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    Border Gateway Protocol

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    Amb Abd
    Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is an interdomain routing protocol that exchanges routing and reachability information between autonomous systems (AS) on the internet. It uses path vector routing to exchange routing updates between routers located at the border of each AS, known as BGP speakers. BGP speakers within an AS establish internal BGP sessions to share routes, while external BGP sessions between ASes propagate routes between networks. BGP selects the best routes using attributes like AS path, local preference, and origin that are included in update messages exchanged between peers.

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    Border Gateway Protocol

    Uploaded by

    Amb Abd
    73 views34 pages
    Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is an interdomain routing protocol that exchanges routing and reachability information between autonomous systems (AS) on the internet. It uses path vector routing to exchange routing updates between routers located at the border of each AS, known as BGP speakers. BGP speakers within an AS establish internal BGP sessions to share routes, while external BGP sessions between ASes propagate routes between networks. BGP selects the best routes using attributes like AS path, local preference, and origin that are included in update messages exchanged between peers.

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    Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is an interdomain routing protocol that exchanges routing and reachability information between autonomous systems (AS) on the internet. It uses path vector routing to exchange routing updates between routers located at the border of each AS, known as BGP speakers. BGP speakers within an AS establish internal BGP sessions to share routes, while external BGP sessions between ASes propagate routes between networks. BGP selects the best routes using attributes like AS path, local preference, and origin that are included in update messages exchanged between peers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    73 views34 pages

    Border Gateway Protocol

    Uploaded by

    Amb Abd
    Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is an interdomain routing protocol that exchanges routing and reachability information between autonomous systems (AS) on the internet. It uses path vector routing to exchange routing updates between routers located at the border of each AS, known as BGP speakers. BGP speakers within an AS establish internal BGP sessions to share routes, while external BGP sessions between ASes propagate routes between networks. BGP selects the best routes using attributes like AS path, local preference, and origin that are included in update messages exchanged between peers.

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    of 34

    Border Gateway Protocol

    (BGP)
    Ejaz Ahmed

    PATH VECTOR ROUTING


    Path vector routing is similar to distance vector routing.
    There is at least one node, called the speaker node, in each
    AS that creates a routing table and advertises it to speaker
    nodes in the neighboring ASs..

    The topics discussed in this section include:


    Initialization
    Sharing
    Updating

    Initial routing tables in path vector routing

    Stabilized tables for four autonomous systems

    BGP
    Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is an interdomain routing
    protocol using path vector routing. It first appeared in 1989
    and has gone through four versions.

    The topics discussed in this section include:


    Types of Autonomous Systems
    Path Attributes
    BGP Sessions
    External and Internal BGP
    Types of Packets
    Packet Format
    Encapsulation

    Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)


    When a pair of ASs agree to exchange routing
    information, each must designate a router that will speak
    BGP on its behalf.
    These two routers are called the BGP peers of one another.
    They are normally near the edge of AS (hence called
    Border Routers).
    Each AS can have more than one BGP speakers.
    Internal Routers do not implement BGP.

    Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)


    Coordination Among Multiple BGP Speakers
    If an AS has multiple routers each communicating with a
    peer in an outside AS, BGP can be used to coordinate
    among routers in the AS to guarantee that all propagate
    consistent information.
    A consistent view of the interior routers are provided by
    the IGP.
    A consistent view of the routers exterior to the AS can be
    provided by having all BGP Speakers within the AS,
    maintain BGP connection with each other.
    Connection between BGP speakers of different AS are
    referred to as external links while connections between BGP
    speakers within the same AS is referred as internal links.

    BGP

    Characteristics

    Propagation of Reachability Information:


    BGP allows an AS to advertise destinations that are
    reachable either in or through it and learn such
    information from other AS.
    Path Information
    In addition to specifying destinations that can be
    reached and a next hop for each, BGP advertisements
    include path information that allows the receiver to
    learn a series of ASs along a path to the destination.

