Full Book

Ocean Waves And The Coast
CHAPTER
1
CHAPTER 1
OCEAN WAVES AND THE COAST
Practice 1
Read this following twxt
Since ocean waves are one of the most

powerful natural phenomena on Earth, they
have a significant impact on the shape of the
Earths coastlines. Generally, they straighten
coastlines. Sometimes though, headlands
composed of rocks resistant to erosion jut into
the ocean and force waves to bend around
them. When this happens, the waves energy is
spread out over multiple areas and different
sections of the coastline receive different
amounts of energy and are thus shaped
differently by waves.
One of the most famous examples of
ocean waves impacting the coastline is that of
the longshore or littoral current. These
are ocean currents created by waves that are
refracted as they reach the shoreline. They are
generated in the surf zone when the front end of
the wave is pushed on shore and slows. The
back of the wave, which is still in deeper water
moves faster and flows parallel to the coast. As
more water arrives, a new portion of the current
is pushed longshore, creating a zigzag pattern
in the direction of the waves coming in.
Longshore currents are important to the
shape of the coastline because they exist in the
surf zone and work with waves hitting the
shore. As such, they receive large amounts of
sand and other sediment and transport it down
shore as they flow. This material is called
longshore drift and is essential to the building
up of many of the worlds beaches.The
movement of sand, gravel and sediment with
longshore drift is known as deposition. This is
just one type of deposition affecting the worlds
coasts though, and have features formed
entirely through this process. Depositional
coastlines are found along areas with gentle

CHAPTER
1
Coastal landforms caused by deposition

include barrier spits, by barriers, lagoons,
tombolos and even beaches themselves. A
barrier spit is a landform made up of material
deposited in a long ridge extending away from
the coast. These partially block the mouth of a
bay, but if they continue to grow and cut off
the bay from the ocean, it becomes a bay
barrier. A lagoon is the water body that is cut
off from the ocean by the barrier. A tombolo is
the landform created when deposition connects
the shoreline with islands or other features.
In addition to deposition, erosion also
creates many of the coastal features found
today. Some of these include cliffs, wave-cut
platforms, sea caves and arches. Erosion can
also act in removing sand and sediment from
beaches, especially on those that have heavy
wave action.These features make it clear that
ocean waves have a tremendous impact on the
shape of the Earths coastlines. Their ability to
erode rock and carry material away also
exhibits their power and begins to explain why
they are an important component to the study
of physical geography
By : Amanda Briney
http://geography.about.com/od/physicalgeogra
phy/a/waves.htm
Practice 2
Study these following vocabularis
Unfamiliar
Meaning
Synonym
Words
Coastline
Garis Pantai
Beach
Erotion
Erosi
Scraper

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1
Hitting
Menghantam
Striking
Entirely
Sepenuhnya
All
Pattern
Pola
Shape
Deposition
Endapan
Sediment
Partially
Sebagian
Part
Tremendous
Luar biasa
Amazing
Generally
Umumnya
Usually
Exhibits
Menunjukkan
Show
Practice 3
Answer these following questions based on the information on the text.
YES/NO QUESTION
a. Is ocean waves have a significant impact on the shape of the Earths
coastlines?
b. Is waves energy is spread out over multiple areas and different sections of the
coastline not receive different amounts of energy?
c. Is longshore receive large amounts of sand and other sediment and transport it
down shore as they flow?
d. Can longshore also act in removing sand and sediment from beaches?
e. Is ocean waves ability to erode rock and carry material away?
INFORMATION QUESTIONS
a) Can establish wheter erosion?
b) What is the meaning of ocean waves?
c) Hows the ocean waves very important component to the study of physical
geography?
d) What is the meaning of a barrier spit?
e) What is the meaning of a tombolo?
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

CHAPTER
1
1. What is the synonym of the coast?

a. Island
c.
Beach
b. Mountain
d.
Sea
2. What kind of deposition formed by ocean waves? Except .....

a. Sea
c.
Gravel
b. The movement of sand
d.
Sediment with longshore drift
3. The water body who was among spit and coast or island, its called ...
a. A tomboloo
c.
A barrier
b. A lagoon
d.
A spit
a. Island
c.
Water
b. Sea cave
d.
Tree
4. What is formed due to the erosion?
5. The landform created when deposition connects the shoreline with islands or
other features, its called ...
a. A tomboloo
c.
A barrier
b. A lagoon
d.
A spit
practice 4
Practice these following conversation
Do you know the coast

of existing in the south
of this beach?
No, I just know

this Beach. Why?

CHAPTER
1
I was going there, the

beach very tramendous.
Really? Whats the

name?
Kuta Beach. The waves

so beautiful
Oh, I see. Ive heard but
Ive never there. When
did you go there?
a month ago
With whom you go there?

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1
With my family of course
Is far from here?
No, you just driving a car
Tell me about that Beach
When the waves or the ocea waves hitting the

coast, coastline of forming a zigzag pattern,
the waves carrying some sediment to the
shore so the beach filled by sediment. Lacing
ocean waves entirely or partially causing the
establishment of erosion, so many sea caves
there.

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1
Wow, that is amazing.

Can you exibits to me?
Ok. I would take you

next week
I will wait it. Thank you
Youre welcome
Practice 5
Play this following game
The Game fast game
1. Everyone which totaled 18 people were given a piece of images by the
guide.

CHAPTER
1
2. Piece of the pictures must be compiled into an image.

3. 1 picture made up of nine (9) piece a picture.
4. Everyone to have 2 minutes to put the picture is one of the images, and the
people will be able to take it to its members.
9 piecesof a pictures = 1 picture = 1 group.
By: Veronica Surya Anggraini
Dark matter energy

CHAPTER
2
CHAPTER 2
Universe may face a darker future: Is dark matter being swallowed up dark
energy?
Practice 1
Read this following text
New research offers a novel insight into
the nature of dark matter and dark energy and
what the future of our Universe might
be.Researchers in Portsmouth and Rome have
found hints that dark matter, the cosmic
scaffolding on which our Universe is built, is
being slowly erased, swallowed up by dark
energy
The findings appear in the journal
Physical Review Letters, published by the
American Physical Society. In the journal
cosmologists at the Universities of Portsmouth
and Rome, argue that the latest astronomical
data favours a dark energy that grows as it
interacts with dark matter, and this appears to
be slowing the growth of structure in the
cosmos.
Professor David Wands, Director of
Portsmouth's Institute of Cosmology and
Gravitation, is one of the research team.He
said: "This study is about the fundamental
properties of space-time. On a cosmic scale,
this is about our Universe and its fate."If the
dark energy is growing and dark matter is
evaporating we will end up with a big, empty,
boring Universe with almost nothing in it.Dark
matter provides a framework for structures to
grow in the Universe. The galaxies we see are
built on that scaffolding and what we are seeing
here, in these findings, suggests that dark
matter is evaporating, slowing that growth of
structure."
Cosmology underwent a paradigm shift
in 1998 when researchers announced that the
rate at which the Universe was expanding was
accelerating. The idea of a constant dark energy
throughout space-time
DARK MATTER ENERGY
Dark matter energy

CHAPTER
2
(the "cosmological
constant") became the

standard model of cosmology, but now the
Portsmouth and Rome researchers believe they
have found a better description, including
energy transfer between dark energy and dark
matter.
Research students Valentina Salvatelli
and Najla Said from the University of Rome
worked in Portsmouth with Dr Marco Bruni
and Professor Wands, and with Professor
Alessandro Melchiorri in Rome. They
examined data from a number of astronomical
surveys, including the Sloan Digital Sky
Survey, and used the growth of structure
revealed by these surveys to test different
models of dark energy.Professor Wands said:
"Valentina and Najla spent several months here
over the summer looking at the consequences
of the latest observations. Much more data is
available now than was available in 1998 and it
appears that the standard model is no longer
sufficient to describe all of the data. We think
we've found a better model of dark energy.
Since the late 1990s astronomers have
been convinced that something is causing the
expansion of our Universe to accelerate. The
simplest explanation was that empty space - the
vacuum - had an energy density that was a
cosmological constant. However there is
growing evidence that this simple model cannot
explain the full range of astronomical data
researchers now have access to; in particular
the growth of cosmic structure, galaxies and
clusters of galaxies, seems to be slower than
expected.
Professor Dragan Huterer, of the
University of Michigan, has read the research
and said scientists need to take notice of the
findings. He said: "The paper does look very
interesting. Any time there is a new
development in the dark energy sector we need
to take notice since so little is understood about
it. I would not say, however, that I am surprised
at the results, that they come out different than
in the simplest model with no interactions.
We've known for some months now that there
is some problem in all data fitting perfectly to
the standard simplest model."
DARK MATTER ENERGY
Dark matter energy

CHAPTER
2
Practice 2
Study these following vocabulary
Unfamiliar
Meaning
Synonym
Words
Researchers
peneliti
Investigator
Scaffolding
Perancah
Falsework
swallowed
Tertelan
Eat
Slowly
Pelan-pelan
At slow pace
Erased
Dihapus
Delete
Cosmologist
kosmolog
History of large scale universe
Astronomical
Astronomis
Stellar
gravitation
Gravitasi
Movement toward
Fundamental
Mendasar
basic
Evaporating
Menguap
vaporize
Practice 3
Answer these following questions based on the information on the text
YES OR NO QUESTIONS:
1. Do our universe be destroy?
2. Is it important information for us?
3. Do our universe being slowly erased?
4. Are you afraid to hear that?
5. Do you have to do something?
INFORMATION QUESTION
1. What is the text telling about?
2. What is the future of our universe might be?
DARK MATTER ENERGY
Dark matter energy

CHAPTER
2
3. What is the argument of the journal cosmologists at the Universities of

Portsmouth and Rome?
4. When researchers announced that the rate at which the Universe was
expanding was accelerating?
5. When researchers have been convinced that something is causing the
expansion of our Universe to accelerate?
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS:
1. boring Universe with almost nothing in it. On the text, in paragraph 3
it is refers to
a. Energy
b. Universe
c. Cosmic scale
d. Dark matter
2. What is the purpose of the essay?
a. Try to telling you about the universe might be
b. To explain to you about the nature of dark matter and dark energy and
what the future of our Universe might be
c. To inform you how to make a universe might be
d. To explain how the nature of dark matter and dark energy and what the
future of our Universe might be
3. Who is the Research students from the University of Rome worked in
Portsmouth ??
a. Dr Marco Bruni and Valentina Salvatelli
b. Dr Marco Bruni and Najla
c. Professor Alessandro Melchiorri and Najla
d. Valentina Salvatelli and Najla
4. Where is Professor Dragan Huterer came from?
a. University of Michigan
b. University of Rome
c. Portsmouth's Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation
d. American Physical Society
5. What is the conclusion of the essay?
DARK MATTER ENERGY
Dark matter energy

CHAPTER
2
a. New research offers a novel insight into the nature of dark matter and
dark energy and what the future of our Universe might be. Scientists
have found hints that dark matter, the cosmic scaffolding on which our
Universe is built, is being slowly erased, swallowed up by dark energy.
b. The findings appear in the journal Physical Review Letters, published
by the American Physical Society. In the journal cosmologists at the
Universities of Portsmouth and Rome, argue that the latest
astronomical data favours a dark energy that grows as it interacts with
dark matter, and this appears to be slowing the growth of structure in
the cosmos.
c. Cosmology underwent a paradigm shift in 1998 when researchers
announced that the rate at which the Universe was expanding was
accelerating
d. Scientists need to take notice of the findings any time there is a new
development in the dark energy sector we need to take notice since so
little is understood about it
Practice 4
2 Hi Fitri
12 so, the
professorbelievesthat the
futureof our solar
systemwill be
destroyeddue
toswallowedbythe sun's
gravitationalforceof
ourown?
4.Whats
up?
6 really?
Where did
you know
that?
yeah, I agree
with you
10. emm, I ever heard that our
cosmolog try to finding the
planets which have the same
thing like the earth. and not so
far of our planet,
latelymarsspied uponbythe
agencyNASA.
DARK MATTER ENERGY
8.it wasveryscarynews. I've heard

that the earth
isapproximately2billionthenbeinhale
dby thesun'sgravity, is it true?
Dark matter energy

CHAPTER
2
yes. it is true,
nothing is
eternalinthis
universe
1)Hi
bunga
3 Ill tell you

something
5 the researchers
of America found
that our universe
will be end up
9 I dont know
bunga. And a thing
that I thinking right
now, is there out of
our universe any
planets that can we
live like in the earth?
7 I found that news by

breaking the secret sites in
internet. Researchers in
Portsmouth and Rome
have found hints that dark
matter, the cosmic
scaffolding on which our
Universe is built, is being
slowly erased, swallowed
11. but, Im not agree. Ithink, Marsis alsostilladreamplanetwhocan be
sparedfromdestructionby the sun. Professor David Wands, Director of
Portsmouth's Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation said that this
study is about the fundamental properties of space-time. On a cosmic
scale, this is about our Universe and its fate. If the dark energy is
growing and dark matter is evaporating we will end up with a big,
empty, boring Universe with almost nothing in it.Dark matter provides
a framework for structures to grow in the Universe. The galaxies we
see are built on that scaffolding and what we are seeing here, in these
findings, suggests that dark matter is evaporating, slowing that growth
of structure
Practice 5
Play this following games
MY BODY IS BLACK HOLE
1. First, make 2 big grup and each grup make a line
2. Eachmember ofthe groupdealingwith members of theopposinggroup
3. create acircular imageon the forehead, elbows, handsandknees
4. Ifthe committeesaidkneewords, eachpairmust be
mutuallypressedtheirknees, as well as theelbow, forehead, andthe palm
ofthe hand(as there aretwoblack holesthat aregivinggravity/pull)
5. Butifthe committeementioned the wordpeople to people, theneveryone
shouldturncouples
DARK MATTER ENERGY
Dark matter energy

CHAPTER
2
Attension:
1. For thosewhodo notfind a partnerit willbe punished
2. For couples whodo notfollow theinstructionscorrectly, the
committeewillbe punished
3. Not to befraudulent, to be honest
4. There should be noprotestandnoisy
By: Fitria Nur Cahyani
DARK MATTER ENERGY
Invisible shield .
CHAPTER
3
Chapter 3
Invisible shield found thousands of miles above Earth blocks 'killer electrons'
Practice 1
A team led by the University of

Colorado Boulder has discovered an
invisible shield some 7,200 miles above
Earth
that
blocks
so-called
"killer
electrons," which whip around the planet
at near-light speed and have been known
to threaten astronauts, fry satellites and
degrade space systems during intense solar
storms.
The barrier to the particle motion
was discovered in the Van Allen radiation
belts, two doughnut-shaped rings above
Earth that are filled with high-energy
electrons and protons, said Distinguished
Professor Daniel Baker, director of CUBoulder's Laboratory for Atmospheric and
Space Physics (LASP). Held in place by
Earth's magnetic field, the Van Allen
radiation belts periodically swell and
shrink in response to incoming energy
disturbances from the sun.
As the first significant discovery of
the space age, the Van Allen radiation
belts were detected in 1958 by Professor
James Van Allen and his team at the
University of Iowa and were found to be
composed of an inner and outer belt
extending up to 25,000 miles above Earth's
surface. In 2013, Baker -- who received his
doctorate under Van Allen -- led a team
that used the twin Van Allen Probes
launched by NASA in 2012 to discover a
third, transient "storage ring" between the
inner and outer Van Allen radiation belts
that seems to come and go with the
intensity of space weather.
INVISIBLE SHIELD
Invisible shield .
CHAPTER
3
The latest mystery revolves around

an "extremely sharp" boundary at the inner
edge of the outer belt at roughly 7,200
miles in altitude that appears to block the
ultrafast electrons from breeching the
shield and moving deeper towards Earth's
atmosphere."It's
almost
like
theses
electrons are running into a glass wall in
space," said Baker, the study's lead author.
"Somewhat like the shields created by
force fields on Star Trek that were used to
repel alien weapons, we are seeing an
invisible shield blocking these electrons.
It's an extremely puzzling phenomenon."A
paper on the subject was published in the
Nov. 27 issue of Nature.
The team originally thought the
highly charged
electrons,
which
are
looping around Earth at more than 100,000
miles per second, would slowly drift
downward into the upper atmosphere and
gradually be wiped out by interactions
with air molecules. But the impenetrable
barrier seen by the twin Van Allen belt
spacecraft stops the electrons before they
get that far, said Baker.
The group looked at a number of
scenarios that could create and maintain
such a barrier. The team wondered if it
might have to do with Earth's magnetic
field lines, which trap and control protons
and electrons, bouncing them between
Earth's poles like beads on a string. The
also looked at whether radio signals from
human transmitters on Earth could be
scattering the charged electrons at the
barrier, preventing their downward motion.
Neither explanation held scientific water,
Baker said.
"Nature abhors strong gradients
and generally finds ways to smooth them
out, so we would expect some of the
relativistic electrons to move inward and
some outward," said Baker. "It's not
obvious how the slow, gradual processes
that should be involved in motion of these
particles can conspire to create such a
sharp, persistent boundary at this location
in space."
INVISIBLE SHIELD
Invisible shield .
CHAPTER
3
Another scenario is that the giant

cloud of cold, electrically charged gas
called the plasmasphere, which begins
about 600 miles above Earth and stretches
thousands of miles into the outer Van
Allen belt, is scattering the electrons at the
boundary
with
low
frequency,
electromagnetic
waves
that
create
a
plasmapheric "hiss," said Baker. The hiss
sounds like white noise when played over
a speaker, he said.
While Baker said plasmaspheric
hiss may play a role in the puzzling space
barrier, he believes there is more to the
story. "I think the key here is to keep
observing the region in exquisite detail,
which we can do because of the powerful
instruments on the Van Allen probes. If the
sun really blasts Earth's magnetosphere
with a coronal mass ejection (CME), I
suspect it will breach the shield for a
period of time," said Baker, also a faculty
member in the astrophysical and planetary
sciences department.
"It's
like
looking
at
the
phenomenon with new eyes, with a new
set of instrumentation, which give us the
detail to say, 'Yes, there is this hard, fast
boundary,'" said John Foster, associate
director of MIT's Haystack Observatory
and a study co-author.
By :Andy Kale, University of Alberta
Practice 2
Study These following vocabulary
INVISIBLE SHIELD
Invisible shield .
Unfamiliar
Meaning
Synonym
Words
Atmosphere
Atmosfer
Sky
Solar storms
Badai
Solay years
Matahari
Plasmasphere
Plasmafer
Plasmapause
Magnetosphere Magnetosfer
Magnetopause
Frequency
Frekuensi
Frequent
Radiation
Sabuk
Van Allen Belts
Belts
Radiasi
Astronomical
Astronomis
Stellar
gravitation
Gravitasi
Movement toward
Practice 3
Answer these following questions based on the information on text.
YES/NO QUESTION
1. Has A team led by the University of Colorado Boulder discovered an
invisible shield some 7,200 miles above Earth that blocks so-called "killer
electrons ?
2. Was The barrier to the particle motion discovered in the Van Allen
radiation belts?
3. Is Another scenario that the giant cloud of cold?
4. Does "killer electrons," whip around the planet at near-light?
5. Are The team originally thought the highly charged electrons looping
around Earth at more than 100,000 miles per second?
1. What is happening in the text?
2. What is Killers Electron?
3. What the result of killers electron?
INVISIBLE SHIELD
CHAPTER
3
Invisible shield .
CHAPTER
3
4. What is kind of the text?

5. What is a topic of the text?
A. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
1. A team led by the University of Colorado Boulder has discovered an
invisible shield some 7,200 miles above Earth that blocks so-called....
a. Killer electrons
b. Solar storms
c. Plasmaphere
2. The barrier to the particle motion was discovered in...

a. Earth
b. Sun
c. the Van Allen radiation belts
3. The latest mystery revolves around ...

a. "an extremely sharp"
b. Electron beam
c. Magnetosphere
4. Nature abhors strong gradients and generally finds ways to...
a. conspire to create such a sharp
b. The team originally
c. smooth them out
5. What is the another scenario?
a. Another scenario is that the giant cloud of cold, electrically charged
gas called the plasmasphere
b. Another scenario is the upper atmosphere and gradually be wiped out
by interactions
c. Another scenario is begins about 600 miles above Earth and stretches
thousands of miles into the outer Van Allen belt
Practice 4
Uh...iam afraid..what
must i do?
Why do like
that?
INVISIBLE SHIELD
Invisible shield .
CHAPTER
3
Afehdajkd
After go out from the water. First, sandy study hard to find a manner to prevent
the killers electron
Radiation Belts is A region surrounding a planet where charged

particles accumulate under the influence of the planets magnetic field
and fry satellites and have been known to threaten astronautsand
degrade space systems during intense solar stormsthat blocks so-called
"killer electrons,"
After study, sandy goes to yard to plant a tree.
I plant this tree to the layers of the earths

atmosphere is not perforated and can be saved
Then, sandy take the water
Intensity of the water like as with

some water which tree need, one
lesson again
YG U U H JH JH G HG H G JG H G J
INVISIBLE SHIELD
Invisible shield .
CHAPTER
3
After this, he run from his friend
Sandy...oh my god..
Sorry...dont be angry..
BKJ
IOKO
Then, He run and run fast.
IKITH H XN KN ST
Sorry. I must go now because my teacher

is coming
Jjjk
practice 5

Found the pictures and fill the coloum!
INVISIBLE SHIELD
Invisible shield .
CHAPTER
3
By: Zuhairini Rizkiyah
INVISIBLE SHIELD
Galileo And The Telescope

CHAPTER
4
CHAPTER 4

Practice 1
Galileo was not the person who
invented the telescope, but he was the first one
to use the telescope to study the heavens. He
made many observations using the telescope
that shocked the religious world. In this short
essay, I will only focus on three observations
and how an Aristotlean reacts to it. These
observations played a very important role on
the development of astronomy.
The first object he observed was the
moon. Through his observations he concluded
that the moons surface was very irregular and
imperfect. He saw that the moons surface had
mountains and valleys. It also consists of many
other irregular shapes. This was a very big
contradiction to Aristotle’s theory. To
Aristotleans the world was the center of the
universe and that it was perfect. This showed us
the holes in the celestial realm. It is not perfect
like people believed it to be. If the moon had all
of these imperfections, then any other member
of the universe could also be this way. It also
showed the Earth to be just a planet. Not the
unique figure thought to be. It is not unique. In
fact, it was regular because the moon also had
the same properties.
The second observation was the four
moons of Jupiter. Galileo observed points of
light that changed their positions with time
around the Planet. These points he concluded
were the four moons that orbit Jupiter. It
showed that there were things in the heavens
that Aristotle knew nothing about. The was not
unique anymore because it wast the only
planet to have objects orbit it.
GALILEO AND THE TELESCOPE

CHAPTER
4
And last but not least, Galileo saw that

the Earth shines on the moon. It showed the
Earth to be a little less celestial. The Earth can
shine on another object like any regular object.
It is not as special as initially thought to be.
Aristotleans around the world did not
want to accept these observations. They had
an excuse to every single point. To disregard
these new beliefs, they blamed it on the
preciseness of the telescope. They used to say
that the telescope was not refined enough.
These observations of the heavens got
Galileo in a lot of trouble with the church. In
fact, it got him in so much trouble, that the
latter part of his live was spent under house
arrest.
By : Alex
http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=666
8
Practice 2
Unfamiliar Words
Meaning
Synonym
Heavens
Langit
Paradise
Contradiction
Kontradiksi
Conflict
Celestial
Angkasa
Space
unique
unik
Distinct
initially
Mulanya
At first
disregard
Mengabaikan
ignore
refined
halus
purified
church
gereja
cathedral

CHAPTER
4
Practice 3
Answer these following questions bassed on the information on the text
YES/NO QUESTIONS
1. Do you this Essay titled Galileo And The Telescope?
yes, it do
2. Does Galileo was not the person who invented the telescope?
yes, it is
3. Do the first object galilio observation was the moons?
yes, it do
4. Do the second his observation is the four moons of jupiter?
yes, it is
5. Does Aristotleans around the world want to accept these
observations?
No, it dosnt
1. What is the title of the essay?
2. What is galileo the person who invinted the telescope?
3. What the first object of his observations?
4. What the second his obsevation?
5. Why aristotleans word did not accept his observation?
A. OBJECTIVE QUESTION
1. What is the title of the essay?
a. Galileo and the telescope
b. Galileo and his observation
c. The telescope
d. Invited the telescope

CHAPTER
4
2. Who is the person invinted the telescop

a. Galileo
b. Aristoteles
c. Has Lippershey
d. Albert Einstein
3. What the first object of his observations?
a. Sun
b. The four moons of Jupiter
c. Moon
d. Eart
4. What the second his obsevation?
a. Sun
b. The four moons of Jupiter
c. Moon
d. Eart
5. Why aristotleans word did not accept his observation?
a.they blamed it on the preciseness of the telescope
b. The telescope abnormal
c. because, they not believe with galileans observation
d. They had an excuse to every single point

CHAPTER
4
Practice 4
Aan
: hy cal... how are you?
Ical
: hy,, im fine , thanks. And how are you ???
Aan
: Im fine too, thanks. What are you doing here?
Ical
: ohhh,,, I just sit here. While looking at the beautiful stars in the
sky,,,, if you're from where?

Aan
: I'm out of my grandmother's house,, he was ill.
Ical
: Aan sick what your grandmother?
Aan
: You know, age old already, so the usual sickly.
Ical
: oh so,,,,,
Aan
: yes,,, hey, look at that star, once unique shape,, like a bird.
Ical
: yes,, beautiful. It turned out very beautiful Space, if a night like
this.
Aan
: of course,,, At the beginning, we can see the beauty of the stars
and the moon only on the day.

Ical
: yes yes,,,,,, but we should not ignore the other planets,,, we
also can see the planets also loh,,, for example, the planet Jupiter,
Mars,, etc.
Aan
: really ???
Ical
: Yes,, but we could not see clearly directly like this,,, we have to
use a telescope to see the shape of the planet.

Aan: ummm,,, so yach Iyaa,,, I,,,, oh yes,,, I first had to go to church
now,
ical
: oh yeah,,,,, please carefully Aan.
Aan
; see you,,

CHAPTER
4
Practice 5
Wave Without Sound
Prosedure games wave without sound :
a. create 5 groups with 7 member of each group
b. Select and specify a person in a group to be Captain and model
c. makes a circle for each group
d. take the package reserved already supplied by captain of each group
e. the game starts when you hear the command "start" from the instructor
f. Captain of the group perform a reserved game with no sound
g. guess the words in practice by the Captain by a person in a group
h. If true waves can move. But if you can't guess, you can choose "pass" to
replace it with another question,
i. Guess all the word for 10 minutes
j. The most longer wave is the winner, and the shorter wave is looser
The rule of the game
For captain :
No talking
-No cheating
-No speaking
For guesser:
-No cheating
1
3
4
Captain1-5 gueser
By:Ansyori
Giant black hole

CHAPTER
5
CHAPTER 5
Giant black hole could upset galaxy evolution models
Practice 1
Astronomers have discovered a black
hole that could shake the foundations of current
models of galaxy evolution. At 17 billion times
the mass of the Sun, its mass is much greater
than current models predict in particular since
the surrounding galaxy is comparatively small.
This could be the most massive black hole
found to date. A group of astronomers led by
Remco van den Bosch from the Max Planck
Institute for Astronomy (MPIA) have
discovered a black hole that could shake the
foundations of current models of galaxy
evolution. At 17 billion times the mass of the
Sun, its mass is much greater than current
models predict -- in particular since the
surrounding galaxy is comparatively small.
This could be the most massive black hole
found to date.
To the best of our astronomical
knowledge, almost every galaxy should contain
in its central region what is called a
supermassive black hole: a black hole with a
mass between that of hundreds of thousands
and billions of Suns. The best-studied supermassive black hole sits in the center of our
home galaxy, the Milky Way, with a mass of
about four million Suns. For the masses of
galaxies and their central black holes, an
intriguing trend has emerged: a direct
relationship between the mass of a galaxy's
black hole and that of the galaxy's
stars.Typically, the black hole mass is a tiny
fraction of the galaxy's total mass. But now a
search led by Remco van den Bosch (MPIA)
has discovered a massive black hole that could
upset the accepted relationship between black
hole mass and galaxy mass, which plays a key
role in all current theories of galaxy evolution.
The observations used the Hobby-Eberly
Telescope and existing images from the Hubble
Giant black hole
Giant black hole

CHAPTER
5
With a mass 17 billion times that of the Sun,

the newly discovered black hole in the center of
the disk galaxy NGC 1277 might even be the
biggest known black hole of all: the mass of the
current record holder is estimated to lie
between 6 and 37 billion.
Masses (McConnell et al. 2011); if the
true value lies towards the lower end of that
range, NGC 1277 breaks the record. At the
least, NGC 1277 harbors the second-biggest
known black hole. The big surprise is that the
black hole mass for NGC 1277 amounts to 14%
of the total galaxy mass, instead of usual values
around 0,1%. This beats the old record by more
than a factor 10. Astronomers would have
expected a black hole of this size inside bloblike ("elliptical") galaxies ten times larger.
Instead, this black hole sits inside a fairly small
disk galaxy.
Is this surprisingly massive black hole a
freak accident? Preliminary analysis of
additional data suggests otherwise -- so far, the
search has uncovered five additional galaxies
that are comparatively small, yet, going by first
estimates, seemed to harbor unusually large
black holes too. More definite conclusions have
to await detailed images of these galaxies.
If the additional candidates are
confirmed, and there are indeed more black
holes like this, astronomers will need to rethink
fundamentally their models of galaxy
evolution. In particular, they will need to look
at the early universe: The galaxy hosting the
new black hole appears to have formed more
than 8 billion years ago, and does not appear to
have changed much since then. Whatever
created this giant black hole must have
happened a long time ago.
By : Andrew C. Fabian
123help.com
Giant black hole
Giant black hole

CHAPTER
5
Practice 2
Unfamiliar Words
Meaning
Synonym
Surrounding
Current
Indeed
Expected
Rethink
Instead
Contains
role
Practice 3
QUESTION YES/NO:
1. Is the giant black hole couldt disrupt the models of galaxy evolution?
2. Is from the Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA) leader of discovery of
black hole?
3. Is not the NGC 1277 break the record?
4. Is the name of telescope is Hubble Space Telescope?
5. Is the Bima Sakti the best galaxy ?
Giant black hole
Giant black hole

CHAPTER
5
INFORMATION QUESTION:
1. How mass of a black hole?
2. What is the name of the galaxy in flattened found a black hole ?
3. What prediction from scientists about the black hole?
4. Who is the leading the search for the largest black hole pliers have been
found?
5. What is the models of clumps of black hole?
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. The galaxy hosting the new black hole appears to have formed more than .
. . billion years ago.
a. 1
b. 6
c. 4
d. 8
e. 5
2. At 17 billion times the . . ., its mass is much greater than current models
predict in particular since the surrounding galaxy is comparatively small.
a. mass of the Sun
b. mass of the Pluto
c. mass of the Andromeda
d. NGC 1277
e. mass of the world
3. what the name of telescope to find the black hole?

a. Hubble Star Telescope
b. Hubble Space Telescope
c. Hubble Galaxy Telescope
d. Hubble Moon Telescope
e. Hubble Flower Telescope
4. The big surprise is that the black hole mass for NGC 1277 amounts to . .
.of the total galaxy mass, instead of usual values around 0,1%.
a. 11%
Giant black hole
Giant black hole

CHAPTER
5
b. 144%
c. 32%
d. 89%
e. 14%
5. Who the leader has discovered a massive black hole?

a. Remco den Bosch
b. Remco van Bosch
c. Remco van den
d. van den Bosch
e. Remco van den Bosch
Practice 4
Alex
andree
Alex: Assalamualaikum Andree, How are you?

Andre:Waalaikumsalam Alex, fine and you?
Alex: fine too, You look soo busy, what is going on?
Andre: yeah, because I need to finish my final project about Giant black hole
could upset galaxy evolution models
Giant black hole
Giant black hole

CHAPTER
5
Alex: I know it, its talking about black hole that could shake the foundations of
current models of galaxy evolution.
Andre: thats right Alex and you know, because of that If the additional
candidates are confirmed, and there are indeed more black holes like this,
astronomers will need to rethink fundamentally their models of galaxy evolution.
Alex: and the amazing information this surprisingly massive black hole a freak
accident in particular since the surrounding galaxy is comparatively small. This
small, flattened galaxy contains one of the biggest central super-massive black
holes ever found in its center.
Andre: Woow you know so much Alex.
Alex: yeah, that because I wanna enter to Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
(MPIA).
Andre: good luck friend, I hear that difficult institute.
Alex: thats true, oke good bye I wanna take a bath now.
Andre: oke see you latter.
Giant black hole
Giant black hole

CHAPTER
5
Practice 5
Step 1: There 14 unfamiliar word you must remember it
UNFAMILIAR WORD
-
- surrounding
- current
- indeed
- expected
-rethink
- Instead
- contains
- role
- comparatively
-estimates
- existing
- particular
- upset
- massive
Step 2 : make two group from your class.

