gurus & Saints
Gurus & Saints of the Past
Baba Lokenath (1730-1890)

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"Whenever you are in danger, whether in ocean or in war or in the wild, remember Me. I
shall save you. You may not know Me. You may not realize who I am. Just pray to Me
with a little touch of your heart and I shall free you from gripping sorrows and miseries."
Over two centuries after these words were uttered by a sage, they have become famous
all over Bengal.
The Saint of Bengal:
Here is one sage who predicted that a century after his death, he would be greatly revered
by one and all.
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True enough, at present, his is a household name in Bengal. Nearly every Hindu Bengali
home has his idol placed in the family altar, huge temples are being built in his honor,
thousands of devotees bow before him and glorify him as their Guru and Lord. He is
Baba Lokenath.
Baba is Born:
Baba Lokenath was born on Janmasthami, the birthday of Lord Krishna, in 1730 (18th
Bhadra, 1137) to a Brahmin family in the village of Chaurasi Chakla, a couple of miles
away from Calcutta. His father, Ramnarayan Ghosal's sole wish in life was to dedicate
one child to the path of renunciation to liberate the family. So when the fourth son was
born to his wife Kamaladevi, he knew that the time had come for him to initiate his boy
to the service of the Almighty.
Education & Training:
Accordingly, he ventured to a nearby village of Kochuya and pleaded with Pandit
Bhagawan Ganguly to be his son's guru and teach him the Shastras rich in Vedic wisdom.
At the age of 11, young Lokenath left home with his guru. His first sojourn was the
Kalighat Temple, then for 25 years he lived in the forests, selflessly serving his master
and practising the Ashtanga Yoga of Patanjali along with the most difficult Hatha Yoga.
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Penance & Enlightenment:
Baba Lokenath was nearly seven feet tall with little flesh on him. Denying the needs of
his physical self, he negated sleep, never closed his eyes or even blinked. He went about
stark naked and in that state he braved the chill of the Himalayas and immersed himself
in profound meditation or samadhi for nearly five decades. Finally, the light of selfrealization dawned on him at the age of 90.
Baba's Travels on Foot:
After his enlightenment he traveled extensively on foot to Afghanistan, Persia, Arabia and
Israel, making three pilgrimages to Mecca. When he came to the small town Baradi near
Dhaka, a wealthy family built him a small hermitage, which became his ashram. He was
then 136 years of age. There he put on a sacred thread and clothed himself in saffron
robes. For the rest of his life he bestowed miracles and celestial wisdom on all who came
to him to seek blessing.
Baba's Teachings:
His teachings were infused with simplicity that endeared the common man. He preached
love and devotion and an unwavering faith in God and in one's deeper, immutable self.
For him nothing is but Self. After attaining siddhi or enlightenment he said: "I have seen
only Myself. I am bound by my own karma. The materialistic world is bound by the
tongue and the sex organ. He who can restrain these two is fit to attain siddhi
(enlightenment)."
Baba Leaves His Physical Body:
On the 19th day of Jyestha, 1297 (June 3, 1890), at 11:45 am, the Baba was seated in his
usual Gomukh yoga asana. He went into a trance with his eyes open, and while still
meditation, the Baba left his physical body forever. He was aged 160. He said, before
death: "I am eternal, I am deathless. After this body falls, do not think that everything will
come to an end. I will live in the hearts of all living beings in my subtle astral form.
Whoever will seek my refuge, will always receive my grace".
"In Danger, Remember Me":
It is believed that Baba Lokenath appeared in a vision to Suddhananda Brahamachari in
1978, over 100 years after he died, commanding him to write his life story, and he wrote
the Baba's biography entitled "In Danger, Remember Me". Today, Lokenath Brahmachari
is the household deity of millions of Bengali families on both sides of the border.
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Swami Vivekananda
The Spiritual Genius of Swami Vivekananda

