A cricket bat is a specialised piece of equipment used by batsmen in the sport of

cricket to hit the ball, typically consisting of a cane handle attached to a flat-fronted
willow-wood blade. The length of the bat may be no more than 38 inches (965 mm)
and the width no more than 4.25 inches (108 mm). Its use is first mentioned in
1624.

The blade of a cricket bat is a wooden block that is generally flat on the striking face and with a
ridge on the reverse (back) which concentrates wood in the middle where the ball is generally
hit. The bat is traditionally made from willow wood, specifically from a variety of White Willow
called Cricket Bat Willow (Salix alba var. caerulea), treated with raw (unboiled) linseed oil,
which has a protective function. This variety of willow is used as it is very tough and shockresistant, not being significantly dented nor splintering on the impact of a cricket ball at high
speed, while also being light in weight. The face of the bat is often covered with a protective film
by the user.
The blade is connected to a long cylindrical cane handle, similar to that of a tennis racquet, by
means of a splice. The handle is usually covered with a rubber grip. Bats incorporate a wooden
spring design where the handle meets the blade. The current design of a cane handle spliced into
a willow blade through a tapered splice was the invention in the 1880s of Charles Richardson, a
n 2009 an extreme version of the Newbery Uzi shape named the MMi3 was launched by
Mongoose.[12] The design is unusual in that the blade is 33% shorter than a conventional bat and
the handle is 43% longer.[13] Launched with a fanfare of publicity it proclaimed the idea of not
defending the ball in the T20 format and purely playing attacking shots.pupil of Brunel and the
first chief engineer of the Severn railway tunnel.[1][2]
A cricket ball is a hard, solid ball used to play cricket. A cricket ball consists of cork covered by
leather, and manufacture is heavily regulated by cricket law at first class level. The manipulation
of a cricket ball, through employment of its various physical properties, is the staple component
of bowling and dismissing batsmen movement in the air, and off the ground, is influenced by
the condition of the ball and the efforts of the bowler, while working on the cricket ball to obtain
an optimum condition is a key role of the fielding side. The cricket ball is the principal manner
through which the batsman scores runs, by manipulating the ball into a position where it would
be safe to take a run, or by directing the ball through the boundary.
A cricket ball is made from a core of cork, which is layered with tightly wound string, and
covered by a leather case with a slightly raised sewn seam. In a top-quality ball suitable for the
highest levels of competition, the covering is constructed of four pieces of leather shaped similar
to the peel of a quartered orange, but one hemisphere is rotated by 90 degrees with respect to the
other. The "equator" of the ball is stitched with string to form the ball's prominent seam, with a
total of six rows of stitches. The remaining two joins between the leather pieces are stitched

internally. Lower-quality balls with a 2-piece covering are also popular for practice and lowerlevel competition due to their lower cost.
the sport of cricket, batsmen often wear a helmet to protect themselves from injury by the cricket
ball, which is very hard and can be bowled to them at speeds over 90 miles per hour (140 km/h).
There are recorded instances of cricketers using towels, scarves and padded caps to protect
themselves throughout cricket history. Patsy Hendren was one of the first to use a self designed
protective hat in the 1930s. Helmets were not in common use until the 1970s. The first helmets
were seen in World Series Cricket, with Dennis Amiss being the first player to consistently wear
a helmet.[1]
Pads (also called leg guards) are protective equipment used by batters in the sports of cricket
and baseball, and by goaltenders in hockey, bandy and lacrosse. They serve to protect the legs
from impact by a hard ball or puck at high speed which could otherwise cause injuries to the
lower leg.
Originally, wicket-keepers used batting pads to protect their legs, but found the knee-protecting
flaps interfered with their agility and ability to catch. There were also incidents where the ball
lodged in the space between the flap and the wicket-keeper's leg. Modern wicket-keeper's pads
are therefore smaller than batting pads, with insignificant knee flaps. Instead of three flaps these
modern wicketkeeping pads contain two flaps - one at the bottom and the other one just below
the knees.
Cricket pads first appeared in the mid 18th century in England. They were developed to protect
the lower part of the legs from the hard leather ball that was used to bowl deliveries in the game.
The development of pads led to a change in the Laws of Cricket with the addition of the
dismissal for LBW. It was introduced in 1774 because batsmen had begun using their pads to
deflect balls away from their wickets.
Hawk-Eye is a complex computer system used officially in numerous sports such as cricket,
tennis, Gaelic football, hurling and association football, to visually track the trajectory of the ball
and display a record of its statistically most likely path as a moving image.[1]
he technology was first used by Channel 4 during a Test match between England and Pakistan on
Lord's Cricket Ground, on 21 May 2001. It is used primarily by the majority of television
networks to track the trajectory of balls in flight. In the winter season of 2008/2009 the ICC
trialled a referral system where Hawk-Eye was used for referring decisions to the third umpire if
a team disagreed with an LBW decision. The third umpire was able to look at what the ball
actually did up to the point when it hit the batsman, but could not look at the predicted flight of
the ball after it hit the batsman.[8]