Step 3: there one people from every group to go forward and make motion like the
unfamiliar word and that people cant motion what the other group has motion.
Step 4: the personal of group must can guess what the motion. The group most
correct guess is the winner and the loser group must obey orders winner.
By: Sulfi Hudaya Muchtar
Giant black hole
THE SPEED OF LIGHT

CHAPTER
6
CHAPTER 6
THE SPEED OF LIGHT
Practice 1
The speed of light in a vacuum is presently

defined to be exactly 299,792,458 m/s (about
186,282.397 miles per second). This definition of the
speed of light means that the metre is now defined in
terms of the speed of light. Light always travels at a
constant speed, even between particles of a substance
through which it is shining.
Photons excite the adjoining particles that in
turn transfer the energy to the neighbor. This may
appear to slow the beam down through its trajectory
in realtime. The time lost between entry and exit
accounts to the displacement of energy through the
substance between each particle that is excited.
Different physicists have attempted to measure the
speed of light throughout history. Galileo attempted
to measure the speed of light in the seventeenth
century. An early experiment to measure the speed of
light was conducted by Ole Rmer, a Danish
physicist, in 1676. Using a telescope, Ole observed
the motions of Jupiter and one of its moons, Io.
Noting discrepancies in the apparent period of Io's
orbit, Rmer calculated that light takes about 22
minutes to traverse the diameter of Earth's orbit.[2]
Unfortunately, its size was not known at that time. If
Ole had known the diameter of the Earth's orbit, he
would have calculated a speed of 227,000,000 m/s.
Another, more accurate, measurement of the speed of
light was performed in Europe by Hippolyte Fizeau
in 1849. Fizeau directed a beam of light at a mirror
several kilometers away. A rotating cog wheel was
placed in the path of the light beam as it traveled
from the source, to the mirror and then returned to its
origin.
Source
:
http://www.studymode.com/essay
s/Speed-Of-Light-63622429.html
Fizeau found that at a certain rate of rotation,

the beam would pass through one gap in the wheel on
the way out and the next gap on the way back.
Knowing the distance to the mirror, the number of
teeth on the wheel, and the rate of rotation, Fizeau
was able to calculate the speed of light as
313,000,000 m/s.
THE SPEED OF LIGHT
THE SPEED OF LIGHT

CHAPTER
6
Practice 2
NO
UNFAMILIAR
MEANING IN ENGLISH
VOCABULARY
MEANING IN
INDONESIA
Vacum
a space entirely devoid of matter.
kekosongan
Shining
giving out or reflecting bright light.
bersinar
Adjoining
(of a building, room, or piece of land)
diantaranya
next to or joined with.

Trajectory
the path followed by a projectile flying or
Jalan
an object moving under the action of

given forces.
Discrepancies
a lack of compatibility or similarity
ketidaksesuaian
between two or more facts.

Cog
a wheel or bar with a series of projections
Roda penggerak
on its edge that transfers motion by

engaging with projections on another
wheel or bar.
Traverse
travel across or through.
Melintasi
Appear
come into sight; become visible or
Kelihatan
noticeable, typically without visible agent

or apparent cause.
Beam
a long, sturdy piece of squared timber or

metal spanning an opening or part of a
building, usually to support the roof or
floor above.
Practice 3
THE SPEED OF LIGHT
Balok
THE SPEED OF LIGHT

CHAPTER
6
A. Yes/no question
1. Wheather a speed of light is 299,792,459 m/s ?
2. Wheather Light always travels at a constant speed ?
3. Is Galileo attempted to measure the speed of light in the seventeenth
century ?
4. Wheather Rmer calculated that light takes about 20 minutes to traverse the
diameter of Earth's orbit ?
5. Wheather danies wear telescop to calculate the speed of light ?

B. Information question
1. What the conclusion of the text ?
2. What the main idea of paragraph 2
3. How many speed of light at mil/ s ?
4. How fizeau can calculate speed of light in 313.000 km/s ?
5. What the topic of paragraph 3 ?
C. objective question
1. How many speed of light at m/s ?
a. 299,792,458 m/s
b. 299,793,458 m/s
c. 299,793,459 m/s
d. 298,793,459 m/s
2. Photons excite the adjoining particles that in turn transfer the energy
to the neighbor, what the part of spech word photon ?
a. Adverb
b. noun
c. adjective
d. verb
3. Fizeau found that at a certain rate of rotation, the beam would pass
through one gap in the wheel on the way out and the next gap on the
way back, what the position word the beam ?
a. Object
b. Subject
THE SPEED OF LIGHT
THE SPEED OF LIGHT

CHAPTER
6
c. Predicate
d. Answer a,b and c is wrong
4. Another, more accurate, measurement of the speed of light was

performed in Europe by Hippolyte Fizeau in 1849 . what the position
word Another ?
a. Adverb of time
b. Object
c. Answer a,b and d is wrong
d. Adver of mannor
5. If Ole had known the diameter of the Earth's orbit, he would have
calculated a speed of 227,000,000 m/s. What part of spech word
of ?
a. Auxilary
b. Conjuction
c. Adverb
d. Noun
Practice 4
A : hi
B : hi, too
A : what your department , bro..??
B : im in department of astronomy . how about you ?
A : im in department of physics.
THE SPEED OF LIGHT
THE SPEED OF LIGHT

CHAPTER
6
B : wow, why you choose physics ?
A : im interested with physical theory.
B: cool, why you interested with physical theory ?
A : i think that science like electrodynamic quantum or physics quantum is very cool.
Especially ,shining of light reserch about speed of light in vacuum.
B : wow, i thing were same, im interseted too. Especially about speed of light can
dissapear object.
A : how about you, why you choose astronomy ?
B : i think astronomy is very cool, like stars , i like light , like planet and other
A : wow its in physics theory too
B : astrophysics , right ?
A: yes youre right
A : haha, i hope we can work together some day
B : i hope too
A: lets go to to eat something .
B : where...??
A : in canteen.
Practice 5 : game
Snake and ladder human (light version )
THE SPEED OF LIGHT
THE SPEED OF LIGHT

CHAPTER
6
1. Please read the essay of speed of light , remember every vocab in essay
2. Make a 4 group consist 1 group with 4 human
3. with hompimpa each grub can know who is can play the game first , and
the last .
4. dice are used to indicate how many steps
5. numbers on the box shows how much vocab to be called
6. vocab which only exist in essay of speed of light
7. each group can only mention the same vocab 3 times
8. If a player can not make any mention vocab boxed figures as the players
are obliged to resign as mentioned Vocab
9. if a player says the same vocab more than 3 times the required backward 5
steps
g.B 1.1 box of the game
By : Irham Najmuddin
THE SPEED OF LIGHT
Pros and cons of nuclear power

CHAPTER
7
CHAPTER 7
Practice 1
At this time, many people have been
aware about advantages of nuclear power that
can mitigate global warming impact but they
dont notice the disadvantages of nuclear
power. The advantages of nuclear power are the
emission of green house is relatively low, this
technology is readily available, it can produce
high amount of electrical energy. Whereas the
disadvantage are the problem of radioactive
waste, high risk, not renewable energy, not
sustainable energy, etc. From the above
explanation, nuclear energy cant be a solution
to any problem especially in energy crisis
problem. I have a different idea with the writer
that nuclear energy cant be a solution to any
problem, in my opinion nuclear energy can
solve many problem of energy crisis.
Firstly, increasing population and the
reserve of global energy that is decreased. In
2011, the earth is habited by 6 billion people.
Based on data from United Nations LongRange World Population Projections, the world
population in 2015 will increase to 7.2 billion,
in 2025 rose to nearly 8 billion people and will
become 9.3 billion in 2050. Rapid world
population growth will result in a depreciation
of non-renewable natural resources too quickly.
This is because to supply world energy needs,
in which the global primary energy demand
reaches 87% and electricity by 63%, derived
from fossil fuels. Therefore crude oil with a
capacity that is available globally amounted to
1195 billion barrels, can be used up to 43 years.
Coal, with global reserves of 1316 trillion tons

CHAPTER
7
While the global reserves of natural gas has 144

trillion m3, can be used no more than 62 years.
Global uranium reserves estimated about 4,36
million tons. In a nuclear reactor, nuclear fuel
that has been used can be recycled, if this is done
at a nuclear power plant in the world, all the rest
of the uranium can be a supply of energy for
thousands of years. Beside that, in the world also
know there are 4 billion tons of uranium in low
concentration in the ocean and there are thorium,
other substances that can be used as nuclear fuel,
as many as three times the amount of uranium.
Therefore, nuclear energy can be used millions
of years.
Density of nuclear energy is higher than
coal and petroleum. As the illustration, in 1 kg
uranium can produce about 50.000 kWh-50.000
kWh of electrical energy, whereas in 1 kg of coal
and petroleum can produce 3 kWh 4 kWh. On
a non-nuclear power plant with capacity 1000
MWe need 2,6 million ton of coal or 2 million
ton of petroleum as fuels. On nuclear power plant
with same electrical capacity just need 30 ton
uranium with reactor terrace 10 m3 as a fuels.
Currently, nuclear energy to supply the worlds
primary energy demand about 6 % and supply
global electricity demand about 17%.
Secondly, the renewable energy is more
corrupt environment than nuclear energy.
Renewable does not mean green. This statement
was presented by Jesse Ausubel at Rockefeller
University New York. In Indersciences
International Journal of Nuclear Governance,
Economy and Ecology, he explained that by
building wind farms, damming the river, and
planting trees for biomass, all of them in the
capacity and amount sufficient to meet global
energy demands will corrupt the environment.
Ausubel also analyzed that amount of energy
sourced from renewable energy for produce
some electrical power, will use 1 m2 square land.

CHAPTER
7
.
The second issue that triggered many people to reject
the presence of nuclear power plants are about radioactive
waste. In operation, the plant will produce radioactive waste
that are included in the category of special dangerous waste.
Sasongko (2006) said that the accumulation of radioactive
materials and parts of the radioactive materials in the cooling
system has the potential to spread out if there is leakage or
happen accident in reactor. Radiation originating from
radioactive materials can cause contamination to humans and
the biosphere. Procedures and standards for nuclear safety is
carried out in several countries to protection nuclear energy
plants. However, the occurrence of cases of leaks and
accidents of nuclear energy plants invite several question
about the effectiveness and safety procedures.
Respond to the above problem, basically no one wants
to harm or danger or dead silly. Therefore, the scientists when
developing science and technology, they have calculated the
risks, dangers and benefits. We must be aware of the
importance of the availability of sufficient energy for the longterm economic stability. Because almost all the activities of
community life always need of energy, especially electricity.
To become industrialized countries needed energy supplies
that big enough. While the current fossil energy such as coal,
diesel, and so the numbers become more limited and expected
to be discharged between 50 to 100 years.
Nuclear waste can actually be overcome by using green
rust of reinforced concrete. This is observed by scientists spent
many years to prevent the formation of green rust in reinforced
concrete because it is considered a problem.

CHAPTER
7
Practice 2
Unfamiliar
Meaning
Synonym
Words
Mitigate
Mengurangi
Substract
Depreciation
Penurunan
Slope
Coal
Batu bara
Rocks
Copper
Tembaga
Brass
Confinement
Kurungan
Prison
Vessel
Bejana
Container
Ensure
Menjamin
Assure
Cope
Menanggulangi Ward off
Reinforced
Memperkuat
Consolidate
Occurence
Peristiwa
phenomenon
Leaks
Kebocoran
leakage
Practice 3
Answer these following questions based on the informayion on the text
YES/NO QUESTION
1. Has nuclear fuel been use can be recycled ?
2. Is density of nuclear higher than coal an petroleum ?
3. Is the written cons to nuclear power ?
4. Is nuclear power can be solution from crisis energy ?
5. Is nuclear energy environmentally friendly?
1. Why people cons for nuclear energy ?

CHAPTER
7
2. How many energy can produce uranium?

3. What is renewable energy?
4. Why some people pros for nuclear power?
5. How many energy need in 2050?
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. What are the disadvantage of nuclear power, except
a. it can produce high amount of electrical energy
b. problem of radioactive waste
c. not renewable energy
d. not sustainable energy
2. How many can produce of nuclear power in 1 kg uranium?
a. 2000 - 20.000 kWh
b. 4000 - 40.000 kWh
c. 5000 50.000 kWh
d. 10.000 100.000 kWh
3. increasing population and the reserve of global energy that is
decreased.what is synonim of the underline word?
a. slope
b. impostor
c. raising
d. embeishment
4. all of them in the capacity and amount sufficient to meet global energy
demands will corrupt the environment. in paragraph 4, all of them refers
to ?
a. coal, petrolium
b. building wind farms, damming the river
c. planting trees for biomass and green rust
d. Chernobyl and Three Mile Island
5. what is main idea of paragraph 2?
a. Based on data from United Nations Long-Range World Population
Projections
b. the earth is habited by 6 billion people
c. increasing population and the reserve of global energy that is decreased
d. nuclear energy can be used millions of years.

CHAPTER
7
Practice 4
Sunday, there is andi, rina and upi in the class. they were discussing about nuclear
power and pros and cons of nuclear power in the world.
rina : andi, how about you for nuclear power ?
andi : I disagree for nuclear power because more disadvantage than advantage.
upi : but, if we look increasing people in the world and preparation energy of
fossil and other.
andi : yes i know it. how many can produce of nuclear power ?
rina : 1 kg uranium can produce about 50.000 kWh-50.000 kWh of electrical
energy. and 1 kg of coal and petroleum can produce 3 kWh 4 kWh.
upi : andi you know comparison produce electrical energy of uranium and coal.
andi : and how about cope nuclear waste?
upi : Nuclear waste can actually be overcome by using green rust of reinforced
concrete.
rina : This is observed by scientists spent many years to prevent the formation of
green rust in reinforced concrete because it is considered a problem
andi : but some years ago many disaster cause of nuclear power.
upi : hualah.. that is because of leaks pipe.
rina : condition of land also influence possibility occur for disaster.
andi : no one wants to harm or danger or dead silly. how about that ? and whose is
responsible for occuren disaster ?
upi : because of that goverment ask agreement to people. so, thatis responsible
together.
rina :every goverment want to be the best to people.

CHAPTER
7
andi : yes i agree to rina. and my opinion never running out of fossil energy as
long as not doomsday yet.
upi : and we must look world energy need.
rina : i think enough for discuss in day. in essential, if we build nuclear power, we
must know condition of land, agreement from people and other. can we discuss
tomorrow?
upi, andi : yes, we can.
Practice 5
Firstly, make four group.
Secondly, get on together with your group like this picture
Choose the leader of

your group.
And we will give you a

funnel for each group

CHAPTER
7
we will give each
group a sentence
Indificate the
sentence
For example: we study english

pr
v
n
After you indificate the sentence,

look for part of speech in the
wall
Next, if you feel complete

identification , you must come
back to your group and arrange it
If you listen music you, you must

dance
And other
verb
noun
By: Nuril Istiqamah

tThe Gravitation Force Of Earth

CHAPTER
8
CHAPTER 8
the gravitational force of Earth
Practice 1
Essay on the gravitational force of
Earth. The gravitational force at the surface of
the planet is the force that binds all bodies to
earth. This force is one of the four forces
recognized by physicists, and this kind of force,
known as gravity, attracts every celestial
object to earth. Though it is the most important
of the forces essential for our lives, it is the
least comprehended of them all.
Throughout ages scientists have tried to
solve the mystery of gravity. One of the first
discoveries concerning gravity was made by
Aristotle who concluded from his experiments
that the downward movement of any body is
that has weight had a proportional relationship
between its quickness in motion and its size.
This theory was accepted for centuries, but
after a series of experiments made by Galileo,
Aristotles theory was proved to be incorrect, as
Galileo said after a series of experimenting at
the Pisa tower that body of different sizes fall
with the same speed. Later on, the idea that the
force is needed so as to change the motion of
the body was discovered.
After that, a great scientist was to
improve all the previously accepted theories,
this scientist was Newton who was to make
decisive advances in understanding gravity. In
his first law, Newton said that a body in state of
rest or uniform motion in a straight line will
keep on moving unless acted upon by a force,
while in his second theory, Newton expressed
his first law in a more quantitative way as he
said that force acting on a body is the rate of
change of its momentum which can be put in a
rule as F= ma.
THE GRAVITATION FORCE OF EARTH

CHAPTER
8
Where (F) is the force acting

on the body while a and m are
the acceleration and inertial mass of
the body respectively. Newton also
made the law of gravitation in which
he expressed the gravitational force
of attraction between any two bodies
acting along the line joining them as
F=Gm1m2/2r2 where cm is the mass
of the two bodies and r is the
distance between them, while G is
the proportionality constant known
as the constant of gravitation.
Afterwards Newton made his very
important assumption in which he
showed that the inertial mass of a
body is identical to its gravitational
mass, which implied that the
gravitational force exerted on or by
an object is directly proportional to
its inertia. After that, scientists
wanted to determine the value of the
gravitational constant, in which the
English scientist Henry Cavendish
calculated as G= 9.8 Nm /Kg.
For hundreds of years,
Newtons laws where considered as
the basis of modern physics, and one
of the things that proved Newtons
theories was the discovery of the
planet Neptune but there were also
many important issues that were not
discovered by Newton such as, that
there is no way to describe mass
except with reference to acceleration,
another issue is that no force moves
without acceleration, a third one is

that when we mention acceleration
we have to say with respect to what?
Einstein who wondered why
the inertial mass is proportional to
the gravitational mass studied all the
previously mentioned theories. After
experimenting, he made his theory of
equivalence, which stated that if we
had two systems, the first has
acceleration with no gravitational
field while the second has
acceleration with no gravitational
mass and while the other is at rest
and has a gravitational field, the
results would be equivalent. By the
year 1916, Einstein had completed
the
mathematical
theory
of
gravitation, which was the general
theory of relativity. Einsteins
theories opposed those of Newtons
in at least two major and measurable
issues that were the curvature of light
and the shifting of the wavelength of
the light.
In conclusion, the issue was a subject
of research done by the greatest
scientists ever known as Newton and
Einstein, and it will always be a
subject of research, as the
gravitational mystery still might not
be totally unravelled.
http://forumbebas.com/printthread.ph
p?tid=123981

CHAPTER
8
Practice 2
No
Unfamiliar
Meaning
Synonyms
verb
1.
Advance
Kemajuan
Progress
2.
Binds
Terjepit
Squeezed
3.
Celestial
Benda angkasa
Firmament object
4.
Centuries
Abad
Year
5.
Comprehended Memahami
Understand
6.
Considered
Mull over
Benar-benar
dipertimbangkan
7.
Curvature
Lekukan
Bend
8.
Decisive
Menentukan
Decide
9.
Discoveries
Penemuan
Invention
10.
Downward
Yang menurun
Descend
11.
Essential
Hal-hal yang penting
Important
12.
Exerted
Menggunakan
Use
13.
Expressed
Menandakan
Indicate
14.
Field
Medan
Realm
15.
Implied
Termasuk
Included
16.
Opposed
Menentang
Oppose
17.
Shifting
Perubahan
Change
18.
Surface
Permukaan
Ahead
19.
Unravelled
Membongkar
Disclose
20.
Wavelength
Panjang gelombang
Lambda

CHAPTER
8
Practice 3
A. YES /NO QUESTIONS
1) Do the scientists try to solve the mystery of gravity?
2) Do you know that proved Newtons theories was the discovery of the
planet?
3) Is it the rule of newton second law ( F=0)?
4) Does he (einstein) make the theory of equivalence after experimenting?
5) Is it true the value of gravitational is g= 5.8 Nm/K
1) What the aristotles experiments?
2) Who is that say if a body in state of rest or uniform motion in a straight
line will keep on moving unless acted upon by a force?
3) How the rule of newton first law and newton second law?
4) Why we use this rule F=gm1m2/2r2 in newton second law?
5) When Einstein had completed the mathematical theory of gravitation to be
the general theory of relativity?
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1.
There are four scientists that try to solve the mystery of gravity, exept :
a)
Galileo
b) Newton
c)
Einstein
d) Rutherford
2.
What the rule of Newton first law?

a)
m.g.h
b)
F=0
c)
F= m.a
d) v= s/t
3.
how the value of the gravitational constant?

a)
5.9 Nm/Kg
b) 3.10 Nm/Kg

CHAPTER
8
c)
9.8 Nm/Kg
d) 8.9 Nm/Kg
4. How many systems in einsteins theory of equivalence?
a) Two systems
b) Three systems
c) Ten systems
d) Five systems
5.
What the meaning a in the rule F= m.a?

a)
Inertial mass
b) Speed
c)
Force
d) Acceleration
Practice 4
Filda : nay, do you know?
Nayla :no, I dont know. What is that?
Filda :thats the name is gravitation. Newton has discovered about theory of
gravitation.
Nayla : oh ya.and than how we can comprehended about gravitation clearly?
Fahry : dont worry we can study about it from theory of newton. We can
decisive the value of force. Of course we use the newton first law or
newton second law.
Filda : how if we will calculate the force with newton second law?
Fahry : oke,,, the rule is F=m.a where (m) is the mass and also (a) is the
acceleration.
Nayla : so, if we use that rule, thats implied to newton second law. It is right?
Fahry : yes of course
Filda : and then how about Newton first law?

CHAPTER
8
Fahry : oh ya,,, Newton first law is the value of force is zero. So, we can write
F=0..
Nayla : but we ust remember essential about gravitation. For exemple how the
value of gravitation?
Fahry : thats good.. the value of gravitational is g= 9.8 Nm/Kg. do you
understand?
Nayla : yes I understand about it. and how about you filda?
Filda : oh yes of course I understand. Okey fahry thank you very much for the
information.
Nayla : okey fahry,,,,,see you later
Fahry : okey Ur welcome..see you next timebye
Nayla : bye..
Filda : bye be careful on the way fahry
Fahry : okey,,,,,,
Practice 5
Practice these following game
The name of the game is Secret Sentence. Secret Sentence is how to say the
sentence clearly to the friends that stay behind the captain.

CHAPTER
8
The rule of the game are:

1. Please make three group in each group there are 5 person
2. Please choose one person in each group to become the captain of group
3. And then choose one person again for stay behind
4. In each group please make straight line
5. The captain will give one sentence and must memorise the sentence
6. After that the captain say to his or her friend that behind the captain and
continue until behind or the last person
7. Then, the person who stay behind must say laudly the sentence that listen
from the friends
8. All of the group must obey to this rule
9. Are you ready????
By: Dzawis Siyadah Hidayati
How plane can fly

CHAPTER
9
Chapter 9
HOW PLANE CAN FLY
Practice 1
By nature humans were created to live
on land.Humans do not have the means of
motion that can be used to fly.However, birds
can fly freely in space has inspired humans to
venture farther from their habitat.The ability to
fly freely in the sky became a symbol of
freedom and escape from the shackles of
gravity.
At first humans consider that to be able
to fly then we should do it as the bird flies.And
the only way is by flapping wings just like a
bird.On that basis it was then popping the
jumper-jumper the tower with the wing design
of their own.They are not just one, but dozens,
with the same dream: to fly.But somehow, none
have succeeded.Even more that it had died.
People of the caliber of Leonardo da
Vinci, too carried away by the euphoria of the
dream to fly.Da Vinci never manciptakan a
design
called
Ornithopter
flying
machine.Although not successful tool enables
humans to fly, but I am very impressed with
this design.In contrast with the jumper tower,
da Vinci was not stupid.Before the design is
realized, he immediately recognizes that there
may be human -in power can exercise control,
flapping wings, and navigation at the same
time.Many times he devote to simply learn how
birds fly.
A statement da Vinci is so visionary is a
method of separation.Approximately 1500
How plane can fly
How plane can fly

CHAPTER
9
him thrust.This is based on observations of

birds to fly techniques.According to him, the
wings of birds consists of two parts which have
their respective functions.The base of the wings
of birds are relatively fixed (fixed) function
generate lift.While the end of the bird's wings
flapping
and
serves
to
generate
thrust.Separation force into lift and thrust is that
until now used to create a flying machine.
Then how aircraft can fly?Is something
wrong if we think that the engine (engine) was
causing the plane to fly.Basically, the wing was
the one who gave the lift it needs to fly, while
the engine just gave thrust (thrust) to bengerak
forward.So, the conclusion is that the aircraft
easy (not plane antarikasa) can fly because it
has wings.
The
next
question,
how
the
lift
(elevator) can terbangkit in the wings?Can

easily be explained that the lifting force is
aroused because there is a difference of
pressure on the upper surface and a lower
surface of the wing.Wing airfoil shape is
created in such a way so as to create flow
characteristics liking.In short, the lifting force
will exist if the pressure below the wing surface
is higher than the pressure above the wing
surface.This pressure difference can occur
because of differences in the speed of the air
flow above and below the surface of the
wing.CorrespondingBernoulli law, the flow
velocity faster the lower the pressure.The
amount of lift generated is proportional to the
surface area of the wing, the air density, the
square of the speed, and the coefficient of lift.
How plane can fly
How plane can fly

CHAPTER
9
So, for aircraft, engine function is to

provide the thrust that the plane can move
forward.Due to the progress of the aircraft
relative movement of air occurs at the surface
of the wing.With certain geometric shapes and
angles of attack of the airfoil wing (angel of
attack) certain it will produce a wing surface air
flow characteristics which then would create
pressure differences on the surface of the upper
and lower surface of the wing which then
generate the lift it needs to fly.
Practice 2
Unfamiliar
Meaning
Definition
Words
Venture
menjelajah
Get a trip
Ability
kemampuan
The line strength of body
Escape
simbol
Something for sign
Shackles
belenggu
Something make people not freedom
Flapping
mengepakkan
Move up and move down
Basis
dasar
The reason or background of something
Devote
dedikasi
Giving self to something
Aircraft
pesawat
Something which make human can fly
How plane can fly
How plane can fly

CHAPTER
9
Practice 3
YES/NO QUESTION
1. HasdaVincicreated aflying machine?
2. Has ornithopter succesfully make human to fly?
3. Was da vinci stupid as jumper tower?
4. Was da vinci watching bird on his research?
5. is machine the causes of plane can fly?
1. where da vinci came from?
2. whatthe name ofmachinedesignofDaVinci?
3. whatdavincisstatementis sovisionary?
4. When da vinci express his statements?
5. how theliftcanappearinthe wings?
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
a. where da vinci came from?
a. america
b. java
c. caliber
d. roma
b. whatthe name ofmachinedesignofDaVinci?
1. catrol
2. ornitopther
3. plane
4. sanitation
c. When da vinci express his statements?
a. 300 years a go
b. 700 years a go
c. 1500 years a go
d. 2000years ago
d. What is the causes of plane can fly ?
How plane can fly
How plane can fly

CHAPTER
9
a. machine
b. pilot
c. lift
d. wings
e. what the name of animal that give davinci idea ?
a. cock
b. crocodile
c. turtle
d. bird
Practice 4
A : hi
B : hi, too
A : how about your venture to arjuno mountain , bro..??
B : Im very satisfied with it. This is not only venture but from this I can learn
what my ability and what my weakness
A : oh yeah. Thats good bro. what the reason make you think like this?
B : I dont now. I just fell that god give escape to me.
A : what you think about the escape?
B: you know. Every time every day I want to free. I dislike to shackles. But now
Im know if rules just for control and not shackles our life.
A : Im interested. Lets tell me more about it
B : we are life like a bird. If you want to high you must flapping your wings
although you tired. Dont let your self to give up
A : oh yeah. But how about gender? You always talk about this if you talk about
god.
B : its just personality. God never hate to women. Basis of genders problem is
perspective every human which not same.
A : oh so good. Then what you will after this?
B : I will devote my life to more knowing my god.
A: hahaha.. knowing?Will you make an aircraft to see god? Or how?
B : no. Im not need plane to know god. I just see to my heart. Trust to self can
generate trust to god
How plane can fly
How plane can fly

CHAPTER
9
A: you look more good after your venture.

B : thankyou. And you always the bestfriend to discuss.
By: Nusaibah Fatin
Practice 5
Snake and ladder human (light version )
1. Please read the essay of speed of light , remember every vocab in essay
2. Make a 4 group consist 1 group with 4 human
3. with hompimpa each grub can know who is can play the game first , and
the last .
4. dice are used to indicate how many steps
5. numbers on the box shows how much vocab to be called
6. vocab which only exist in essay of speed of light
7. each group can only mention the same vocab 3 times
8. If a player can not make any mention vocab boxed figures as the players
are obliged to resign as mentioned Vocab
9. if a player says the same vocab more than 3 times the required backward 5
steps
How plane can fly
Magnets From Mini To Mighty

CHAPTER
10
CHAPTER 10
MAGNETS FROM MINI TO MIGHTY
Practice 1
Many of us believe our daily experience

with magnets begins and ends on the
refrigerator door. Theres that cute shot of the
kids in the magnetized frame, the clip holding
the grocery list, the realtors business card and
the haiku composed of magnetized words.
In fact, those are just one of several
types of magnets that span a broad range of
sizes, shapes, materials, strengths and
applications. You may not see them, but
magnets are everywhere in our car motors,
phones, tape recorders, credit cards, stereo
speakers and computers to name just a few
practical applications. Thats not even to
mention the enormous and enormously
powerful magnets used at the Magnet Lab
and other research institutions.
PHYSICS FACTOID: Scientists believe
the Earth's magnetic field is a result of
convection currents in the planet's liquid outer
core, which makes a good conductor because it
is made up largely of iron. This is called a
geodynamo.
Some magnets last lifetimes, others
come and go in the blink of an eye. Some are
multi-ton
behemoths,
others
only visible
through a microscope. Some are molded by

nature, others by man. Magnets also span a vast
range of possible magnetic field strengths.
Magnets From mini to mighty

CHAPTER
10
On the following pages well review the

basic types of magnets. But remember that
there are properties that all magnets have in
common. They all exert a magnetic force on
each other. They all have a south pole and a
north pole (just like the Earth, which itself is a
magnet); opposite poles attract, like poles
repel. In all magnets, the magnetic field lines
run from south to north, and these fields are
what produce forces on other magnets that
follow specific physical laws.
There are two basic kinds of magnets
permanent and temporary. Well take on
permanent first which is appropriate, because
before humans could invent and exploit
temporary magnets, they had to discover the
permanent kind first.
People first happened upon magnets
sometime before 600 BC with the discovery of
the mineral magnetite, a naturally occurring
magnet. One type of magnetite, lodestone, has
the additional property of polarity it aligns
itself with the Earths magnetic field. The
lodestone made possible the invention of the
compass, which was used in navigation as early
as 1086.
The other major difference between
permanent and temporary magnets is what the
magnetic fields look like on an atomic level.
These are two different phenomena entirely.
By Kristen Coyne

CHAPTER
10
Practice 2
Unfamiliar Words
Meaning
Synonym
Cabinet in which food
Refrigerator
Kulkas
Ferromagnetic
Feromagnetik
Microscope
Mikroskop
Magnifying lens
Strengths
Kekuatan
Bodily or mascular power
Conductor
Konduktor
Guide
Deforestation
Deforestasi
Forest vandalism
Temporary
Sementara
Lasting
Naturally
Tentu saja
Normal manner
Magnetic field
Medan magnet
Electric current
Compass
Kompas
Magnetic field
Freely rotating magnetized
Practice 3
YES/NO QUESTION
1. Can establish wheter erosion?
2. What is the meaning of ocean waves?
3. Hows the ocean waves very important component to the study of physical
geography?
4. What is the meaning of a barrier spit?
5. What is the meaning of a tombolo?
1. What is ferromagnetic ?

CHAPTER
10
2. What is the Earth's "Magnetic North Pole." ?

