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    PIM Modes

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    Shahrukh Abdul Ghaffar
    This document discusses multicasting techniques in IP networks. It describes how multicasting works by sending packets to large numbers of users using source-based and shared trees. It then discusses different protocols used for multicasting like IGMP and PIM. PIM has three modes - dense, sparse, and sparse-dense. Dense mode floods traffic directly from sources to groups. Sparse mode uses designated routers as rendezvous points and shared trees. Sparse-dense mode functions as both dense and sparse modes. The document focuses on explaining the operations and functions of the three PIM modes.

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    PIM Modes

    Uploaded by

    Shahrukh Abdul Ghaffar
    51 views5 pages
    This document discusses multicasting techniques in IP networks. It describes how multicasting works by sending packets to large numbers of users using source-based and shared trees. It then discusses different protocols used for multicasting like IGMP and PIM. PIM has three modes - dense, sparse, and sparse-dense. Dense mode floods traffic directly from sources to groups. Sparse mode uses designated routers as rendezvous points and shared trees. Sparse-dense mode functions as both dense and sparse modes. The document focuses on explaining the operations and functions of the three PIM modes.

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    This document discusses multicasting techniques in IP networks. It describes how multicasting works by sending packets to large numbers of users using source-based and shared trees. It then discusses different protocols used for multicasting like IGMP and PIM. PIM has three modes - dense, sparse, and sparse-dense. Dense mode floods traffic directly from sources to groups. Sparse mode uses designated routers as rendezvous points and shared trees. Sparse-dense mode functions as both dense and sparse modes. The document focuses on explaining the operations and functions of the three PIM modes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    51 views5 pages

    PIM Modes

    Uploaded by

    Shahrukh Abdul Ghaffar
    This document discusses multicasting techniques in IP networks. It describes how multicasting works by sending packets to large numbers of users using source-based and shared trees. It then discusses different protocols used for multicasting like IGMP and PIM. PIM has three modes - dense, sparse, and sparse-dense. Dense mode floods traffic directly from sources to groups. Sparse mode uses designated routers as rendezvous points and shared trees. Sparse-dense mode functions as both dense and sparse modes. The document focuses on explaining the operations and functions of the three PIM modes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 5

    Multicasting is the technique that is used for sending packets to large

    number of users in IP network by using different types of source based


    and shared trees. The multicasting is commonly used in different
    applications of internet such as IPTV, Video Conferencing, Seminars, Web
    meeting and others. There are different practical applications that are
    commonly using the multicasting techniques such as iTV player,
    multiparty gaming and others. The multicasting provides more benefits
    and features as compare to unicast services. There are different types of
    protocols used for configuration of multicasting in IP networks such as
    Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP), and Protocol Independent
    Multicast (PIM). These protocols are providing different functions in
    multicast networks such as IGMP provides efficient management of
    information about hosts and PIM provides services for transmitting video
    packets from source to multicast groups. The multicasting is depending on
    multicast group, whereas three modes of PIM can be used in IP network
    such as Dense mode, Sparse mode and Sparse-Dense mode. The dense
    mode is providing source based services in multicast network by flooding
    traffic directly from source to multicast groups in (S,G) fashion. The Sparse
    mode is using designated routers to function as rendezvous points in
    multicast network. The Sparse-dense mode is function as both dense and
    sparse mode. The rendezvous points can be deployed by using three
    different methods such as Static RP method, Dynamic RP with Auto-RP
    and Dynamic RP with Bootstrap routers. This report is helping Sleeze
    Company to understand the in depth information about multicasting
    networks, whereas explanations are provided in terms of PIM modes, RP
    deployment methods and recommendations to deploy multicast network
    in their hotel chains.
    2. PIM Modes:
    The multicasting networks are heavily relying on Protocol Independent
    Multicast (PIM) protocol, whereas all services provided between multicast
    sources and membership hosts are decided by PIM protocols. The three

