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TodayisWednesday,March11,2015

RepublicofthePhilippines
SUPREMECOURT
Manila
ENBANC
G.R.No.L25400January14,1927
THEPHILIPPINENATIONALBANK,plaintiffappellee,
vs.
THEPHILIPPINEVEGETABLEOILCO.,INC.,defendantappellee.
PHIL.C.WHITAKER,intevenorappellant.
JoseAbadSantosforplaintiffappellee.
Noappearancefordefendantappellee.
Ross,Lawrence&Selph,ThomasCaryWelchandParedes,Buencamino&Yuloforappellant.
MALCOLM,J.:
This appeal involves the legal right of the Philippine National Bank to obtain a judgment against the Philippine
VegetableOilCo.,Inc.,forP15,812,454,andtoforecloseamortgageonthepropertyofthePhilippineVegetable
OilCo.,Inc.,forP17,000,000,andthelegalrightofPhil.C.Whitakerasintervenortoobtainajudgmentdeclaring
the mortgage which the Philippine National Bank seeks to foreclose to be without force and effect, requiring an
accountingfromthePhilippineNationalBankofthesalesofthepropertyandassetsofthePhilippineVegetable
OilCo.,Inc.,andorderingthePhilippineVegetableOilCo.,Inc.,andthePhilippineNationalBanktopayhimthe
sumofP4,424,418.37.
In1920,thePhilippineVegetableOilCo.,Inc.,whichwillhereafterbecalledtheVegetableOilCompany,found
itselfinfinancialstraits.ItwasindebttotheextentofapproximatelyP30,000,000.ThePhilippineNationalBank
wasthelargestcreditor.TheVegetableOilCompanyowedthebankP17,000,000.OverP13,000,000weredue
the other creditors. The Philippine National Bank was secured principally by a real and chattel mortgage for
P3,500,000.OnJanuary10,1921,theVegetableOilCompanyexecutedanotherchattelmortgageinfavorofthe
bankonitsvesselsTankervilleandH.S.EveretttoguaranteethepaymentofsumsnottoexceedP4,000,000.
This was the precarious situation which in the latter part of 1920 and the early part of 1921 confronted the
Vegetable Oil Company, its General Manager Phil. C. Whitaker, the Philippine National Bank, and the various
creditorsoftheVegetableOilCompany.Bankruptcywasimminent.OnJanuary1,1921,Mr.Whitakermadehis
firstoffertopledgecertainprivatepropertiestosecurethecreditorsoftheOilCompany(Intervenor'sExhibit1).In
February of the same year, a creditors' meeting was held. At the instance of Mr. Whitaker but inspired to such
action by the bank, a receiver for the Vegetable Oil Company was appointed by the Court of First Instance of
ManilaonMarch11,1921.(CaseNo.19644,CourtofFirstInstanceofManila.)
During the period when a receiver was in control of the property of the Vegetable Oil Company, a number of
eventsoccurred.ThefirstwastheagreementperfectedbytheVegetableOilCompany,Mr.Whitaker,andsome
of the creditors of the Oil Company on June 27, 1921, the creditors transferred to Mr. Whitaker a part of their
claimsagainsttheVegetableOilCompanyinconsiderationoftheexecutionbyMr.Whitakerofatrustdeedofhis
property.ThePhilippineNationalBankwasnotadirectpartytotheagreementalthoughtheofficialsofthebank
hadfullknowledgeofitsaccomplishmentandthegeneralmanagerofthebankplacedhisO.K.attheendofthe
finaldraft.(Intervenor'sExhibit10.)ThenextmoveofthebankwastoobtainanewmortgagefromtheVegetable
OilCompanyonFebruary20,1922.Shortlythereafter,onFebruary28,1922,thereceivershipfortheVegetable
Oil Company was terminated. The bank suspended the operation of the Vegetable Oil Company in May, 1922,
anddefinitelyclosedtheOilCompany'splantonAugust14,1922.
Out of the foregoing facts which are not in dispute and others which are in dispute, arose the action of the
PhilippineNationalBankofMay7,1924,toforecloseitsmortgageonthepropertyoftheVegetableOilCompany.
TheVegetableOilCompanyonitspartcounteredwithcertainspecialdefenseswhichneednotbedescribedand
with the interposition of a counterclaim for P6,000,000. Phil. C. Whitaker presented a complaint in intervention.
Thejudgmentrenderedwasinfavoroftheplaintiffandagainstthedefendantwhichwasorderedtopaythesum
of P15,787,454.54, representing the liquidation between the plaintiff and the defendant, with legal interest
beginningwithMay8,1923,togetherwithP25,000attorney'sfees,andcosts,withtheadditionoftheusualorder
toforeclosethemortgage.Thecounterclaimofthedefendantandthecomplaintininterventionweredismissed.