3. What is geodynamo?
4. What is the other major difference between permanent and temporary
magnets ?
5. What is example of magnets in everyday life ?
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Permanent magnets all belong to a class of materials referred to is ?(A)
a. Ferromagnetic
b. Compass
c. Lodestone
2. What the other major difference between permanent and temporary
magnets is what the magnetic fields look like on? ( C)
a. Proton level
b. Electron level
c. Atomic level
3. How many types of basic magnetic field. (B)
a. One
b. Two
c. Three
4. Which was used in navigation as early as? (A)
a.
1086
b. 1084
c. 1085
5. Who is made possible the invention of the compass,? (B)
a. Riccardo Giacconi
b. lodestone
c. Albert Einstein
Practice 4
Mega
: Assalamualikum.
Almas
: Waalaikumsalam wr.wb

CHAPTER
10
Mega
: What is read book, now ?
Almas :
: I am read book about magnetic field.
Sis,what is
magnetic field..
Hmm...
magntic field is......
Mega
: Magnetic field, what is it !
Almas
: Magnetic field is a magnetic field is the magnetic influence of
electric
currents and magnetic materials.
Mega
: How many pole in magnetic field?
Almas
: There is 2, is have a south pole and a north pole (just like the
Earth, which it self is a magnet.

Mega
: What application in magnetic field ?
Almas
: Application in magnetic field very much, example in our car
motors, phones, tape recorders, credit cards, stereo speakers and computers to
name just a few practical applications.
Mega
:Sis, who is find compass and at some year?
Almas
: Compass find by The lodestone made possible the invention of
the compass,

CHAPTER
10
which was used in navigation as early as 1086.

Mega
: Wooww... amazing... Thanks for information..
Almas
: Ok, youre welcome
Mega
: Ok, i am go ahead, Assalamualikum..
Almas
: Ok, please . Waalaikumsalam wr.wb.
Practice 5
By:Almas Auwala Agustin
Talking about
the class is divided into two

Then stick and music played
groups
again..
first group come forward and

making circle.
when music trun off and stopped

while latest hold stick he must
story about physics example
magnetic fields, force, energy, etc
Ok, guys
ready...
Keep smile...
For here we can play while

study, of course study about
physics
Fighting
A Sciene Propotipe : Rutherford And The Atom

CHAPTER
11
CHAPTER 11
A science prototype: Rutherford and the atom

Practice 1
In the early 1900s, Ernest Rutherford studied (among

other things) the organization of the atom the fundamental
particle of the natural world. Though atoms cannot be seen with
the naked eye, they can be studied with the tools of science since
they are part of the natural world. To study such small entities,
Ernest Rutherford relied on alpha particles, which are helium
atoms stripped of their electrons. Rutherford had found that
when a beam of these tiny, positively-charged alpha particles is
fired through gold foil, the particles dont stay on their beeline
course, but are deflected (or scattered) at different angles(Fig.
2.).Rutherford wanted to figure out what this might tell him
about the layout of the atoms in the gold foil.
Before 1910, Ernest Rutherford and many other scientists
had the idea that the positive charge and the mass of an atom
were evenly distributed throughout the whole atom, with
electrons scattered throughout. You can imagine this model of
the atom as a loosely packed snowball (the positive mass of the
atom) with a few tiny grains of sand (the electrons) scattered
throughout. The idea that atoms are arranged in this way can be
tested by firing an alpha particle beam through a piece of gold
foil. If the idea were correct,then the positive mass in the gold
foil would be relatively diffuse (the loosely packed snow) and
would allow the alpha particles to pass through the foil with only
minor scattering. . Ernest Rutherfords lab tested the idea that an
atoms positive mass is spread out diffusely by firing an alpha
particle beam through a piece of gold foil, but the evidence
resulting from that experiment was a complete surprise:
A science propotipe :rutherford And The atom

CHAPTER
11
most of the alpha particles passed through the gold foil

without changing direction much as expected, but some of
the alpha particles came bouncing back in the opposite
direction, as though they had struck something dense and
solid in the gold foil
If the gold atoms were really like loosely packed
snowballs, all of the alpha particles should have passed
through the foil, but they did not!
From this evidence, Rutherford concluded that their
snowball model of the atom had been incorrect, even though
it was popular with many other scientists. In-stead, the
evidence suggested that an atom is mostly empty space and
that its positive charge is concen-trated in a dense mass at its
core, forming a nucleus. When the positively charged alpha
particles were fired at the gold foil, most of them passed
through the empty space of the gold atoms with little
deflection, but a few of them ran smack into the dense,
positively charged nucleus of a gold atom and were repelled
straight back (like what would happen if you tried to make
the north poles of two strong magnets touch).The idea that
atoms have positively charged nuclei was testable.
Rutherford tested it with the alpha particle scattering
experiment, of course, but many other researchers tested it as
well.
Though Ernest Rutherford came up with the idea that
atoms have positively charged nuclei, the research that led to
this idea was a collaborative effort: Rutherford was assisted
by Hans Geiger, and the critical alpha-scattering experiment
was actually carried out by Ernest Marsden, an
undergraduate student working in Rutherfords
lab.Furthermore,

CHAPTER
11
after his discovery of the layout of the atom,

Rutherford published a description of the idea and
the relevant evidence, releasing it to the scientific
community for scrutiny and evaluation. And
scrutinize they did. Niels Bohr noticed a problem
with Rutherfords idea: there was nothing keeping
the orbiting electrons from spiraling into the nucleus
of the atom, causing the whole thing to collapse!
Bohr modified Rutherfords basic model by
proposing that electrons had set energy levels. This is
the model of the atom most commonly portrayed in
textbooks: a nucleus orbited by electrons at different
levels. It helped solve the problem of the collapsing
atom and earned Bohr a Nobel Prize.
Practice 2
1.
Naked
Meaning English :not covered by clothing

Meaning
: sebenarnya
Synonym
: bare
2.
Stripped
Meaning English : remove all coverings from

Meaning
:dilucuti
Synonym
: exposed
3.
Scattered
Meaning English : occur or be found at intervals rather than all together

Meaning
: tersebar
Synonym
: spread

CHAPTER
11
4.
Packed
Meaning English : fill (a suitcase or bag), especially with clothes and other
items needed when away from home
Meaning
: penuh sesak
Synonym
: crowed
5.
Loosely
Meaning English : not rigidly fastened or securely attached

Meaning
: bebas
Synonym
: exemit
6.
Bouncing
Meaning English : to move with a lot of energy and excitement

Meaning
: kuat
Synonym
: commaning
7.
Mostly
Meaning english : as regards the greater part or number.

Meaning
: kebanyakan
Synonym
: ordinary
8.
Researchers
Meaning english : Scientists are often described

Maening
: penelity
Synonim
: investigator
9.
Undergraduate
Meaning english : a student at a college or university who has not yet earned
a bachelor's or equivalent degree
Meaning
: sarjana
Synonym
: scholar
10. Commonly
Meaning english : belonging equally to
Meaning
: umum
Synonym
: general
Practice 3
YES/NO QUESTION

CHAPTER
11
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Do the particles stay on their beeline course ?

Does an alpha particle beam through a piece of gold foil ?
Do the alpha particles not passed through the gold foil without
Is positive charge is concen-trated in a dense mass at its core ?
Did niels bohr has problem with rutherfords idea ?
Did Bohrs model led to a wide range of accurate predictions and new
discoveries ?
Why did Rutherford on alpha particle ?
What is idea of Rutherford and many other scientists about the positive
charge and the mass of an atom ?
How does the work of an atoms positive mass ?
What is the conclusion of rutherford ?
What is niel bohrs problem with rutherfords idea ?
Why the model atom wasnt perfect ?
Objective question
1. What ernest rutherford has found that when a beam of thes tiny....
a. Negatively-charged alpha particle
b. Positively-charged alpha particle
c. Positively-charged betha particle
d. Posivitely-charged gama particle
2. Who have the idea that positive charged and the mass of an atom
a. Ernest Rutherford and many other scientists
b. Ernest Rutherford and niel bohr
c. Niel bohr and hans Geiger
d. Hans Geiger and ernes marsden
3. What do Ernest Rutherfords lab tested the idea
a. That an atoms negative mass
b. That an atoms nucleus mass
c. That an atoms positive mass
d. That an atoms electron mass
4. When the positively charged alpha particles
a. when fired at the gold foil
b. whendiflected at the gold foil
c. whenStripped at the gold foil

CHAPTER
11
d. when tested at the gold foil

5. who is the supporting idea of Rutherford
a. niel bohr
b. J.J. Thomson
c. Ernest marsden
d. Hans geiger
Parctice 4
A : hey
B : hello
A : By the way, you are going to college in which ?
B : I want to study at Islamic University of Malang
A: what you would department take?
B : department physics, want to become researchers about the atoms particles
A : By the way, the atoms could not be seen with the naked eye , they can be studied
with the tools of science since they are part of the natural world
B ; yes, right because the atoms smallest part can not be subdivided
A: yes, atoms was mostly bescattered on the earth
B : why you would become researchers ?
A : because , can inspiration from seciences muslims
B: how opinion about the atom Rutherford ?

CHAPTER
11
A :good, because he had found that when a beam of these tiny, positively-charged alpha
particles is fired through gold foil
B : what Ernest Rutherford and many other scientists had the idea that the positive
charge and the mass ?
A : an atom were evenly distributed throughout the whole atom, with electrons
scattered throughout. You can imagine this model of the atom as a loosely packed
snowball (the positive mass of the atom) with a few tiny grains of sand (the electrons)
scattered throughout
B : you are cleverly.
A : you too.
B : do you want to eat something ?
A : yes, im hungry, lets go .
parctice 5
Game
1. Share a blank paper to all participant make the participants into two groups
2. The first group, you name it "If the group", groups of two you name it
"The group then"
3. All "group if" asked to write words beginning with if
4. All "group so" was asked to write the words beginning with so
5. Limit the time of writing, 2-3 minutes
6. Ask one person voluntarily from "group if", and the first person of "the
group", each was asked to stand up and get ready to read aloud
7. You told participants : "If I say READ !, so a designated from" group if
"read his writings, then immediately followed by a designated of " group
so "
Tell me also, to this game there is a reward for a suitable partner (The
phrase "if - so" his tune)
8. If you're ready, then you are say "READ!"
Repeat again searching for a pair of other participants until completion or
until you think is quite
9.
Example : If you are a physicist, so he became a hunter

First Comet Found With Ocean Like Water

CHAPTER
12
CHAPTER 12
First Comet Found with Ocean-like Water
Practice 1
Read this following text.
New evidence supports the theory that
comets delivered a significant portion of Earth's
oceans, which scientists believe formed about 8
million years after the planet itself. The
findings, which involve a University of
Michigan astronomer, are published Oct. 5
online in Nature. "Life would not exist on Earth
without liquid water, and so the questions of
how and when the oceans got here is a
fundamental one," said U-M astronomy
professor Ted Bergin, "It's a big puzzle and
these new findings are an important piece.
"Bergin is a co-investigator on HiFi, the
Heterodyne Instrument for the Infrared on the
Hershel
Space
Observatory.
With
measurements from HiFi, the researchers found
that the ice on a comet called Hartley 2 has the
same chemical composition as our oceans. Both
have similar D/H ratios. The D/H ratio is the
proportion of deuterium, or heavy hydrogen, in
the water. A deuterium atom is a hydrogen with
an extra neutron in its nucleus.This was the first
time ocean-like water was detected in a comet.
"We were all surprised," Bergin said.
Six other comets HiFi measured in recent years
had a much different D/H ratio than our oceans,
meaning similar comets could not have been
responsible for more than 10 percent of Earth's
water.
First comet found with ocean like water

CHAPTER
12
The astronomers hypothesize that

Hartley 2 was born in a different part of the
solar system than the other six. Hartley most
likely formed in the Kuiper belt, which starts
near Pluto at about 30 times farther from the
sun than Earth is. The other six hail from the
OortCloud more than 5,000 times farther out.
The source of earth's oceans has been a subject
for debate among astronomers for decades.
Until now, asteroids were thought to have
provided most of the water. Now, however,
Herschel has shown that at least one comet
does have ocean-like water.
"The results show that the amount of
material out there that could have contributed to
Earth's oceans is perhaps larger than we
thought," Bergin said. Herschel, a European
Space
Agency
mission
with
NASA
participation, is an orbiting telescope that
allows astronomers to observe at the farinfrared wavelengths where organic molecules
and water emit their chemical signatures
By : Paul Hartogh
10.1038/nature10519http://www.sciencedaily.
com/releases/2011/10/111005131654.htm
Practice 2
Study this following vocabulary.
No
Unfamiliar
Synonym
Meaning
Portion
Section
Bagian
Liquid
Watery
Cair
Belt
Ring
Ikat pinggang

CHAPTER
12
Orbiting
Circling
Mengorbit
Infrared
Coral
Inframerah
Wavelengths
Understanding
Panjang gelombang
Signatures
Stamps
Tanda tangan
Deuterium
Deucrum
Deuterium
Fundamental
Foundation
Dasar
10
Instrument
Device
Instrument
11
Measurement
Size
Pengukuran
12
Hypothesize
Explanation
Mengadakan hipotesa
13
Contributed
Add
Kontribusi
14
Observe
Detect
Pengamatan
15
molecules
particle
molekul

CHAPTER
12
Practice 3
A. YES/NO QUESTION
1. Does the essay talk about the first finding of comet?
2. Do Hartley most likely formed in the kuiper belt?
3. Do the comet form about 6 million years after the planet it self?
4. Do the six other comets hifi measured in recent years had a much
different?
5. Do the theory form U.M astronomy professor ted bergin is true?
B. INFORMATION QUESTION
1. What does the essay talk about?
2.
Where does the first comet is found?
3. How many years the comet should from?

4. Why the sixother comet is different?
5. Who the theory is from?
OBJECTIVE QUESTION
1. What is the similarity between Hartley 2 our oceans?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The theory that comets

Life would not exist on earth without liquid water
Both have similar D/H ratio
A big puzzle and these new findings
Infrared on the Hershel space observatory
2. What is the D/H ratio?

a. The D/H ratio is the proportion of deuterium or heavy hydrogen in
the water
b. The same chemical composition
c. The extra neutron its nucleus
d. The deuterium atoms is hydrogen
e. The ocean like water

CHAPTER
12
3. How many comets which have much different D/H ratio?

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Five comets
Six comets
Eleven comets
Twenty comets
Sixteen comets
4. What is the hypothesize astronomers about Hartley 2?

a.
b.
c.
d.
The different in kuiper belt

The much in the solar
The heterodyne instrument
The Hartley 2 was born in a different part of the solar system than
the other six
e. The Hartley 2 was born in six other
5. Where is hatley most likely form?

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
In the astronomers
In the online nature
In the oceans
In the earth
In the kuiper belt
Practice 4
Practice these following conversation.
Ninda
: Hi guys, good morning
Tiwik
: Hi, good morning too
Ninda
: How are you,wik?
Tiwik
: I am fine
Ninda
: I want to tell you
something?
Tiwik
: what?
Ninda
: I have a story the title the
first Comet that exists on the ocean

Tiwik
: hmmmmbb ... I wanted to
hear his story?

CHAPTER
12
Ninda
: comet theory ispart of the Earth's oceans
Tiwik
:surely everybody there who don't yet know about this theory,
what if published too?
Ninda
: Yeah, it's a good idea.

There are scientists who believe the new formed around 8 million
years afterthe planet Earth. Involving a university of Michigan
astronomer, after it was published October 5, in the journal
nature.
Tiwik: wooowww,,,,, seems to be from a comet theory is fun

Continue the story again about comet
Ninda:UM professor of Astronomy there ted bergin said there was no life on
Earth without liquid water
Tiwik: what is the meaning of it?
Ninda: this is a great puzzle and important new findings. With HiFi
measurements, researchers found ice in the comet Hartley 2 has
the chemical composition of our oceans is like
Tiwik: what is its composition?
Ninda
: chemical composition, which consists of deuterium, a heavy

hydrogen is present inthe water.
Tiwik
: owwwhhh,,,, Yes, in which Hartley 2 is formed?
Ninda
: there is the astronomy hypothesize Hartley 2 was formed in the

kuiper belt, which began near Pluto around 30 times further from
the Sun than Earth.
Tiwik
: what are the results of this research?
Ninda
: that the number of material outside that contributes greater than

we had expected. The telescope was orbiting at a wavelength far
infrared water and organic molecules emit chemical signs.

CHAPTER
12
Practice 5
Instruction of the Game!!!
1. Create a group consisting of 5 people.
2. Each group should choose one person who will be exhibit in this game.
3. After one person came forward, the tutor will give an image with the name
of the image.
4. Once it was people who have slighted as a viewer should practise these
images without sound and his group will have to guess what words mean.
5. One answer is correct the point 10. With time 10 minutes.
Example:
Is the picture a comet
By: Yuninda Fahmayanti
Einstein On The Photoelectric Effect

CHAPTER
13
CHAPTER 13
Einstein on the Photoelectric Effect
Practice 1
Light and other electromagnetic
radiation, such as radio waves, are obviously
waves or so everyone thought. Maxwell and
Lorentz had firmly established the wave nature
of electromagnetic radiation in electromagnetic
theory. Numerous experiments on the
interference, diffraction, and scattering of light
had confirmed it. We can well appreciate the
shock and disbelief when Einstein argued in
1905 that under certain circumstances light
behaves not as continuous waves but as
discontinuous, individual particles. These
particles, or "light quanta," each carried a
"quantum," or fixed amount, of energy, much
as automobiles produced by an assembly plant
arrive only as individual, identical carsnever
as fractions of a car. The total energy of the
light beam (or the total output of an assembly
plant) is the sum total of the individual energies
of these discrete "light quanta" (or
automobiles), what are called today "photons."
Theories of matter and electromagnetic
radiation in which the total energy is treated as
"quantized" are known as quantum theories.
Although Einstein was not the first to break the
energy of light into packets, he was the first to
take this seriously and to realize the full
implications of doing so.
Like the special theory of relativity,
Einstein's quantum hypothesis arose from an
experimental puzzle and an asymmetry or
duality in physical theories.
Einstein Onthe photoelectric effect

CHAPTER
13
The duality consisted of the well-known

distinction between material atoms and
continuous ether, or, as Einstein wrote in the
opening sentence of his light quantum paper,
"between the theoretical conceptions that
physicists have formed about gases and other
ponderable bodies and the Maxwell theory of
electromagnetic processes in so-called empty
space." As noted earlier, Boltzmann and others
conceived of gases as consisting of myriads of
individual atoms, while Maxwell and Lorentz
envisioned electromagnetic processes as
consisting of continuous waves. Einstein sought
a unification of these two viewpoints by
removing the asymmetry in favor of a
discontinuous, "atomic," or quantum, theory of
light. Resolution of an experimental puzzle
encouraged this approach.
The puzzle concerned so-called
blackbody radiation, that is, the electromagnetic radiation given off by a hot, glowing
coal in a fireplace, or the radiation emerging
from a small hole in a perfectly black box
containing electromagnetic radiation at a high
temperature.. Scientists at the German bureau
of standards in Berlin, who were interested in
setting standards for the emerging electric
lighting industry in Germany, had measured the
distribution of the total electromagnetic energy
in a black boxwhich would also apply to a
glowing light bulbamong the different
wavelengths of the light.But no one until Max
Planck, at the turn of the century, was able to
give a single mathematical formula for the
observed distribution of the energy among the
emitted
wavelengths.Starting
with
the
Maxwell-Lorentz theory of radiation and some
natural assumptions about energy, Planck
hoped to derive this formula from the second
law of thermodynamics.

CHAPTER
13
Planck failed to attain the observed

formula on these assumptions. Even
Lorentz had to admit that his own
electron theory could not account for
blackbody radiation.
Only by reluctantly introducing
a radical new assumption into his
mathematics could Planck attain the
correct formula. The assumption was
that the energy of the radiation does
not act continuously, as one would
expect for waves, but exerts itself in
equal discontinuous parcels, or
"quanta," of energy. In essence Planck
had discovered the quantum structure
of electromagnetic radiation. But
Planck himself did not see it that way;
he saw the new assumption merely as a
mathematical trick to obtain the right
answer. Its significance remained for
him a mystery. Thomas Kuhn has
argued that it is not to Planck in 1900
but to Einstein in 1905 that we owe the
origins of quantum theory.
Encouraged by his brief but
successful application of statistical
mechanics to radiation in 1904, in
1905 Einstein attempted to resolve the
duality of atoms and waves by
demonstrating that part of Planck's
formula can arise only from the
hypothesis
that
electromagnetic
radiation behaves as if it actually
consists of individual "quanta" of
energy. The continuous waves of
Maxwell's equations, which had been
confirmed experimentally, could be
considered only averages over myriads
of tiny light quanta, essentially
"atoms" of light.
With his light quantum
hypothesis Einstein could not only
derive part of Planck's formula but also
account directly for certain hitherto
inexplicable
phenomena.Foremost
among them was the photoelectric
effect is the ejection of electrons from
a metal when irradiated by light.
The wave theory of light could not

yield a satisfactory account of this,
since the energy of a wave is spread
over its entire surface. Light quanta,
on the other hand, acting like little
particles, could easily eject electrons,
since the electron absorbs the entire
quantum of energy on impact.
At first Einstein believed that
the light-quantum hypothesis was
merely "heuristic": light behaved only
as if it consisted of discontinuous
quanta. But in a brilliant series of
subsequent papers in 1906 and 1907,
Einstein used his statistical mechanics
to demonstrate that when light
interacts with matter, Planck's entire
formula can arise only from the
existence of light quantanot from
waves. Einstein considered that light
quanta, together with the equivalence
of mass and energy, might result in a
reduction of electrodynamics to an
atom-based mechanics. But in 1907
he discovered that atoms in matter are
also subject to a quantum effect.
Here he made use of another
galling
experimental
problem.
Experimentalists had found that when
solid bodies were cooled, the amount
of heat they lost failed to fit a simple
formula
that
followed
from
Newtonian
mechanics.
Einstein
showed that the experiments could be
explained only on the assumption that
the oscillating atoms of the solid
lattice can have only certain, specific
energies, and nothing in between. In
other words, even the motions of
atomswhich are continuous in
Newtonian mechanicsexhibit a
quantum structure. Mechanics and
electrodynamics both required radical
revision, Einstein now concluded:
neither could yet account for the
existence of electrons or energy
quanta.
By : David Cassidy

CHAPTER
13
Practice 2
Unfamiliar Words
Meaning
Synonym
Obviously
Dengan jelas
Clearly
Firmly
Sungguh-sungguh
Seriously
Circumstances
Kenyataan
Fact
Ponderable
Dapat ditimbang
Cogitable
Conceived
Memahami
Understand
Myriads
Banyak sekali
Innumerable
Unification
Penyatuan
Combination
Envision
Membayangkan
Iumagine
Asymmetry
Asimetri
Imbalance
Oscillating
Bergerak kesana=-
move
kemari
Practice 3
A. YES/NO QUESTION
1. Had Maxwell and Lorentz firmly established the wave nature of
electromagnetic radiation in electromagnetic theory?
2. Is the ejection of electrons from a metal when irradiated by light called
photoelectric efffect ?
3. Is the light have quanta characteristic ?
4. Does Einstein unbelieved that the light-quantum hypothesis was merely
"heuristic": light behaved only as if it consisted of discontinuous quanta?
5. Does Einstein concluded that neither could yet account for the existence of
electrons or energy quanta?

CHAPTER
13
1. What is the meaning of photoelectric effect?

2. Who has the assumption that the energy of the radiation does not act
continuously, as one would expect for waves, but exerts itself in equal
discontinuous parcels, or "quanta," of energy?
3. Why is the wave theory of light could not explain the photoelectric effect and
the ejection of electrons from a metal when irradiated by light?
4. When does Einstein discovered that atoms in matter are also subject to a
quantum effect?
5. How is Einsteins effort to resolve the duality of atoms and waves?
OBJECTIVE QUESTION
1.
The total energy of the light beam (or the total output of an assembly
plant) is the sum total of the individual energies of these discrete "light
quanta" (or automobiles), what are called today ".........."
a.
Photoelectric
b.
Light
c.
Photons
d.
Quantized
2. The puzzle concerned so-called blackbody radiation, that is, the electro-
magnetic radiation given off by a hot, glowing coal in a fireplace, or the

radiation emerging from a small hole in a perfectly black box containing
electromagnetic radiation at ...................
a.
a low temperature
b.
a high temperature
c.
a medium temperature
d.
a and b is True
3. Who has the assumption that the energy of the radiation does not act
continuously, as one would expect for waves, but exerts itself in equal
discontinuous parcels, or "quanta," of energy?
a.
Planck
b.
Maxwell
c.
Einstien
d.
Boltzman
4. Photoelectric effect is.............


CHAPTER
13
a.
The ejection of protons from a metal when irradiated by wave.
b.
The ejection of electrons from a metal when irradiated by wave.
c.
The ejection of electrons and protons from a metal when irradiated

by light.
d.
The ejection of electrons from a metal when irradiated by light.
5. At first Einstein believed that the light-quantum hypothesis was merely
"...",it means light behaved only as if it consisted of discontinuous quanta..

a.
Heuristic
b.
Light quanta
c.
Heuristic
d.
Quanta
Practice 4
B: Hi my friend...
A: Hi
B: How are you?
A: Fine, how about you?
B: Not so bad.By the way, I still dont understand about some physic materials
yesterday.
A: Is it about light and
electromagnetic radiations?
B: Yes. Can you explain clearly
to me what are actually them?
A:
Actually,
light
and
electromagnetic radiation,
other
such
as
radio waves, are obviously waves.do

you know Maxwell and Lorentz?
B: Yes, I have read about them.
A: Good. They had firmly established the wave nature of electromagnetic
radiation in electromagnetic theory. The other scientistsconceived of gases as

CHAPTER
13
consisting of myriads of individual atoms, while Maxwell and Lorentz

envisioned electromagnetic processes as consisting of continuous waves.
B: How about Einsteins theory?
A: Einstein argued that under certain circumstances light behaves not as
continuous waves but as discontinuous, individual particles.Like the special
theory of relativity, Einstein's quantum hypothesis arose from an experimental
puzzle and an asymmetry or duality in physical theories.
B: Emmmmm....So, what is the relation between them?
A: About the Maxwell and Lorentz viewpoints, Einstein sought a
unificationby removing the asymmetry in favor of a discontinuous, "atomic,"
or quantum, theory of light.
B: Okay, it is clearer now. Thanks so
much, you are very smart.
A: Youre welcome. But I am not as that smart. I still confused about some
material. Especially about the oscillating atoms in gases and other ponderable
particle.
B: Lets go to the library!
A: A good idea! Lets go!
B: We will go to library by motorcycle.
A: Okay.
Practice 5
1.Find the familiar word in the table below and give a mark!
2. The words are based on the glosarium.
3. The words are maybe across formation, left formation, right formation, up
formation and down formation.
4. After that, write down your answer under the table!

CHAPTER
13
Answer:
1. ...................................................
2. ...................................................
3. ...................................................
4. ...................................................
5. ...................................................
6. ...................................................
7. ...................................................
8. ...................................................
9. ...................................................
10. ...................................................
By:Ifham Arifuddin
Alternative Current And Direct Current Generator

CHAPTER
14
CHAPTER 14
Alternating Current and Direct Current Generator
Practice 1
A wire loop rotates withinthe magnetic
field generated by a magnet, whichinduces an
AC voltage between the loopterminals. The
periodic change of the voltage polarity is due to
the change of the position of the coil relatively
to the magnetic poles. The amplitude of the
voltage depends on themagnetic field strength
and is also directlyproportional to the rotating
speed [1, 2, 3, 4]. Ifthe magnetic field is uniform
and the rotation speed is constant, the voltage
induced between with a metal ring divided into
two isolated halves(segments), which are
mounted in the axis. Thistype of commutator is
denominated collector.
Each terminal of the loop is connected to
asegment of the collector. When the loop
rotates,an AC voltage is induced in the coil,
exactly asin the AC generator. But, before
reaching the load, the induced voltage is
transformed into aDC voltage by the collector
(Fig. 4), whichworks as a mechanical rectifier.
The contactsegments of the collector move to a
differentin brush each half turn of the loop,
keeping an unidirectional current flowing
through theelectrical load of the circuit [1].
The rotation speed has to be well
determinedso that the final result is the expected
one. Asstated before, the rotation speed
influences theinduced voltage amplitude and
frequency.
Instead of a simple loop, an iron core
coilwith 1241 turns of 0,16 mm2 varnished
copper
wire was used. The iron core and its windings
are shown in Fig. 5.
Alternative current and direct current generator

CHAPTER
14
The magnetic field used to induce a voltageFig. 8

and Fig. 9 illustrate how the rings andcollector unit
was built in a more comprehensive mechanical
power meter was needed and it wasway.
andIn Fig. 8, a cross-section of this unit is
shown,revealing how electrical connections were
madeone terminal of the coil was connected to one
ofthe smaller disks and to one of the halves of
thelarger disk (collector); the other terminal
wasconnected to the other smaller disk and to other
half of the larger one.
Fig. 9 shows a panoramic view of
theassembly
and
the
generator
outputs
responsiblefor supplying alternating or direct
current to anelectrical load. In order to make the
generatoroperate properly, the DC output
brushespositions must be displaced by 180 from
eachother. The AC output brushes may be
placedspeed influences the induced voltage
amplitudeanywhere on the respective disks.
By : Pedro Portela, JooSep lveda, JooSena Esteves
Yahoo.com/generator
Practice 2
Study this following vocabulary
Unfamiliar
Meaning
devinition
Wire
Kabel
Coil
Kumparan
Friction
Gesekan
Metal drawn out into a long starand, as thick as

strig or as thin as thread
A legth of something wound into a loop or
loops
The rubbing together of two thing
Convert
Mengubah
To change from one thing into another
Entire
Seluruh
All of thing
Influence
Menyebabkan
The power to affect people, actions or event
Convenient
Cocok
Suitable, not causing trouble or difficulty

CHAPTER
14
Practice 3
A. YES/NO QUESTION.
1. Does speed of spinning of wire influence magnitude of amplitude of
voltage?
2. Can mechanical energy changed to electrical energy?
3. Does wide of coil influence magnitude of amplitude of voltage?
4. Can dynamo produce direct current?
5. Can alternator produce alternating current?
1. How isshape of wave alternating current (AC)?
2. How isshape of wave direct current (DC)?
3. What is something influence magnitude of amplitude of voltage?
4. How does generator work?
5. What is the differences of AC and DC?
C. OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Whatisthedevicecanchangemechanicalenergytoelectricalenergy?
a. Trcator
b. Generator
c. Transformator
d. Cabulator
2. What is something influence magnitude of amplitude of voltage, except?

a. Amount of trun of coil
magnet
b. Speed of rotation
c. Strength of field
d.color of magnet
3. Whatissomethinginfluencemechanicalenergylossesinprocesstransformingme
chanicalenergyintoelectricalenergy?
a. Frictionpoints
b. Subtance of wire
c. Mass of coil d. Shape of
coil
4. Whatistheshape of magnet of generator generally?
a. Rectengle
b. Circle
c. U
d. triangle
5. Howmanycoaxialprintedcircuitboarddiskwithcoil on top?
a. One
b. Two
c. Three
d. Four

CHAPTER
14
Practice 4
James : hi, justin. Howareyoutoday?
Justin : i amfinetoday. And you?
James : iamfinetoo. Bytheway, do youknowwhatisgenerator?
Justin : generator is a devicecanchangemechanicalenergyintoelectricalenergy.
James : oh, whatissubtances of generator?
Justin : itssubtancesis magnet, wire, ring, and turbin.
James : canyoutellme, whatisthefunction of thosesubtances?
Justin : yes, magnet as source of field magnet, wire as
coilthatcurrentelectricityflowthere, ring as positivepolarandnegativepolar,
andthelast turbin as rotater of coil. Butifthereis not turbin
youcanchangeitwithothermover, likewheel.
James : youaresoclever. The lastcanyoutellme, howdoes generator work?
Justin : Turbin rotatescoilinthefield magnet, soflowelectricalcurrent,
andcontinuedto ring as katode and anode.
James : thanksjustin, i findmanynewknowledgetoday. Nice tomeetyou.
Justin : nicetomeetyoutoo.