    BGP

    Characteristics

    Next-hop Paradigm
    Like distance-vector routing protocols, BGP supplies
    next hop information for each destination.
    Policy Support
    BGP can implement policies.
    A router running BGP can be configured to distinguish
    between the set of destinations reachable by computers
    inside the AS and the set of destinations advertised to
    other autonomous systems.

    BGP Characteristics
    Incremental Updates
    To conserve network bandwidth, BGP does not pass full
    information in each update.
    Full information is only passed once, and latter only
    updates are sent (deltas).
    Classless Addressing
    BGP supports CIDR addresses.
    A mask is sent along each address.
    Route Aggregation
    BGP allows multiple related destinations to be grouped
    into one entry.

    BGP Characteristics
    Authentication
    Authentication is also provided in BGP.
    Sender is verified using an authentication code.
    Different authentication codes can be used.
    Reliable Transport
    BGP is unusual among routing protocols because it uses
    TCP for all communication.
    This eliminates the need to implement explicit
    fragmentation, retransmission, Acks, and sequencing.
    Uses TCP port 179.

    BGP Routing Information Base (RIB)


    Routes are stored in Routing Information Base (RIB)
    RIB consists of three distinct parts
    Adj-RIBs-In
    Loc-RIB
    Adj-RIBs-Out

    BGP Routing Information Base (RIB)


    Adj-RIB-In
    Store routing information that has been learned from the inbound
    UPDATE messages. These contents represent the routes that are
    available as input to the decision process.

    Loc-RIB
    Store local routing information that has been selected by applying
    local policies to the information contained in Adj-RIB-In.
    Routes that would be used by the local BGP speaker are present in
    the Loc-RIB.

    Adj-RIB-Out
    Store routing information that the BGP speaker has selected for
    advertisement to its peers (external links). This information will be
    carried out in the UPDATE message to the peers.

    BGP Operations (Simplified)

    Establish session on
    TCP port 179

    AS1
    BGP session

    Exchange all
    active routes

    Exchange incremental
    updates

    AS2
    While connection
    is ALIVE exchange
    route UPDATE messages
    14

    Types of BGP messages

    BGP packet header

    Minimum message size is 19 octets.


    Maximum allowable length is 4096 octets.
    In the initial message the Marker contains all 1s.

    Open message

    BGP OPEN Message


    A router uses OPEN message to establish a connection
    with another neighboring router.
    It declares its AS number and other operating parameters.
    Hold Time tells the peer the duration it should hold the
    connection when no communication is going on
    The receiver is required to start a timer using this value
    The timer is reset each time a message is received.
    If the timer expires the receiver assumes the sender is
    no longer available and stops forwarding datagrams
    along routes learned from that sender.
    Hold Time is either zero or at least three seconds.

    BGP OPEN Message


    BGP Identifier field contains a 32 bit integer that
    uniquely identifies the sender.
    The sender uses the same identifier if it has
    peer relationships with multiple peers.
    The router chooses one of is IP addresses to use
    with all BGP peers.
    The last field of an OPEN message is optional.
    If present, the field Option Length specifies the
    length measured in octets, of the optional field.

    BGP OPEN Message


    When parameters are present, each parameter in
    the list is preceded by a two octet header with the
    first octet specifying the type and the other specifies
    the length.
    If no parameters are specified, the value of Option
    Length is zero and message ends here.
    Only one parameter type is specified; Type 1 is
    reserved for authentication.

    BGP OPEN Message


    When a receiver accepts an incoming OPEN message, BGP
    machine replies with a KeepAlive message.
    A KeepAlive message acts as an ACK for the open message.

    Update message

    BGP UPDATE Message


    Unfeasible route length
    Specifies the size of withdrawn destinations
    If zero then no destination are being withdrawn.
    WITHDRAW ROUTES
    Contains list of addresses to be withdrawn
    Each destination is encoded as 2 tuple of the form <length, prefix>
    PATH ATTR. LEN
    Specifies the total length of the Path Attributes field in octets.
    Value of zero indicates no NLRI is present.
    PATH ATTRIBUTES
    Additional information apart from NextHop are contained in Path
    Attributes.