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Swami Vivekananda is one of most admired spiritual leaders of India. The world knows
him as an inspiring Hindu monk, his motherland regards him as the patriot saint of
modern India, and Hindus consider him as a source of spiritual power, mental energy,
strength-giving and open-mindedness.
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Early Life:
Vivekananda was born on January 12, 1863, in a middle-class Bengali family of Calcutta.
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Narendranath Dutt, as he was called before sainthood, grew up to be a youth of great
charm and intelligence. In a pre-independent India hidebound by communal disharmony
and sectarianism, this blithe spirit soared above the rest to become the manifestation of
freedom - the 'summum bonum' of human life.
Learnings and Travels:
An avid scholar of Western and Hindu philosophy and ever thirsty for the mystery of
Creation and the law of Nature, Vivekananda found his guru in Sri Ramkrishna
Paramhamsa. He toured across India to know his country and people, and found his
spiritual alma mater at the Kanyakumari rock in Cape Comorin at the southern most tip
of the Indian peninsula. The Vivekananda memorial is now a landmark for tourists and
pilgrims, and a tribute to him by his country men.
Journey to America:
Swami Vivekananda rose to worldwide fame in 1893, when he visited America to attend
the first Parliament of World Religions in Chicago. The uninvited young monk addressed
this august assembly and electrified the audience.
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His speech made him world famous overnight: "Sisters and Brothers of America, it fills
my heart with joy unspeakable to rise in response to the warm and cordial welcome
which you have given us. I thank you in the name of the millions and millions of Hindu
people " (Read transcript of speech)
Vivekananda's Teachings:
Vivekananda's life and teachings are of inestimable value to the West for an
understanding of the mind of Asia, says Swami Nikhilananda of the RamakrishnaVivekananda Center, New York. On the occasion of America's Bicentennial Celebration
in 1976, the National Portrait Gallery in Washington D.C., mounted a large portrait of
Swami Vivekananda as part of its exhibition 'Abroad in America: Visitors to the New
Nation', which paid tribute to the great personalities who visited America from abroad
and made a deep impression on the American mind.
In Praise of the Swami:
William James called the Swami the "paragon of Vedantists." Max Muller and Paul
Deussen, the famous Orientalists of the nineteenth century, held him in genuine respect
and affection. "His words," writes Romain Rolland, "are great music, phrases in the style
of Beethoven, stirring rhythms like the march of Handel choruses. I cannot touch these
sayings of hiswithout receiving a thrill through my body like an electric shock. And
what shocksmust have been produced when in burning words they issued from the lips
of the hero!''
An Immortal Soul:
An inspiring spiritual and social leader, Vivekananda has left an indelible mark in history
with his teachings, which are studied everywhere in India and abroad. The immortal soul
passed away on the 4th of July, 1902 at the young age of 39.
A Chronology of Important Events in Vivekananda's Life:
Jan 12, 1863 Born Narendranath Dutta in Kolkata, India
1880 Passed the Calcutta University Entrance Examination in first division
Aug 16, 1886 Death of Shri Ramkrishna Paramhamsa
May 31, 1893 Swami Vivekananda sails for America
1893 Attends Parliament of Religions
Feb 20, 1897 Returns to Kolkata
1897 Founds the Ramkrishna Mission
Dec 9, 1898 Inaugurates the first monastery at Belur
June 1899 Sails for the second time to the West

