Esensors is furnishing this document "as is", without cost, and does not provide any warranty of the

item whatsoever,
whether express, implied, or statutory, including, but not limited to, any warranty of merchantability or fitness for a
particular purpose or any warranty that the contents of the item will be error-free.

Preliminary Specifications Version 1.15

IEEE 1451 Development Kit Description

Yuan Ma, Avarachan Cherian and Darold Wobschall
Esensors Inc., Amherst NY
May 16, 2013
Background
The development boards with IEEE 1451 smart transducer standard protocol were are
intended to provide reference designs for engineers developing TIMs and NCAPs compliant
with the IEEE 1451 protocol. The circuits and software are open source and are available for
download from our website (and elsewhere). This memo is concerned with the hardware and
assumes familiarity with the IEEE 1451 standard and terms. We employ the shorthand terms of
Dot x to a indicate IEEE 1451.x device. A brief review of the IEEE 1451 standard is given in
Appendix A and a list of references in Appendix B.
Overall Description
The system (Fig. 1) consists of an NCAP (gateway) with several ports (wired and
wireless) and several different types of TIMs, all compliant with the IEEE 1451 standard
(specifically Dot 0, Dot 2, Dot 4 and Dot 5).

Fig. 1 System Block Diagram

1

NCAP
The NCAP is multi-port or multi-functional. The ports are:
RS232 (Dot 2)
USB (in future)
Wi-Fi (Dot 5)
One 8-pin connector with SPI interface
o See Dot 2 standard for description
However, only one port is active at a time, in part to simplify the software, which is a goal
for the reference design. Note that Dot5 is a local Ad hoc Wi-Fi network, not connected directly
to the Internet except through the NCAP. The Internet protocol is the IEEE 145.0 (Dot 0)
HTTP is provided in the NCAP.
The NCAP is available in a case for purchase from Esensors.
TIM
The types of TIMs provided in this kit are:
Dot 2 -- RS232
With various I/Os and sensor including Dot 4 sensor
Wi-Fi (Dot 5)
With various I/Os and sensors (3 types) including Dot 4 sensor
Detailed Description
Multiport NCAP Hardware
The NCAP consists of two boards each with a microcontroller (Fig.2). The main board
handles the local network or ports while the second handles the Ethernet/Internet interface.

Fig. 2 NCAP Block Diagram

The two boards are stacked one over the other and connected via SPI bus. The
connection to the Internet is via Ethernet (not Wi-Fi). Power is provided via 9-12v DC adapter
A photo of the boards is shown in Fig. 3. The circuit is described further in Appendix C.

Fig. 3 NCAP Photo Ethernet board is on bottom

The Wi-Fi is a local network, as defined by the Dot 5 standard and this communicates
with the wireless TIMs (star configuration). The TIMs do not communicate directly with the
Internet nor with each other.
The RS232 connector (J1) pinout follows the Dot 2 standard and has +5v power on one
pin. The NCAP is connected to the TIM by the RS232 cable.
NCAP Software
It consist of (a) Main Dot 0 section, (b) three alternative PHY sections (Dot 2, Dot 4, Dot
5), (c) Ethernet (TCP/IP) interface.
TIM boards
The three types of TIMs (Dot 2, Dot 4, Dot 5) are combined into one pair of boards (Fig.
4). However only the components appropriate to the specific type of TIM are mounted and TIM
can communicate with NCAP either via RS-232 or Wi-Fi. The upper board (main) has the
sensors and I/O connectors. The lower board (communication) provides the local network or
bus communication, along with the TEDS.

Fig. 4 Photo of Combination TIM boards

These TIMs are relatively complex because they are intended to illustrate multiple types of
sensors and features.
3

Serial (RS232) Dot 2 TIM

The Dot 2 (serial) TIM has one RS232 port which connects to the NCAP via a cable. It
has a 9-pin type D connector with a +5v supply on one pin (see Dot 2 standard). See Fig. 5.

Fig. 5 Block Diagram of Dot 2 TIM

It has these I/O lines on a 30-pin female connector (dual row15x2, 0.1 centers).
Four analog inputs, -5 to +5v (switch for 0 to +2.5v)
With 10-bit a/d
Two analog outputs (0 to +5v)
Two 8-bit digital ports
o One 8-bit input and one 8-bit output
There are 4 LED indicators also (not part of I/O).
The pinouts for the connector J2 are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Connector J2 Pinouts (Dot 2 and Dot 5)

Pin
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Signal
Analog In #2
Analog In #1
Analog In #4
Analog In #3
Analog Out#2
Analog Out#1
Digital In - 1
Digital In - 0

Pin
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

Signal
Digital In - 3
Digital In - 2
Digital In - 5
Digital In - 4
Digital In - 7
Digital In - 6
Digital Out - 1
Digital Out - 0

Pin
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Signal
Digital Out - 3
Digital Out - 2
Digital Out - 5
Digital Out - 4
Digital Out - 7
Digital Out - 6

Pin
25
26
27
28
29
30

Signal
nc
Relay NO
Ground
+5v out
nc
nc

Relay Com
Relay NC

In addition these transducers will be present:

Temperature sensor (SHT11) with humidity option
Actuators
o
LCD (16x2 line)
o
Relay (SPDT, dry contact)
The channel numbers assigned to the different inputs and outputs are shown in Table 2.
4

Table 2.
Dot 2 TIM Data Channel Assignments
Channel Signal name In/Out
Data Type Note
1

ANx1

Analog Input #1 FP (32)

-5.0V to 5.0 V

ANx2

Analog Input #2 FP (32)

-5.0V to 5.0 V

Temperature Input

FP (32)

-40 to 123.8 C, 0.1C

Humidity

Input

FP (32)

0 to 100%, 0.5%

DI_0

Digital Input #0

UINT8

1: high, 0: low

DO_0

Digital Output #0 UIN8

1: high, 0: low

Relay

Digital Output

UIN8

1: close, 0: open

D2A_1

Analog Output

FP (32)

0V to 5.0 V

LCD

Output

Character Array for 32 characters

10

J7, D1

Dot4 Analog In

FP (32)

11

Dot4 TEDS

Input

UINT8

32 octets, in Hex format

The TIM is powered (+ 5v) through the 9-pin (RS232) connector.