    BGP UPDATE Message


    A sender can use Path Attributes to specify
    A next hop for the destination
    A list of autonomous systems along the path to the destinations.
    Whether the path was learned from another AS or derived from
    within the senders AS.

    Attribute Type

    Flags

    Code

    Attribute Length

    Attribute Value

    Flag Bits

    Description

    1 optional/ 0 Welknown

    1 for transitive/ 0 for non transitive

    1 for partial / 0 for complete

    1 if length field is 2

    4-7

    Unused

    BGP UPDATE Message


    BGP attributes are classified into four categories
    Well-known mandatory
    Well-known discretionary
    Optional transitive
    Optional non-transitive
    Well known attributes are those that must be implemented in all BGP
    routers.
    Mandatory attributes must be present in all UPDATE messages;
    otherwise the connection will fail.
    Discretionary attributes may or may not be present in all UPDATE
    messages.
    Optional attributes are those that do not have to be recognized by all
    BGP implementations.
    Transitive attributes are passed on to other peers.

    BGP UPDATE Message

    TYPE CODE

    Description

    Specify the origin of the path info

    List of AS on path to destination

    Next hop to use for destination

    Multiple AS exit points

    Preference used within an AS

    Routes have been aggregated

    ID of AS that aggregated the route

    Length field follows the type field (1 or 2 octet long).


    Receiver uses the type field to get length field and then from contents of length
    field determine the size of value field.

    Note:
    BGP supports classless addressing
    and CIDR.

    BGP Attributes
    Value
    ----1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    10
    11
    12
    13
    14
    15
    16
    ...
    255

    Code
    --------------------------------ORIGIN
    AS_PATH
    NEXT_HOP
    MULTI_EXIT_DISC
    LOCAL_PREF
    ATOMIC_AGGREGATE
    AGGREGATOR
    COMMUNITY
    ORIGINATOR_ID
    CLUSTER_LIST
    DPA
    ADVERTISER
    RCID_PATH / CLUSTER_ID
    MP_REACH_NLRI
    MP_UNREACH_NLRI
    EXTENDED COMMUNITIES

    Reference
    --------[RFC1771]
    [RFC1771]
    [RFC1771]
    [RFC1771]
    [RFC1771]
    [RFC1771]
    [RFC1771]
    [RFC1997]
    [RFC2796]
    [RFC2796]
    [Chen]
    [RFC1863]
    [RFC1863]
    [RFC2283]
    [RFC2283]
    [Rosen]

    Most
    important
    attributes

    reserved for development

    From IANA: http://www.iana.org/assignments/bgp-parameters


    Not all attributes
    need to be present in
    every announcement

    Attributes are Used to Select Best Routes


    192.0.2.0/24
    pick me!

    192.0.2.0/24
    pick me!

    192.0.2.0/24
    pick me!

    192.0.2.0/24
    pick me!

    Given multiple
    routes to the same
    prefix, a BGP speaker
    must pick at most
    one best route
    (Note: it could reject
    them all!)

    ASPATH Attribute
    AS 1129

    135.207.0.0/16
    AS Path = 1755 1239 7018 6341

    135.207.0.0/16
    AS Path = 1239 7018 6341

    AS 1239
    Sprint

    AS 1755

    135.207.0.0/16
    AS Path = 1129 1755 1239 7018 6341

    Ebone

    AS 12654

    AS 6341
    AT&T Research

    RIPE NCC
    RIS project

    135.207.0.0/16
    AS Path = 7018 6341

    AS7018
    135.207.0.0/16
    AS Path = 6341

    Global Access

    135.207.0.0/16
    AS Path = 3549 7018 6341

    AT&T
    135.207.0.0/16
    AS Path = 7018 6341

    AS 3549
    Global Crossing

    135.207.0.0/16
    Prefix Originated

    30

    Keepalive message

    Notification message

    Error codes

    Reading Guidelines
    RFC 1771

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