CHAPTER
14
Practice 5
The name of the game is Secret Sentence. Secret Sentence is how to say the
sentence clearly to the friends that stay behind the captain.
The rule of the game are:
1. Please make three group in each group there are 5 person
2. Please choose one person in each group to become the captain of group
3. And then choose one person again for stay behind
4. In each group please make straight line
5. The captain will give one sentence and must memorise the sentence
6. After that the captain say to his or her friend that behind the captain and
continue until behind or the last person
7. Then, the person who stay behind must say laudly the sentence that listen
from the friends
8. All of the group must obey to this rule
9. Are you ready????
By: Chaidar Ahmad
The Physics Of Rainbow

CHAPTER
15
CHAPTER 15
The physics of Rainbow
Practice 1
As we are coming down to the final
weeks of winter, the days are getting longer,
and it is slowing starting to warm up. We are all
looking forward to springtime, with its
promises of flowers and rain. Along with this
rain brings reminders of rainbows. As Donald
Ahrens says in the Meteorology Today
magazine, rainbows are one of the most
spectacular light shows observed on earth
(About). In fact, one of the best ways to view
a rainbow at its utmost beauty is when half of
the sky is still dark with clouds, and the
observer is standing at a spot where the sky is
clear (Rainbow). All of the different colors of
the rainbow are very recognizable and
memorable to all who observe them. Many
children are taught the Roy G. Biv mnemonic
as young children, learning the basic
knowledge about rainbows. Whenever I see
one, I am reminded of the beauty of the earth
and how amazing creation is, with its power to
boost our spirits and remind us of Gods
promise. A rainbow is defined as an optical
and meteorological phenomenon that causes a
nearly continuous spectrum of light to appear in
the sky when the sun shines onto droplets of
moisture
in
the
Earths
atmosphere
(Rainbow). A rainbow takes the shape of an
arc with its various colors of red, orange,
yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. Getting
more acquainted with rainbows and how they
are formed, however, can help to understand
and appreciate the full effects of such an
amazing feature of the Earth.
There are two main aspects that
influence a rainbow
THE PHYSICS OF RAINBOW

CHAPTER
15
and these include the altitude of the sun and the

size of the raindrops (The Rainbow). The
sunlight is refracted, which means the bending
of light as it passes from one medium to
another. This refraction makes different
wavelengths, or colors, of the white light from
the sun to separate. Determining whether or
not the wavelengths will go through the
raindrops or reflect always depends on the
angle that the light falls on the backside of the
raindrop (The Rainbow). Red light is refracted
by a smaller angle than blue light, and when
leaving the raindrop, the red rays of light have
gone through a smaller angle than that of the
blue rays (Rainbow). If a certain wavelength
hits the back of a raindrop at a less than 48
degree angle, the light will pass through a
sphericalraindrop, but if the light does not go
through and strikes back, the light will be
reflected. The process of light bouncing off of
the raindrop through reflection is repeated for
many different raindrops, thus creating a
rainbow. It will pass over the watcher, hit the
rain droplets, and come back to the observer, so
we can view the rainbow (The Rainbow). It is
also important to note that whenever someone
observes a rainbow, the sun is always at their
back (Rainbow).
The Bow
In addition to how rainbows are formed
through sunlight and raindrops, what actually
makes the shape, or bow of the
rainbow? This idea was first discussed by Rene
Descartes in 1637. Descartes had many ideas
and drawings of how the shape of the rainbow
can be understood and explained. He asked
people to imagine how light is reflectedthrough
the raindrop, how it is reflected by curved,
mirror-like insides of a raindrop, and how it a
refracts s it leaves the drop. Furthermore, if we
think about how this process is applied to
many, many raindrops, we can then start to
perceive the shape of the rainbow.

CHAPTER
15
Colors of the Rainbow

In addition to seeing the shape of the
rainbow, the array of colors is what really
stands out to us. The rays of light that are
dispersed as a result of reflection and refraction
show a series of colors called the visible
spectrum (Serway). From our mnemonic of
Roy G. Biv, we know that these colors are
red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and
violet (Rainbow). The angle of deviation of
these colors depends on the wavelength. Red
light deviates the least, and violet light deviates
the most. Therefore, the remaining colors in
the spectrum fall in between these two extremes
of wavelengths (Serway). The Red light will
emerge from the raindrop at an angle of 42
degrees, while the violet light emerges at a 40
degree angle to the rainbow observers line of
vision. It is important to note that only one
color of the spectrum is given off from each
individual raindrop, and that the combination of
all the many raindrop that each color in the
array has its own angle of deviation, and that all
of these colors can be combined again to form
the original white sunlight (Serway)s is what
will produce the wide array of colors that we
can
see
with
the
unaided
eye
(Formation). Isaac Newton explained. He
discovered this property of sunlight in
1666. This concept is the first way to explain
why we can see colors arise from a
rainbow. The other reason is that light from
different colors can be refracted by different
amounts as it passes from one medium, such as
air, into another medium, such as water. The
reason that we see the blue light on the inside
of the arc of the rainbow is because blue light is
refracted more than red light, which is on the
top of the bow (About). For this reason, the
color bands of the rainbow have always been in
the same order; therefore, Roy G. Biv should
never change his name (Formation).
By : Jennifer Birky

CHAPTER
15
Practice 2
Unfamiliar
Meaning
Synonym
Words
Recognizable
Admit
Droplets
Bead
Acquainted
Abrest
Spherical
Circular
Raindrop
Drizzle
Unaided
Abandoned
Bands
belt
Practice 3
YES/NO QUESTIONS
1. Is rainbows are one of the most spectacular light shows observed on earth?
2. Is aspects that influence a rainbow are altitude of the sun and the size of
the raindrops?
3. Is the process of light bouncing off of the raindrop through reflection is
repeated for many different raindrops will creating a rainbow?
4. Is a rainbow have three-dimensional cone figure?
5. Is Isac Newton discovered this property of sunlight in 1666?
INFORMATION QUESTION:
1. How the best ways to view a rainbow at its utmost beauty?
2. What the defined of a rainbow?
3. How if the light does not go through a spherical raindrop and strikes back?
4. What is the visible spectrum?
5. What Isaac Newton explained?

CHAPTER
15
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. How many aspects that influence a rainbow?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
2. Who discovered property of sunlight?
a) Albert Einstein
b) Isac Newton
c) Alexander Graham Bell
d) Max Planck
3. What the colour of rainbow?
a)
red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet
b)
red, orange, black, green, blue, pink, and violet
c)
red, orange, yellow, green, blue, grey, and violet
d)
red, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet
4. It on paragraph 2 line 13 refers to
a) Rainbow
b) Refraction
c) Light
d) Wavelength
5. Who says in the Meteorology magazine?
a) serway
b) Thomy jhones
c) Roy G. Biv
d) Donald Ahrens
Practice 4
Robeth : morning Vira...
Vira : Hey you, morning Beth, where will you go?
Robeth : emm i will talk a walk this morning because i feel relax now, are you
will follow me?
Vira : yeah, its no problem because there is no tasks to do something today

CHAPTER
15
Robeth : okay, lets go Viraa..

Vira : eits, before we talk a walk i will change my t-shirt first
Robeth : okay, i will wait you..
After 25 minutes..
Robeth : ey what do you see in there?
Vira : eyy look at there, there is rainbow is very beautiful, the different colours of
rainbow are very recognizable and memorable.
Robeth : ouh yeah, what a beautiful rainbow <3
Vira : this is nice to see this morning
Robeth : yeaa of course, by the way why the rainbow is happen?
Vira : its happen because appear in the sky when sun shine droplet of moisture in
the earth atmosphere. What do you think now?
Robeth : i think what the powerful of our god, subhanallah..
Vira : just because a raindrop could make difference of colours
Robeth : mmm i think like that. Most gracious and most mercifull so we can enjoy
it.
Vira : so we not just enjoy and not thinking about it, we must think what on it, and
learn about it, so we can get a point of it.
Robeth : i think meet up is enough because i will do a job
Vira : yeaa see you next time Robeth, nice to meet you
Practice 5
FIND THE WORD HAVE CONNECTED ON THE TEXT

CHAPTER
15
V B J
H T
H H
Y J
M Y
U E
V H C I
D R O
U F
V F
V U H U A
R A
N E W Y K
S Y O L
K A
C D E
U N
U O
D D
U G O K E
B W
X E F
Y S
D V
N T
L N L
L I
L F
X X
A F
S G E
U H
G R J
O V
W H W I
B A N
E S
C s
K G
D S
N G
G A
E G Z
N R
E X G Y T
E T
R A I
N D
G T
D A I
S T N
N F
W X
K Y
P F
M Q H G
M R
W E
U U
G T
L K N M O
P Y O
W E
B I
L L
U O
O A C
V S
O A Z P
U J
W H
A P
O K E A D
B I
E N B
R N
U M O O X
B D
A C
W F S
M I
U R
X Z
S Z M Z
M E
P K H
A A
X I
D L
M C
D I
S O I
D A
W A N
E A
N P
L S
E X P L
Y T
By: Elvira Azizah
Radiation
CHAPTER
16
CHAPTER 16
Radiation
Practice 1
Radiation is the process of transmitting
energy through space. Radiation can consist of
both waves and/or particles. Though both,
waves
and
particles,
have
similar
characteristics, radiation is for the most part in
one form or the other. Throughout this paper,
the different types of radiation will be
explained as well as their interactions with
matter, except for one. The exposure, absorbed
dose and dose equivalent of radiation along
with the instruments used to detect radiation
will be specified also. The last of the
information dealing with radiation will deal
with standard exposure to radiation and
radiation's biological effects dealing with its
factors.
The three main types of radiation
include Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Radiation.
Alpha Radiation is the most massive types of
radiation. It is a particle ejected at a high speed
from the nucleus of some, not all, radioactive
atoms. An alpha particle is a combination of
four particles, two protons and two neutrons,
which have a charge of positive two. Due to
their mass and electrical charge, alpha particles
slow down extremely quick and do not
penetrate very far. They can not penetrate the
dead layer of skin that covers the body.
Therefore, alpha radiation poses no real hazard
when exposed outside the body. The next type
of radiation is Beta Radiation. Beta Radiation is
oddly identical to an electron except that it
comes from the nucleus, not from the outer
shells. Beta radiation has both electrons and
positrons.
RADIATION
Radiation
CHAPTER
16
The electrons, negative, come from

isotopes that just have too many neutrons,
while the positrons, positive, come from
radioactive isotopes that have too many
protons. Beta particles have a much lesser mass
than alpha particles, which let beta particles
penetrate much farther than alpha radiation.
Energetic beta particles, unlike alpha, can
penetrate the dead outer layer of skin and
possibly damage living tissue. Even though
they are more penetrating, made is called
bremsstrahlung.
Whenever charged particles are
increased or decreased, an electromagnetic ray
is then created. The speed of the electrons is
then increased around the nucleus because of
the attractive force of opposite charges. When
electrons reach high velocity levels, this occurs
leading to a high atomic number. This process
is how x-ray machines produce x-rays.
The third and final type of radiation is
Nuclear Radiation. In nuclear radiation,
neutrons can be given off during nuclear
reactions and, they can be given out by decay
of certain radionuclides. This rarely occurs with
naturally occurring radionulcides. Neutrons can
be absorbed or scattered by the nucleus of
atoms they interact themselves with. When the
neutrons are absorbed, nuclear radiation is
possible and often is in the output of secondary
radiation.
By : john cenna
123help.com
RADIATION
Radiation
CHAPTER
16
Practice 2
Unfamiliar
Meaning
Synonym
Words
Transmitting
Memancarkan
Electromagnetic
Elektromagnet
Nuclear
Nuklir
Radioactive
Radioaktif
Speed
Kecepatan
Mass
Massa
Protons
Proton
Practice 3
A. YES/NO QUESTION
1. is radiation include process of transmitting energy through space.?
2. Is alpha,beta and gamma include of radiation.?
3. Is alpha particle include combination of two particles.?
4. Is Beta Radiation included oddly identical to an electron except that it
comes from the nucleus, not from the outer shells.?
5.
Is nuclear radiation include possible and often is in the output of

secondary radiation.?
1. what mean about Radiation?
2. Whatonly types of radiation ?
3. There are many alpha particle on a combination.?
4. What mean about Beta radiation.?
5. What mean about nuclear radiation.?
RADIATION
Radiation
CHAPTER
16
OBJECTIVE QUESTION
1.
Examples of beta radiation is

a) Electrons and positrons
b) Electrons and protons
c) Electron and neutrons
2.
type of radiation is
a) Sound waves, Alpha, and Ray-x
b) Alpha, Beta, and Gamma
c) Beta, gamma, and Photoelectric Effect
3.
Combination of alpha particles is...

a) four particles, two protons and two neutrons
b) four protons, two neutrons and two particles
c) four neutrons, two particles and two protons
4.
Why speed of the electrons is then increased around the nucleus

a) Because of the attractive force of protons
b) Because of the attractive force of opposite charges
c) Because of the attractive force of neutrons
5.
What is the definition of radiation

a) Radiation is the process of transmitting energy through space
b) Radiation is the process of transmitting electron through space
c) Radiation is the process of transmitting protons through space
RADIATION
Radiation
CHAPTER
16
Practice 4
Vinda : Assalamualaikum warohmatullahi wabarokatuh
Hilma : Waalaikumussalam warohmatullahi wabarokatuh
Vinda : Sis, what are you busy?
Hilma :No so why?
Vinda : I have homework, and I still confuse, can you help me ?
Hilma : of, course, what subject ?
Vinda :the subject is physic... this is about Radiation, do you know what mean
about Radiation?
Hilma :ooooooohh, it is simple,Radiation is the process of transmitting energy
through space.Any other question ?
Vinda : Yes, there is. what mean about alpha particle?
Hilma :alpha particle is a combination of four particles, two protons and two
neutrons, which have a charge of positive two.
Vinda : if so, what difference alpha particle and beta particle?
Hilma:The difference alpha particle and beta particle isalpha particle is a
combination of four particles, two protons and two neutrons, which have a
charge of positive two andBeta Radiation is oddly identical to an electron
except that it comes from the nucleus, not from the outer shells.
Vinda : Subhanallah, you are smart !!
Hilma : Alhamdulillah, oke friend im go first, because there is````` somthing to
do
Vinda : Yes, thanks you very much,
Hilma : you are welcome, see you next time
Vinda :bye bye, be carefull
RADIATION
Radiation
CHAPTER
16
Practice 5
1.find the unfamiliar words in a box
2. then the kta searched under the
3. a word searched for perhaps his position ishorizontal, vertical, diagonal and
even upside down
4. If it is found, then the search for the next word
PLAY GAME
RADIATION
E
UNFAMILIAR VOCABULARIES
1. RADIATION
2. PARTICLE
7. SPEED
3. TRANSMITTING
8. MASS
4. ELEKTROMAGNETIC
9. PROTONS
5. NUCLEAR
6.
RADIOACTIVE
RADIATION
By: Neny Avinda
Temperature and heat

CHAPTER
17
CHAPTER 17
TEMPERATUR AND HEAT

Practice 1
The heat is one of type energy, the

existence of heat very important to everyone in
the world. Most of energy which use by human
is energy from heat. The machine which use by
factory, vechile, plane, ship, etc use energy
from heat. The chemistry energy which save in
the burn material change to the heat, before
change to kinetic energy to activation that
machines.
The heat if give to the thing can make
temperatur go up, so that thing will expand.
The expand can see from the change of size,
wide, or the volume of the thing. Besides that
heat also can change form of the thing. The
solid form change to liquid form, and the liquid
form change to steam form. As an one of type
energy, heat will movement. The heat
movement can through from solid form, liquid
form or steam form.
When make a cup of coffee, what
happen to the spoon when it stir a cup of hot
coffee? Of course the tip of spoon more and
more will feel hot. The movement hot like that
called the movement heat as conduction. The
movement heat as conduction which the hot
move without the composer particles of that
thing. The heat conduction at the solid thing
there are fastly and slowly. The material which
can movement the heat finely called conductor.
The material which slow or can not movement
the heat finely called isolator.
When cook a water at the pan,
which the part of pan feel hot? Of course the

CHAPTER
17
base water in the pan will feel hot

earlier because that part is close from
the heat source. The movement hot like
that called movement heat as
convection because the movement
happen from fluida (liquid and steam
form). The movement heat as
convection which the hot move with
the composer particles of that thing. If
one of fluida burn so that part will
expand and the size will increase. The
movement go up and go down of fluida
will carry the energy. And that
movement will make the fluida current
which called convection current.
Radiation is movement or
spreading the heat which do not needed
mediator. The heat energy which
spreading
at
the
type
of
electromagnetic
swell.
At
the
spreading, electromagnetic swell do
not needed mediator and can passing
through the so far distance until one
hundred and five million kilometers.
Radiation can product from the things
like sun, lamp, fire, etc. The thing
which hot there are have glow and
have not glow.
Source: Slamet, Adeng dkk. 2009.
Bahan Ajar Cetak Praktikum IPA 2
sks. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan
Nasional.
Practice 2
Unfamiliar
Meaning
Synonym
Words
heat
Panas
hot
liquid
Cair
diluted
solid
Padat
compact

CHAPTER
17
fluida
Cairan dan gas
Liquid and steam form
swell
Gelombang
wave
glow
Pijar
blaze
composer
Penyusun
Compiler
expand
Memuai
change of size, wide, or the

volume of the thing.
spreading
Menyebar
Creeping
steam
Uap
Fume
Practice 3
YES/NO QUESTION
1. Did the existence of heat very important to everyone in the world?

2. Can we see the expand of the thing from the increase small of the thing?
3. Is it right the movement heat as conduction move without the composer
particles of that thing?
4. Is it right the base water in the pan when cook a water at the pan will feel hot
earlier?
5. Is movement or spreading the heat radiation needed mediator?
1. What is the heat?
2. How if the heat give to the thing?
3. Why the spoon when it stir a cup of hot coffee more and more feel hot?
4. Where is the part of pan feel hot earlier?
5. When we know that radiation can product?

CHAPTER
17
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Most of energy which use by human is energy from heat. What is the thing
which use energy from heat?
a. Pedicab
b. Plane
c. Fan
d. Biclycle
2. The expand can see from the change of ...
a. Size
b. Wide
c. Volume
d. a, b, c right
3. The material which slow or can not movement the heat finely called ...
a. Radiation
b. Conductor
c. Isolator
d. Convection
4. The movement heat as convection happen from fluida. What is fluida?
a. liquid and steam form
b. liquid and solid form
c. solid and steam form
d. liquid and liquid from
5. Radiation can product from the things like ...
a. Fire
b. Sun
c. Lamp
d. a, b, c right

CHAPTER
17
Practice 4
Zaki: Ron, have you read that article about temperatur and heat?
Roni: No, I have not. Why?
Zaki: Really? How pity you are!
Roni: Whats up? Any important information in that articles?
Zaki: Of course. The heat is one of type energy, the existence of heat very
important to everyone in the world. Most of energy which use by human is energy
from heat.
Roni: Amazing! What is the connection of heat and temperatur, Ki?
Zaki: Heat give to the thing can make temperatur go up, so that thing will
expand. The expand can see from the change of size, wide, or the volume
of the thing. Besides that, heat also can change form of the thing. The solid
form change to liquid form, and the liquid form change to steam form.
Roni: Oh I see. Then, what is liquid and steam form?
Zaki: Liquid is a diluted object like water, and steam object is a fume form like
smoke.
Roni: How about the expand? What is that?
Zaki: Expand is the increase of the thing because of heat give to the thing can
make temperatur go up, the expand can see from the change of size, wide,
or the volume of the thing.
Roni: Oh. I have hear that steam and liquid form called fluida. Is it right?
Zaki: Yes, correctly. Do you know about conduction, convection and radiation,
Roni?
Roni: Little bit. Can you explain me about them?
Zaki: The movement heat without the hot move the composer particles of that
thing called conduction. The movement heat with the hot move the
composer particles of that thing called convection. Radiation is movement
or spreading the heat which do not needed mediator.
Roni: You are so amazing! Can I ask again?
Zaki: Its OK.
Roni: Why at radiation do not needed mediator to movement or spreading the
heat?

CHAPTER
17
Zaki: Radiation is movement or spreading the heat which do not needed mediator
because the heat energy which spreading at the type of electromagnetic
swell. At the spreading, electromagnetic swell do not needed mediator and
can passing through the so far distance until one hundred and five million
kilometers.
Roni: Wow. It articles is so many information of knowledge.
Zaki: Yes. You are right. You must read it.
Roni: Can I borrow this? I promise to give back on time, please.
Zaki: I trust you. Read it carefully.
Practice 5
The Game Talking Stick
We can make a game from talking stick. Talking stick is a game which
transfer a stick with talk or answer a question from teacher/ lecture/ instructor.
The instruction of the game is the teacher preaper the beautiful and simple stick
and also the essay or articles with the title Temperatur And Heat for that game.
The students read carefully about the the essay or articles, the teacher give the
stick to the student at the behind corner, we can play some music and can sing that
song when the student transfer the stick to friend at his/ her side. Then the teacher
stop the music and give a question about the articles to the student which hold on
the stick, then the stick transfer again with play the music again. If any student
didnt answer the question from teacher, the teacher must give punishment like
ask the student to sing a song in front of the.
By: Muhammad Anas Mubarok
Fossils Fuels
CHAPTER
18
CHAPTER 18
Fossils Fuels
Practice 1
Fossil fuels are created from organic

material that was created millions of years ago.
Petroleum, a fossil fuel gets its name from two
words, "petra" meaning rock and "oleum"
which means oil. Petroleum is drilled in order
to search for oil. Also to determine the size of a
reserve, as well as to produce oil and gas at a
controlled rate.
There are different ways to recover
Petroleum. One of which is primary recovery.
In this method, all flows are from natural
pressure or simple pumping. The maximum
recovery is thirty percent of the oil in the well.
Secondary recovery pumps water or gas into
the well to force oil out. Through this, an
additional ten to twenty percent can be
recovered.
On March 11, 2002 we learned the
difference between gasoline engines and diesel
engines. Gasoline engines give low power, low
efficiency, are quiet, have an easy cold start,
cause less pollution, controlled emissions, and
easily converted. Diesel engines give high
power, high efficiency, are noisy, difficult cold
start, more pollution, and it is more difficult to
control emissions.
There are severe environmental impacts
from fossil fuel use. These impacts are found in
all
stages,
recovery,
transportation,
refining,storage,and end use. During recovery
of coal, the earth suffers destruction of topsoil
as well as acidic run off creating orange creeks
and land subsidence.
FOSSILS FUELS
Fossils Fuels
CHAPTER
18
Petroleum production causes on land and off

shore drilling as well as gushers and accidents.
During transportation accidents can occur and
are pretty much routine. This causes massive
pollution of the seas. Preparation or refining
creates refuse and sludge from coal cleaning
plants. With petroleum air and water pollution
are caused. In storage, gasoline leaks in
underground tanks at gas stations are a threat.
During end use, pollutants from combustion
occur. Also, the release of sulfur and nitrogen
oxides pose a threat.
On March 18,2002 we learned of
measures to reduce the environmental pollution
from fossil fuel use. Amendments passed in
1990 placed limits on hydrocarbon emissions.
Also, mandatory emission testing was placed
on vehicles. in 1992 during the Earth Summet
in Rio one hundred and six countries
participated. An international treaty was raised
to reduce CO2 emissions to 1990 levels and
stabalize concentration of CO2 in the
atmosphere. 1997 kyoto Protocal was created to
reduce emissions in developed countries. US
congress refused to approve it. Some major
challenges we face now are the reduction of
fossil fuel use, increasing population, and
industrialization of developing nations.
By : Jack D
http://www.123HelpMe.com/view.asp?id=3515
Practice 2
Unfamiliar Words
Meaning
Synonym
Petroleum
Minyak tanah
Crude oil
Maximum
Maksimum
Maximal
Engines
Mesin
Generator
FOSSILS FUELS
Fossils Fuels
CHAPTER
18
Stabalize
Menstabilkan
Balance
Emissions
Pengeluaran
Discharge
Pollution
Pencemaran
Abuse
Amendments
Usul perbaikan
reform
Efficiency
Efensiensi
ability
Routine
Rutin
conventional
Reduction
Penurunan
contraction
Practice 3
YES/NO QUESTION
1. Was fossil fuels created thousand of year ago ?
2. Is petra meaning a building ?
3. Is minimum recovery that thirty percent of the oil in the well ?
4. Is diferrence between gasoline engines and diesel engines ?
5. Is fossil fuels get with drilled in underground of the earth ?
1. What created are fossil fuels ?
2. What diferrence between gasoline engines and diesel engines ?
3. How many participed are the Earth Summet in Rio?
4. Where is the place very concetration of CO2 ?
5. What the name a some gas to reduce in atmosphere ?
OBJECTIVE QUESTION
1.Fossil fuels are created from .....
a. Non organic material
b. Rock material
c. Organic material
FOSSILS FUELS
Fossils Fuels
CHAPTER
18
2.Where the the Earth Summet in 1992 with 106 countries participant ?
a. In indonesia
b. In italia
c. In rio
3.What the meaning of petra ?
a. Building
b. Star
c. Rock
4.In 1990 levels and stabalize concentration in in the atmosphere .....
a. CO2
b. Na
c. H2O
5.How many percent an additional can be recovered .....
a.
30-45 %
b.
1-10 %
c.
10-20 %
Practice 4
As Doni
As sinta
Doni : Sin, you know issue that the price of BBM increase be Rp. 8.500,- ?
Sinta : Yes i know, i am not agree and not effeciency, because the people will
very hard life result increase BBM, in every day we routine use BBM to
everything and also the all prize matter food cannt stabilize
FOSSILS FUELS
Fossils Fuels
CHAPTER
18
Doni : I think wisdom the president to increase BBM is the great idea, because
we awere about the fossil fuels in earth more finished if we use maximum
and then you know in everday many pollution result machine
interruption
Sinta : Are you know that fossil fuels created ?
Doni : Yes, i know, fossil fuels was created from organic material and was
created in millions years ago
Sinta : how we get the fossil oil ?
Doni : by means of a drill underground and pick it up from the bowels of the
Earth
Sinta : Why petroleum should be research in underground of earth ?
Doni : Because petroleum is derived from fossils of living creatures millions of
years ago who suffered weathering to become fossil fuel.
Sinta : Now I know why we should conserve fossil fuels, if not maybe one day
we will run out and there is no backup and we as young generation can
make engine go and also with small emissions gas CO2
Doni : Well it's a good idea, you know that the day the need for fossil fuel
increasing fossil fuel reserves and reduction pollution in earth.
Sinta : OK thanks for the information.
Doni : Your welcome, see you next time, bye
FOSSILS FUELS
Fossils Fuels
CHAPTER
18
Practice 5
STRIKE DEAD
Instruction :
1. Make 8 group where each group contain 5 members.

2. Each group form a line face to face with another group, like as this :
3. After that, members in the lead from each goup take a strike tool like as racket
where function the racket as strike tool to rival group and safetly head tool as
safe head when strike.
4. And then, the guide play a music, and when suddenly music stop, members in
the lead list name word clue with the topic fossil fuels which give the guide
with quickly.
5. If the members not list the word clue with quickly, then the rival can strike use
racket for that members cannt list name word quickly .
6. And then, the people get strike must out from the line.
Out
7. The winner is the group have many members in the line and the losser is the
group which many members out in the line.
By: Dewi Dwi Hapsari
FOSSILS FUELS
Electricity and its uses

CHAPTER
19
CHAPTER 19
Electricity and Its Uses
Practice 1
Introduction:
Now-a-days electricity has become
quite-common in the world. Everybody sees the
wonderful work of electricity. The lights on the
streets are lit by the electric current. Electric
fans work in the court, high court and officerooms. Trains and trams are run by the electric
power. So, electricity is no longer a strange
thing.
Discovery of electricity:
About six hundred years back the
people of Asia Minor and Greece had a very
crude idea of electricity. Next, the American
Scientist Banjamin Franklin proved with the
help of a kite that there is electric power in the
clouds. The lightening is nothing but the
discharge of electricity that the clouds contain.
Artificial production of electricity:
Electric power is produced from the
waterfalls by artificial method. The scientists
protect artificial waterfalls in the rivers where
there is no waterfall. Electric power is also
collected from the coals by installing thermal
stations near the coal mines. the heat under the
earth and the heat of the sun can be turned into
electric power.
ELECTRICITY AND ITS USES

CHAPTER
19
The use of electricity:

The present age is the age of electricity.
Hence, we find various uses of electric power.
The huge factories of heavy industries are
easily run by electric current. The small-scale
industries get into guild system and take the
help of electricity. Many railway trains, trams,
buses and slips are moved by electric power. Xray photos are also taken with the help of this
power. Great surgical treatments are done in the
darkest nights only with the help of this
powerful electric light. Machines of the radioset, television and telescope work with the help
of this power. Electric power is used in lighting
the public roads, waiting rooms, conferences
and meetings. The cold-storage has been
possible owing to this electric power. Medical
wards and cinema houses are air-conditioned
only with the help of electricity. Many private
persons also use this power to make their home
life comfortable. Most of our articles of use are
made in the factories run by the electric power.
Hence, the uses of electricity are numerous.
Conclusion:
In India, we need much more electricity
to work out our ambitions projects. We have
enough scope in our country to install a large
number of power-plants. Let us hope for the
day when the Indian farm-works will be
mechanized with the help of the electricity
power.
By : Radhakanta Swain
http://www.publishyourarticles.net/kno
wledge-hub/essay/essay-on-electricity-and-itsuses.ht

CHAPTER
19
Practice 2
Unfamiliar Words
Meaning
Synonym
Lit
Cahaya
Light
Current
Arus
Flow
Strange
Aneh
Crude
Kasar
Rough
Artificial
Buatan
Contrived
Coal
Batu bara
Ember
Guild
Guild
gild
x-ray
Sinar x
Roentgen ray
Surgical
Bedah
Opeartive
Cold
Dingin
Frigid
Numerous
Banyak
Legion
Scope
Bidang
ambit
Practice 3
YES/NO QUESTIONS
1. Does the bus and train run by help of electric current?
2. Does Banjamin Franklin used the plane to prove that electric power exist
in the clouds?
3. Does electricity only produced by coal?
4. Does the x-ray photos are taken with the help of electricity?.
5. Does we need much more electricity to work?

CHAPTER
19
1. Why the electricity is no longer a strange thing ?
2. Who is proved that the electric power exist in the clouds?
3. Where is the electricity power produced?
4. What is the various uses of electricity power in transportation word?
5. How about scope to install the electricity power in india
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Who is the provider of electricity power?
a.Benjamin Franklin
b.Albert Einstein
c. Maxwell
d. born
2. What we used to make light on the street worked?

a. coal
b. cable
c. electricity
d. waterfall
3. This is some examples of electricity which is used in transportation,

except:
a. trains
b. buses
C. Trams
d. bicycle
4. Where the electricity come from?

a. rocks
b. coal
c. human
d. animal
5. What we need to make a lamp works?

a. electricity current
c. coal
b. oil
d. battery

CHAPTER
19
Practice 4
WONDERFUL WORK OF
ELECTRICITY
At dusk, a tram running path around the

House, and met with buss is dreamy and
noticed something, tram approached buss
and they talk about something that caught the
attention of buss
hi buss what are

you doing here?
what are you talking

about? Are you talking
about a wonderful work
of electricity? Are you
crazy?
hi.. , come here, i am

seeing a wonderful work
of electricity.
no, I am not. Try to

take a look at the
light on the street, the
buildings, the office.
All of them need
electricity power.

CHAPTER
19
Do you know, nowadays, we can

work easily by help of electricity
Mm, all right. What

do you thing about
electricity?
power. And see, the light on the

street, it works by help of electricity
power too. Electricity power used
by people everywhere and anywhere
in around the world
Yes, your right.
Emm your right, and

now electricity is no
longer a strange thing
again, and the used of
electricity are
numerous.
and I hear that the hospital

is also use x-ray photo, and
it works by help electricity
power too, thats an
amazing thing.
Yeah, that is right, when my brother

fallen from second floor in my
house last month and his bone is
broken, I saw the doctor used x-ray
photo which is used electricity
power to look into his broken bone

CHAPTER
19
Really? So you saw how the

machine was working?
Yes. I also saw surgical

room, and it also used
electricity power.
Wow.. You are a brave boy, by the

way buss, do you know where the
electricity come from?
x-ray photo
I hear that electricity is produced from waterfall

by artificial method, it can be from coal, the sun
and etc, with long process

CHAPTER
19
ohw,,how did you

know many
information about
electricity ?
hahaa. I do like to
read many articles or
papers about electricity.
oh, really? so, do you

know who is the provider
of electric current?