Dot 4 TIM
This is a non-standard TIM which has added features so that it appears compatible with
the Dot 0 standard from the Internet (network) viewpoint and with the Dot 4 from the sensor
viewpoint. Since the Dot 4 standard is TEDS-only the specification of the a/d needed in addition
to generate the digital data for the Internet is added arbitrarily. We use the Dot 0 standard for
this function. In effect, this is partly a Dot 0 TIM with the a/d, and partly a sensor with Dot 4
TEDS (Fig. 6). The NCAP treats both Dot4 TEDS and analog output as Dot 0 sensor channels,
this is not part of IEEE1451 standard, but NCAP can talk to any Dot4 sensor in this way.

Fig. 6 Block Diagram of Dot 4 TIM

5

A Dot 4 type sensor is an analog output sensor with a small EEPROM on a 1-wire bus
as the TEDS. There are two types of interfaces, one with separate lines for the TEDS and data
and another which has the analog and digital on the same wire (2 wires including ground). For
the combined analog/digital interface, the analog signal is modulated on a current source for
positive voltages (IEPE) and the digital (TEDS) is connected for negative voltages (see
Appendix F). This TIM has these ports:
Class 1 with IEPE (two of these)
Connector is HD-BNC
Class 2 with 4-20 mA signal input
Connector (J5) is 5-pin header with 0.1 spacing
Class 2 with 0 to 5v signal input
Connector (J6) is 5-pin header with 0.1 spacing

Table 3 Dot 4 Connector Pinouts

Pin
1

Signal #1 (J7)
IEPE (coax)

Pin
1

Signal # 2 (J8)
IEPE (coax)

Pin
1
2
3
4
5

Signal #3 (J5)
TEDS
+Vs
LP+
LPGnd

Pin
1
2
3
4
5

Signal #4 (J6)
TEDS
+Vss
In+
InGnd

The TIM will have a temperature and humidity sensor (SHT11) also. The channel assignments
are given in Table 2.

Wireless TIM (WTIM WiFi, Dot 5)

These are WiFi devices (2.4 GHz) which communicate with the NCAP (and from there to
the Internet or other WTIMs) and employ the IEEE 1451.5 protocol. See Fig. 7.

Fig. 7 Block Diagram of Dot 5 TIM

These WTIMs can be battery operated (rechargeable battery) with line operated option
(via 5v supply from USB connector or RS-232 connector which also acts as the charger.
The I/O lines are the same for the Serial (Dot 2) TIM (Table 1), except that there is no
relay (to conserve battery power), specifically:
Four analog inputs, -5 to +5v
With 10-bit a/d
Two analog outputs (0 to +5v)
Two 8-bit digital ports (selectable configuration via switch)
One 8-bit input and one 8-bit output
Temperature/Humidity sensor
LCD (16x2 line)
The channel assignments are given in Table 2. Please note Dot4 sensor can be
connected to J8 connector on any TIM board(Dot 2 or Dot 5).
TEDS
The Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS) is stored in the TIM, here as read-only
files (mostly binary). The following TEDS are present:
META-TEDS
TransducerChannel TEDS (several)
Users Transducer Name TEDS (ASCII)
PHY TEDS
The data in the TEDS is stored with the least significant byte at the highest address (big
Endian) following the Dot 0 specification. For example decimal 1000 (hexadecimal 03 E8, two
bytes) is stored as 03 E8 which is the human readable format (English). Many computers
reverse the order (little endian) and it is the responsibility of the TIM designer to assure that the
TEDS data, especially binary, is transmitted in the proper order.
As a development tool, this system provides the way to query, read and write/add raw
TEDS via web interface.
The response of query TEDS is to provide information like TEDS attributes,
status, current size, checksum and maximum size.
The reply of read TEDS is the raw TEDS stored in TIMs non volatile memory
output in Hex format.
User can change or add raw TEDS (in Hex format). TIM device will do sanity
checking with the input raw TEDS before storing it to non volatile memory, which
includes general format checking (length, checksum), size and if the TEDS type
in the raw TEDS match with the input TEDS type. If the specified raw TEDS
already exist, according to input Channel Id and TEDS type, TIM will update the
old TEDS with the new one after sanity checking, otherwise, it will create a new
TEDS.

Appendix A. Brief Description of IEEE 1451 Smart Transducer Standard

Jay Nemeth-Johannes, Smart Sensor System
Edited by D. Wobschall, Esensors Inc.
Concept of IEEE 1451 Standard
The IEEE-1451 standard defines hardware and software standards for smart transducers. A
1451 based system contains a pair of components. The Transducer Interface Module (TIM)
contains the sensor, signal conditioning, analog to digital conversion, and control logic
necessary to acquire a signal and convert it to data. The Network Capable Application
Processor (NCAP) collects data from one or more TIMs, applies the correction, calibration and
potentially other processing algorithms and passes the data to an application via a LAN
connection (Fig. A1).

Transducer Interface Module (TIM)

1451.X
Comm Layer

1451.0
Control Logic

Analog/
Digital
Conversion

Signal
Processing

Sensor

TEDS

1451.X Transport Mechanism

Network Capable Application Processor (NCAP)

LAN

Message
Abstraction,
TCP/IP, Web
Server

Embedded
Application

1451.0 Routing,
signal
processing,
TEDS mgt

1451.X
Comm Layer

Remote Computer

Fig. A1 IEEE-1451 Block Diagram

The TIM also holds a Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS) that contains the calibration
and operating data necessary to create a calibrated result in standard SI units. The TEDS
contains additional information necessary to uniquely identify the TIM as well as providing
supplemental information to the application. Information is passed between the NCAP and TIM
via a common hardware and software interface. The software interface is standardized for the
1451 system, thus simplifying the task of adding new transport interfaces. The hardware
interfaces have been defined in the various 1451 documents to including open standard
interfaces as RS-232, USB (proposed), CAN (proposed), 802.11, Bluetooth and ZigBee
(802.15.4)
The system is built around the NCAP, which manages the TIMs and processes data to be used
by the application. When an NCAP is initialized, it searches its interfaces for TIMs and claims
the ones it finds. It then transfers a copy of each TIMs TEDS database to a cache area within
8

the NCAP. When a TIM is asked for a reading, it will acquire the data and generally return it in
fundamental A/D counts. The NCAP will then apply the correction data found in the TEDS and
convert it to calibrated SI data. The data is then transferred over the external network using http
protocol and XML. The reason for this method of transferring from the TIM and processing in
the NCAP allows the calibration data to be associated with the sensor itself, but offloads the
complex processing to the NCAP. This allows the TIM to be implemented with small
microprocessors.
An alternate reference model is shown in Fig. A2.