he Hawk-eye referral for LBW decision is based on three criteria:

Where the ball pitched

The location of impact with the leg of the batsman

The projected path of the ball past the batsman

Hot Spot is an infra-red imaging system used in cricket to determine whether the ball has
struck the batsman, bat or pad. Hot Spot requires two infra-red cameras on opposite sides
of the ground above the field of play that are continuously recording an image. Any
suspected snick or bat/pad event can be verified by examining the infrared image, which
usually shows a bright spot where contact friction from the ball has elevated the local
temperature. Where referrals to an off-field third umpire are permitted, the technology is
used to enhance the on-field umpire's decision-making accuracy. Where referrals are not
permitted, the technology is used primarily as an analysis aid for televised coverage.[1][2][3]
ot Spot uses technology developed in the military for tank and jet fighter tracking.[4] The
technology was founded by French scientist Nicholas Bion, before being worked upon by
many companies in Paris and being bought and adopted by the Australian Nine Network.
[2]

The technology was adapted for television by BBG Sports, the Australian company
responsible for the Snickometer, in conjunction with Sky Sports.[4
The technology was first used during the first Test match of the 2006-07 Ashes at The
Gabba, on 23 November 2006.[6]
Hot Spot has two main advantages over its competing technology, the Snickometer,
which is a sound-detection based system. Snickometer often produces inconclusive
results indicating contact (potentially any combination of bat, pad and ball) only, whereas
the Hot Spot clearly shows exactly what the ball strikes. Precise synchronisation of the
Snickometer sound with associated pictures takes time, making it currently not suitable
for use in the umpire decision review system.
In the India-England ODI Series in 2011, there were controversial decisions based on the
Hot Spot technology going against India's Rahul Dravid on more than one occasion
where Hot Spot replays proved inconclusive and yet Dravid was given out. On one
occasion, there seemed to be a nick which Hot Spot wasn't able to detect. These incidents
threw the role of Hot Spot technology into doubt once again.

The Umpire Decision Review System (abbreviated as UDRS or DRS) is a technologybased system used in the sport of cricket. The system was first introduced in Test cricket,
for the sole purpose of reviewing controversial decisions made by the on-field umpires in
the case of a batsman being dismissed or not. The new review system was officially
launched by the International Cricket Council on 24 November 2009 during the first Test
match between New Zealand and Pakistan at the University Oval in Dunedin.[1][2] It was
first used in One Day Internationals in January 2011, during England's tour of Australia.[3]
The ICC had made the UDRS mandatory in all international matches[4] but it later decided
to end the mandatory use of DRS and now it will be up to both the teams to mutually
agree on DRS use. However, the ICC's executive board made it clear that the DRS would
still be part of all ICC events and that they support the use of technology and would
continue to work on its development.[5]
The Decision Review System has generally received positive response from players and
coaches since its launch, however there have been some criticisms as well. West Indies
legend Joel Garner labelled the system a "gimmick".[12] Another West Indian Ramnaresh
Sarwan said that he was not a supporter of the experimental referral system.[13] Former
umpire Dickie Bird also criticised the system, saying it undermines the authority of onfield umpires.[14] The cricketing board of India, (BCCI) is not in favour of using the
system; as they belief the system is not 100% accurate.