CHAPTER
19
of course, Hisname is mr. Benjamin

.
Franklin,
he is a great man, he is
scientist and political from America.
Great,, oh Buss, I must go

home now, because I have
to help my mother to
prepare our dinner. See you
next time Buss!
ok. see you

tram
Practice 5
Arrange these letters to make correct words.
procedure of the game
Formed several groups consisting of 3- 5 people.
the instructor will read the above text and each group hold the first word of
a sentence should be in stacking
each group given the time composing words and sentences for 10 minutes
Group of the fastest answer and correct, is a winner in this period.
Group that collects the most points deserves to be a major winner (THE
MAIN WINNER

CHAPTER
19
Word and sentence

Group 1: the- icaamern- - inbamnja- klinfran-rpoedv -ntsiciest
Group 2: electric- peowr- is- fomr the- alatwerfls- by- mtheod- puceodrdracitifial
Group 3: the huge- farictoes -of ecletic -ahevy -- intdusries- rae -rnu- by currentr
Group 4: electric - is- ueds- in- - the- liintghg -bpulic- adsro-, wingati- oroms pwero
By: Muslikhatun
Elekromagnetic spectrum
CHAPTER
20
CHAPTER 20
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Practice 1
He electromagnetic spectrum is the
range of all possible frequencies of
electromagneticradiation. The "electromagnetic
spectrum" of an object has a different meaning,
and is instead the characteristic distribution of
electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed
by that particular object.
The electromagnetic spectrum extends
from below the low frequencies used for
modern radiocommunication to gamma
radiation at the short-wavelength (highfrequency) end, thereby covering wavelengths
from thousands of kilometers down to a
fraction of the size of an atom. The limit for
long wavelengths is the size of the universe
itself, while it is thought that the short
wavelength limit is in the vicinity of the Planck
length. Until the middle of last century it was
believed by most physicists that this spectrum
was infinite and continuous.
Most parts of the electromagnetic
spectrum are used in science for spectroscopic
and other probing interactions, as ways to study
and characterize matter.] In addition, radiation
from various parts of the spectrum has found
many other uses for communications and
manufacturing
(see
electromagnetic
radiationfor more applications).
Electromagnetic spectrum
CHAPTER
20
Range of the spectrum

Electromagnetic waves are typically
described by any of the following three
frequencyf,
physical
properties:
the
wavelength, or photonenergyE. Frequencies
observed in astronomy range from 2.41023 Hz
(1 GeV gamma rays) down to the local plasma
frequency of the ionized interstellar medium
(~1 kHz). Wavelength is inversely proportional
to the wave frequency, so gamma rays have
very short wavelengths that are fractions of the
size of atoms, whereas wavelengths on the
opposite end of the spectrum can be as long as
the universe. Photon energy is directly
proportional to the wave frequency, so gamma
ray photons have the highest energy (around a
billion electron volts), while radio wave
photons have very low energy (around a
femtoelectronvolt).
These
relations
are
illustrated by the following equations:
where:
c = 299,792,458 m/s is the speed of

light in vacuum and
h = 6.62606896(33)1034 J s =
4.13566733(10)1015 eV s is Planck's
constant.
Whenever electromagnetic waves exist in a

medium with matter, their wavelength is
decreased. Wavelengths of electromagnetic
radiation, no matter what medium they are
traveling through, are usually quoted in terms
of the vacuum wavelength, although this is not
always explicitly stated.
CHAPTER
20
Generally, electromagnetic radiation is

classified by wavelength into radio wave,
microwave, terahertz (or sub-millimeter)
radiation, infrared, the visible region is
perceived as light, ultraviolet, X-rays and
gamma rays. The behavior of EM radiation
depends on its wavelength. When EM radiation
interacts with single atoms and molecules, its
behavior also depends on the amount of energy
per quantum (photon) it carries.
Rationale for spectrum regional names
Electromagnetic radiation interacts with
matter in different ways across the spectrum.
These types of interaction are so different that
historically different names have been applied
to different parts of the spectrum, as though
these were different types of radiation. Thus,
although
these
"different
kinds"
of
electromagnetic radiation form a quantitatively
continuous spectrum of frequencies and
wavelengths, the spectrum remains divided for
practical reasons related to these qualitative
interaction differences.
By : cecilia
www.wikipedia.org
Practice 2
Unfamiliar Words
Meaning
Synonym
Frequency
Frekuensi
Channel
Energy
Energi
Power
x-ray
Cahaya
Light
expansion
Ekspansi
Growth
CHAPTER
20
Generator
Generator
Dynamo
Distance
Jarak
Grace
Magnet
Magnet
Attrack
Angle
Sudut
Elbow
Mave
Gelombang
Maves
Collision
Tumbukan
clash
Practice 3
YES/NO QUESTION
1. Does the essay talk about the EM spectrum ?
2. Do the Volumetric heating, as used by microwave ovens ?
3.
What is the Electromagnetic radiation had been first linked to

electromagnetism in 1845 ?
4.
What is the electromagnetic spectrum as given below ?
5.
Do is Maxwell's equations predicted an infinite number of frequencies of

electromagnetic waves ?
1. What does the essay talk about?
2. Why microwave cause interference at close range with poorly shielded
electromagnetic?
3. Where where the different atoms in a molecule vibrate around their
equilibrium positions.
4. When X_ray has the ability to ionize the atomsof the material are passed?
5. How varation electromagnetic radiation are broadly classified into?
OBJECTIVE QUESTION
1. that EM radiation that is known to come from the nucleus, is always
called ?
CHAPTER
20
a. X_ray
b. Gamma ray
c. Ultravuolet
d. Visible radiation
2. The infraredpart of the electromagnetic spectrum covers the range from
roughly 300 GHz to 400 THz (1 mm - 750 nm). It can be divided into
three parts? Kecuali?
a. Far infrared
b. Min infrared
c. Near infrared
d. Visible tadiation
3. region of the spectrum between far infrared and microwaves, is trmasuk?
a. Visible radiation
b. Infrared radiation
c. Terahertz radiation
d. Ultraviolet
4. Apa can detect a much wider region of the EM spectrum than the visible
range of 400 nm to 700 nm?
a. Quantum
b. Spectroscopy
c. Energy
d. Microwaves
5. Dari mna Radio waves can be made to carry information ?
a. varying a combination of the amplitude, frequency, and phase of the
wave within a frequency band
b. the emitted photons are still called gamma rays due to their nuclear
origin.
c. The amount of penetration of UV relative to altitude in Earth's ozone
d. the irradiation of food and seed for sterilization
CHAPTER
20
Practice 4
Practice this following conversation
Dian : hai in
Iin
: haaaiii
Dian : How are you today?

Iin
: iam fine, and you?
Dian : yaaa, I am fine too

Iin
: what are you doing in here?
Dian : emm.. I want to have a lunch iin, do you want to join with me?
Iin
: Id love too, but I was have lunch,, Iam sorry, but I will accompany you
while I read a book

Dian : Emm,, its okay iin, well.. what kind a book that you read?
Iin : this book about the function of elektromagnetik spectrum.. this book is very
useful
Dian : Owwwhh,, yaaa I agree with you, can you tell me a little contents of
abook?
Iin
: No, I can not dian, because if you want to know about the contents of this
book, you must reab your self.

Dian : emm.. but I am very embittered iin.. please tell me!!
Iin : haha,,, I am sorry I cant tell you, but I will lend my book for you
Dian : Please iin.. tell me.
Iin
:Emmm.. okey.. if you really want to know.. I will tell you a little contents of
this book.. this tell about the EM spectrum and typhes its the interesting book,
isnt it?
Dian : ok iin, this book very interesting, can I borrow your book now?
Iin
: emm.. for now, I cant lend you, but I finished to read this book.. I am
promise that I will lend you

Dian : ok iin, I will wait you.
Iin
: thanks dian, you will understanding me
Dian : hehe,, your welcome..

Iin : lets back to the class in!!
CHAPTER
20
Practice 5
Proceed guide Sentence
How to play this game very easily and in particular the game is done to improve
the ability to listen to a student. It is a game in which students continue whispered
word or phrase continuously. Very much worth a try in any educational level. Ok,
we will describe the steps below.
1. For students into groups and each group consisted of 5 people.
2. Prepare words will be given to students about EM spectrum
3. Specify the sequence number of students. That is, there are students first,
second, third, fourth, and fifth.
4. Whisper words or phrases to students first EM spectrum. But do first in a
group so that you can easily watch.
5. Have students first to whisper the words that you whispered to the student
before the second, the second student then proceed to the third student,
student to student third fourth and fifth student to the fourth student.
6. Instruct students five to mention the word that has been whispered before
and note the word.
7. Perform these procedures on an ongoing basis in each group. Then, the
five students who have the most similar words with the initial word that
you provide, the group became a winner
By: Zuhriyatul Umroh
General electricity
CHAPTER
21
Chapter 21
GENERAL ELECTRICITY
Practice 1
Electricity is a form energy called
electrical energy. It is sometimes called an
unseen force because he energy it self cannot
be seen, heard, touched, or smelled. However,
the effects of electricity can be seen a lamp
gives off light; a motor turns; a cigarette lighter
gets red hot; a buzzer makes noies. The effects
of electricity can also be heard, felt, and
smelled. A loud crack of lightning is easily
heard, while a fuse blowing may sound like a
soft pop or snap. With electricity flowing
through them, some insulated wires may feel
warm and bare wires may produce a
tingling or, worse, quite a shock. And, of
course, the odor of burned wire insulation is
easily smelled.
Electron theory helps
to explain
electricity. The basic building block for matter,
anything that has mass and occupies space, is
the atom. All matter solid, liquid, or gas-is
made up of molecules, or atoms joined
together. These atoms are the smallest particle
into which an element or substance can be
divided without losing its properties. There re
only about 100 different atoms that make up
everything in our world. The features that make
one atom different from another also determine
its electrical propertise.
An atoms is like a tiny solar system. The center
is called the nucleus, made up of tiny particles
called protons and neutrons. The nucleus is
surrounded by clouds of other tiny particles
called electrons. The electrons rotate about the
nucleus in fixed paths called shells or rings.
Hydrogen has the simple atom with one
protonin the nucleus and one electron rotating
around it. Copper is more complex with 29
electrons in four different rings rotating around
General electricity
General electricity
CHAPTER
21
Other elements
structures.
have
different
atomic
Each atomic particle has an electrical

charge. Electrons have a negative (-) charge.
Protons have a positive charge. Neutrons have
no charge they are neutral. In a balanced atom,
the number of electrons equals the number of
protons. The balance of the opposing negative
and positive charges holds the atom together.
Like charges repel, unlike charges attract. The
positive protons hold the electrons in orbit.
Centrifugal force prevents the electrons from
moving in ward. And the neutrons cancel the
repelling force between protons to hold the
atoms core together. If an atom gains
electrons, it becomes a negative ion. If an atom
loses electrons, it becomes a positive ion.
Positive ions attract electrons from neighboring
atoms to become balanced. This causes electron
flow.
The number of electrons in the outer
orbit ( valence shell or ring ) determines the
atoms ability to conduct electriciy. Electrons in
the inner rings are closer to the core, strongly
attracted to the protons, and are called bound
electrons. Electrons in the outer ring are further
away from the core, less strongly attracted to
the protons, and are called free electrons.
Electrons can be fred by forces such as friction,
heat, light, pressure, chemical actin, or
magnetic action. These freed electrons move
awayfrom the electromotive force, or EMF
(electron moving force), from one atom to
the next. A stream of freeelecrons forms an
electrical current.
The electrical properties of various
materials are determined by the number of
electrons in the outer ring of their atoms.
Conductors materials with 1 to 3

electrons in the atoms outer ring make
good conductors. The electrons are held
loosely, teres room for more, and a low
EMF will cause a flow
of free
General electricity
General electricity
CHAPTER
21
Insulators materials with 5 to 8

electrons in the atoms outer ring are
insulators. The electrons are held
tightly, the rings fairly full, and a very
high EMF is needes to cause any
electron flow at all. Such materials
include glass, rubber, and certain
plastics
Semiconductors - materials with exactly
4 electrons in the atoms outer ring are
called semiconductors. They are neither
good conductors, no good insulators.
Such
materials
include
carbon,
germanium, and silicon.
Two theories describe current flow. The

conventional theory, commonly used for
automotive systems, says current flows from
(+) to (-) excess electrons flow from an area
of high potential to one of low potential (-). The
electron
theory, commonly used for
electronics, says current flows from (-) to (+)
excess electrons caue an area of negative
potential (-) and flow toward an area lacking
electrons, an area of positive potential (+), to
balance the charges. While the direction of
current flow makes a difference in the operation
of some devices, such as diodes the direction
makes no difference to the three measurable
units of electricity: votage, current, and
resistance.
Electricity cannot be weighed on a scale or
measured into container. But, certain electrical
actionscan be measured.These actions or
terms are used to describe electricity: voltage,
current, resistance, and power. Voltage is
electrical pressure, a potential force or
difference in electrical charge between two
points. It can push electrical current through a
wire, but not through its insulation. Voltage is
measured in volts. One volt can push a certain
amount of current, two volts twice as much,
and so on.A voltmeter measures the difference
General electricity
General electricity
CHAPTER
21
ter is used in parallel. Current is electrical flow

moving through a wire. Current flows in a wire
pushed by voltage. Current is measured in
amperes, or amps, for short. An ammeter
measures current flow in amps. It is inserted
into the path of current flow, or in series, in a
circuit. Resistance opposes current flow. It is
like electrical friction. This resistance slows
the flow of current. Every electrical component
or circuit has resistance. And, this resistance
changes electrical energy into another form of
energy heat, light, motion. Resistance is
measured on ohms. A special meter, called an
ohmmeter, can measure the resistanceof a
device in ohms when no current is flowing.
Practice 2
Unfamiliar Words
Meaning
Synonym
Odor
Bau
(scent)
Repel
Menolak
(push away)
Neighboring
berdekatan
Bound
terikat
attached
Core
Inti
midpoint
Friction
Pergesekan
Scrape
Commonly
Seperti Biasa
Ordinary
Container
Penampung
beaker
Lacking
kekurangan
missing
Tingling
geli
amused
General electricity
nearby
General electricity
CHAPTER
21
Practice 3
A. YES/NO QUESTION
1. Can we see the effects of electricity?
2. Is the nucleus surrounded by clouds of other tiny particles called
electrons?
3. Has Nitrogen the simple atom with one protonin the nucleus and one
electron rotating around it?
4. Atom joined to form particle?
5. Protons have a negative (-) charge. Electrons have a positive (+) charge?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is an atom ?
What are atoms made of?
What is the simple atom?
How many electrical properties of various materials?
What is Conductor , Insulator, Semiconductor?
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1. Almost the entire mass of an atom is concerated in the ......? (C)
a. proton
b. electron
c. nucleus
d. neutron
2. The mass of the atom is determined by.......? (B)
a. Neutron
b. Neutron and Proton
c. Electron
d. Electron and Neutron
3. The Fixed circular paths around th nucleus are called....? (A)
a. Orbits
b. Orbitals
c. Nucleons
d. Mesons
4. Valence electrons ar the...? (A)
a. Loosely packed electrons
General electricity
General electricity
CHAPTER
21
b. Mobile electron
c. Electron present in the outermost orbit
d. Electron that do not carry any charge
5. Material Semiconductor Except? (D)
a. Silicon
b. Germanium
c. Carbon
d. Glass
Practice 4
A : Assalamualaikum....
Hey... my friend !! How are you today ?
B : WaalaikumSallam....
Alhamdulillah im fine, How about you?
A : Im fine thank, i want to ask you, what are you going do when you finish your
education in senior high?
B : My plan is to go to the university and take Physics departement in UIN
MALANG. Do you want to go to same university with me ? You had such a good
score on your physics.
A : Yes , I want !!! this is my plan to. Im also pleased to be same class with you.
B : oohhh yeeaaaahhhh... i like this
Emm. I want to ask you something more about physic?
A : yes. Wha this is it?
B : Ummm.. what is Friction in physics?
General electricity
General electricity
CHAPTER
21
A : Friction is the force resisting the ralative motion of solid surface, fluid layers,
and material element sliding against each other.
B : wow!!! you are smart boy. I want to tickle you!!!
A : You are praised. (shy) .. Hahaha Tingling ... Stop it!!!!!
If anyone you want to ask again my friend?
B : hehe sorry!!! So funny for me.
Emm.. i want to ask you, at university have any practical , like a termodynamic!
What are the tools to used in this practical termodynamic?
A : Practical? Okeee.. Commonly in practical termodynamic used a tools such as
Container , Basic Electricity Module -4 EFT-ELC-M4, Labtech Base Station
Bacic Electricity Trainer Base Station EFT-ELC-BS (EFT-LBS-1) , Digital
Multimeter etc.
B : Oke.. thanks your information!!
Oke My friend , Ill go to the concert.
A : Of course!! And with whom are you going to there?
B : Im leaving with Rudi, and we will meet our friends at home first, then go to
concert
together.
See You!!!!! Bye bye
A : Oke . Bye Bye
Practice 5
Simple Games
Every person, must be include to group. And then, all of student must be
make 3 group. After that, a person make a straight line to strat the game.
Behind of the straight line, a person accept the word. After that, a person
must be make a structure of the word. After know the structure, the person
give the piece word to other person. And the new person, must be read
loundy word or sentences.
So.. lest strat to paly an enjoy the game
GOOD LUCK guys!!!
By: Muhammad Fakhrul Asyari
General electricity
The process of weathering

CHAPTER
22
CHAPTER 22 ( Qomaruddin 13640022)

THE PROCESS OF WEATHERING
Practice 1
Weathering it the general term applied
to the combined action of all processes causing
rocks to be disintegrated physically and
decomposed chemically because of exposure at
or near the earth's surface.In particular,
weathering occurs, where rocks and minerals
come in contact with the atmosphere, surficial
water, and organic life under conditions that are
normal to the surface of the earth.Weathering is
the initial stage in the process of denudation.
An essential feature of the process is that it
affects rocks in situ; no transportation is
involved. The products of rock-weathering tend
to accumulate in a soft surface layer, called
regolith. The regolith grades downward into
solid, unaltered rock, known simply as bedrock.
There are two main types of weathering:1. Physical weathering.2. Chemical
weathering.All the processes of weathering are
affected by rock structure, climate, topography
and vegetation.Rock structure refers to
mineralogical composition, joints bedding
planes, faults, fractures, pores and its integral
hardness. The degree of weathering of the
source area, i.e., the area where weathering
operates is controlled by the nature of the preexisting rocks to a greater extent.Climate is the
sum-total of the meteorological elements like
temperature, moisture, including both humidity
and precipitation, wind, air-pressure and
evaporation. Climate determines whether
physical or chemical weathering will
predominate and the speed with which these
processes will operate.
The process of weatering

CHAPTER
22
Topography directly affects weathering by

exposing rocks and indirectly through the
amount of precipitation, temperature and
vegetation.
The principal agents of the transformation of rocks in the mantle of waste are water,
oxygen, carbon- dioxide, acids, organisms, and
variations of temperature. These agents affect
equally good in case of both physical and
chemical processes of weathering.
1. Physical weathering processes:
This process refers to the mechanical
disintegration of rocks in which their
mineralogical composition is not changed. This
is brought about chiefly by temperature
changes, e.g., thermal expansion and
contraction. The followings are some of the
important processes of physical weathering.
(a) Exfoliation: In this case thin sheets
of rock split off owing to differential expansion
and contraction during heating and cooling over
the diurnal temperature range.Sometimes, it is
the result of unloading in which case, because
of the removal of the overlying rocks, the
pressure on the igneous rocks beneath them is
also diminished and this results in the expansion of igneous rocks and in the formation of
large scale fractures parallel to the surface
topography. Sheets between the fractures are
detached from the main mass which thus
suffers fragmentation.
(b)Freezing of water: Water, as we
know, expands by about 9 percent in volume
when it freezes. The water seeps down into the
fracture and under suitable climatic condition,
begins to freeze at the top of the fracture first.
As freezing continues, the pressure exerted on
the walls becomes more and more intense,
which results in widening the existing fracture

CHAPTER
22
This is the dominant mode of weathering, in

climates where there is repeated freezing and
thawing. This is also known as Frost action.
(c)Differential
expansion:
Rockforming minerals expand when heated, but
contract when cooled. Where rock surfaces are
exposed daily to intense heating by direct solar
rays, alternating with intense cooling by long
wave radiation at night, the resulting expansion
and contraction of mineral-grains tends to
break-them apart. The intense heat of forest and
bush fires is known to cause rapid flaking and
scaling ofexposed rock-surfaces
(d) Plant-roots, growing between joint
blocks and along minute fractures between
mineral grains, exert an expansive force tending
to widen those openings and sometimes create
new fractures.
2. Chemical processes of weathering:
It is also known as mineral alteration,
consists of a number of chemical reactions, all
these reactions change the original silicate
minerals of igneous rock, the primary minerals,
into new compounds, the secondary minerals,
that
are
stable
in
the
surface
environment.Besides,
sedimentary
and
metamorphic rocks are also substantially
affected by the chemical processes of
weathering. Chemical weathering is more
important than mechanical weathering in
almost all the climatic regions
The atmosphere contains a number of
constituents that can react with minerals. Most
important of these are water, carbon- dioxide,
and oxygen. The effectiveness of these
chemical constituents depends on the
composition of the rocks and size of the
particles that make them up.

CHAPTER
22
For example, Quartz is a very stable substance,

so rocks composed primarily of quartz
decompose very slowly; whereas the
ferromagnesian minerals are highly susceptible
to chemical weathering.
Three processes are notably responsible
for chemical weathering:(a) Oxidation.(b)
Hydration.(c) Carbonation.
(a) Oxidation:The presence of dissolved
oxygen in water in contact with mineral
surfaces leads to oxidation ; which is the
chemical union of oxygen atoms with atoms of
other metallic elements. Oxygen has a
particular affinity for iron compounds and these
are among the most commonly oxidised
materials.
(b) Hydration:The chemical union of water
with a mineral is called hydration. It is
sometimes confused with 'hydrolysis', the
reaction between water and a compound. The
process of hydration is particularly effective on
some aluminium bearing minerals, such as
feldspar.
(c) Carbonation:Carbon-dioxide is a gas and is
a common constituent of the earth's
atmosphere. Rain water in course of its passage
through the atmosphere, dissolves some of the
carbon- dioxide present in the air. It thus turns
into a weak acid called carbonic acid, H2C03,
and is the most common solvent acting on the
crust. The effect process is well noticed in the
limestone or chalk areas in the humid regions
of the world.
Practice 2
Besides the above, another process

known as "Solution" is quite significant in
bringing about the chemical weathering of
rocks. In this case, some of the minerals get
dissolved by water and thus removed in
solution, for example gypsum, halite etc.

CHAPTER
22
Unfamiliar Words
Meaning
Synonym
Disintegrated
Dihancurkan
Destroyed
Denudation
Pengikisan
Stripping
Humidity
kelembaban
wetness
Precipitation
Curah hujan
Rain
Exfoliation
Pengelupas kulit
Peeling
Detached
Terlepas
Isolated
Seep
Merembes/meresap
Pool
Expand
Mengembang
Grow up
Contract
Mengkerut
Derogate
Exert
Mendesak
exercise
Crust
Kerak/lapisan kulit
Lining
Limestone
Batu
chalk
gamping/kapur
Practice 3
YES/NO QUESTION
Please answer these following questions correctly by writing YES if it is true
and NO if it is false.
1. Does weathering occurs because rocks and minerals come in contact with
the atmosphere, surficial water, and organic life under conditions that are
normal to the surface of the earth ? YES / NO
2. Is weathering the initial stage in the process of denudation ? YES / NO
3. Do all the processes of weathering affected by rock structure, climate,
topography and vegetation ? YES / NO

CHAPTER
22
4. Are the principal agents of the transformation of rocks in the mantle of

waste natrium, kalium ,and sulfur ? YES / NO
5. Do rocks-forming minerals expand when heated and contract when cooled
? YES / NO
Please answer questions based on the information in the text.
1. What is the first paragraph mainly talk about?
2. What are two main types of weathering and explain ?
3. How processes freezing of water can be cause weathering ?
4. How processes differential expansion can be cause weathering ?
5. What the result of peocesses weathering ?
OBJECTIVE QUESTION
Multiple choice. For each item below, circle the best answer based on the
information from the text.
1. The result of peocesses weathering is .....
a. Water
b. Soils
c. Ceramics
d. Plastic
2. All the processes of weathering are affected by ........, except
a. rock structure
b. climate
c. topography
d. date
3. Rock structure refers to mineralogical composition, joints bedding planes,
faults, fractures, and ......
a. Pores
b. Water
c. climate
d. topography

CHAPTER
22
4. The principal agents of the transformation of rocks in the mantle of waste

are .....
a. carbon- dioxide
b. sulfur
c. magnecium
d. kalium
5. Water, as we know, expands by about ...... percent in volume when it
freezes.
a. Six
b. Nine
c. Twelfth
d. Fifteen
Practice 4
Now, we will study
about weathering.
What is weathering ?
Weathering is
Denudation and
Exfoliation rocks
Weathering is
destroyed rock
by heating and
cooled

CHAPTER
22
Oke, good. two main types of weathering are physical weathering and
chemical weathering. Any question ?
I know Mr. That is Exfoliation,

Freezing of water, Differential
expansion, and Plant-roots
Mr. What is
cause physical
weathering ?
Yes, that right.

See yuo
tomorrow. And
Finished your
home work !
Hello Ningsih, how

your home work ? im
research weathering
to limestone. And I
hope you join in my
group, you want ?
Hello, my home work not

yet. Thank you, but I join in
Komars group, sorry. We
research weathering to
sedimentary rock
Oke. bye
Oke. See yuo
tomorrow in
school. bye
Practice 5
Use word from the reading to complete the crossword puzzle

1
CHAPTER
22
10
Across clues
Down clues
(1)a liquid necessary for the life of most (1)the initial stage in the process of
animals and plants is ............
denudation is ........
(2) ........ In this case thin sheets of rock

(8)another word for isolated is ........
split off owing to differential expansion
and contraction during heating and cooling
(9)that is used to write or draw on
over the diurnal temperature range
(3) wetness in the atmosphere is .......
blackboards or other flat surfaces is

......
(4) air moving from an area of high

pressure to an area of low pressure is ......
(10)
(5) another word for pool is .......
lump
or
mass
of
consolidated mineral matter is ......
(6 a movement up and down or back and

forth is .........
(7 the weather in some location averaged
over some long period of time is ......
hard
Alternative Energy
CHAPTER
23
CHAPTER 23
Alternative Energy
Practice 1
The two most abundant forms of
power on earth are solar and wind says ED
Begley JR. Solar and wind energy are both
alternative energies because they do not use
fossil fuels. Both are quite different in a way. In
Marlborough, solar energy would be best to
use. Now lets look at why we need to start
using alternative energy.
There are many reasons why we need to
start using alternative energy. One reason is
that theyre better for the environment. Theyre
better for the environment because they are
renewable and dont produce greenhouse gases.
Another reason why is because theyve become
less expensive to use and operate. Theyve
become less expensive because the materials
used to operate the energy have come down in
price. We can get heat from the sun and wind
from nature for free. The last reason is because
their more effective. Theyre more effective
because there are easier ways to use some
energy than having to dig underground and get
oil. These are some reasons why we need to use
more alternative energies. Now lets look at
two kinds of energies.
One type of energy is wind energy. Wind
energy is a useful source of energy and can be
turned into electricity using wind turbines. In
the article Wind Power, it states that wind
power is an increasingly valuable source of
energy and it brings electricity to our homes,
businesses, traffic lights, and anywhere
electricity is used. In other words wind power
can bring electricity to our homes. Also in the
article Wind Power,
Alternative Energy
Alternative Energy
CHAPTER
23
, it states that wind turbines are used

to convert the energy of the wind to
electricity. In other words wind
turbines are the most useful sources
of energy to make electricity. It also
states that wind turbines are a
renewable source of energy. This
means that wind turbines are a source
of energy that cant be used up. Those
are some reasons why wind power is
an important source of energy. Now
lets look at another important energy
source.
Another type of energy is solar
energy. Solar energy is radiant energy
emitted by the sun and turned into
electricity using solar panels. Solar
generators are extremely powerful yet
very simple to use and it produces
continuous electricity and runs with
absolutely no noise what so ever.
Those are the characteristics of the
generator and what makes it unique.
With a powerful solar panel, the unit
then stores the powers for your use
when you need it. Solar panels store
energy for when you need it. You
can use your solar backup to run
essential
appliances
when
emergencies arise. Solar generators
have solar backup to help during
emergencies. Those are some reasons
why solar power is an important
source of energy. Now lets look at
which energy
is better for
Marlboroughs use.
Of wind and solar energy,
solar energy would be best for the
citizens in Marlborough. The weather
of Marlborough is mostly on the
sunny side rather than windy like
along the coast. Solar energy would
be best to use because you can put
solar panels on your roof and the sun
can reflect it and give warmth to
homes. Another reason why we
should is because it is more efficient
and doesnt take up as much space as
wind turbines.
Alternative Energy
Now you know about solar

and wind energy. These are the two
best sources of energy around. Wind
turbines are a great source to make
wind power. Solar panels are a good
source of solar energy. Solar energy
would be best for the citizens of
Marlborough
By : shannon roselli
http://web.ebscohost.com/src/detail?
vid=6&hid=8&sid=4983eb21-9b9447eb-a8dd51faaf17f2b7%40sessionmgr10&bd
ata=JnNpdGU9c3JjLWxpdmU%3d
#db=mih&AN=7812181
Alternative Energy
CHAPTER
23
Practice 2
Unfamiliar Words
Meaning
Synonym
Fuels
Bahan bakar
material
Enviromently
Lingkungan
Climate
Renewable
Terbarukan
Sustainable
Electricity
Listrik
Heat
Energy
Energi
Power
Wind
Angin
Air
Solar
Solar
cosmic
Dig
Menggali
Turn over
Convert
Mengubah
Disciple
oil
Minyak
Coat
Practice 3
YES NO QUESTION
1). is energy alternative very important in the world?
2). does energy alternative produce green hause gasses?
3). is alternative energy free in the world?
4). is alternative energy danger for life?
5). does energy alternative produce electicity?
1). why we need to start using alternative energy?
2). why solar panels became the best energy in Marlborough citizens?
3). what the kind of alternative energy??
4). how the wind energy became electricity?
5)how the solar energy became electricity
Alternative Energy
Alternative Energy
CHAPTER
23
OBJECTIVE QUESTION
1). this is a kind of energy alternative,except.
a.wind energy b.tidal energy c.human energy d.solar energy
2). energy solar would be best in.. .
a.USA b.England c.indonesia d.Marlborgh
3). who said that The two most abundant forms of power on earth are solar
and wind???
a.siir isaac newton
b. ED Begley JR
c.thomas alfa edission
d.JJ thomson
4). wind energy became electricity by.
a.turbin generators
b.solar panels
c.multimeter analog
d.dioda
5). solar energy became electricity by
a.turbin generators
b.soloar panels
c.multimeter analog
d.dioda
Alternative Energy
Alternative Energy
CHAPTER
23
Practice 4
Rising fuel Prices

Narji
Sule
2)hi sule! I
have not
read.why??
1)Hi narji!have you read

the newspaper in this
morning??
3)fuel prices are

now up!!
5)Yes ,i
am
serious.
4)Are you
serious??
6)how the price

of gasoline and
diesel fuel
now??
7)Sule:gasoline prices from
7000 to 8500 per liter.