Fig. A2 IEEE 1451 Reference Model showing relation of Dot 0 and PHY sections.
The benefits of this technology are myriad and varied, depending on the configuration chosen.
The first, and most apparent, benefit is the open nature of this standard that allows different
manufacturers to produce products with the assurance that they will self configures and
seamlessly operates with products from other manufacturers (plug and play feature). All 1451
systems benefit from the use of common codes and formats. This means that TIMs can be
configured into systems and be recognized and configured by NCAPs without previous
knowledge of that TIM. Sensors and actuators can easily be added to or removed from a
system. If a wireless sensor is used, no action needs to be taken other than placing the sensor
and ensuring that an appropriate wireless NCAP is within range. This capability allows sensors
to be placed during testing phases or when a specific testing need is discovered and then easily
removed during normal deployment.
A 1451 based system also returns sensor data in calibrated, SI units. This places the correction
routines in the sensor where they belong and also reduces the chances for errors to be
introduced by unit mismatch. In addition, all operating parameters are queryable, thus allowing
the application to certify units, calibration and operating data.
9

The quality of the measurement can be improved because analog to digital conversion occurs
near the signal being measured. This, in turn, eliminates long runs of analog wiring that can
introduce noise and crosstalk, as well as eliminating large bundles of wiring. In addition to the
noise problem, wire bundles are heavy, prone to failure, and difficult to diagnose and repair.
The status of the different parts of the standard are as follows:
Dot 0 -- General Format --- approved 2007
Dot 1 -- NCAP Protocol (optional) approved 1998, being revised.
Dot 2 -- Serial, point-to-point revision done, final approval pending
Dot 3 -- Multi-drop & timestamp -- approved 2003, but obsolete (no hardware)
Dot 4 -- Analog & TEDS (approved 2004, TEDS only)
Dot 5 -- Wireless (Bluetooth, WiFi, maybe Zigbee) -- approved 2007
Dot 7 --- RFID with sensors -- approved 2010
The basic functions of Dot 0 are to handle the following commands:
TEDS/Status requests
Triggering and configuration
Sensor read commands and data return
Actuator write commands and data sending
TEDS
The transducer electronic data sheets required are:
MetaTEDS
Channel TEDS
Calibration TEDS (unless SI units)
Xdr-name TEDS
Phy TEDS
These are in specific, compact binary formats. There are many additional, optional TEDS.

10

Appendix B. References
1.

IEEE 1451 information <http://ieee1451.nist.gov/> and

grouper.ieee.org/.../Review%20on%20the%20Proposed%20Survey%20of%20Wireless%20
Sensor%20Requiremen.ppt
2. Purchase standard (Dot 0 and others):
http://webstore.ansi.org/RecordDetail.aspx?sku=IEEE%201451.02007&source=google&adgroup=ieee&gclid=CPu547uK_rECFQEUKgodCRgA-A
3. Dot 4 tutorial: http://standards.ieee.org/develop/regauth/tut/teds.pdf
4. IEPE Interface: http://www.mmf.de/manual/m32mane.pdf
5. Sensor network lists: Reference: http://www.smarthomeforum.com/start.shtml,
6. K. Lee and M. Reichardt Open Standards for Homeland Security Sensor Networks, IEEE
Instrumentation and Measurement Magazine, Dec. 2005
7. R. Frank Understanding Smart Sensors, 2nd edition, Artech House (2000)
8. R. Pallas-Areny and J. Webster Sensors and Signal Conditioning, John Wiley 2nd ed ,2001.
9. S. Y. Yurish, IEEE 1451 Standard and Frequency Output Sensors: How to Obtain a BroadBased Industry Adoption? Sensors & Transducers Magazine (S&T e-Digest), Vol.59, Sept
2005
10. The ZigBee Alliance http://www.zigbee.org/
11. D. Wobschall, Network Sensor Monitoring using the Universal IEEE 1451 Standard, IEEE I
and M, Vol. 11, p 18 (2008)
12. D. Wobschall, IEEE 1451 -- A Universal Transducer Protocol Standard, IEEE AutoTestcon
(Baltimore, Sept 2007).
13. D. Wobschall IEEE 1451 Smart Transducer Standard for HVAC Applications, ASHRAE
meeting (Chicago 2009) http://www.ashrae.org/publications/page/2231
14. Sensor Web Enablement and OpenGIS SensorWeb (Open Geospatial Consortium):
http://www.opengeospatial.org/functional/?page=swe
15. Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) website: http://www.opengeospatial.org/
16. SensorNet at ORNL: http://www.sensornet.gov/
17. SensorML description: http://vast.uah.edu/SensorML/
18. OASIS protocol: http://www.oasis-open.org/specs/index.php
19. CBRN protocol: http://www.jpeocbd.osd.mil/guardian.htm
20. E. Song, K. Lee: A Unified Web Service for IEEE 1451 Smart Transducers IEEE T.
Instrumentation and Measurement 57(8): 1749-1756 (2008)

Schematics and Software

The full schematics (pdf format) for the NCAP and TIM (3 versions) are provided in separate file
on a flash drive or available for download from this site:
http://www.eesensors.com/media/wysiwyg/pdf/NCAP-Main-Schematic.pdf