1901 Ramkrishna Mission receives legal status
July 4, 1902 Vivekananda passes away in meditation at Belur monastery at the age of 39
Lectures at the World Parliament of Religions, 1893, Chicago:
Sept 11 Welcome Speech at World Conference (Transcript)
Sept 15 Why We Disagree
Sept 19 Paper on Hinduism
Sept 20 Religion Not the Crying Need of India
Sept 26 Buddhism the Fulfilment of Hinduism
Sept 27 Address at the Final Session (Transcript)
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The Sai Baba of Shirdi (c 1838 - 1918)
saibaba.org
By with inputs from Manoj Sadasivan
Sai Baba of Shirdi holds a unique place in the rich tradition of saints in India. Baba, an
embodiment of self-realization and perfection, did not come solely to preach but to
awaken mankind through his messages of love and righteousness.
The early life of Sai Baba is still cloaked in mystery as there isn't any reliable record of
the Baba's birth and parentage. It is believed that Baba was born somewhere between
1838 and 1842 AD in a place called Pathri in Marathwada in Central India.
Sai Baba arrived at Shirdi as a nameless entity at a young age tempered by the discipline
of penance and austerity. At Shirdi, Baba stayed on the outskirts of the village in Babul
forest and used to mediate under a neem tree for long hours. Some villagers revered the
saintly figure and gave him the food for sustenance.
After wandering in the thorny woods for a long time, Baba moved to a dilapidated
mosque, which he referred to as "Dwarkarmai" (named after the abode of Krishna,
Dwarka).This mosque became the abode of Sai Baba till his last day.
Sai Baba would go out for alms every morning and shared what he got with his devotees
who sought his help. The abode of Sai Baba, Dwarkamai, was open to all, irrespective of
religion, caste and creed.
Sai Baba was at ease with both Hindu and Muslim scriptures. He used to sing the songs
of Kabir and dance with fakirs. Baba was the lord of the common man and through his
simple life, he worked for the spiritual metamorphosis and liberation of human beings.
Sai Baba's spiritual powers, simplicity and compassion created an aura of reverence in the
villagers around him. He preached righteousness living in simple terms: "Even the
learned are confused. Then what of us? Listen and be silent."
Initially, Baba dissuaded people to worship him, but gradually Babas divine energy
touched the chord of common people far and wide. The congregational worship of Sai
Baba began in 1909, and by 1910 the number of devotees grew manifold. The shej arati
(night worship) of Sai Baba began in February, 1910 and the following year the
construction of Dikshitwada temple was completed.
Sai Baba attained mahasamadhi on October 15, 1918. Before his death, he said, "Do not
think I am dead and gone. You will hear me from my Samadhi and I shall guide you."
The millions of devotees who keep his image in their homes, and the thousands who
throng to Shridi every year, is a testimony to the greatness and continuing popularity of
Sai Baba of Shirdi.
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Book Extracts
Advaita: Non-Duality
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Advaita (a+dvaita = non-duality) simply means that the Source, by whatever name
known - Primal Energy, Consciousness, Awareness, Plenitude, God - is Unicity, Oneness,
Non-duality. The manifestation that arises or emerges from the Source is based on
duality, the inevitable existence of interconnected opposites: male and female, beauty and
ugliness, good and evil. At any moment there are bound to be interconnected opposites.
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The sage accepts the duality that is the basis of life and is anchored in peace and
tranquillity while facing the pleasures and pains of life exactly like the ordinary person.
The ordinary person does not accept the duality, the existence of interconnected opposites
at any moment of life, chooses between them and is unhappy. The sage accepts the
'duality' of life; the ordinary person chooses between the interconnected opposites, and
lives in the unhappiness of 'dualism'.
The man of understanding certainly sees preferences being made in daily living between
the polaric opposites, but is totally aware of the fact that the preferences happen
according to the individual programming in each case, and are not made by any
individual person doing the preference. The man of understanding is, therefore, always in
tune with the Source. When the final flash of total understanding happens, it is not at all
unlikely for the individual to realize the unbroken wholeness of the universe and to
clearly see the whole range of polaric opposites as a great illusion or a play of a feigned
quarrel between lovers.
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The result can be an uncontrollable fit of huge laughter or intense weeping.
If only one would realize it, one's daily living is never more than a continuous choosing,
comparing and judging, blaming and praising - hardly ever mere witnessing and
accepting. How can there ever be peace and harmony in our daily living?...
In day-to-day living, one faces problems that have an astonishing range of apparent
reasons and possible consequences. The interesting question, therefore, is whether there
is a basic common cause that could be isolated and dealt with. Indeed, the basic cause of
human conflict and unhappiness is 'dualism', as distinct from 'duality'. The core of this
difference needs to be thoroughly analyzed and clearly understood. In fact, such a clear
understanding could itself be the solution of human unhappiness because it would relieve
the human being from the double-bind in which he finds himself in his relentless pursuit
of unalloyed happiness.
The fact of the matter is that 'duality' is polaric, interrelated and, therefore, not really
separate, whereas 'dualism' is opposition, separation, and, therefore, conflict. Phenomenal
manifestation is a process of objectivization that basically requires a dichotomy into two
elements: a subject that perceives and an object that is perceived. This is the process that
is known as 'duality': all phenomena that are sensorially perceivable are the correlation of
a subject (object-cognizer) and the object (the object cognized). This process of duality
makes it evidently clear that without such a process there cannot exist any phenomena,
and that neither of the two phenomenal objects (neither the cognizer subject nor the
cognized object) has any independent existence of its own: the existence of one depends
on the existence of the other.
When the basis of duality is clearly apperceived, there is no question of either any
samsara (phenomenal day-to-day living) or any bondage for any conceptual individual
for the simple reason that the 'individual' concerned is merely the psychosomatic
apparatus, the instrument through which the process of perceiving and cognizing takes
place. Our unhappiness, our conflict, our bondage arises as the effect of the identification
of What-We-Are (Consciousness) with the object-cognizer element in the dichotomy of
the whole-mind (Consciousness) into subject and object in the process of duality.
This identification or entitification as a separate independent entity (as the pseudosubject) is the 'dualism' - the maya - which results as the practical application in day-today living of the original principle of duality, that is polaric, interrelated and, therefore,
not separate. It is this illusory entitification that causes all the conflict, all the suffering,
all the unhappiness that is collectively termed 'bondage'. The instantaneous apperception
of this very fact of the illusoriness of the pseudo-subject as an independent doer-entity
means the freedom from the bondage.