While the price of diesel
from 5000 to 7500 per liter.
Alternative Energy
Alternative Energy
CHAPTER
23
8)What is
the impact
of rising fuel
prices?
narJi
sule
9)sule:First, the fuel

becomes scarce, so
going on long queues
at GAS STATIONS
10)Second, the price of staple

foods and vegetables in a market
experiencing price increase
11)third, public
transport FARES
doubled from normal
12)and the last one

took place in
different regions
demo
Alternative Energy
Alternative Energy
CHAPTER
23
narJi
Sule
14)We must start

using alternative
energy
13)What we should
do to cope with the
rising price of fuel ?
16)Alternatine energy is a
natural resource that can
used continously and will
not run out.so alternative
energy available all time
15)What is
alternative
energy?
17)What the kind

Of energy
alternative??
18)sule:The kind of energy

alternative such as wind
energy,solar energy, water
energy, biomass,and etc
Alternative Energy
Alternative Energy
CHAPTER
23
NarJi
Sule
20)he cheerfulness of
alternative energy is
environmentally friendly,
cheap, and easy in use
19)What is
the chance
of
alternative
energy?
21)owwhh. ... it
is perfect if in
use in indonesia
23)narji:sule..I've
got my home
25)narji:yes ... This is my

house. would you like to
come to my house?
27)narji:Okay ...
carefully on the
road sule.see
you..
Alternative Energy
22)Yes,,,,i
think so
24)sule:oowhh ...
This is your House

narji?
26)sule:Thanks narji.
but I had to
immediately go
home.
28)sule:see you
Alternative Energy
CHAPTER
23
Practice 5
Games hot seat
Prosedure games hot seat:
1) for the class into three large groups.
2) Create simple dcor in which there are three seats in the front of the classroom
and behind him is the Board. So, that chair facing to all students.
the Seat is
3) the hot seat.
4) select four students from each group to progress to the next grade. Then sort by
four students from each group were randomly. First students sit in the hot seat,
and then three other students stand in front of the students of yesteryear. A third
friend was named with the Helper.
5) Teacher wrote a word on the Board right behind the hot sit. Students who sit in
the hot seat has to guess the word and her friend give third klu as synonyms,
antonyms, or uses in everyday life. Group members who do not join the forward
can provide assistance by giving klu paper writings delivered to the three men in
front of the students. Three students were recently suggested that forward
messages to the students in the hot seat.
6) third group practice together, and the students were the first to mention the
word correctly, then the group gets one point.
7) After the first word missed, students sitting in the hot seat back to the seat
behind, along with other group members. Then, one of the hot seat fill helper, and
the teacher calls the student one more to be a helper.
8) continue on to the next word. In total there are 10 words and any student unable
to answer, then he gave one point to his group
By: Redia Aurelya
Alternative Energy
Ultrasonografi
CHAPTER
24
CHAPTER 24
Ultrasonografi
Practice 1
Ultrasound or ultrasonography is a medical
imaging technique that uses high frequency
sound waves and their echoes. The technique is
similar to the echolocation used by bats, whales
and dolphins, as well as SONAR used by
submarines. In ultrasound, the following events
happen:
1. The ultrasound machine transmits highfrequency (1 to 5 megahertz) sound
pulses nto your body using a probe.
2. The sound waves travel into your body
and hit a boundary between tissues (e.g.
between fluid and soft tissue, soft tissue
and bone).
3. Some of the sound waves get reflected
back to the probe, while some travel on
further until they reach another
boundary and get reflected.
4. The reflected waves are picked up by
the probe and relayed to the machine.
5. The machine calculates the distance
from the probe to the tissue or organ
(boundaries) using the speed of sound in
tissue (5,005 ft/s or1,540 m/s) and the
time of the each echo's return (usually
on the order of millionths of a second).
6. The machine displays the distances and
intensities of the echoes on the screen,
forming a two dimensional image like
the one shown below.
In a typical ultrasound, millions of pulses and
echoes are sent and received each second. The
probe can be moved along the surface of the
body and angled to obtain various views.
Ultrasonografi
Ultrasonografi
CHAPTER
24
The Ultrasound Machine

A basic ultrasound machine has the following
parts:
transducer probe - probe that sends

and receives the sound waves
central processing unit (CPU) computer that does all of the
calculations and contains the electrical
power supplies for itself and the
transducer probe
transducer pulse controls - changes
the amplitude, frequency and duration
of the pulses emitted from the
transducer probe.
display - displays the image from the
ultrasound data processed by the CPU
disk storage device (hard, floppy, CD)
- stores the acquired images
printer - prints the image from the
displayed data
Transducer
Probe
The transducer probe is the main part of
the ultrasound machine. The transducer
probe makes the sound waves and
receives the echoes. It is, so to speak,
the mouth and ears of the ultrasound
machine.
The
transducer
keyboard/cursor- inputs data and takes
measurements from the display
by Craig C. Freudenrich, Ph.D and

Dr Melissa Hickson
radiography.com
Ultrasonografi
Ultrasonografi
CHAPTER
24
Practice 2
Unfamiliar
Meaning
Synonym
Words
Trasmit
Mengirimkan
Forward
Probe
pemeriksaan
inspection
Echoes
Gema
reverberate
Boundary
\ batas
border, limit
Establish
mendirikan
build
Pregnancy
kehamilan
gestation
Approtiately
tepat
suitable
Obstetrician
dokter
midwife
kandungan
Quartz
kuarsa
lechatelierite
Generates
Membangkitkan raise
vibration
getaran
quiver
determine
Menentukan
dictate
Practice 3
YES/NO QUESTION
1. is ultrasound a medical imaging technique that uses high frequency sound
waves and their echoes? Yes/no?
2. The ultrasound machine has a basic the following, any 7. Yes/ no?
3. is the pregnancy continuing normally that is types function of ultrasound scan,
yes/ no?
Ultrasonografi
Ultrasonografi
CHAPTER
24
4. The transducer probe doesnt make the sound waves and receives the echoes,
yes/ no?
5. Transducer probe is the last part of the ultrasound machine,yes/ no?
1. What is ultrasound?
2. What is function of ultrasound scan?
3. Why all doctors are wearing the ultrasound of pregnancy?
4. How the process road ultrasound in human body?
5. What is component of ultrasound machine?
OBJECTIVE QUESTION
1. The medical imaging technique that use high-Frequency sound waves and
their echoes?
a. Radio
b. Microwave
c. Ultrasound
d. Nuclear
2. Which function of ultrasound scan in human body, except?
a. To check the physical development of the baby
b. To check the number of babies
c. To check food of baby
d. To show position of the placenta
3. The ultrasound machine have a basic the following parts, except?
a. Transducer probe
b. Freezer
c. Display
d. Transducer pulse controls
4. The main part of ultrasound machine and makes the sound waves and
receives the echoes, definition of?
a. Transducer probe
b. Display
c. Transducer pulse controls
Ultrasonografi
Ultrasonografi
CHAPTER
24
d. Disk storage device

5. Ultrasound or ultrasonography is a medical imaging technique that uses
frequency sound waves and their echoes.
a. High
b. Low
c. Compartment
d. Narrow
Practice 4
Picture conversation with unfamiliar vocabulary of the text.
Do you know
that it will be
establish a
building near
the forest?
Really? I
dont know
about that.
Probe
building?
You know, this

building also
determines whether
the vibration from
earth core is
dangerous or not.
Yes, it will
investigate
about
echoes.
I dont
understand what
you mean.
I heard it
just now.it is
a probe
building.
Oh, I get
it. Where
is the
building?
Just two
kilometers?
Isnt that over
the village
boundary?
Ultrasonografi
It is around 2
kilometers
from here,
appropriately.
Oooh.???
It will investigate about

echoes around us. If a
vibration from easth
core echoe and its
heard by use, that is
I dont know. I heard
that the manager from
company will transmit
Tomorrow?
his employee
to do Why
is
it
too fast?
survey In that place
tomorrow
I think so it is
ove the village
boundary
Ultrasonografi
CHAPTER
24
Why does
it go like
that?
Aah I dont know.

Okay, I must do
first. See you
I also heard that there is a

quartz near the place.
I think, that
may be
dangerous.
Okay, see you.

I dont know. As
i know, the
building may
generate more
electricity
around the area.
Ultrasonografi
Really,? Ok
I dont think
it will be fine
there.
Ultrasonografi
CHAPTER
24
Task 5
GAME 2
A D F R Y Y U Z Q E T U V M Y P L J G F O K P D E
C R X V A E L H A A S D G E T U O P V Z D H J MC
G N C C A I T U Q A Q R B F G H N XN N H Y P C H
J V I F B O R K E V F R E Q U E N CY Q E R R C O
I X L U N M A D T T A R U I
O L J AS A S Z E R E
A Z WA V E S R U Q W R Q E A S F G K A R V G Y S
G P X A D E O E I
E D E Q E R B X BS G U T N J A
R O Q A D D U A P I F B F T E U L O A WE S A V Z
U L E Q D A N Z L U J WR T Y U V UV A S E N D Q
O I A E R A D I M E N S I O N A L NE R E A C F W
P I A R E S Z Q R I U L N Y I M Q DG Y S B Y T E
C F A T U Q D C Q E T U I O L P E AU I T C A U B
Z WU Y I E E D F A S F D A U L R RR A A D D MT
H F O I P R O B E Q E R O Q L I T YJ Q B E F B Y
Y E P L A C E N T A A Z P W D T H A U WL F E H U
I T N E T Y U I O P L J P R E U C DO O I G I MO
O H H N M H Y T Z A A G L T F D E L P I S H O I E
M G G A S E R T Y U I O E U D O E I T U H I P L S
E L K A D E C F R T Y I R I
WZ R S F Y Q J L L W
S O U N D Z X D R T U I L O H J F HK Y R E Q X A
Word list:
1. ultrasound
9. doppler
2. dimensional
10. amplitudo
3. sound
11. establish
4.waves
12. pregnancy
5. boundary
13. echoes
6. probe
14. placenta
15. frequency
By: Sholikhatun Azizah
Ultrasonografi
Physics Air Bags

CHAPTER
25
CHAPTER 25
Physics Air Bags

Practice 1
Newton's laws and safeguards
Air bags did not like the regular blimp. No

comments have been working on it. Here it
isimportant pockets to minimize the risk of
accidents. Accidents on the highway often
claimed many lives. Mostly due to human
factors. However, there is also a factor caused
by the equipment
on the vehicle.
Complementing the standard equipment car can
at least reduce the risk of high. In our car seat
belts and air bags are safeguards that must
exist. Have we always wear? Have we know
how it works? Exposure below to invite friends
to understand the chemistry and physics behind
the air bag.
Of course we are well aware of
Newton's first law is essentially an object will
tend to remain at the same speed (which is still
going to remain silent, which is moving with a
certain velocity will continue moving at that
speed), except there are external forces that
affect. Well, when the collision occurred, the
law is clearly applicable. Currently before the
crash, people in moving vehicles with a certain
speed and effect the car moving. Shortly after
the collision occurred, the earlier it will collide
with the car in front of him, the driver of the
wheel, and finally stopped moving. So, there is
definitely a style that work on it.
Severe accidents occur when vehicles
collide at high speeds due to the large velocity
changes means the forces acting on the big. To
minimize injuries from the collision, the air bag
and seat belt use. air bags do so by providing
cushioning to reduce the magnitude of the
forces acting on the victim and distribute the fo
Physics Air Bag
Physics Air Bags

CHAPTER
25
rce on the larger surface. Bearing was produced

by inflating bag air with N2 gas.
Then, when the air bag containing
mashing the gas earlier, the gas slowly out of
the bag.Why gas should be made of bags out
slowly? As discussed earlier, the force acting
on the vehiclecollision. From Newton's second
law, force is proportional to acceleration, the
change in velocity per units of time. Well, if
you change the speed (of moving to silence)
occur within a short time, the acceleration
immense. Thus, the style is also very great, and
the injury will be severe. Conversely, if the
speed changes can made for a longer period of
time, the acceleration is not too large, the force
is not too large, hope the injury is not severe or
survived.
In addition, the air bags to minimize
injury to distribute the force on the larger
surface. When body collides directly with the
steering wheel, all styles will work only on the
body size of the wheel, a serious injury can
occur. However, when the body collide with
the air bag has inflated, force will work on a
wider surface (Figure 1b), the force acting on a
specific part of the body becomes smaller and
injury becomes lighter or completely free.
Source:Ismunandar
Lecturer
in
the
Department of Chemistry Science Faculty
ITB
Practice 2
Unfamiliar Words
Meaning
Synonym
Air bags
Kantongudara
Air pocket
velocity
Kecepatan
speed
Acceleration
Percepatan
dashing
Physics Air Bag
Physics Air Bags

CHAPTER
25
collision
Tumbukan
Bumping
force
Gaya
Energy
victim
Korban
Sacrifice
vehicle
Kendaraan
mount
injury
Cedera
Wound
Applicable Law
Bisaditerapkan
Application
inflating
Menggelembung
Expand
Practice 3
YES/NO QUESTION
1. Do Air bags like the regular blimp?
2. Is air bags not important pockets to minimize the risk of accidents?
3. .Are seat belts and air bags safeguards that must exist in our car?
4. was Bearing produced by inflating bag air with N2 gas?
5. Do air bags not distribute the force on the larger surface to minimize
injury?
1.
How a important the air bags?
2. What the factors Accidents on the highway often claimed many lives?
3.
How Physics clarifies about air bags?
4.
Why gas should be made of bags out slowly?
5. How the air bags distribute the force on the larger surface?
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Is the air bag one of safeguard?
a. Yes, it is
b. Yes, there is
c. Yes, the is
2. What is the law which used the carrier system of air bag?
Physics Air Bag
Physics Air Bags

CHAPTER
25
a. Khirchoffs first law

b. Newtons third Law
c. Newtons second law
3. What the specific function of air bag?
a. safeguarding the head
b. safeguarding the hand
c. safeguarding the food
4. What is the factor of accident?
a. not use seatbelt
b. obedient the law
c. use the air bag
5. What is the content of Newtons First law?
a. object is silent will be consist silent
b. the force is multiplication between mass and acceleration
c. F action = -F reaction
Practice 4
Fafa : Heyza,where will you go? You are looked hurry..
Zaza : oh yeah, I will go to hospital fa, my brother have accident.
Fafa : What the casual factor?
Zaza : My brother doesnt use seatbelt. So his head is injury.
Fafa :Za, I have new safeguard for safeguarding you from accident. Do you want
To buy?
Zaza : Are you really? Ok please telling to me.
Fafa : ok, I call this safeguard with Airbag. The fuction of airbagis safeguarding
The head from the collition. Air bag will inflating when there is the force
whicheffect.When you drive the car with the large velocity,
So, the acceleration will be large. So you can use the air bag.
Zaza : Is the victim which use the vehicle not injury if wear the airbag?
Physics Air Bag
Physics Air Bags

CHAPTER
25
Fafa : Yes, the injury of victim will be minimize if wear airbag. Because the
Newtons first law is applicable lawof air bag.
Zaza : oh, I see. Ok I request one of airbag for me. Ok I wanna go to hospital right
Now..
Fafa : ok. Get well soon to your brother.
Practice 5
The Game Bowling Vocab
1. Make 4 group that consist 3 persons
2. one person become the player bowling and two persons become the writter.
Firstly, the player have to throw the ball to tne pins ball bowling which there are
vocab. If all the pins ball is fall, so the player have to replay again until there is
the pin ball still stand up, nd the writer must analize that vocab (parth of speech,
position, and the meaning) and the last writer must make the good sentence.
(Fatimatuz Zahro 13640042)
BLACKBOARD
3
.
v
O
C
A
B
v
O
C
A
B
v
O
C
A
B
4 .
v
O
C
A
B
v
O
C
A
B
vOCAB
vOCAB
2
BALL
Physics Air Bag
vOCAB
vOCAB

CHAPTER
26
CHAPTER 26
NUCLEAR ENERGY
Practice 1
Nuclear energy is the energy in the

nucleus, or core, of an atom. Atoms are tiny
units that make up all matter in the universe.
Energy is what holds the nucleus together.
There is a huge amount of power in an atoms
dense nucleus. In fact, the power that holds the
nucleus together is officially called the "strong
force. Nuclear energy can be used to create
electricity, but it must first be released from the
atom. In nuclear fission, atoms are split to
release the energy.
A nuclear reactor, or power plant, is a
series of machines that can control nuclear
fission to produce electricity. The fuel that
nuclear reactors use to produce nuclear fission
is pellets of the element uranium. In a nuclear
reactor, atoms of uranium are forced to break
apart. As they split, the atoms release tiny
particles called fission products. Fission
products cause other uranium atoms to split,
starting a chain reaction. The energy released
from this chain reaction creates heat.
The heat created by nuclear fission
warms the reactors cooling agent. A cooling
agent is usually water, but some nuclear
reactors use liquid metal or molten salt. The
cooling agent, heated by nuclear fission,
produces steam. The steam turns turbines, or
wheels turned by a flowing current. The
turbines drive generators, or engines that create
electricity.
Rods of material called nuclear poison
can adjust how much electricity is produced.
Nuclear poisons are materials, such as a type of
the element xenon, that absorb some of the
fission products created by nuclear fission. The
more rods of nuclear poison that are present
during the chain reaction,
NUCLEAR ENERGY

CHAPTER
26
the slower and more controlled the

reaction will be. Removing the rods will allow
a stronger chain reaction and create more
electricity.
About 15 percent of the worlds
electricity is generated by nuclear power
plants. The United States has more than 100
reactors, although it creates most of its
electricity from fossil fuels and hydroelectric
energy. Nations such as Lithuania, France, and
Slovakia create almost all of their electricity
from nuclear power plants.
Source:
http://education.nationalgeographic.com/educat
ion/encyclopedia/nuclear-energy/?ar_a=1
Practice 2
No. Unfamiliar
word
Meaning
Definition
1.
Reactor
Reaktor
Electronics A circuit element, such as

a coil, used to introduce reactance.
2.
Rod
Batang
Electronics A circuit element, such as

a coil, used to introduce reactance.
3.
Poison
Racun
A unsure very dangerous for human
4.
Fission
Fisi
the act of cleaving or splitting into

parts.
5.
Pellets
peluru
a stone ball formerly used as a

catapult or cannon missile
6.
Atoms
Atom
A particle have a proton and electron
7.
Nuclear
Nuklir
a called for PLTN and uranium.
8.
Reaction
Reaksi
Reaction, two or more than unsure in

the rector
9.
Nuclear
PLTN (pembangkit
A building, to make a uranium to be
NUCLEAR ENERGY

CHAPTER
26
10.
Power Plan
listrik tenaga nuklir)
energy and electricity
Molten
Yang dicairkan
Made by melting and casting in a mold.
Practice 3
Yes/No Question
Question;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Is nuclear a energy in the nucleus, or core, of an atom?

Is process nuclear energy in reactor power plant?
Do the country in the word not used the nuclear power plant for life?
Is nuclear power plant not creates a heat?
Was reactor nuclear have fision process?
Information Question
Question;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
How process about nuclear power plant?

How many country used the nuclear power plant?
How the process make a electricity?
What is definition of nuclear?
How many nuclear power plant have the united states?
Multiple Choice Question

Question
1. In era modern, what is people needed to solve the problem?
a. Solar energy
b. Fosil energy
c. Nuclear power plant
d. Turbin energy
e. Wave sonar energy
2. What is the principal to make a uranium to be energy?
a. Calculate the emission
b. Uranium will be molten, reaction and activity calculate in monitor
display
c. Just show in monitor display
d. Put the uranium in the big box
e. Save uranium and give a reaction
3. Who is country have a nuclear power plant more than 2?
a. Amerika serikat
NUCLEAR ENERGY

CHAPTER
26
b.
c.
d.
e.
Indonesia
Philipina
Korsel
Nigeria
4. How much reactor in the America United State?

a. 90 building reactor
b. 80 building reactor
c. 100 building reactor
d. More 100 building reactor
e. More 70 building reactor
5. How much reactor in the Indonesia?
a. 2 building reactor
b. 1 building reactor
c. 3 building reactor
d. More 4 reactor
e. More 5 reactor
Practice 4
A. Simple Conversation
One day, there are two student in canteen school, they
talking about planning nuclear power plant in Indonesia.
Il: hey! Ndut.. hmm.. are you sure about planning

government to build the nuclear power plant?
Ndut: hmm.. I think i not sure about planning that.
Il: why guys?
Ndut: hmm.. I dont know il, but, I hope the nuclear power plant give
advantange for people in Indonesia.
Il: hmm.. oke.. are you know how process nuclear power plant to become
electricity?
Ndut: hahaaa.. I dont know guy.. ! can you tell
and explain me?
Il: oh, oke. a nuclear reactor, or power plant, is a
series of machines that can control nuclear
fission to produce electricity. The fuel that
nuclear reactors use to produce nuclear
fission is pellets of the element uranium. In
a nuclear reactor, atoms of uranium are
NUCLEAR ENERGY

CHAPTER
26
forced to break apart. As they split, the atoms release tiny particles called
fission products. Fission products cause other uranium atoms to split,
starting a chain reaction. The energy released from this chain reaction
creates heat.
Ndut: Oh.. oke guys.. are uranium have a poisson and atom?
Il: hmm.. uranium have a poisson int the reactor.. and than that is very dangerous.
Uranium have atom, ussualy electron and proton.
Ndut: are you sure about uranium was molten?
Il: every uranium, must be molted to make a very good reaction. And then, the
uranium have rod to control activites of uranium.
Ndut: oke. Thank you..
Practice 5
Every person, must be include to group. And then, all of

student must be make 3 group. After that, a person make a
straight line to strat the game. Behind of the straight line, a
person accept the word. After that, a person must be make a
structure of the word. After know the structure, the person
give the piece word to other person. And the new person,
must be read loundy word or sentences.
So.. lest strat to paly an enjoy the game
GOOD LUCK guys!!!
BY: A.ilham ramadhani
NUCLEAR ENERGY
Photoelectric Effect
CHAPTER
27
CHAPTER 27
Practice 1
Photoelectric effect is one of the most

important science discoveries of all times. It is
defined as the process where electrons are
emitted from matter, solids, liquids and gases,
when they absorb energy from light waves of
short wavelength (The Nobel Prize in Physics,
2011). Examples of electromagnetic radiations
that can cause photoelectric effect are
ultraviolet and visible light.
Photoelectrons are electrons that are
emitted through this process. This process was
first discovered in 1887 by Heinrich Hertz, and
this explains why the process is also referred to
as Hertz effect (Lenard, 2002, p.151). Hertz
noticed that electric sparks were produced
much easily from electrodes when they were
illuminated with UV rays. After Hertz
discovery, Albert Einstein later in 1905,
described an experiment in which he explained
that light energy travelled in discrete quantized
packets, and that this is what caused photo
electric effect. This formed the basis for
quantum revolution.
Photoelectric effect a technology has
already been used in production of several
electronic
devices.
One
of
the
many
innovations that utilize this effect is a cameras

light meter which adjusts the iris automatically.
Solar cells also are important domestic
and commercial devices that use photoelectric
effect to generate electric energy. Usually photo
Photoelectronic effect
CHAPTER
27
electric effect is used to convert ultraviolet waves found in light energy to

electric energy that can then be used in powering various appliances (Sears,
et al. 2003).
Albert Einsteins study of photoelectric effect was the foundation for
further studies of wave-particle duality and quantum nature of electrons and
light in general. It was also noted that photoelectric effect can be initiated by
photons with energy varying from a few electrovolts, eV to over one MeV, in
elements with large number of atoms.
Journal Reference:
Lenard, P. (2002). About the photoelectric effect. Foundation of Physics,
313 (5), 149198.
Serway, R. A. (2010). Physics for Scientists & Engineers. New York:
Saunders.
Sears, F.W., Mark, W.Z. and Hugh, D.Y. (2003). University Physics.
London: Addison Wesley.
"The Nobel Prize in Physics. 2011. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on May
22,
2013
from
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/index.ht
ml
http://www.qessays.com/free-essays/photoelectric-effect-essay.html
Practice 2
CHAPTER
27
Unfamiliar Words
Meaning
Synonym
efek fotolistrik
photoelectric
Electrons
Elektron
energized matter
Energy
Energi
power
Radiations
Radiasi
dissemination
Photoelectrons
Photoelektron
Photo-electric
Solar Cells
sel surya
Solar panel
Atoms
Atom
photoelectric
efek fotolistrik
energized matter
Electrons
Elektron
power
Energy
Energi
particles
Practice 3
A. YES/NO QUESTION
1. Does the essay talk about the photoelectric effect?

2. Did the Albert Einstein ever study of photoelectric effect?
3. Does ultraviolet and visible light is examples of electromagnetic radiations that
can cause
photoelectric effect?
4. Is photoelectric effect first discover in 1887 by Heinrich Hertz?
5. Is solar cells include the application of photoelectric effect?
CHAPTER
27
B. INFORMATION QUESTIONS
1. What is the definition of photoelectric effect ?
2. What is the definition of Photoelectrons?
3. Who is the first discoverer photoelectric effect?
4. What is use of photoelectric effect?
5. What the example of photoelectric effect?
1. Examples of electromagnetic radiations that can cause photoelectric effect
is...
a) ultraviolet and visible light
b) ultrasonic
c) infrared
2. The first discoverer photoelectric effect is...
a) Albert Einstein
b) Heinrich Hertz
c) Graham Bell
3. The first photoelectric effect founded at...
a) 1885
b) 1886
c) 1887
4. One of important domestic and commercial devices that use photoelectric
effect is...
a) Solar cells
b) General Relativity
c) Sound Waves
5. In this essay Albert Einstein study about
a) Photoelectrons
b) photoelectric effect
c) Sound Waves
CHAPTER
27
Practice 4
Nabila : Assalamualaikum
warahmatullahi wabarokatuh
Indri
: Waalaikumsalam
warohmatullahi wabarakatuh
Nabila : There are any home work in

lastmeeting?
Indri
: Yes, there are
Nabila : Hahwhat that the assignment?

Indri
: The assignment search about photoelectric effect
Nabila : Can you help me please

Indri
: Yes, I will help you
Nabila : What do you know about photoelectric effect?

Indri
: photoelectric effect is process where electrons are emitted from matter,

solids, liquids and gases, when they absorb energy from light waves of
short wavelength
Nabila : What the example of photoelectric effect?

Indri
: the example of photoelectric effect is ultraviolet and visible light
Nabila : Who the first discoverer photoelectric effect?

Indri
: The first discoverer photoelectric effect is Heinrich Hertz
Nabila :What the important domestic and commercial devices that use
photoelectric effect?
Indri : The important domestic and commercial devices that use photoelectric
effect is solar cells
Nabila : When the first photoelectric effect founded?
Indri
: The first photoelectric effect founded at 1887
Nabila : Ok, I will study hard about photoelectric effect

Indri : Yes, good luck
CHAPTER
27
Nabila : Ok Nabila thanks for your information

Indri
: youre welcome Indri
Nabila : See you Indri

Indri
: See you later Nabila
Practice 5
The Game Photoelectric Game
1. Find the unfamiliar words in a box
2. Then the kta searched under the
3. A word searched for perhaps his position ishorizontal, vertical, diagonal and
even upside down
4. If it is found, then the search for the next word
S G H B M U T
N E R H E
D R
A Q I
W L
K L
Q G J
O P
V X
O Y
R T
S W Z
B N
D S
C D E
S O L A R C E
L O
U A
T D E Q W D R
A U
U A L R E
R A
N E R E
D R A C
P P P N U
G I
U W U N Y Q S
D
D A
W Q S
M K G
W Q
C O
U O H I
R R L S E
R A
R A D
U R
H O T O E
R O N
A N
A L G L T
O R O A L
W N T L T
T A
E L E
H T W D
I
D R O
Y D M
O N
O K
U Q A
C T R O L
H O D
R E D O U
O N S
N Q L
K D U
G H T
V E
D E H
Y Y U H U D R C W S
R E D
A T
R T
CHAPTER
27
O E L O A R A
W H D R G T H U
P
O T O E F
Y D E A R E
K A T
R X B
R O L
K T
D U N
By: Indri Indah Fitriyani
U A
Teleport of Photon
CHAPTER
28
CHAPTER 28
Physicists Achieve Quantum Teleportation of Photon Over 25 Kilometers
Practice 1
Study this following text
For the first time, a team of physicists
have successfully teleported a quantum state of
a photon to a crystal over 25 kilometers away
through a fiber optic cable. This effectively
showed that the photons quantum state, not its
composition, is important to the teleportation
process. The team was led by Nicolas Gisin of
the University of Geneva and the results were
published in the journal Nature Photonics. With
this new paper, Gisins team has successfully
squashed the previous record they set a decade
ago by teleporting a quantum state of a proton 6
kilometers.
The quantum state of the photon is able
to preserve information under extreme
conditions, including the difference between
traveling as light or becoming stored in the
crystal like matter. The photons state acts as
information that can be teleported along great
distances using the optical fiber, and can be
stored within the crystal. This was achieved due
to a phenomenon in quantum mechanics known
as entanglement, where two particles have a
correlation, despite the fact that they arent
touching and transmitting information to one
another.
To test this and ensure what they were
observing was actually happening, one photon
was stored in a crystal while the other was sent
along optical fiber, over a distance of 25
kilometers.The photon that was sent along the
optical fiber collides with a third photon, which
was assumed to destroy them both.. However,
the information from the first photon was
transferred to the third photon in the collision,
Teleport Of Photon
Teleport of Photon
CHAPTER
28
like the transfer of energy when one billiard

ball hits another. The information from the
third photon came back to the crystal where it
could be measured to ensure the information
was preserved between the first and the second.
The photon did not physically teleport
as we are used to hearing about in science
fiction, where someones body can moved from
place to place in a matter of seconds. Instead,
the information contained on the now-distant
photon can be inferred based on what is seen
with the information in the photon in the
crystal. By knowing one, you already know the
other. However, what the information actually
is can't be known until it is examined.
Flix Bussires of Gisins team
explained in a press release that it appears "that
the quantum state of the two elements of light,
these two entangled photons which are like two
Siamese twins, is a channel that empowers the
teleportation from light into matter.
Regardless if the information was in crystal or
light, there wasnt a change to the information
itself. This could very well mean that the
quantum state, not physical state, rules in
quantum physics.
Quantum entanglement is the basis for
theoretical quantum computing and quantum
communication, though it will be a very long
time before these results will have real-world
implications. The achievements of Gisin's lab
could also improve how quantum entanglement
interactions are measured.
By : Lisa Winter
Website:http://www.iflscience.com/physics/phy
sicists-achieve-quantum-teleportation-photonover-25-kilometers.
Teleport Of Photon
Teleport of Photon
CHAPTER
28
Practice 2
Unfamiliar
Meaning
Synonym
Words
Squashed
Menundukkan
Annihilate
Entanglement
Belitan
Affair
Transferred
Mentransfer
Conveyed
Contained
Dimasukkan
Accommodate
Examined
Diperiksa
Checked
Empowers
Memberi kuasa Accredit
Ragardless
Bagaimanapun
Behindhand
juga
Archievements Pencapaian
act
Practice 3
YES/NO QUESTION
1. Is a team of physicists have not successfully teleported a quantum state of
a photon to a crystal?
2. Is the photon is able to preserve information under extreme conditionsof
the quantum state?
3. Is the photon that was sent along the optical fiber collides with a third
photon, which was assumed tansfered the information between aother
photon?
4. Is the photon can be moved from place to place in a matter of seconds?
5. Is the information change if put in the crystal or light?
Teleport Of Photon
Teleport of Photon
CHAPTER
28
1. What are have succesfully do with the team of Nicolas Gisin?
2. How the quantum state of the photon explain the teportation information?
3. How the explain of tranfer information of the photon?
4. Who is explain aboutthe quantum state of the two elements of light?
5. Why the photon can not physically teleport?
OBJECTTIVE QUESTION
1. What is succesfully do with the team of Nicholas Gisin
a. Teleporting a quantum state of a proton 6 kilometers.
b. Found the quantum of photon
c. Teleported a quantum state of a photon to a crystal over 25 kilometers
d. Teleport the electron to neutron
2. What just condition the quantum state of the photon is able to preserve
information
a.
Cold condition, as laser and light
b.
Extreme condition, as light and stored in crystal
c.
High temperature, as light and store to cable
d.
Frozen temperature, as laser and store to cable
3. Whos team can succesfully transfer the photon

a.
Albert einsteins team
b.
Thomas alfa edisons team
c.
Nocholas gisins team
d.
Scrodingers team
4. Why the photon can not physically transport

a.
Because the particel is different
b.
Because the photon can not bring the information
c.
Because the photon is became explode
d.
Because the photon need to examined first
5. What the basis for theoretical quantum computing and quantum

communication
Teleport Of Photon
Teleport of Photon
CHAPTER
28
a. Electricity theory
b. Quantum entanglement
c. Quantum physiscs
d. Fhotolistric theory
Practice 4
Practive this following conversation
Dewi : assalamualikum dian nice to meet you. What departement are you?
Dian
: waalaikumsalam dewi nice to meet you too. I am in physics
departement,and you?
Dewi : i am in chemistry departement, i have question for you about physics.
What do you
Think about quantum entanglement?
Dian
: Quantum entanglement is the basis for theoretical quantum computing
and quantum communication. This theme be in contact with transfered photon, in

achievement of physics scientist.
Dewi : what achievement that?
Dian
: hmm... about transfered the photon if can bring the information
contained to the cryztal.

Dewi : but i think that is imposible to do. The in formation just can bring use
radio waves, is not it?
Dian
: no, transfered photon it can bring the information contained to crystal.
Dewi : oohh... what the explanation about that?

Dian
: For the first time, a team of physicists have successfully teleported a
quantum state of a photon to a crystal over 25 kilometers away through a fiber

optic cable.
Dewi : wow that is amazing, how can they do that?
Dian
: the photons quantum state, not its composition, is important to the
teleportation process but the other from the material.

Teleport Of Photon
Teleport of Photon
CHAPTER
28
Dewi : oohh
Dian
: and that has successfully squashed the previous record they set a decade
ago by teleporting a quantum state of a proton 6 kilometers.