11

Appendix C. Circuit Details for NCAP

The NCAP consists of two boards each with a microcontroller (Figs. 2 and 3). The main board
handles the local network or ports while the second handles the Ethernet interface. The NCAP
uses separate microcontrollers for the Ethernet/Internet and the WiFi (and serial) local network
functions because both require rapid response and significant computing power. This approach
was chosen because combining the functions into a single microcomputer to reduce the
hardware cost would increase the program complexity which is undesirable in a demonstration
kit. The two boards are stacked one over the other and connected through a 30-pin connector
(P4) via SPI. The connection to the Internet is via Ethernet (not WiFi). Power is provided via 9v
to 12v wall adaptor.
The WiFi section utilizes a WiFi module (U11) with a built-in antenna. It communicates with the
local WTIM network. The Ethernet board is programmed via J5. Power (to both boards) is
supplied via J1 which is connected to a 9v to 12v DC wall supply.
The serial section utilizes a RS232 connector (J1) with a pinout following the Dot 2 standard
which includes +5v power on one pin. The TIM is connected to the NCAP by a RS232 cable.
USB#1 (J3) behaves in software like a second Dot 2 (RS232) port. A second USB port (#2 or J4)
is used for reprogramming the board, if necessary. Initially the main board is programmed via J5.
The time on NCAP can be updated via the Internet. Switches S1 and S2 are
used for factory reset and updating firmware.
The SPI connector (right) is available in hardware but not implemented in software.
The full schematics (pdf format) are provided in a separate file available for download from this
site : http://www.eesensors.com/media/wysiwyg/pdf/NCAP-Main-Schematic.pdf

Appendix D. Flowchart for NCAP

Not yet available

12

Appendix E. Circuit Details for Dot 2 (Serial) TIM

The Dot 2 TIM is connected to the NCAP though a 9-pin (RS232) connector which also
furnishes the power (+5v).
A detailed block diagram of the Dot 2 TIM is shown in Fig. E1. It has these I/O lines on a 30-pin
connector. The complete diagram is attached to the end of this appendix. The inputs are:
Four analog inputs, -5 to +5v (switch for 0 to +5v)
Two analog outputs (0 to +5v)
Two 8-bit digital ports (One 8-bit input and one 8-bit output)

In addition these transducers will be present:

Temperature sensor (SHT11)
LCD (16x1line)
Relay (dry contact)

In addition there are 4 LEDs

Fig. E1 Dot 2 TIM Detailed Block Diagram

The pinouts for the connector J2 are shown in Table E1 (same as Table 1).
13

Table E1. Connector J2 Pinouts (Dot 2 and Dot 5)

Pin
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Signal
Analog In #2
Analog In #1
Analog In #4
Analog In #3
Analog Out#2
Analog Out#1
Digital In - 1
Digital In - 0

Pin
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

Signal
Digital In - 3
Digital In - 2
Digital In - 5
Digital In - 4
Digital In - 7
Digital In - 6
Digital Out - 1
Digital Out - 0

Pin
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Signal
Digital Out - 3
Digital Out - 2
Digital Out - 5
Digital Out - 4
Digital Out - 7
Digital Out - 6

Pin
25
26
27
28
29
30

Signal
nc
Relay NO
Ground
+5v out
nc
nc

Relay Com
Relay NC

Table E2. Signal List

Signal
Analog input
Analog output
Digital In and Out
Control switches
LCD
LED (status)
Relay
Temperature
Humidity
UART

# pins
4
2
16
2
6?
2
1
N/A
N/A
N/A

Option
All
All
Opt A
All
Opt B
Opt B
Opt B
All
All
All

In/Out
In
Out
8in & 8out
In
Out
Out
Out
In
In
1in, 1out

Notes
A/d
D/a
Two digital ports
Factory reset and updating firmware
2x16 Display
In addition to power & Communication

RS232 Dot 2 data path

The signal connector (RS232) from the NCAP is shown in Fig. E2

Fig. E2 Connector to NCAP

14

Appendix F. Circuit Details for Dot 4 TIM

The Dot 4 standard [3] defines two classes of interfaces (Fig. F1). For the Class 1 sensors, a
coax connector is used. For the Class 2 sensors we have selected (4-20 ma and 0-5 v), there
will be only 3 analog lines (in addition to the 2 TEDS lines). Note that for Class 1 the analog and
digital/TEDS are on the same line but for Class 2 they are separate. The Dot 4 standard does
not specify the connector or number of pins (except Class 1, a coax connector).

b
Fig. F1 IEEE 1451.4 Interfaces (a) Class 1 and (b) Class 2

Block Diagram
A block diagram of the Dot4 TIM is shown in Fig. F2.

Fig F2 Detailed Block Diagram of Dot 4 TIM

15

Class 1 Interface
Analog Section
The class 1 interface combines an analog line and a 1-wire digital line with a TEDS (Fig. F3a).
The analog part utilizes a Integrated Electronic Piezo Electric Interface (IEPE) developed
originally by accelerometer (and other) manufacturers ( http://www.mmf.de/iepe_standard.htm
which is ref [4]). See Fig. F3. It is also known under other brand-names (e.g. ICP).

Fig. F3 IEPE Interface

A constant current source is supplied by the signal conditioner (TIM) with an output voltage
modulated by the sensor amplifier. The voltage on the wire is between +0.5 and +22 volts (lower
than the +24 to +30 v suggested above). Note that the analog signal, including the bias, is
always positive, which is switched by the diode. The constant current supply is set at 4.0 mA
and the effective load resistor for no signal is about 2kohms. The desired signal is the AC
component riding on the bias voltage (6v). The AC signal is coupled through a capacitor to the
following amplifier (response 0.3 to 1kHz, min). A detailed circuit is given in Fig. F4.

Fig. F4 Circuit Diagram of IEPE Interface

16

If no sensor is present, the voltage at the connector will go to saturation (about +22 v). This
condition is detected by a comparator. When the sensor comes back on line, the TEDS is read
again. If the UUID is different, a change in sensor is recorded.
Digital (TEDS interface) Section
For the Class 1 interface, the TEDS is accessed when the voltage on the wire is negative.
Diodes on the sensor side separate the digital (negative) from the analog (positive) signals. The
reason for using a 1-wire cable (coax) is that it is much easier to install, especially for small
sensors (such as accelerometers), than multi-wire cables. The TEDS is a special EEPROM with
a 1-wire interface. Data is transmitted in both directions, depending on timing. The data pin on
the EEPROM shifts between input and output (also provides chip power). The EEPROM is
standard CMOS but is connected backward at the sensor end (+Vcc to ground). Timing is
critical and is best implemented with a special interface 1-wire master. Converting the bidirectional signal from negative to positive requires a special MMI (mixed mode interface) driver
(see www.maxim-ic.com/app-notes/index.mvp/id/4491) which uses a mosfet pair (and analog
switch). This is shown in Fig. F5.