The trial judge in his decision announced and answered three questions, viz: (1) Whether the execution of the
mortgage, Exhibit A of the plaintiff, was the free act of the defendant (2) whether this mortgage was null and
without force because at the time of its execution all the property of the defendant was under the control of a
receiverappointedbythecourtandneithertheapprovalofthereceivernorofthecourthadbeenobtainedand
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(3) whether the plaintiff had failed to comply with the contract, that it was alleged to have celebrated with the
defendantandtheintervenor,thatitwouldfurnishfundstothedefendantsothatitcouldcontinueoperatingits
factory.Muchthesameanalysisoftheissuesismadebytheintervenorasappellant.Thefirsterror,inrelation
with the sixth error of the assignment of errors, concerns the holding that the mortgage, Exhibit A, has been
legallyandvalidlyexecutedbythePhilippineVegetableOilCo.,Inc.Thesecond,third,fourth,andfiftherrors,in
relationwiththesixtherroroftheassignmentoferrors,concerntheholdingthatthePhilippineNationalBankhad
notbounditselftofinancetheoperationofthePhilippineVegetableOilCo.,Inc.Inthislaterconnection,themain
pointatissuebetweenthePhilippineNationalBankandPhil.C.Whitakerasdisclosedbytheamendedanswerof
thePhilippineNationalBanktothecomplaintinintervention,andtheopeningsentenceofthememorandumfor
intervenorappellantfiledinthiscourt,iswhetherthePhilippineNationalBankevermadeanycontractbindingthe
bank to provide the necessary operating capital to the Philippine Vegetable Oil Co., Inc., and whether Mr.
Whitakerhasestablishedhisrighttorecoverdamagesfromthebankbyreasonofthelatter'sallegedrefusalto
financetheoperationofthePhilippineVegetableOilCo.,Inc.Itresults,therefore,intheappealdividingintotwo
mainsubjects,thefirst,thevalidityofthePhilippineNationalBankPhilippineVegetableOilCo.,Inc.,mortgageof
February20,1922,andsecond,theallegedagreementofthePhilippineVegetableOilCo.,Inc.Thesetwotopics
weproposetodiscussseparatelyandinorder.Parenthetically,itmaybesaidthatourmodeofapproachwillbe
tosweepasidetechnicalitiesandtoresolveinabroadandliberalmannerthevariousperplexingquestionswhich
arebeforethecourt.
I.Validity of the Philippine National Bank Philippine Vegetable Oil Co., Inc., mortgage of February 10,
1922.
Attheoutset,theappelleechallengestherightofPhil.C.Whitakerasintervenortoaskthatthemortgagecontract
executed by the Vegetable Oil Company be declared null and void. Appellee is right as to the premises. The
VegetableOilCompanyisthedefendant.Thecorporationhasnotappealed.Atthesametime,itisevidentthat
Phil.C.WhitakerwasoneofthelargestindividualstockholdersoftheVegetableOilCompany,andwasuntilthe
inaugurationofthereceivership,exercisingcontroloveranddictatingthepolicyofthatcompany.Outoftwenty
eightthousandsharesoftheVegetableOilCompany,Mr.Whitakerwastheownerof5,893fullypaidsharesof
the par value of P100 each. He it was who asked for the appointment of the receiver. He it was who was the
leadingfigureinthenegotiationsbetweentheVegetableOilCompany,thePhilippineNationalBank,andtheother
creditors.HeitwaswhopledgedhisownpropertytotheextentofoverP4,000,000inanendeavortoassistinthe
rehabilitationoftheVegetableOilCompany.Heisinjuriouslyaffectedbythemortgage.Intruth,Mr.Whitakeris
more vitally interested in the outcome of this case than is the Vegetable Oil Company. Conceivably if the
mortgagehadbeenthefreeactoftheVegetableOilCompany,itcouldnotbeheardtoallegeitsownfraud,and
onlyacreditorcouldtakeadvantageofthefraudtointervenetoavoidtheconveyance.
Wefindnomeritinappellee'sobjectionandpassontoconsiderthemainquestiononitsmerits.
The mortgage, Exhibit A, was executed on February 20, 1922, by "Philippine Vegetable Oil Co., Inc., By E. G.
Abry,SecretaryTreasurer""PhilippineNationalBankByE.W.Wilson,GeneralManager."E.G.Abry,according
tohistestimony,wasemployedassecretarytreasureroftheVegetableOilCompanyafteraconferencewithMr.
WilsonandcontinuedinthispositionduringtheperiodwhentheVegetableOilCompanywasunderthecontrol
either of a receiver or of the bank. The other signature to the instrument was that of E. W. Wilson, General
ManagerofthePhilippineNationalBank.
At this time, E. W. Wilson and Miguel Cuaderno, a Director of the Philippine National Bank, were serving as
DirectorsoftheVegetableOilCompany.Messrs.WilsonhadonJuly26,1921,inalettertoMr.Whitakerrelative
tothereorganizationoftheVegetableOilCompany,suggestedtheresignationoftwomembersoftheBoardof
Directorssothatthebankmight"haveratheracloseworkingrelationshipwiththePhilippineVegetableOilCo."