Dewi : hmm.. that is the first quantum state of photon
Dian
: yup that is true, but the photon did not physically teleport as we are
used to hearing about in science fiction.

Dewi : how can we ceck the information?
Dian
: the information actually is can't be known until it is examinedin the
laboratory.
Dewi : hmmm do you want to study about it specificly?
Dian
: hmmm i think about it, but i need study more...
Dewi : thank you for your time dian, i like can discussion with you.
Wassalamualaikum
Dian
: your welcome waalaikumsalam
Teleport Of Photon
Teleport of Photon
CHAPTER
28
Practice 5
Blindman's Swag
For this game players divide into 2 group, every group there are 2
persons. One partner in each couple is blindfolded. You will need to make sure
that no one can peek when do this game or it would ruin the game.You need large
space to do this game.
All the couples start on one side of the playing area. After the partners are
blindfolded reveal the swag or anythig if can close their eyes. In all of the the area
you need to put much word example Quantum Entanglement and another word.
All the couple who close the eyes must take all of words they need to make a
corectly sentence. The players that are not blindfolded must using only their
words and no touching just give a intruction.
The time for this game it just 2 minutes, after finished the time their must
make a good sentence from that words. The time just 1 minutes to make a
sentence from that words. The goal is to be the couples to make corectly sentence
of course. The winner will be get the reward and the loser will be get the
punishment. Then enjoy the game!!!
Intruction:
Firstly: divide the people into 2 group, every group there are 2 person.
Secondly: one of them is blindfolded reveal the swag to close their eyes
Thirdly : the player that are not blindfolded give intruction to take the word in the
wall. The time just 2 minutes
Fourthly : make the sentence from word that have you get it.
The end
By: Putri Sofiana Rosyada
Teleport Of Photon
Semiconduktor and Their uses engeineering

CHAPTER
29
CHAPTER 29
Analysis of Semiconductors and Their Uses Engineering
Practice 1
A semiconductor is a material that has
an electrical conductivity between that of a
conductor and an insulator, that is, generally in
the range 103 siemens per centimeter to 108
S/cm. Devices made from semiconductor
materials are the foundation of modern
electronics, including radio, computers,
telephones, and many other devices.
Semiconductor devices include the various
types of transistor, solar cells, many kinds of
diodes including the light-emitting diode, the
silicon controlled rectifier, and digital and
analog integrated circuits. Solar photovoltaic
panels are large semiconductor devices that
directly convert light energy into electrical
energy.
An external Common semiconducting
materials are crystalline solids but amorphous
and liquid semiconductors are known, such as
mixtures of arsenic, selenium and tellurium in a
variety of proportions. They share with better
known
semiconductors
intermediate
conductivity and a rapid variation of
conductivity with temperature but lack the rigid
crystalline
structure
of
conventional
semiconductors such as silicon and so are c
insensitive to impurities and radiation damage.
Silicon is used to create most
semiconductors commercially. Dozens of other
materials are used,including germanium,
gallium arsenide, and silicon carbide. A pure
semiconductor is often called anintrinsic
semiconductor. The conductivity,
Semiconduktor and their uses engeineering

CHAPTER
29
or ability to conduct, of common

semiconductor materials can be drastically
changed by adding other elements, called
impurities to the melted intrinsic material and
then allowing the melt to solidify into a new
and different crystal. This process is called
"doping
The electrons in semiconductors can have
energies only within certain bands (i.e. ranges
of levels of energy) between the energy of the
ground state, corresponding to electrons tightly
bound to the atomic nuclei of the material, and
the free electron energy, which is the energy
required for an electron to escape entirely from
the material. The energy bands each correspond
to a large number of discrete quantum states of
the electrons, and most of the states with low
energy (closer to the nucleus) are full, up to a
particular band called the valence band.
Semiconductors
and
insulators
are
distinguished from metals because the valence
band in the semiconductor materials is nearly
filled under usual operating conditions, thus
causing more electrons to be available in the
"conduction band," which is the band
immediately above the valence band.
By : shannon dyle
www.semikonductortor.com
Practice 2
Unfamiliar Words
Meaning
Insensitive
Tidak peka
Solidify
Mengeras
Available
Yang ada
Range
Jarak
Synonym

CHAPTER
29
Rectifier
Pengoreksi
Carbide
Karbit
Tightly
Dengan kuat
Integrated
Mengintegrasikan
Crystalline
Terdiri dari kristal
Amorphus
Tek berbentuk
Rapid
Deras
Lack
Kekurangan
Rigid
Kaku
Impurities
Tak murni
Dozen
lusin
Foundation
Pondasi
Emitting
Memancarkan
Photovoltaic
Fotogalvani
Directly
Dengan langsung
Practice 3
YES / NO QUESTION
1. Do the conductivity, or ability to conduct, of common semiconductor
materials can be drastically changed by adding other elements, called
impurities to the melted intrinsic material and then allowing the melt to
solidify into a new and different crystal?
2. Do They share with better known semiconductors intermediate
conductivity and a rapid variation of conductivity with temperature but

CHAPTER
29
lack the rigid crystalline structure of conventional semiconductors such

as silicon and so are c insensitive to impurities and radiation damage?
3. Do an external Common semiconducting materials are crystalline solids
but amorphous and liquid semiconductors are known, such as mixtures of
arsenic, selenium and tellurium in a variety of proportions?
4. Do the energy bands each correspond to a large number of discrete
quantum states of the electrons, and most of the states with low energy
(closer to the nucleus) are full, up to a particular band called the valence
band?
5. Dosemiconductor devices include the various types of transistor, solar
cells, many kinds of diodes including the light-emitting diode, the silicon
controlled rectifier, and digital and analog integrated circuits?
1. What is semiconductor?
2. Where we can found kind of device that made from semiconductor
materials?
3. When the electrons in semiconductors can have energies ?
4. How does doping happens?
5. Why did semiconductors and insulator are distinguished from metals?
OBJECTIVE QUESTION
1. What is the large semiconductors devices that directly convert light
energy into electrical energy...
a. solar cells
c. Transistor
b. photovoltaic
d.Diodes
2. An external common semiconducting materials are crystalline solids but

amorphous and liquid semiconducors are known such as mixtures of ...
a. sillicon and selenium
b. Sillicon,arsenic and selenium

CHAPTER
29
c. arsenic, sellenium and tellurium

d. arsenic, tellurium and germanium
3. The materials below which can be used to create semiconductors
commercially, except...
a. sillicon
c. Germanium
b. gallium arsenide
d. tellurium
4. A pure semiconductor is often called an .......... semiconductor

a. electron
c. Tellurium
b. devices
d. Intrinsic
5. . The conductivity, or ability to conduct, of common semiconductor

materials can be drastically changed by adding other elements, called
impurities to the melted intrinsic material and then allowing the melt to
solidify into a new and different crystal. This process is called.....
a. doping
b. practicum
c. smoothing
d. balancing
Practice 4
Pratice this following conversation
A: Excuse me, May I ask you something?
B: Of course
A: Where is Ulul Albab musque?
B: Oh, its near from B1 building
A: But the rain so rapid now, better we study.
B: Its a good idea, lets study about how to integrated between science and islam
A: Okay then, but we are lack of sources to make a working paper
B: Wait, lets rectifier it first

CHAPTER
29
A: I have a book that we can use as source, but it used a rigid language
B: Good, but now I feel hungry
A: Just take a dozen of cupcake on a plate in the refrigerator
B: Which plate?
A: The blue one, please take it carefully. It is crystalline
B: Oh okay, If Im not carefully it will be amorphously broken
A: Yeah because it made from impurities crystal, so its fregile
B: Hahaha, I think it made from carbide, its okay, I will tightly to take it
A: how about.. if you make ice tube? We can use it to make fruit ice next time?
make from the water available
B: its a good idea, tomorrow the ice will solidify?
A: yeah, but now I still flu, I feel I
insensitive now
B:Oh ya do you remember about
photovoltaic?
A: yah, I remember, so?
B: I will ask you? What differences between photovoltaic and directly lightemitting?
A:I think we can drastically analys about differences both of them
B:we can directly look light emitting. And I think it so conventional, and about
photovoltaic, it can emitting only if the foundation work directly and nothing
range in the process. For example range of time and range of place
Practice 5
Slide 1

CHAPTER
29
Slide 2
Slide 3
Slide 4
By: Anis Choirun Nisa
Alternative Sources Of Energy

CHAPTER
30
CHAPTER 30
Alternative Sources of Energy
Practice 1
It is hard to live without Energy, but it is
impossible to find another planet to live in.
Energy is everything. It comes in many forms
such as heat, electricity, light, mechanical
energy. Conventional energy sources such as
coal and oil are the main contributors to the
global warming. Further more, these fossil fuels
are not renewable, which means one day we
will run out of them. The good news is
alternative sources of energy can replace the
current technologies we are using. These
renewable energy sources are environment
friendly as they emit less carbon dioxide,
compared to fossil fuels. There are many
alternative sources of energies that harness
natural forces and resources such as solar
power, wind power, and geothermal energy.
From environmental prospective solar
power is the best alternative source of energy. It
is the light and the heat from the sun which is
harnessed to generate power. It is created by
converting the sun rays into electricity using
solar panels. Additionally, solar panels change
the sun light that hit it into heat, which is used
to heat homes, water, swimming pools, and for
cooking. There is also another energy sources
that is safe and natural in the same time.
Wind power is one of the oldest forms
of energy that benefited mankind so greatly. It
is the use of the wind power to produce
electricity. In the past, people used it to
navigate water, to pump water and to dry
clothes.Today, we use it to produce electricity.
In this technology, when the wind blows, it
rotates the blades of the wind turbines.
Alternative Of energy

CHAPTER
30
This rotation runs electric generators. There is

one more source of energy which can be used
as an alternative to fossil fuels.
Geothermal energy is one of the main
sources of alternative energy. It is the heat of
the earth, which is continuously produced in the
core of the earth. It is very beneficial to the
earth and it atmosphere as it doesn't produce
any pollution. In this technology, Wells are
drilled to pump heated water and steam. Then,
that steam and heated water are purified to
drive wind turbines which produce electricity.
It works best in sunny climate regions.
Energy is everything. It can be found in
many forms. Fossil fuels cause many
environmental issues due to the emission of
carbon dioxide. However, alternative source of
energy can substitute traditional energy sources
with almost no negative effects on the
environment. One of the alternative energy
sources is solar power. In smaller scale, it is
used to heat houses, water and in cooking. In
larger scale, it is used to generate electricity.
Another source is wind power. Older wind
turbines used to grind crops, now to run
generators and generate electricity. A third
source is geothermal energy, in which, heated
water and steam are used to run generators.
by Hanan Abdulrahman
www.saveerath.com
Practice 2
UNFAMILIAR WORD
MEANING
Renewable
Diperbaharui
Current
Arus
Panels
Panel
Solar
Matahari
Generators
Generator
synonym

CHAPTER
30
Turbines
Turbin
Fossil
Fosil
Atmosphere
Atmosfir
Steam
Uap air
Scale
Skala
Practice 3
YES/NO QUESTION
1. Is geothermal energy the heat of the earth, which is continuously
produced in the core of the earth ?
2. Is the fossil fuels not renewable ?
3. Is solar power not many alternative source of energy ?
4. Is wind power one of the oldest form the energy ?
5. Is solar power the light and the heat from the sun which is harnessed to
generate power
1. What is the solar power ?
2. How the process of wind power ?
3. Mention 3 of a many alternative source of energy ?
4. Why cant use fossil fuels ?
5. What is the geothermal energy ?
OBJECTIVE QUESTION
1. Is wind power a alternative source of energy ?
a. Yes, it is
b. Yes, there is
c. Yes, the is

CHAPTER
30
2. What is the function turbines ?

a. product the steam
b. change the sun light
c. runs electric generators
3. What the alternative source of energy that use wind ?
a. wind power
b. solar power
c. geothermal energy
4. What is the benefit of geothermal energy ?
a. dosnt any pollution
b. cheap energy
c. renewable energy
5. What is the energy not renewable ?
a. fossil fuels
b.wind power
c. solar power

CHAPTER
30
Practice 4
CONVERSATION
Good Morning.
im fine. And you ?
Yes i know that. Why ?
Thats right. There are energy
it atmosphere doesnt any
pollution. See you.
Good Morning.
im fine.
I think so. We can
also use the current
of generatorturbines.
it is can to produce
energy and steam
with big scale. See
you.
Good Morning.
im fine.
So we can use
alternative energy. For
example with use solar
panels. See you
Good Morning guys.

How are you today ?
By the way . Do you know
fossil ?.
fossil is energy not
renewable. OK, see you.

CHAPTER
30
Practice 5
MY PENCIL
Purpose of the game : Train concentration in the world of work
Equipment of the game : Eye Pencil, bottle, cloth cover,rope
How to play the game :
outbound Participants were divided into groups, with each group
numbering 10 person.
All of participants blindfolded with a cloth cover except one
peserta.
Pencil tied with ropes, each participant received a single rope.
Rope tied around the waist participants
All of participants stood against the bottle.
With the outbound direction of the participants who are not
blindfolded, all participants tried to insert pencil into bottle.
Participants shoould not hold rope
Participants must follow the clue
The group concentrations were successfully incorporated pencil
first is the winner
(Lailatul Maghfiroh 13640037)
Hot Air Balloon Physics

CHAPTER
31
CHAPTER 31
Pracice 1
The basic principle behind hot air
balloon physics is the use of hot air to create
buoyancy, which generates lift. A hot air
balloon consists of a large bag, called an
envelope, with a gondola or wicker basket
suspended underneath. A burner (with power
typically of several megawatts) sits in the
basket and is used to heat the air inside the
envelope through an opening. This heated air
generates lift by way of a buoyant force. The
figure below shows a typical burner.
The hot air inside the envelope is less
dense than the surrounding (cooler) air. This
difference in density causes the hot air balloon
to be lifted off the ground due to the buoyant
force created by the surrounding air. The
principle behind this lift is called Archimedes'
principle, which states that any object
(regardless of its shape) that is suspended in a
fluid, is acted upon by an upward buoyant force
equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the
object. So an object floating in water stays
buoyant using the same principle as a hot air
balloon. The figure below illustrates
Archimedes' principle for an object completely
submerged in a fluid (such as water, or air).
As shown in the figure above, the center
of buoyancy acts through point C, which is the
centroid of the volume V of the object. This
volume is equal to the displaced volume of the
fluid. The upward buoyant force FB is equal to
the weight of the displaced volume of fluid V.

CHAPTER
31
For the object to remain in an

unconditionally stable orientation (i.e. not
rotate) the center of mass of the object G must
be directly below point C. This means that if
the object were to be rotated by any amount, it
will automatically rotate back to the original
position where point G lies directly below point
C. This is what is meant by unconditional
stability.
For a hot air balloon, the upward
buoyant force acting on it is equal to the weight
(or mass) of the cooler surrounding air
displaced by the hot air balloon. Since the air
inside the envelope is heated it is less dense
than the surrounding air, which means that the
buoyant force due to the cooler surrounding air
is greater than the weight of the heated air
inside the envelope. And for lift to be
generated, this buoyant force must exceed the
weight of the heated air, plus the weight of the
envelope, plus the weight of the gondola, plus
the weight of passengers and equipment on
board. As a result, the hot air balloon will
experience sufficient buoyant force to
completely lift off the ground.
As shown in the figure below, the
weight of the hot air balloon is more
concentrated near the bottom of the balloon (at
the location of passengers and equipment), so
the center of mass G of the hot air balloon is
always below the center of buoyancy C.
Therefore, the balloon is always stable during
flight (i.e. it will always remain in the upright
position).
If the balloon operator wishes to lower
the hot air balloon, he can either stop firing the
burner, which causes the hot air in the envelope
to cool (decreasing the buoyant force), or he
opens a small vent at the top of the balloon
envelope (via a control line). This releases
some of the hot air, which decreases the

CHAPTER
31
To maintain a steady altitude, the

balloon operator intermittently fires and turns
off the burner once he reaches the approximate
altitude he wants. This causes the balloon to
ascend and descend (respectively). This is the
only way he can maintain an approximately
constant altitude, since maintaining a strictly
constant altitude by way of maintaining a net
zero buoyant force (on the balloon) is
practically impossible
If the balloon operator wishes to move
the balloon sideways (in a horizontal direction)
he must know, ahead of time, the wind
direction, which varies with altitude. So he
simply raises or lowers the hot air balloon to
the altitude corresponding to the wind direction
he wants, which is the direction he wants the
balloon to go.
The balloon stays inflated because the
heated air inside the envelope creates a pressure
greater than the surrounding air. However,
since the envelope has an opening at the bottom
(above the location of the burner), the
expanding hot air is allowed to escape,
preventing a large pressure differential from
developing. This means that the pressure of the
heated air inside the balloon ends up being only
slightly greater than the cooler surrounding air
pressure.
An efficient hot air balloon is one that
minimizes the weight of the balloon
components, such as the envelope, and on
board equipment (such as the burner and
propane fuel tanks). This in turn minimizes the
required temperature of the air inside the
envelope needed to generate sufficient buoyant
force to generate lift. Minimizing the required
air temperature means that you minimize the
burner energy needed, thereby reducing fuel
use.

CHAPTER
31
Practice 2
UNFAMILIAR WORD
MEANING
Buoyant
Daya apung
force
gaya
fluid
Cairan
grafity
grafitasi
pressure
tekanan
weight
Beban
heated
pemanas
upward
Ke atas
fuel
Bahan bakar
Inflated
memompa
SYNONYM
Practice 3
YES/NO QUESTION
1. Is the basic principle air balloon physics is the use of hot air to create
buoyancy, which generates lift?
2. Is the hot air inside the envelope less dense than the surrounding air?
3. Is principle behind this lift called Archimedes princip?
4. Is volume not equal to the displaced volume of the fluid?
5. Is balloon always stable during flight?
1. What is principle use to hot air balloon?
2. Why hot air balloon can buoyancy?
3. Who finder Archimedes principle?
4. Where a burners location at hot air?
5. How situation object that realize Archimedes principle?

CHAPTER
31
OBJECTIVE QUESTION
1.The hot air inside the envelope is than the surrounding (cooler) air.
This difference in density causes the hot air balloon to be lifted off the ground
due to the buoyant force created by the surrounding air.
A.Less dense
C.Slowly
B.Quickly
D.Very much
2.What a principle use hot air balloon?

A.Bernoulli
B.Archimedes
C.Kirchoff
D.Lorentz
3.How the volume object at condition to float?

A.Equal with displaced volume of the fluid.
B.No equal with displaced volume of the fluid
C.Equal with the object
D.More heavy than weight object
4.Air difference in density causes the hot air balloon to be off the ground due
to the buoyant force created by the surrounding air.
A.Submerge
C.lifted
B.Flying
D.Drifted
5. Archimedes' principle, which states that any object (regardless of its shape) that
is suspended in a fluid, is acted upon by an .force equal to the weight of
the fluid displaced by the object.
A.Upward flying
C.Upward buoyant
B.Submerge
D.Lifted off
Practice 4
Maruko : What is it?

CHAPTER
31
Sisuka : it is Hot Air Ballonn

Maruko: Why can fly in air?
Sisuka : The hot air ballon can fly in air because air inside the envelope less
danse
from surrounding air.
Maruko : eemmyeachyeach
Sisuka : what..you know..that occurrence contact with physic?
Maruko: ohh..yeah..what it is?you can to the explain?
Sisuka : it is Archimedes principle, which states that any object (regardless of its
shape) that is suspended in a fluid, is acted upon by an upward buoyant
force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. So an
object floating in water stays buoyant using the same principle as a hot
air balloon.
Maruko:okokIm understand,obviously very lure
Practice 5
1.Two or more players sit around a 15 square by 15 square playing board that is
initially empty. At the start of the game, a set of 100 tiles, each marked with a letter and
a point value, are placed so that their letters are out of sight, either by placing them in a
bag or by placing them face-down on the table. Each player has a wooden holder, known
as a "rack," for holding letters to be played, which is empty at the start of the game.
2.To decide who goes first, each player draws a single letter tile from the bag (or, if
there is no bag, from the tiles which have been laid face-down on the table). The
player who draws the letter that is closest to "A" in the alphabet goes first. If there are two
players who draw the same letter, and that letter is the closest to "A" of all letters drawn,
then all players throw back their tiles and draw another tile at random, repeating this
process until a single player wins the draw. After the first player takes a turn, the player to
her or his left will take a turn, and this process will proceed in a clockwise direction
around the board.
3.The first player takes 7 letters from the Scrabble bag and places them out of sight
of the other players on that player's rack. Other players must then draw sufficient
letters to put seven letters on their respective racks. Players must draw their letters in the
order in which they will play, but they should not wait until it is their turn to draw their
letters, as having the letters sooner gives everyone a chance to think ahead about how
they will play.

CHAPTER
31
4.The first player examines his or her letters to see what words can be made from
them. When a word has been found, it must be placed on the board in a way that covers
the center square. This square is marked by a star, and is also a double-word score, giving
the first play double the score it would otherwise have. The word may be placed either
horizontally or vertically, but not diagonally.
5.After each turn, the player who has just played draws as many letters as have just
been played, so that there are always seven letters on the player's rack at the end of
the draw. Unless, of course, the letters in the bag have become exhausted.
6.After the first turn, each player must play in a way that makes at least one word
using at least one tile that is already on the board.
7.The score received for a turn is based upon the point values that appear on each
tile used to make a word, and is modified based upon any bonus squares that are
covered by the letters that are newly-placed during that turn. The follow kinds of
bonus squares are marked in specific places on the board:
Double Letter Score: This means that a letter placed on this square receives
double the number of points that are shown on the letter.
Double Word Score: This means that a word that is made that includes the letter
that is placed on this square receives double the number of points that it
otherwise would.
Triple Letter Score: This means that a letter placed on this square receives three
times the number of points that are shown on the letter.
Triple Word Score: This means that a word that is made that includes the letter
that is placed on this square receives triple the number of points that it otherwise
would.
8.Scoring involves adding up the point values of all letters played, as well as all
letters already on the board that are in new words made during the present turn.
The letters that are newly played that are on double or triple letter bonus squares are then
individually doubled or tripled. The words that are newly made that have newly-played
letters on double or triple word scores are then doubled or tripled; the entire word,
including squares that were already on the board, is doubled or tripled in this case.
9.When a turn is taken, the score is computed and written down, usually on a piece
of paper that is divided into columns, one column per player. The score for each turn
is added to the prior total and sub-totaled, so that everyone knows the score as the game
proceeds.

CHAPTER
31
10.Play continues in this manner until there are no more letters in the bag and the
last player has had their turn, and someone has played the last letter that they have,
so that their rack is now empty. When this occurs, the point values of all letters
remaining on each players' rack are added up and subtracted from that player's score, and
these same point values are added to the score of the player who "went out" (used up all
of their letters) first. This ends the game.
11.No matter who "goes out," it is the person having the highest score who wins the
game. Second place goes to the person with the second-highest score, and so on.
By: Siti Rukyatul Iiham Mia
The Star
CHAPTER
32
CHAPTER 32
THE STAR
Practice 1
The stars are great globes of hot,
glowing gas just like our sun. They contain a
great deal of hydrogen and helium gases. They
shine by changing hydrogen into helium in the
vast nuclear furnacesof their central core.
Astronomers have discovered that the
stars contain most of the other elements found
on the earth. They have identified more than
sixty of the elements like air, water, fire etc.
found on the earth. The elements are not in the
same proportion as they are on the earth. They
vary from star to star. The stars contain lighter
elements like hydrogen, helium, iron and
calcium in a large proportion.
Astronomers use an instrument called
spectroscope to split the starlight into a broad
band of colours. Sometimes there are a number
of dark lines in the band. The position, the
number and the size of the lines, give a lot of
information about a stars atmosphere including
its gaseous chemical content, its density and
temperature.
If you notice the stars for some time
they seem to move across the sky. Like the sun
they rise in the east and set in the west. But this
deceptive movement of the stars is caused by
the movement of the earth on its axis. If you
ignore this deceptive movement of the stars
you can see that they are in the same position,
night after night, month after month and year
after year. Our ancient forefathers called the
stars fixed stars in a celestial sphere. However
nothing is fixed in the universe. The moons or
the satellites, move around their planets, the
planets move around their suns, the suns move
around the centre of their Galaxies. All these
celestial bodies move on their axis. Everything
is constantly in motion and so are the stars.
The star
The Star
CHAPTER
32
The stars do not appear to move, for,

they are so far away. The closer we are to a
moving object the faster it appears to move.
The stars are not distributed equally
throughout the universe. They are grouped
together in great star systems called the
Galaxies. The bright stars we see in the sky
belong to the Milky Way Galaxy. Our sun
forms part of this Galaxy. The Galaxy is
believed to be a vast, flat rotating disc with
spiral arms. At the centre of the disc is a great
spherical mass of stars forming what is called
the nucleus? Our galaxy is estimated to contain
about one lakhs million stars. Astronomy is a
very interesting subject of wonders and
wonders.
The movement of a star towards or
away from us is called its radial motion.
Astronomers can detect and measure this
invaluable
tool,
motion
using
that
spectroscope. The spectrum of light from a star
shows dark lines characteristic of the chemical
elements it contains. The interesting thing is
that when a star is moving towards or away
from us the lines show a shift in position from
where they would have been if the star were at
rest. When the motion is towards us the lines
shift towards the blue end of the spectrum.
When the motion is away from us the lines shift
towards the red end. The extent of the shift is a
measure of the speed at which the star is
traveling towards or away from us.
Sumber:
http://www.shareyouressays.com/876/511words-short-essay-on-the-stars
Practice 2
UNFAMILIA
NO
R WORD
1
Furnaces
(Noun)
MEANING
Tungku perapian
/pembakaran
The star
DEFINITION
A structure or apparatus in which
heat may be generated, as for
The Star
CHAPTER
32
heating houses, smelting ores, or

producing steam
2
Discovered
(Adjective)
Menemukan/Mend
apatkan
Variation in the ascertained flux

depends on a number of factors";
"the discovered behavior norms";
"discovered differences in
achievement"; "no explanation for
the observed phenomena
Density
(Noun)
Berat
Jenis/Kepadatan
The amount per unit size
Ignore (Verb)
Cuek/Mengacuhka
n/Mengabaikan
To refrain from noticing or

recognizing
Ancient
(Adjective)
Kuno
Dating from a remote period; of

great age
Appear (Verb)
Tampil/Muncul
To come into sight; become visible
Estimated
Perkiraan/Kalkulasi To form an approximate judgment or
(Adjective/Ver /Penilaian
opinion regarding the worth,
b)
amount, size, weight, etc., of;
calculate approximately
Invaluable
(Adjective)
Tidak terhingga
nilainya
Beyond calculable or appraisable

value; of inestimable worth;
priceless
Shift (Noun)
Perubahan/Bergese
r/Penggeseran
A change or transfer from one place,

position, direction, person,etc.,to
another
10
Extent (Noun)
Luasnya/Lebarnya/
Sebagian
The space or degree to which a thing

extends; length, area, volume, or
scope
Practice 3
YES/NO QUESTION
1. Do you this essay titled The Stars?
2. Does the writers short essay on the stars named PranjanaMallick?
3. Are the star contains a lot of hydrogen and helium gas?
4. Have most of the elements contained in the star found on Earth?
5. Are our sun forms part of this Galaxy?
The star
The Star
CHAPTER
32
1. What is the star?
2. What elements are present in stars?
3. Why the stars are not distributed uniformly throughout the universe?
4. What is a Galaxy?
5. What is the name of the movement is done by the stars to towards or away
from us?
MULTIPLE CHOOISE QUESTION

1. What is title of the essay?
a. The Frog and The Crocodile
c. The Snow White
b. Cinderella
d. The Stars
2. Who is the write of this essay?
a. Rowan Atkinson
c. Prajana Mallick
b. Albert Einstein
d. John Dalton
3. What is the stars?
a. The stars are great globes of cool, glowing gas just like our moon
b. The stars are great globes of hot, glowing gas just like our sun
c. The stars are light shines of hot, glowing gas just like our sun
d. The stars are light shines of cool, glowing gas just like our moon
4. What is form the stars?
a. The stars contain lighter elements like hydrogen, helium, iron and
calcium in a large proportion
b. The stars contain globe elements like water, ground, fire and wing in a
large proportion
c. The stars can lighter elements like oxygen, carbon dioxide, iron and
water in a large quallity
d. The stars could lighter elements like water, oxygen, fire and ground in
a large quallity
5. What use the astronomers for see the stars?
a. Stetoscope
c. Thermometers
b. Spectroscope
d. Barometers
6. Why the stars are not distributed uniformly throughout the universe?
a. Because they are saw in the sky belong to the Milky Way Galaxy
b. Because they arebelieved to be a vast, flat rotating disc with spiral
arms
c. Because they are grouped together in great star systems called the
Galaxies
d. Because they arevery interesting subject of wonders and wonders
7. How much our galaxy is estimated?
The star
The Star
CHAPTER
32
a. To contain about one lakhs million stars

b. To contain about two lakhs billion stars
c. To contain about three lakhs million stars
d. To contain about four lakhs billion stars
8. What is the galaxy?
a. The Galaxy is believed to become a vast, never flat rotating disc with
square arms
b. The Galaxy is believed to became a fast, flat rotating disc with oval
arms
c. The Galaxy is believed to become a fast, never flat rotating disc with
circle arms
d. The Galaxy is believed to be a vast, flat rotating disc with spiral arms
9. What is the name of the movement is done by the stars to towards or away
from us?
a. Radial motion
c. The electricity
b. The wing temperature
d. The earthquake
10. What is form the spectrum of light?
a. The spectrum of light from a star shows shine lines characteristic of
the chemical elements it contains
b. The spectrum of light from a star shows dark lines characteristic of the
chemical elements it contains
c. The spectrum of light from a moon shows shine lines characteristic of
d. The spectrum of light from a moon shows light lines characteristic of
Practice 4
Rino
: Assalamualaikum
Rio
: Walaikumsalam
Rino
: Hey Rio, how are you?
Rio
: Hey Rino, Alhamdulillah I
am fine thank you. And you?
Rino : Alhamdulillah, Iam very
well thank you. Busy again what
now?
Rio
: After busy working so
astronomers
Rino : Oh, that takes care of the
stars yes?
The star
The Star
CHAPTER
32
Rio
: Yeah, right. If you are really busy now what?
Rino
: If I'm busy now so employees working in one of the famous company in

this Malang City
Rio
: Well, great yes. Working so ta manager?
Rino
: Yeah, you know why. Understand from where?
Rio
: I know of a way to speak now wiser
Rino
: Oh. Oh yes, I want to ask the star was formed from what?
Rio
: The star was formed from a large ball of hot gas that emit light like the
sun but is smaller than the sun
Rino
: Oh, so it was not a meteor star yes?
Rio
: No, it was different from the meteor star. If meteor the shape slightly
larger than the star-like stone and could fall into another planet, whereas if
the star is a ball which is a collection of hot gases that emit light
Rino
: Oh, so yes. Yes, now I understand. Thanks for the explanation
Rio
: Yeah, your welcome
Rino : Yes it is, I'm gone for now. Because I was exhausted this event.
Aassalamualaikum
Rio
: Yeah, be careful friends. Walaikumsalam
Practice 5
The title of this game is Memorise One Memorize All. I will explain to you rule
of this game. Rule of this game is:
1. Form a few people into 5 groups. Each group contains 5 people
2. Form a straight rows, then select one person from each group to be captain
3. Each captain will be given a clue about a character, and then given 5 minutes to
menghafalakannya
4. While waiting for the captain to memorize the clue, the members of each group
are required to turn around and wearing a headset
5. After menghafalakannya captain, the captain will be given 60 seconds to
explain to members
6. After that, members of the last clue explanations immediately ran to the board
that has been provided
7. They should write down what has been described by his earlier, and then select
the image associated with the clue to the same time
The star
The Star
CHAPTER
32
8. Pictures and correct clue that the winner

9. Captain should not help its members to talk with other members
10. For the losers, will be punished
11. And for the winning team will receive prizes
12. For a group that cheating will be disqualified
Punishment:
Bite spoons with marbles on it while walking squat as far as 2 meters and then
back again
Prize:
Meal bought by the losing team
Example:
John Dalton
By: Rico Sudono
The star
The Star
CHAPTER
32
The star
POTENTIAL ENERGY AND KINETIC ENERGY

CHAPTER
33
Chapter 33
POTENTIAL ENETGY AND KINETIC ENERGY
Practice 1
Potential energy is the capacity for doing

work that a body possesses because of its
position or condition. Many objects have the
potential energy that can be released in a variety
of ways. Fuel and food contains potential
energy, which is released as heat or chemical
energy, respectively. Spring also contains
potential energy. When the spring is released,
the potential energy is released as kinetic energy.
Other examples of potential energy is
gravitational potential energy.
Gravitational potential energy is the
energy of an object type that are owned as it is
raised above the ground. The amount of
gravitational potential energy of objects
belonging to such be appointed can be
determined by measuring the amount of effort
needesd to raise body height (h), with a mass (m)
and the pull of gravity from the Earth (g), which
is 10 N/kg. The formula for the gravitational
potential energy is Ep = mgh. For example,
weight 50 kg, raised 5 m will have an Ep from
50 x 5 x 10, or 2500 joule (J), a unit for energy.
If the weight used in the previous
example are released, gravitational potential
energy is transformed into kinetic energy. The
weight starts with only gravitational potential
energy when it is being withheld on the ground.
When released, he began to accelerate to the
ground due to the pull of gravity. As it does, it
will have a potential and kinetic energy. The
closer to the ground, the more potential energy
that is transferred to kinetic energy until it will
hit the ground and all the energy has been
transformed into kinetic energy.