Fig. F5 Circuit Diagram of Dot 4 Class 1 Interface

In effect, the MMI driver converts the backward connected EEPROM in the Dot 4 sensor to one
forward connected so that it can be accessed by the 1-wire master chip. The master connects to
17

a microcomputer via a SPI line. The combination of the two analog switches on inputs #1 and
#2 plus the digital mux (#3 and #4) selects one of the four TEDS.
Class 2 Interface
The class 2 interface simply provides a separate pin for the 1-wire EEPROM (TEDS). It is
connected directly to the 1-wire master (no additional interface needed). We have selected two
representative inputs (another possibility is a strain sensor). A HD-BNC is the chosen coax
connector.
4-20 mA Current Loop
Many industrial sensors have a 4-20 mA current loop (transmitter) as the output. There are two
general types: (1) loop powered and (2) sensor excitation voltage external to the sensor. Input #
3 is of this type. The +24 volt supply on pin 5 is used for loop powered devices (pins 3 & 4
connected, pins 1 and 2 connected), see Fig. F6

Fig. F6 Circuit Diagram of 4-20 mA Current Loop Interface

Signal voltage input
Many sensors (with built-in signal conditioners) have a voltage as the output. Input #4 is of this
type.

Fig. F7 Circuit Diagram of 0-5v Input Interface

18

If the input is open (over 10k) , the light pullup resistor brings the input to over +5 v.
D/A Output
The two analog outputs are the same as for the Dot 2 interface except that the voltage is 0-3
volts because of the battery operation.
Power Supply
Power (+5v) is supplied by the USB port (J4). A battery charger is present, although this is not
needed for the Dot 4 TIM. Separate 3.3 v regulators are used for the two microcontrollers. A
boost switching power supply (U7) generates the +25v (see Fig. F2). A DC/DC supply (U9)
provides the -5v.
The power and signals go between boards through redundant connectors J3 and J4.
Signal List
Table F1. Signal List for Sensor Microcontroller (U12)
Signal
Analog inputs
1-Wire master (I2C)
LCD
Status LEDs

# pins
4
2
4
3

In/Out
In
Both
Out
Out

Notes
Class 1 and Class 2
For 1-Wire (Dot 4 TEDS)
16x2 alphanumeric (SPI)

TEDS Reading
The reading of the TEDS, which has several sections, is done on power-up and occasionally
thereafter, at least if a sensor is removed and replaced. The TEDS data is transferred to a
cache TEDS (C-TEDS) on the TIM where it is more easily available. Each TEDS has a unique
ID (UUID, 48-bit + a chip family # of 8-bits) which aids in detection of change of sensor. This is
in addition to the basic TEDS (64-bits) and a sensor specific section.
The Dot 4 TEDS must be translated to a Dot 0 (Dot 2 TIM) style TEDS which is required by the
NCAP. This Dot 0 TEDS is also stored in the cache TEDS and is the TEDS data sent to the
NCAP upon request.
The full schematics (pdf format) are provided in a separate file available for download from this
site : http://www.eesensors.com/media/wysiwyg/pdf/NCAP-Main-Schematic.pdf

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Appendix G. IEEE NCAP Ethernet Hook-up Instructions

The Esensors, Inc. IEEE NCAP Gateway is designed to utilize the Internet to transmit sensor
data from a remote acquisition point to a host computer or hosted database.

Figure G1 NCAP Gateway HTTP: Request/Response

Figure G1 (above) shows an NCAP Gateway returning data via a HTTP: response.
The Gateway supports a user configurable IP address. This IP address gives it uniqueness on
the Ethernet based network which it is attached to. It is through the IP address, that the
Gateway is able to take its place on the Internet, becoming fully accessible to query by the
user.
The Gateway consists of a base unit with one Ethernet communication ports. Within the base
unit are microcomputers, which handle the Internet protocol, and the communication ports.

Figure G2 How NCAP Gateway works.

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IEEE NCAP Gateway Hook-up

To configure and use a NCAP Gateway it must be connected to a PC via an Ethernet cable.
Use a straight type Ethernet patch cable.
Figures below show the locations of the connectors for the Ethernet, Wall Power Supply and
location of the RESET SWITCH.

Figure G3 Location of RJ45 and Wall Supply connectors.

Figure G4 Location of RESET SWITCH.

NCAP Gateway User Interface

Once the NCAP Gateway is connected to a PC and powered via the supplied DC Wall Supply,
it can be queried by typing the following command into the address line of the browser.
http://192.168.254.102
Note: The default address for the Gateway is 192.168.254.102. This requires that the PC
being used to program the Gateway have its network interface card (NIC) set with the same
subnet address: 192.168.254.***
Once the default IP address is entered, the browser screen should display the NCAP
Gateway Main Page as shown in the figure below.

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IEEE NCAP GATEWAY Network Configuration

Figure G5 NCAP Gateway (Home) Page display

Network Configuration
The network configuration page is password protected. The default username and password for
the device is admin & password. The NETWORK CONFIGURATION page enables the user to
set up the device IP & host name using the web interface. When the NETWORK
CONFIGURATION link is clicked the NETWORK CONFIGURATION page appears; see Figure
G6.
From the NETWORK CONFIGURATION screen it is possible to change the various network
settings involved in any IP addressable device, port number for the webpage, DNS, gateway,
admin ID and password. The device requires an internet connection if you want to set the
device time automatically. The device uses TAI time to timestamp sensor data. In case of power
loss the device automatically corrects the time upon the Internet connection is available. Once
changes are made it is necessary to left click on the Save Config button to have the changes
take effect.
When you change the IP address though the webpage interface, the next page displayed is the
Reboot in Progress page depicted in Figure G7.
Note: If you get the message Error: Connection to NCAP device was lost then the browser still points to
the former IP address. When the new IP address is entered into the address bar the screen will correctly
display the NCAP MAIN (Home) Page.

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IEEE NCAP GATEWAY Network Configuration

Figure G6 Network Configuration screen.