Adi Shankara

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Who is Adi Shankara and what were his main contributions?

Who is Adi Shankara and what were his main contributions?

What are the main differences between Advaita Vedanta and other schools of Hindu philosophy according to Shankara?

What are the main differences between Advaita Vedanta and other schools of Hindu philosophy according to Shankara?

Adi Shankara (pronounced [adi k]; early 8th century CE[2][note 1]) is a widely

4.2 Influence on Hinduism

The birthplace of Adi Shankara at Kalady

Philosophical tour and disciples

Shankaracharya.[33][34] Piantelli has published a complete list of works attributed to Adi

Works of doubtful authenticity or not authentic

Upanishad, Mandala Brahmana Upanishad, Maha Narayana Upanishad, Gopalatapaniya

Philosophy and practice

I am Thought, I am Joy, I am He, I am He.

Shankara on the difference between Hinduism and Buddhism

Historical and cultural impact

Adi Sankara Keerthi Sthampa Mandapam, Kalady, Kerala

(Vidyashankara temple) at Sringeri Sharada Peetham, Shringeri

Shankara, himself considered to be an incarnation of Shiva,[web 2] established the

Rig Veda Bhogavala

Aham brahmsmi (I Yajur

According to the tradition in Kerala, after Sankara's samadhi at Vadakkunnathan Temple,

In 1983 a film directed by G. V. Iyer named Adi Shankaracharya was premiered,

In 2013, a film Sri Jagadguru Aadi Sankara directed by J. K. Bharavi in Telugu

Adi Shri Gauapdchrya

Sharma 1962, p. vi.

GC Pande (2011), Life and Thought of akarcrya, Motilal

Original Sanskrit: NIRVANASHTAKAM Sringeri Vidya Bharati

English Translation 1: K Parappai and CNN Nair (2002),

English Translation 2: Igor Kononenko (2010), Teachers of

English Translation 3: Nirvana Shatakam Isha Foundation (2011);

Comans, Michael (2000). "The Method of Early Advaita Vednta: A Study of

Doniger, Wendy (1999), Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions,

Feuerstein, george (1978), Handboek voor Yoga (Textbook of Yoga), AnkhHermes

Greaves, Ron (March 2002). "From Totapuri to Maharaji: Reflections on a

Hiltebeitel, Alf (2002), Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious

Isayeva, Natalia (1993). Shankara and Indian Philosophy. Albany: State

Larson, Gerald James (2009), Hinduism. In: "World Religions in America: An

Sharma, B. N. Krishnamurti (2000), History of the Dvaita School of Vednta and

Tapasyananda (2002). Sankara-Dig-Vijaya: The Traditional Life of Sri

THE BHAMATI AND VIVARANA SCHOOLS

Ingalls, Daniel H. H. (1954). "Sankara's Arguments Against the Buddhists".

The following is based upon

goes to SrI abhinava saccidAnanda tIrtha, his 20th-century successor at

Shri Adi Shankaracharya (788-820)

Divya Gupta/Wikimedia Commons

Bhaja Govindam by Chandrika

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