CHAPTER
33
Kinetic energy is energy a body

possesses because it is in motion. Kinetic energy
calculated using the mass (m) of an object and
its velocity (v) in the following equation Ek =
mv2 (mass x velocity squared divided by 2).
Using the above example, we already know the
kinetic energy of the weight due to the kinetic
and potential energy is the same. Objects have
kinetic energy 2500 J just before it hit the
ground. We can use this to determine its velocity
while touching the ground, or their impact on
speed. By rearranging the formula for kinetic
energy, we get v2 = 2KE/m or v2 = 2 x 2500/50
= 100, so the weight is due to the speed of 10 m/s
(the square root of 100).
The difference between potential and
kinetic energy all comes down to a very simple
properties of objects. If an object is moving,
then it has kinetic energy, or energy of motion is
kinetic energy. Potential energy is energy that is
stored in an object and can be released under the
right conditions. Therefore, the distinction
between these two types of energy boils down to
whether an object is moving or not.
http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/scienc
e/energy-potential-kinetic-energy.html
http://www.sridianti.com/perbedaan-energipotensial-kinetik.html
by Sridianti

CHAPTER
33
Practice 2
Unfamiliar
Meaning
Definition
Words
Possesses
Memiliki
Have or own sth
Velocity
Kecepatan
The distance per unit of time
Variety
Berbagai
Several different sorts of the same thing
Gravitational
Gravitasi
Force of attraction that causes object to move

towards each other
Determined
Ditentukan
Discover the facts about sth
Mass
Massa
Large amount of a substance that does not have a

definite shape
Effort
Usaha
Use of strength
Accelerate
Mempercepat
(cause sth to) move faster
Potential
energy
Energi
potensial
Act or process of moving or the way sth moves
Kinetic energy
Energi
kinetik
energy is a property of objects, transferable among

them via fundamental interactions, which can be
converted in form but not created or destroyed
Practice 3
A. YES/NO QUESTION
1. is energy of motion and energy that is stored in an object, this different
between potential and kinetic energy?
2.
Is moving an abject it has kinetic energy ?
3. Is kinetic energy the capacity for doing work that a body possesses
because of its position or condition ?
4.
Is gravitational potential energy the energy of an object type that are

owned as it is raised above the ground?
5.
Is potential energy a body possesses because it is in motion?

CHAPTER
33
1. what mean about potensial energy ?
2.
what mean about kinetic energy?
3.
How transferred potential energy to kinetic energy?
4. What factors affect potential and kinetic energy?

5.
what difference between potential and kinetic energy?
C. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1. is energy of motion and energy that is stored in an object, this different
between potential and kinetic energy?
a) Yes, it is
b) No, it is
c) Yes, it was
2. what mean about kinetic energy?
a) the capacity for doing work that a body possesses because of its
position or condition
b) released as heat or chemical energy, respectively
c) a body possesses because it is in motion.
3. What factors affect potential energy?
a) mass (m) and the pull of gravity from the Earth (g), which is 10
N/kg, and its potision with respect to earth (h).
b) mass (m) and the pull of gravity from the Earth (g), which is
09N/kg, and its potision with respect to earth (h).
c) mass (m) and the pull of gravity from the Earth (g), which is
08N/kg, and its potision with respect to earth (h).
4.
Is gravitational potential energy the energy of an object type that are

owned as it is raised above the ground?
a) Yes, it is
b) No, it is
c) No, it do
5. The difference between potential and kinetic energy all comes down to a
very simple properties of objects. If an object is .........., then it has kinetic
energy, or energy of motion is ............... energy. ............ energy is energy
that is stored in an object and can be released under the right conditions.

CHAPTER
33
Therefore, the distinction between these two types of energy boils down to
whether an object is moving or not.
a) Moving, kinetic, Potential
b) Potential, kinetic, moving
c) Kinetic, moving, potential
Practice 4
Haura : Assalamualaikum warohmatullahi wabarokatuh

Ziyah : Waalaykumussalam warohmatullahi wabarokatuh
Haura : Sis, are you bussy ?
Ziyah :No, Im not. What the matter ?
Haura : I have homework, and I still confuse, can you help me ?
Ziyah : of, course, what subject ?
Haura :the subject is physic... this is about Enegry, do you know what mean
about Potential energy ?
Ziyah :ooooooohh, it is simple, and alhamdulillah I stiil remember it, Potential
energy is the capacity for doing work that a body possesses because of its
position or condition. Any other question ?
Haura : Yes, there is. what mean about kinetic energy ?
Ziyah : Kinetic energy is energy a body possesses because it is in motion
Haura : if so, what difference between potential and kinetic energy?

CHAPTER
33
Ziyah :The difference between potential and kinetic energy is these two types of
energy boils down to whether an object is moving or not.
Haura : Subhanallah, you are smart !!
Ziyah : Alhamdulillah, oke friend im go first, because there is something to do
Haura : Yes, thanks you very much,
Ziyah : you are welcome, see you next time
Haura :bye bye, be carefull
Practice 5
Name of Game : energy changes
Intruction:
1. Create a 3 group consisting of 4 people.
2. Each group should choose one person who will be a capten in this game.
3.
3 member of group:
One person become secretary
one person hold bucket and ball above the head
one person put bucket and ball the head of a his friend
method to play this game
1. One person from each group must stand up in line start,
2. One person from each group put ball and bucket above the laed of his
friend,
3. The secretary from each group must prepare one pen and one sheet of paper
4. If the player's Guide say start this game every person who stand up in line
start had to walk to the finish line (just 30 second)
5. If a ball on the bucket fall to the floor, so the game fail
6. If one person from each group success in the finish line before 30 second
considering the mass or weight of bucket and ball
measure the height of people who took the ball and bucket
7. The secterary looking for potential energy values using the formula ep=mgh
(just 10 second)
8. The secterary write the value of potential energy on the Board
Propertice this game:

CHAPTER
33
1. Ball
2. A Bucket
3. A pen
4. A sheet of paper
5. weight gauges
6.
height gauges
Example
1. Take some a ball
2.
Take one bucket
3. Put the ball until the bucket is full

CHAPTER
33
4. Put the bucket above the head

CHAPTER
33
5. Walking until to the finish line

6. considering the mass or weight of bucket and ball (for example m= 1 kg)
7. measure the height of people who took the ball and bucket (for example h=2
m)
8. The secretary looking for value of potential energy, using the formula
below :
Ep
= 1 kg x 10 m/ x 2 m
=20 joule (J)
Note:
This game is an application or an example of potential energy and kinetic enegy
when the ball in a bucket fell to the floor.
By: Siti Lomrah
Sound Wave
CHAPTER
34
CHAPTER 34
Sound Waves
Practice 1
Sound is everywhere. It plays an

important role in almost everything that we do
in our lives and we take it for granted. Whether
it's the sound that the wind makes when it
rustles the tree branches or the music coming
out of our speakers, all sound is composed of
little sound waves that are made by slight
vibrations. These slight vibrations in any object
move the air particles around the object in an
outward motion and cause a sound when these
waves hit your eardrums. Sound waves come in
many different types, shapes, and sizes but they
all share the same principles and characteristics.
Sound waves are a part of every noise and they
are imperative to sound perception.
A wave of sound can be considered as a
disturbance that travels through some material
called a medium, transporting energy from one
location to another. (Henderson) Such waves
that seem to be hooked onto one another in a
straight line are characterized as mechanical
waves. When the first particle is disturbed it
then moves the second particle on the line
because they are hooked together and touching.
Once the second particle starts moving, the
third will be disturbed by the second particle's
movement and the fourth particle will be
disturbed by the third particle's movement and
so on. The vibration will be passed on
consecutively and the energy that was first
introduced in the first particle will move on and
on from particle to particle in that medium.
These mechanical waves can best be described
as producing longitudinal waves. In a
longitudinal wave, the medium would most
Sound Waves
Sound Wave
CHAPTER
34
commonly be the surrounding air particles that

vibrate
toward
certain
direction.
The
individual particles of the medium will always

move in a direction that is parallel to the
direction that the energy is being applied.
(Kriz) For instance, if someone is talking to
another person, the sound waves produced by
the vocal chords will move in a direction in
which the person is faced. The waves will
move in a straight line parallel to the energy
that first moved the particles. No matter what
the source of the sound wave is, all sound will
be a longitudinal wave because it always
moves in a direction parallel to the direction of
energy transport. (Ludwig)
These longitudinal waves can also
sometimes be referred to as pressure waves.
(Huffstetler) The idea behind a pressure wave
is that when energy is moving through a
medium, the particles that are vibrating
alternate between areas of high and low
pressure. The high-pressure sections of sound
waves are call compressions because the
particles in the section are pushed together. The
low-pressure sections of sound waves are
called rarefactions because the particles in the
section are spread apart. (Huffstetler) These
compressions and rarefactions make a sound
wave pulsate through the air at different air
pressures in a certain direction. (Russell)
Sound waves, regardless of what me
Sound Waves
Sound Wave
CHAPTER
34
medium or disturbance creates it, are all

composed of frequencies and pitches. The
frequency of a sound wave is how often that
the particles in the medium are vibrated in a
given wavelength. (Henderson).
http://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/957
48.html
Practice 2
Unfamiliar
Meaning
Synonym
Words
Sound
Gelombang
Surge of sound
Waves
suara
Vibrations
Getaran
Move of object
object
benda
Material,
substantive
Particle
Partikel
molecule
compressions kompres
Pressure, imphasis
Energy
Energi
Power
Longitudinal
Gelombang
Pressure waves
waves
Longitudional
Pressure
Tekanan
compression
Sound Waves
Sound Wave
CHAPTER
34
Frequenceof
Frekuensi
Wave vibrates
mechanical
Gelombang
straight line of waves
waves
mekanik
a sound wave
Practice 3
A. YES/NO QUESTION
1.
Did a wave of sound can be consider as a disturbance ?
2.
Was sound very unimportant ?
3.
Did these mechanical waves can best be describ as producing longitudinal

waves ?
4.
Was sound waves different principles and characteristics ?
5.
Was sound will be a longitudinal ?
1.
How the frequency of a sound waves ?
2.
What the example of mechanical waves can best be described as producing

longitudinal waves ?
3.
Why sound very important role in almost everything that we do in our

lives ?
4.
Why the low pressure section of sound waves are called refraction ?
5.
Why the high pressure section of sound waves are call compressions ?
Sound Waves
Sound Wave
CHAPTER
34
1. A wave of sound can be considered as a disturbance that travels through

some material called a ...
a. Particles
b. Medium
c. Vibration
2. The main idea of paragraph two ?
a. A wave of sound can be considered as a disturbance
b. Sound is everywhere
c. Sound will be longitudinal waves
3. All sound will be a ...... because it always moves in a direction parallel to
the direction of energy transport
a. Longitudinal waves
b. Transversal waves
c. Electricity waves
4. The high-pressure sections of sound waves are call ...
a. Rarefaction
b. Compressions
c. Vibration
5. These longitudinal waves can also sometimes be referred to ...
a. pressure waves
b. Transversal waves
c. Electricity waves
Sound Waves
Sound Wave
CHAPTER
34
Practice 4
Dio
: Assalamualaikum warohmatullahi wabarokatuh , good morning
Rosa : Waalaykumussalam warohmatullahi wabarokatuh, good morning

Dio: are you ready about physic examination tomorrow ?
Rosa : yes, i amready . hmmmm what about you dio ?
Dio
: ohhhh im so confuse about that .
Rosa : why you confuse about that ?

Dio : because im always sleep in class and im always ununderstanding when
Mr.basid explain about that.
Rosa : what the chapter that you are ununderstanding ?
Dio : im ununderstanding sound waves chapter . do you know about sound
waves ?
Rosa : yes, i do. I think sound waves is A part of every noise and they are
imperative to sound perception.
Dio : ooh yeaaaah, I remember about that. Sound waves come in many different
types, shapes, and sizes but they all share the same principles and characteristics.
Sound Waves
Sound Wave
CHAPTER
34
Sound waves are a part of every noise and they are imperative to sound
perception.
Rosa : yeaah you smart dian if you not lazy.
Dio : but im ununderstanding about The frequency of a sound wave ?
Rosa : the frequency of a sound wave is how often that the particles in the
medium are vibrated in a given wavelength.
Dio : oh you very smart rosa. Can you help me study hard about that ?
Rosa : yes, I can. I Will always help you dear
Dio : do you know ?, Why the low pressure section of sound waves are called
refraction ?
Rosa : yes, I do . the low pressure section of sound waves are called
refractionbecause the particles in the section are spread a part.
dio : oh oke im understanding now. I hope i can do examination tomorrow.
Rosa : oke dio , you can do it, bealive me please !
Dio : yeaah rosa i always bealive you forever. I also hope you can do examination
tomorrow.
Rosa : ammin dio . oke I am must studing hard now .
Dio : oke rosa.
Practice 5
this game isThe letter Game Instruction of this game are:
1.
Make a five group
2.
Each of group three person
group 1
Sound Waves
Sound Wave
CHAPTER
34
group 2
group 3
group 4
group5
3. The first people, put the paper in the box . that paper many letter.
4. that it is a competition, each group competing against the others

5. How many words can you make using the letters in the box above?
Example :
Q
6. Second people must think about make the word. All your words must
have the letter E ! No names, -s or -ed endings are allowed
7. That words must physics about sound waves
Sound Waves
Sound Wave
CHAPTER
34
8. When you find a word, Otherwise you will get one point.If the word is
not on our paper. Otherwise you will get minuse one point.
9. The time for make word just one minutes
10. You can make the word maximum five word
11. Three people must write the word in the whiteboard
12. Happy enjoy dear ,
By: DIAN ROSALIA DIFITRI
Sound Waves
The Type of Power Supply and Their Applications

CHAPTER
35
Chapter 35
MAGNETS FROM MINI TO MIGHTY
Practice 1
Power supply is a device used to provide

the electric energy to operate the devices running
by electric power. It has many special way to
provide electric energy to a specific system it
is mother of the system ( Brown, 2001, p.1 ).
The basic function of power supply is to
convert Alternative Current voltage to
regulated Direct Current voltage that required
by electronic devices. A typical power supply
has four different modules each of them has a
specific function. Transformer is the first
module and its function is to convert high
voltage Alternative Current to low voltage
Direct Current. The second module is Rectifier
and its main function is to convert low voltage
Alternative Current to Direct Current. The third
module is smoothing, the Direct Current
produced by the rectifier is varying, so
smoothing reduce this varying to small rippling.
Last module is regulator, it set the Direct Current
voltage to constant value by remove the ripples.
This is a basic design of power supply. The
design can be huge and complicated based on the
requirements.
This essay will present the four major
types of power supply which are Linear
Regulators and Switching Mode Power Supply,
Programmable Power Supply, Uninterruptible
Power Supply.
The first type of power supply is Linear
regulated power supply. It is the basic type of
power supply. It produce the regulated output
voltage by drop the input voltage. it is though,

CHAPTER
35
a very electrically quiet power supply (Brown,

2001, p.11). they are often used in ground based
equipments and distributed power system.
Linear regulated power supply function
is to convert varying Alternative Current input
to regulated Direct Current output. The typical
circuit use in this type has tow range. One allow
more voltage at low current and the other allow
more current at low voltage.
Linear regulated power supplies come in
tow basic forms called series regulators and
shunt regulators. Series regulated power
supplies are most common form of linear
regulated power supply. The power dissipated in
series regulated device is the product of power
supply output current and the voltage drop.
Shunt regulated power supplies are simpler
form of Linear Regulated power supply, but
they are less efficient.
Second type of power supply is
Switching Mode. It operates in ON-OFF mode.
It uses switching circuits and energy storage
elements such as capacitors and inductors to get
the regulated output voltage. These circuits are
ideally lossless with 100% energy transfer. The
main advantage of Switching Mode Power
Supply is the higher efficiency because of low
power dissipation. Switching Mode Power
Supply is used in domestic products which often
have universal inputs. Mobile phones have
changed their power supply technology from
linear regulated to Switching Mode
Technology. It is widely used in aircraft electric
power such as airplane ground support.

CHAPTER
35
Third type of power supply is

Programmable Power Supply. It provide the
power through a computer interface. It generally
depends on both Linear regulated and Switched
Mode technologies to produce accurate output
power.
Last type of power supply is
Uninterruptible power supply. It is widely
known as UPS or power back up. It is widely
used as backup power to protect the devices
from crashing due to sudden power loss. There
are three major categories of Uninterruptible
power supply, offline -standby, online and lineinteractive.
References:
Brown, M. (2001), Power Supply Cook Book,
MA, U.S.A, Butterworth- Heinemann.
Bennet, C, Johnny (2006), Practical Computer
Analysis of switched mode power supplies, FL,
U.S.A, CRC Press.
Hoff, Michael. and Samstad, Jeffrey, Technical
Comparison of On-Line VS. Line-Interactive
UPS [online]. Available:
http:\\www.apcmedia.com/salestools/JS
II-5YQSBR_R0_EN.pdf [accessed February
18, 2010]
Practice 2
Unfamiliar Words
Meaning
Definition
Alternative
Cadangan
That maybe used or done instead
Requirment
Syarat
of the somethings needed

CHAPTER
35
Electrically``
Listrik
Using produce by or producing

electricity
Equipment
Alat
Things needed for a particular

purpose
Voltage
Tegangan
Electrical force measure in volt
Widely
Luas
Measurment a lot from one side to

the other
Interactive
Interaksi
Have on effect on each other
Practice 3
A. YES/NO QUESTION
1. Is power supply device used to provide the electric energy to operate the
devices running by electric power?
2. Is the basic function of power supply to convert Alternative Current
voltage?
3. Is the first type of power supply Linear regulated power supply?
4. Is linear regulated power supply function to widely used as backup power
to protect the devices from crashing due to sudden power loss?
5. Is switching Mode Power Supply used in domestic products which often
have universal inputs?
1. What is the basic function of power supply ?
2. What is the function of transformer ?
3. Mention four different modules of power supply ?
4. How many ideally lossless energy transfer in circuit ?
5. Why switching mode power supply is the higher efeciency ?

CHAPTER
35
1. What the type of power supply ?

a. Linear regulated power supply
b. Transformer
c. Smoothing
2. What is the function Transformer ?
a. convert high voltage Direct Current to low voltage
Alternative Current
b. convert low voltage Direct Current to high voltage
Alternative Current
c. convert high voltage Alternative Current to low voltage
Direct Current
3. Is second type of power supply is switching mode ?
a. Yes it is
b. No it isnt
c. Yes they are
4. What is the benefit of geothermal energy ?
a. dosnt any pollution
b. cheap energy
c. renewable energy
5. What is the energy not renewable ?
a. fossil fuels
b.wind power
c. solar power

CHAPTER
35
Practice 4
Practice 5
MOVED SEAT
How to play the game :


CHAPTER
35
All participants are asked to sit in a circle

You start this activity by saying: "Everyone that wearing brown shoes
move 5 times to the right side."
The trainees are in accordance with the criteria of counting people in the
right side until the fifth.
After that he approached the chair. Of course there are still people who
occupy the chair.
Therefore he had to tell the occupants to leave.
You do this by giving the command in accordance with the criteria of the
person.
For example, he was a Sunday school teacher, then the command like
this: "Every person who became a Sunday school teacher, moved to the
left side 3 times."
Of course, sometimes there is more than one person in accordance with the
criteria.
As a result they would scramble to give orders.
The event became a little chaotic.
This is where the thrill of this activity.
But you do not need to intervene.
Let those who organize themselves.
The game is taken from the series "Fun Games".
By: Nuha Yahya Mufid
Electricity
CHAPTER
36
Chapter 36
Electricity
Practice 1
Electricity is the greatest gift of science
to mankind. We have reached a point of our
civilization when electricity is used for all
purposes. Without it, our existence will be
impossible. Electricity is a source of energy. It is
produced by a battery or a coil of wires or by
dynamo machine. It is produced in thermal
station and also in hydro-project.
There are various wonders of electricity.
The most important of all is electric fan and
electric light. These two things have improved
our living standard and also efficiency of work.
Our houses, roads, offices and shops are lighted.
It is difficult and sometimes impossible to work
in an office where there is no light and fan.
Students read comfortably in a room
which is properly furnished with electric light
and fan. Fan is not a luxurious thing. It is
necessary to fight heat during summer.
Electricity is essential to operate fan in summer
and electric heater in winter. In cold winter,
electric heaters warm our rooms.
Electricity is a means of communication.
Telegraph and telegram device is based on
electricity. It is easy send messages to distant
places. Telephone also functions due to
electricity. Due to this facility, the world has
become a familiar place for all. Fax-machine is
the latest development. Thus, communication is
possible due to electricity. Elect has enabled us
to conquer time and space.
Electricity
Electricity
CHAPTER
36
After the invention of electricity there

has been improvement in railways. Previously,
the railway trains i steam engines. At present,
electric trains are used in all countries.
Electricity is of vital use in industries and
factories, electricity no factory can run. Now-adays, everything is done by electricity. We use
grinder-mixture, refrigerators, washing machine
and other home appliances at our home. But
without electricity these things can not function.
Radio and television are gifts of electricity.
Cinema is impossible without it.
The most important wonder of
electricity is felt in the field of medical science.
X-Ray, Scanning, Ultra Sonographer Test,
E.C.G., Endoscopy, etc. are the developed
devices in the field of medicine and surgery.
This is possible due to electricity only. Lunacy
and mental disorder can be cured through
electric shocks to the patients. Computer
functions only when it is supplied with
electricity.
Practice 2
Unfamiliar
Meaning
Definition
Words
electric engine
motor electric
the machine use electricity as the power to

operating
steam engine
Mesin uap
of the somethings needed
Machines
Mesin
Using produce by or producing electricity
Electricity
Electricity
CHAPTER
36
Electricity
Listrik
Things needed for a particular purpose
Practice 3
A. YES/NO QUESTION
1.
this essay titled electricity?
2. Does the essay electricity named Multichanil Bangking?

3. Wondern whether the electricity stout?
4. Whether the electric heater can be used for uor day to-day neads?
5. It is necessary to fight heat during summer?
1.What is the title of the book?
2. What was engine dynamo?
3.What is the meaning of electricity?
4. why electricity is useful for life?
5. why electricity is needed in factories and industries?
1. There are several sources of energy such as the following.
I. Waterfall
II. wind
III. petroleum
IV. sunlight
Electricity
Electricity
CHAPTER
36
V. Coal
An energy source alternative energy is. . . .
a. I, II, and III
b. I, II, and IV
c. II, III, and IV
d. III, IV, and V
An energy source alternative energy is a waterfall, wind, and sunlight
2. The advantage of alternative energy is ....
a. do not pollute the environment
b. difficult to use
c. expensive
d. a time will run out
One of the advantages of alternative energy is not resulting in environmental
pollution. For example, the use of energy flowing water in the reservoir.
3.The energy contained in the earth's core is ....
a. energy of motion
b. thermal energy
c. potential energy
d. sound energy
Earth's core is a liquid that is very hot so it is said to contain the heat energy.
4.Events of the day and night is caused by. . . .
a. earth's rotation
b. revolution of the earth
Electricity
Electricity
CHAPTER
36
c. rotation month
d. revolution month
5. Natural resources which can be used directly without processing is. .
a. iron
b. aluminum
c. stone
d. a,b and c is false
Practice 4
sukarman:Assalamualaikum
Jamil
:Waalaikum salam
Sukarman :how they say you?

Jamil
:well thank God, ye how well?
Sukarman :good too

Sukarman :he said I heard it hear in kepulawan electricity twenty hours?
Jamil
: it, so I'm also thinking how can I be happy society that there has
been no difficulty in doing activities

Sukarman : what if we assistance at isman?
Jamil
: it is true he's again Kulia Sedangkang I work with miles lg
Isman
: friend because if there is no electricity or energy then the public will
find it hard to do the activity, because energy is a gift from god

Sukarman : he really was isman because companies and factories were badly in
need of electricity
Electricity
Electricity
CHAPTER
36
Isman
: if baseball is the electric company and the plant will not make goods
coefficient his way if without electricity

Jamil
: oh he yes, as for example when once people learn hard because
baseball still puyak electricity, and now it's been no such thing as electricity
Isman
: so right now the more modern era
Sukarman : sman what if we make a new power?

Isman
: he I also agree that we will make electric power pakek water wave, or
solar power, though more a problem of society imposes cost less

Jamil
: ok.I also agree sahabt
Isman
: his friend if we uda return each kedesanya, then we resume practicing
science kemasyarakat, and I'll try to make renewable power

Sukarman : ok to .met at home or in our village, we will make a new power
Jamil
: he I also will help you all, and anyways I also want to quickly
quickly ketumu you, because I miss you all

Sukarman : I also miss each of you
Isman
: I too, see you at home companion
Practice 5
1.Firstly, make fiver group.
Secondly, get on together with your group like this picture
Electricity
Electricity
CHAPTER
36
2. Choose the leader of your group.

3. we will give each group a sentence
Indificate the sentence
For example: we study english
4 . After you indificate the sentence, look for part of speech in the wall
Next, if you feel complete identification , you must come back to your group
and arrange it
If you listen music you, you must dance
By: Isman halis
Electricity
The effect of dispersion in physic

CHAPTER
37
CHAPTER 37
The Effect of Dispersion in Physics

Practice 1
A rainbow is a multicolored arc made by

light striking water droplets. The most familiar
type rainbow, including this one in southern
Chile, is produced when sunlight strikes
raindrops in front of a viewer at a precise angle.
The colors on a primary rainbow are always in
order of their wavelength, from longest to
shortest: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and
violet. A reflected rainbow appears directly on
the surface of a body of water or a wet surface,
like this airport tarmac. Reflected rainbows to
not appear to form a circle with a primary
rainbow, although their endpoints seem to meet
in an almond-shaped formation.
A rainbow is produced by a ray of light
being refracted and reflected by water. Light is
refracted (bent) as it enters a water droplet. It is
then reflected (bounced off) the back of the
droplet. As the reflected light exits, it is refracted
again. The electromagnetic spectrum is made of
light with many different wavelengths, and each
is reflected at a different angle. Thus, spectrum
is separated, producing a rainbow.
Rainbows are actually complete circles.
Viewers on the ground are limited to rainbows
above their horizon. From the air, however,
viewers can occasionally see circular rainbows.
Notice that the interior of a rainbow is lighter
than the exteriorthat's because the colors of a
rainbow overlap at their edges, bleeding into a
sheen of "white" sunlight.
the effect of dispersion in physic

CHAPTER
37
Rainbows can form anywhere moisture

is suspended in the air, including splashing
rivers and sea spray. A rainbow's radius is
determined by the liquid's refractive index--the
measurement of how much light refracts (bends)
as it enters a new medium (from air to water).
Saltwater has a higher refractive index than
freshwater, so rainbows formed by saltwater
have a smaller radius.
The focus of a rainbow is the antisolar
point--the imaginary point exactly opposite the
sun. The antisolar point in this image of
Samburu National Park, Kenya, is made clear by
the photographer (viewer's) shadow. Look
closely and you'll see this is a double rainbow
(called a second-order rainbow) made by water
reflecting twice in the raindrop.The visible
spectrum appears reversed in secondary
rainbows--the red is on the interior arch while
the violet/purple is on the exterior. In the lab,
scientists have created a 200th-order rainbow.
By : David Armstrong
http://education.nationalgeographic.com/educatio
n/encyclopedia/rainbow/?ar_a
Practice 2
No.
Unfamiliar
Meaning
Synonim
Multicolored
Beraneka warna
Particoloured
Produced
Diproduksi
Manufactured
Raindrops
Tetesan air hujan
Striking
Membentur
Water that fall when

rain
Bump

CHAPTER
37
Precise
Tepat
Exactly
Wavelength
Panjang gelombang
Long wave
Refracted
Membelokkan
Deflected
Reflected
Mencerminkan
Mirroring
Ray
Sinar
Beam
10
Spectrum
Spektrum
Line of wave
11
Occasionally
Ada kalanya
By the way
12
Splashing
Menceburkan
Plop down
13
Exactly
Persisnya
Precise
14
Bleeding
Memeras
Squeeze
15
Moisture
Embun
Dew
16
Droplet
Tetesan
17
Dispersion
Dispersi
The drop of water

when rain
The process of rainbow
in physics
Practice 3
Yes/No Question
1. Are there seven color in a rainbow?
2. Does the refraction from water can be a rainbow?
3. Does the rainbow can form anywhere moisture is suspended in the air?
4. Are rainbows actually a half of circle?
5. Does Saltwater has a lower refractive index than freshwater?
Information Question
1. What the meaning of rainbow?
2. What is a rainbow produced?
3. What the meaning of electromagnetic spectrum?
4. How the caracteristic of saltwater?
5. How the order of wavelength from the longest to shortes?
Objective Question
1. A rainbow is a multicolored arc made by light striking ... droplets

CHAPTER
37
a. Sun
b. Rain
c. Water
d. Air
2. The focus of a rainbow is the anti...
a. Solar
b. Premium
c. Focus
d. Spectrum
3. This is the primary color of rainbow is...., except...
a. Red
b. Pink
c. Blue
d. Purple
e.
4. Saltwater has a... refraction index than freshwater
a. Stronger
b. Higher
c. Lower
d. Color
5. The statement is not true is....
a. A rainbow is a multicolored arc made by light striking water droplets.
b. A rainbow is produced by a ray of light being refracted and reflected by
water.
c. The electromagnetic spectrum is made of light with many different
wavelengths, and each is reflected at a different angle.
d. Saltwater has a shorter refractive index than freshwater

CHAPTER
37
Practice 4
Simple Conversation
Oke oke Na,...
Lets
read this
book
together
il !!
Ilyas
: Assalamualaikum, Morning Naila!
Naila : Waalaikumsalam, Ilyas.. what happen with you??

Ilyas
: Look at it Naila! It is moisture. Hhahha.. What are you doing, Na?
Naila : Hmm.. I am reading the book Ilyas.

Ilyas
: Oh yeah. I know. What about is it?
Naila : It is about the dispersion. Do you know dispersion?

Ilyas
: Dispersion? It is a process in the rainbow.
Naila : Yes! You are right, Il! Hhahha... Exactly, it is decomposition of white
light to be many color. Do you understand?
Ilyas
: Yes, I do. So there is wavelenght, is it right?
Naila : All right! Do you know rainbow? Rainbow is one of the example of
dispersion. But in the event of rainbow there are two process before
dispersion. There are refraction and reflection of water.
Ilyas
: Yes yes.. And wavelenght has spectrum. Hhehhe.. A rainbow is

produced by a ray of light being refracted and reflected by water. Light is
refracted as it enters a water droplet. It is then reflected the back of the
droplet.
Naila : Naahh.. Lets read this book together. And then we can know many
knowladge in physics from this book, il. Oke?

CHAPTER
37
Ilyas
: Oke oke Naila...
Practice 5
There is a game. The name of the game is BRANCH WORD. Branch
word is a game that make words from a word and then arrange the word to be a
good sentence..
The rules of the game are :
1. Make a group consist of 5 people!
2. Make a train!
3. For the first people. Take a ball in the bottle!
4. Look the word in the ball that there is underline.
5. Search each character of the word in the box in front of your group.
6. Then, put the each character in the wall. Arrange it! One by one of the
people in the group.
7. You must make the other word from your word that you take from the box
in the paper.
8. Make many word from the character in the word that you get from the box.
9. Write all the word on the white board!
10. And from all of the words you must identify part of speech of them and then
arrange all of the word to be a good sentence.
11. Are you ready?

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