Figure G7 Reboot in Progress screen

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Basic Troubleshooting Instructions

1. Did you change the IP address?
The DHCP server probably assigned the device a new IP address, but your computer's
network cache has saved the wrong address. From the command prompt in Windows,
enter "nbtstat -R" or "arp -d" to clear old values and try again. Make sure you launch the
command prompt as administrator.
2. Did you try the IP address?
Try accessing the device directly at the IP address just inputted if DHCP was turned off.
(Example: enter "http://192.168.5.23/" into your browser). If this fails, then the IP address
you set is not reachable. Accessing device via IP address is more reliable than using
host name since some networks may have troubles dealing with host name. If you forgot
the IP address and the host name of NCAP Gateway, device, try Step 3 below.

3. Use Ethernet Discoverer to Find devices

Microchip's Ethernet Discoverer is a very nice tool to list all devices on the same subnet.
Double click Microchip Ethernet Discoverer.exe, Click "Discover Devices" button, the IP
address, Host name and MAC address of all NCAP devices will be listed. It is also
helpful to check NCAPs IP address when it is automatically assigned by DHCP server.
Microchip Ethernet Discoverer.exe do not need to be installed, it can be copied to and
executed from any location.

4. Still not working? Device Reset

You can restore the factory default settings by erasing the device's flash ROM.

Resetting the NCAP Gateway

Hold the button by inserting a paper clip into the small hole on the left side panel of the
device and then re-power the device.
The device enters boot loading state which will last for four seconds, both Power LED
and Activity LED are extinguished in this state, then they will flash for three times and
enter startup state.
Continue holding the button, the device will enter restoration state, In this state you will
notice the Power LED and Activity LED are solid ON in this state.
You should not release the button until both LEDs are extinguished, which means
restoration is done.
The whole procedure takes about eight to ten seconds. The factory default IP address is
192.168.254.102.

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Appendix H. IEEE 1451 Development Kit Basic Operation

1. Dot2 TIM Data channel Assignments
Channel

Signal Name In/Out

Data Type

ANx1

FP(32)

Analog Input
#1
ANx2
Analog Input
#1
Temperature Input

Humidity

Input

FP(32)

DI_0

UINT8

DO_0

Relay

Digital Input
#0
Digital
Output #0
Digital
Output

D2A_1

FP(32)

LCD

Analog
Output
Output

10

J7, D1

FP (32)

11

Dot4 TEDS

Dot4 Analog
In
Input

FP(32)
FP(32)

UINT8
UINT8

J2
Connector
Pin2

Note

-5.0V to
5.0V
Pin1
-5.0V to
5.0V
-40 to 123.8
C, 0.1C
0 to 100%,
0.5%
Pin8
1: high, 0:
low
Pin16
1: high, 0:
low
Pin23(COM), 1: close, 0:
24(NC),
open
26(NO)
Pin6
0V to 5.0 V

Character

UINT8

Array for 32
characters

32 octets, in
Hex format

2. Read Transducer Data

This page is to provide sensor measurement, the Channel Id must be sensor type (input),
like channel 1, 2, 3, 4 etc. If actuator channel number is provide, the Transducer Data field in
the output table will be shown as Not available, Fig. H1

Fig. H1 Read actuator channel

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3. Write Transducer Data

This page is to set actuator output, the Channel Id must be actuator type(output), like
channel 6, 7,8,9 etc. If sensor channel number is provide, nothing will be changed.
Example 1: use a jumper wire connect J2 pin 6 (channel 8, analog output) to pin 2
(channel 1, analog Input #1) and set analog output voltage to 3.0V, Fig. H2

Fig. H2 Write 3.0V to channel 8

Go to "Read Transducer Data" page, check with channel 1's reading, the measurement
should be close to 3.0V, Fig. H3. The digital to analog convert circuit on this development kit is
based on Pulse-width modulation (PWM), which is not very accurate.

Fig. H3 Read measurement from channel 1

Example 2: write a text message, like "Hello, World!", to channel 9 (LCD)'s Arguments,
this message will be displayed on TIM device's LCD.

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4. Write Raw TEDS

This page is to modify raw TEDS or add a new TEDS. According to IEEE1451.0, each
TEDS in the TIM device should be identified by Channel Id and TEDS type. When the
development kit receives inputs from web interface, the TIM device will overwrite the raw TEDS
if the Channel Id and TEDS type associated with this TEDS already exist, otherwise, it will add
the input raw TEDS as a new TEDS.
Example: add XdcrName TEDS "ES-TIM04" for channel 4. First, let's read XdcrName
TEDS from channel 4. The web interface shows it is not exist, Fig. H4.

Fig. 4 HRead XdcrName TEDS from channel 4

The raw XdcrName TEDS "ES-TIM04" for channel 4 is
"00,00,00,13,03,04,00,0C,01,01,04,01,00,45,53,2D,54,49,4D,30,34,FD,BF", input Channel Id,
TEDS type, and raw TED in "Write Raw TEDS" page, Fig. H5, click Write Raw Teds button.

Fig. H5 Write XdcrName TEDS to channel 4

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Go back to "Read Raw TEDS" page and read the read XdcrName TEDS from channel 4,
we can see the TEDS has been added to the TIM, Fig. H6

Fig. H6 Read XdcrName TEDS from channel 4

Device will do sanity check for the input from web interface: The raw TEDS must be in
Hex format, separated by comma, the length must be 12 to 512 octets. Also the raw TEDS
format must fit with general format of TEDS, which is TEDS length followed by data block and
checksum, please refer to IEEE1451.0 chapter 8.1. The device will check with TEDS length field,
calculate the checksum and compare it with the input checksum field. User can use web
interface to calculate the checksum before sending it to device (input raw TEDS and click
Calculate Checksum button). The TEDS type in "Write Raw TEDS" web interface must be same
with TEDS access code, class field in TEDS identification header (IEEE1451.0 chapter 8.3), in
the raw TEDS, Fig. H7. Device will refuse to modify or add raw TEDS if the sanity check is no
passed.