    different types of mode are used within PIM protocol, whereas these three
    modes differ with each other in terms of their operations and functions.
    2.1 PIM Dense mode:
    The mode of PIM protocol recognised for flooding of multicast traffic
    among all the registered hosts of multicast networks is called as PIM
    Dense Mode. The operation of PIM dense mode is depending on two
    types of messages from membership hosts such as join and prune
    messages. All the hosts requesting to join the multicast group are flooded
    with multicast traffic until multicast source router receives the prune
    message from membership host. There are different functions of PIM
    dense mode in multicasting networks such as high security through
    encryption techniques, interactions of MGSB and IGMP, protection from
    denial of service attacks, source based tree management and services,
    and encoded unicast features. These functions are provided by PIM dense
    mode by using the mechanism of Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF),
    whereas all operations of dense mode are conducted through RPF
    mechanism. The source is sending traffic to multicast groups after
    receiving the join requests, whereas these sources stop sending multicast
    traffic after receiving prune message from hosts. There is no designated
    router required for this mode of PIM protocol, whereas sources can provide
    multicast services to different hosts in multicast network. (Minoli, 2008).
    The operation of PIM dense mode can be understood by explaining the
    RPF mechanism and Source based tree mechanism. During the IP
    multicast routing, the routers are forwarding the packets away from
    source in order to make progress along the distribution tree, whereas
    these packets are forwarded away to prevent routing loops. The tables are
    organised by using the reverse path mechanism, whereas multicast
    forwarding state of router is logically defining the reverse path from
    receive to root of distribution tree. The whole mechanism is called RPF
    mechanism, whereas PIM dense mode is using the RPF tables to multicast
    traffic from source to all willing hosts. The PIM dense mode is operating as
    Push model, whereas traffic is flooded to all PIM neighbours. All

    multicasting is depending on source and failure can result in closure of


    whole tree. (Cisco, 2001). The operation of PIM dense mode can be
    explained by provided figure 1.

    Figure 1: Operation of PIM Dense mode for flooding multicast traffic (Cisco,
    2001)
    2.2 PIM Sparse Mode:
    The mode of PIM protocol using shared tree mechanism for multicasting
    traffic in network by using the designated router is called PIM sparse
    mode. The designated routers are commonly known as rendezvous points,
    whereas these designated routers are responsible for managing and
    forwarding multicast packets to hosts without disturbing the multicast
    source. There can be single or multiple RPs in multicast network, whereas
    only one RP is active in multicast network. The active RP is collecting
    information about joining hosts through multicast routing table, whereas
    RPs are making specific source or any source based trees for multicasting
    packets. The Multicasting Routing Information Base MRIB is used for
    storing the information collected from multicast routing table about joining
    hosts.

    There are two versions of PIM sparse mode, whereas these two

    versions can support different techniques for deployment of RP such as

    static RP and bootstrap RP. There are different functions of PIM sparse
    mode such as efficient mechanism for failover of RP, auto selection of RP,
    mapping agents to determine RP, high security, less attacks and
    vulnerabilities, faster delivery of multicast packet, less interference with
    source, shared tree mechanism, proper identification of joining hosts, hello
    message mechanism, and high QoS features. (Harte, 2008).
    The operation of PIM sparse mode can be explained by understanding the
    shared tree mechanism. This PIM mode is using IGMP and MLD protocols
    for operation in shared tree; where as asserted messages are sent and
    processed for providing the routing metrics for destination host addresses.
    The shared tree multicasting is denoted by (*, G) in multicasting routing,
    whereas shared trees are using common root placed (RP) for sending
    packets to multicast groups. The unidirectional traffic from multicast
    groups are sent to RP, whereas RP is connected with source tree and
    respond back to requesting multicast group in shared tree multicasting
    mode. Thus, the whole operation is managed by RP in shared tree fashion,
    whereas fast responses are provided to multicast group through shared
    content mechanism. (Cisco, 2007). The given below figure 2 is showing
    the operation of PIM sparse mode with router D functioning as RP in
    shared tree multicasting.

    Figure 2: Example of PIM sparse mode with router D as rendezvous point


    (Cisco, 2007)

    2.3 PIM Sparse Dense Mode:


    The mode of PIM protocol that uses both dense and sparse mode
    characteristics is known as PIM dense sparse mode. This mode is usually
    configured in mixed multicasting networks, where both sparse and dense
    multicasting is required. The functions of both dense and sparse mode can
    be obtained by using this combined mode, whereas whole mechanism is
    depending on multicast group. This mode is more suitable in large
    multicast networks, whereas most suitable technique with PIM sparse
    dense mode is based on selection of dynamic RP through Auto-RP
    technique. (Cisco, 2007). The major functions of this mode are high
    security, efficient quality of service, multi-mode operation, services for all
    multicast group, efficient delivery of multicast packets and support for
    multiple RPs. The operation of PIM sparse dense mode is similar to
    previous modes, depending on which mode is active for multicast group.
    The configuration is also same for enabling multicast services; only the
    command IP pim-sparse-dense is defined on each interface. This mode
    is also capable of operating in both source tree and shared tree multicast.
    The Auto-RP feature is considered the most beneficial function of PIM
    sparse dense mode for automatically selecting the RP with highest IP
    address. (Juniper, 2011; Cisco, 2007).

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