Fig. H7 TEDS type Input must match with TEDS access code in raw TEDS

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5. Transducer Discovery
To report the available channel from TIM, NCAP reads TIM's MetaTEDS first since
MetaTEDS has MaxChan field indicating number of implemented transducer channels , then
NCAP reads the each XdcrName TEDS from TIM.
Example: we just add Read XdcrName TEDS for channel 4 in above example, we need
to modify the MetaTEDS's MaxChan field from 3 to 4. Otherwise, "Transducer Discovery" will
report 3 channels instead of 4, Fig. H8

Fig. H8 "Transducer Discovery" reports 3 channels

To modify the MetaTEDS, read the raw MetaTEDS from TIM first, the Channel Id for
MetaTEDS should be zero, Fig. H9.

Fig. H9 Read MetaTEDS from TIM and copy it

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The MaxChan TLV in this raw TEDS is " 0D, 02, 00, 03", change it to " 0D, 02, 00, 04".
We don't need to change TEDS length field since no octet had been add or removed. Put the
new raw TED in "Write Raw TEDS" page's Raw TEDS(Hex) input field, recalculate the
checksum by clicking Calculate Checksum button then click Write Raw Teds button, Fig. H10.

Fig. H10 Write new MetaTEDS to TIM

Next do "Transducer Discovery" again, channel 4 is listed now, Fig. H11

Fig. H11 "Transducer Discovery" reports 4 channels

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6. WTIM Discovery
NCAP device is capable to communicate with 253 WTIM devices (TIM IDs from 2 to
254), See Fig. H12. NCAP maintains a WTIM connection list internally. One can ask NCAP to
scan the Wi-Fi network to generate the WTIM list, NCAP will query MetaTEDS for each WTIM Id,
mark it as "connected" when it gets a response or "disconnected" when there is no response
within 250ms. The scan operation is based on timeout, so it takes up to 70 seconds to scan TIM
Id from 2 to 254. The scan time can be reduced by narrowing down the scan range. Whenever
NCAP is requested to communicate with WTIM device, NCAP always updates the connection
status for the specified WTIM device.
One can also ask NCAP to display (report) WTIM list, save list to non-volatile memory
(EEPROM) or erase (clear) list. Please note that for "Report", "Save" and "Clear" operations,
NCAP does not communicate with any WTIM device, the operation is for WTIM list cached in
the NCAP device.

Fig. H12 WTIM Discovery

7. TIM Type
The NCAP and TIM devices provided support both Dot2 (RS-232) and Dot5 (Wi-Fi )
interfaces. NCAP can talk with a TIM either through RS-232 or Wi-Fi. User must specify the
interface (Tim type) on NCAP's webpage. For Dot2 (RS-232) interface, the TIM device must be
connected to NCAP via RS-232 cable. NCAP will ignore the input value for Tim Id (Dot2 is pointto-point communication, the Tim Id is not necessary). For Dot5 (Wi-Fi) interface, the input for
Tim Id must be correct, otherwise, the NCAP will return a non-zero error code.
8. Sampling TIM Device
NCAP device is capable to read and buffer a block of sensor data from TIM devices (up
to 500 samples). User must configure the settings like TIM Id, Channel Id, samples number,
Interval etc before starting the sampling process. This can done in Sampling TIM Configuration
webpage. NCAP will start sampling as soon as possible if the "Start Time" input is the time
before current time, not a future time. Please note the time instance and time interval formats
are based on IEEE 1451.0-2007 (Clause 4.9).
It may take some time to collect all sensor data since this depends on the requested
number of samples and the sampling interval. Users can always check with the most recent
samples by refreshing the Samples from TIM webpage, Fig. H13.
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Fig. H13 Samples form TIM

9. Writing Data block to Tim
NCAP device is capable to write a block of data to actuator channel on TIM device. One
can input the settings like TIM Id, Channel Id, samples number, Interval, Arguments etc. This
can done in Writing Data block to Tim webpage. NCAP will write the data as soon as possible if
the "Start Time" input is not a future time. The argument for actuator channel must be separated
by comma, the number of input values in "Sample Num" field need not match with the number
of comma separated arguments in the "Arguments" field. NCAP device will calculate the
samples number based on the "Arguments" field input anyway. For zero input value in the
"Interval (Sec)" and "Interval (nanosec)" fields, NCAP will terminate the current writing
procedure if there is any.

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Appendix I. Bootloader and Wi-Fi Network Configurations

1. Hardware Review
The NCAP hardware consists of two circuit boards. The first one (NCAP-ETH) provides
the Ethernet/Internet interface, and the second one (NCAP-MAIN) provides the IEEE1451 Dot0,
Dot2 and Dot5 services. The boards are assembled in a stacked fashion, NCAP-MAIN board is
stacked on top of NCAP-ETH board. The communication interface between NCAP-MAIN and
NCAP-ETH is SPI bus.
The TIM hardware also consists of two circuit boards, TIM-COM board provides
IEEE1451 Dot0, Dot2 and Dot5 services while the TIM-SENSOR controls all sensors and
actuators. TIM-SENSOR board is stacked on top of the TIM-COM board. The communication
interface between TIM-SENSOR and TIM-COM is SPI bus as well.
2. Updating the Firmware and Reset State
NCAP-ETH, NCAP-MAIN and TIM-COM boards come with USB bootloader module,
which means users can update the firmware for these boards via USB cable without using the
in-circuit debugger like ICD3 or PICkit (Fig. I1, I2). TIM-SENSOR board does not have
bootloader module, and ICD3 or PICkit is required to update the firmware.

Fig.I1 Reset and Bootloader buttons on NCAP Device

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Fig. I2 Reset and Bootloader buttons on TIM Device

Procedure for updating firmware for NCAP-ETH, NCAP-MAIN or TIM-COM board:

Remove the power supply
Hold the bootloader button and repower the board, bootloader LED will be blinking
indicating the board is in bootload mode.
Board Name
NCAP-ETH
NCAP-MAIN
TIM-COM

Bootloader LED
D10
D9
D9

USB Connector
J3
J4
J4

Type
Mini-B
Micro-AB
Mini-B

Connect the board to a Windows PC with USB cable.

Run bootloader application " PIC32UBL.exe" on PC. Check the "Enable" checkbox for
USB, click "Connect" button, Fig. I3

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Fig. I3 Bootloader Application on PC

Development Kit

Fig. I4 Load Firmware File

Click "Load Hex File" button to locate the firmware file on the PC. For easy identification,
the firmware file name is named after the board name (NCAP-ETH, NCAP-MAIN or
TIM-COM) and extension is "hex". Fig. I4

Click "Erase-Program-Verify" button to burn the firmware into device

After the loading is complete, Click "Disconnect" button then remove USB cable from
device
It may be desirable to reset the device to factory default state after updating the firmware:

Repower the device, while holding the reset button PRESSED.

After power on, both Power LED (green) and Activity LED(amber) will flash for four times
in startup state.
Continue holding the button, the device will enter restoration state, the Power LED and
Activity LED are solid ON in this state.
DO NOT release the button until both LEDs are turned OFF, which means restoration is
done.
The whole procedure takes about eight to ten seconds.

The factory default state for NCAP and TIM boards are:
Board
IP Address
Host Name
Wi-Fi SSID
Name
NCAP-ETH
NACPMAIN
TIM-COM

Wi-Fi
Network
Type

Security
Type

192.168.254.102 NCAP_BASE_ETH
192.168.254.102 NCAP_BASE_WF

NCAP_WF_Setup

Ad hoc

None

192.168.254.102 TIM_COM_WF

TIM_WiFi_Setup

Ad hoc

None

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3. Configuring Wi-Fi board Hook-up

To communicate with NCAP-MAIN board, the computer must connect to
NCAP_WF_Setup, which is an ad hoc network hosted by NCAP-MAIN board in factory default
state.
First, check with the IP settings of your computer. The option to "Obtain an IP address
automatically" should be selected. NCAP-MAIN board comes with a single host DHCP server
which can automatically assign IP address to another computer connected to the
NCAP_WF_Setup network. If your computer is using static IP, make sure the IP address is in
the same subnet with NCAP-MAIN board and has an IP other than 192.168.254.102.
Next, scan the Wi-Fi networks on the computer. The Ad hoc network NCAP_WF_Setup,
which is established by the NCAP-MAIN board, should show up in the network list, as shown in
Fig.5. Connect to NCAP_WF_Setup. No key is required. Now NCAP-MAIN board is connected
and can be pinged.

Fig. I5 Ad hoc networks Hosted by NCAP-MAIN and TIM-COM boards

Connecting to other wireless networks is simple. Click the Network Configuration link on
the device's webpage, Fig. I6. Input IP Address, Gateway, Subnet Mask etc, check checkbox
Change WLAN Settings before inputting SSID, security Type, security key, if security is required
by the desired network, and click the Submit button. Please note that WLAN type other than
Ad hoc is not acceptable for this application.

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Fig. I6 Network Configuration page for Wi-Fi board

The procedure for connecting computer to TIM-COM board is similar to NCAP-MAIN
board, the only difference being the default Wi-Fi network hosted by TIM-COM board is
TIM_WiFi_Setup . The Online LED (green, D9) is OFF when device is connecting to the Wi-Fi
network and become solid ON when it is connected.
Note: DO NOT power up multiple TIM-COM boards with default settings at the same
time since they have same IP address on the same Wi-Fi network.
4. Uploading Webpage
Input http://192.168.254.102/mpfsupload or http://Device-Host-Name/mpfsupload in the
browsers address bar. One should see, Fig. I7

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Fig. I7 Upload Webpage

Click the Choose File button to locate the webpage file "IEEE1451_xxxx_Webpages.bin" and
then click the Upload button to upload the webpage to device.
Important Notes:
The extension of firmware file is ".hex" and uploaded by Windows application
"PIC32UBL.exe". Extension of webpage file is ".bin" and is uploaded by browser via Http.
Please don't mix firmware or webpage file to board other than specified, e.g.,
NCAP_Main_V54202_bWiFi.hex and
IEEE1451_NCAP_MAIN_V203_536_Webpages05032013.bin are for NCAP-MAIN
board only.
5. IEEE1451 Dot5 Wi-Fi Sensor Network
The IEEE1451 Dot5 wireless sensor network is an Ad hoc Wi-Fi network hosted by
NCAP-MAIN board. Dot5 communication is established on TCP port 14510 (default). To
communicate with NCAP-MAIN board, the WTIM devices must join the same Wi-Fi network, the
IP address must be in the same subnet with NCAP-MAIN board and must have unique IP
addresses for each device. Also, the WTIM device should have the same WTIM port number as
that of the NCAP-MAIN board.
For example, the network settings for NCAP-MAIN board are:
IP Address: 192.168.254.102
Gateway: 192.168.254.1
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
WTIM Port No: 14510
WLAN Type: Ad hoc
WLAN SSID: NCAP_WF_Setup
Security Type: None
An example network settings for TIM-COM board (WTIM) can be seen in Fig. I8

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Fig. I8 Example Network Settings for TIM-COM board (WTIM)

Since NCAP-MAIN and WTIM devices are in the same subnet, NCAP uses the last
byte of WTIM IP address as TIM Id. For example: if WTIM IP address is 192.168.254.106 then
its TIM Id will be 106. The TIM Id of 0, 1 and 255 are reserved. NCAP can communicate with
253 WTIM devices (TIM Ids from 2 to 254). Please DO NOT check "Enable DHCP" for both
NCAP-MAIN and TIM-COM boards, use static IP for them instead. NCAP-MAIN board is not
capable to assign IP addresses for multiple WTIM devices via DHCP. Your PC can join the WiFi network hosted by NCAP to check with or configure any WTIM or NCAP device.
6. Setting Device Time
There are two ways to set the device's clock for NCAP-ETH board. One is to let the
device automatically synchronize its clock from Internet every day. There are no accumulated

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time errors in this mode. The network configurations like gateway and DNS must be properly set
for this feature since device need Internet access.
Another way is to set the device's clock manually. This can be done by clicking the "Set
Device Clock" button in Network Configuration webpage. Device does not need Internet access
in this mode. The disadvantages are: the clock needs to be set whenever device is re-powered
since it cannot save time when power is lost. The time may also have accumulated error from
longer run times.
Whenever the clock on NCAP-ETH board is updated, it will automatically set the clock
on NCAP-MAIN board. NCAP device will put the timestamp for sensor data when it is received
from the TIM board. The timestamp format is based on IEEE 1451.0-2007 (Clause 4.9 Time
Representation), 32-bits TAI seconds and 32-bits nanoseconds.

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