(Intervenor's Exhibit 4). The resolution of the Board of Directors of September 2, 1921, naming Messrs. Wilson
andCuaderno"torepresentthePhilippineNationalBankintheBoardofDirectorsofthePhilippineVegetableOil
Co.asmembersthereof"didsowiththeunderstanding"thatneitheroneofthemhasanyinterestotherthanthat
ofthebank'sinthePhilippineVegetableOilCo.,andthatinacceptingthesedirectorshipstheyaredoingitsolely
for the bank." According to the testimony of Major Randall, Mr. Wilson became President of the Vegetable Oil
CompanyonSeptember12,1921.
IthasbeensaidthatthemortgagewasexecutedonFebruary20,1922.Thatisundeniable.Theallegationofthe
plaintiff's complaint is "That the defendant, on the 20th day of February, 1922, duly executed to the plaintiff a
mortgage."Themortgageinquestionrecites:"Thismortgage,executedattheCityofManila,PhilippineIslands,
thistwentiethdayofFebruary,nineteenhundredandtwentytwo."However,themortgagewasnotratifiedbefore
anotarypublicuntilMarch8,1922,andwasnotrecordedintheregistryofpropertyuntilMarch21,1922.
Toaddonemoredate,itwillberecalledthatthereceivershipendedonFebruary28,1922.Inotherwords,as
partially interpretative of the situation, the mortgage was executed by the Philippine National Bank, through its
GeneralManager,andanothercorporationbeforetheterminationofthereceivershipofthesaidcorporation,but
wasnotacknowledgedorrecordeduntilaftertheterminationofthereceivership.
In the complaint of Phil. C. Whitaker filed in the Court of First Instance of Manila in which it was prayed that a
receiver be appointed to take charge of the Philippine Vegetable Oil Co., Inc., it was alleged "that the largest
individual creditor of said corporation is the Philippine National Bank, the indebtedness to which amounts to
approximately P16,000,000, a portion of which indebtedness is secured by mortgage on the major part of the
assetsofthecorporation."Theorderofthecourtappointingareceivercontainedasimilarrecital.ThePhilippine
National Bank held the mortgage mentioned, and possibly two others not mentioned, when the receivership
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proceedingswereinitiated.
It must be evident to all that the Philippine National Bank could legally secure no new mortgage by the
accomplishment of documents between its officials and the officials of the Vegetable Oil Company while the
propertyofthelattercompanywasincustodialegis. The Vegetable Oil Company was then inhibited absolutely
from giving a mortgage on its property. The receiver was not a party to the mortgage. The court had not
authorizedthereceivertoconsenttotheexecutionofanewmortgage.Whetherthecourtcouldhavedonesois
doubtful,butthatitwouldhavethusconsentedishardlydebatable,consideringthatitwoulddesiretoprotectthe
rightsofallthecreditorsandnottherightsofoneparticularcreditor.Thelegalconclusionisaxiomatic.(Codeof
CivilProcedure,secs.173etseq.,CompaiaGeneraldeTabaccosvs.GauzonandPomar[1911],20Phil.,261.)
To all this the appellee as well as the trial court have answered that while it is true that the document was
executed on February 20, 1922, at a time when the properties of the mortgagor were under receivership, the
mortgagewasnotacknowledgedbeforeanotarypublicuntilMarch8,1922,afterthecourthaddeterminedthat
thenecessityforareceivernolongerexisted.Buttheadditionalfactremainsthatwhilethemortgagecouldnot
havebeenexecutedwithoutthedissolutionofthereceivership,suchdissolutionwasapparentlysecuredthrough
representationsmadetothecourtbycounselforthebankthatthebankwouldcontinuetofinancetheoperations
of the Vegetable Oil Company (See testimony of Judge Simplicio del Rosario). Instead of so doing, the bank
within less than two months after the mortgage was recorded, withdrew its support from the Vegetable Oil
Company, and in effect closed its establishment. Also it must not be forgotten that the hands of other creditors
weretiedpursuanttothecreditors'agreementofJune27,1921.
Toplaceemphasisontheoutstandingfacts,itmustberepeatedthatthemortgagewasexecutedwhileareceiver
wasinchargeoftheVegetableOilCompany.Amortgageaccomplishedatsuchatimebythecorporationunder
receivershipandacreditorwouldbeanullity.Themortgagewasdefinitelyperfectedsubsequenttotheliftingof
the receivership pursuant to implied promises that the bank would continue to operate the Vegetable Oil
Company.ItwasthenaccomplishedwhenthePhilippineNationalBankwasadominatinginfluenceintheaffairs
oftheVegetableOilCompany.OntheonehandwasthePhilippineNationalBankinperson.Ontheotherhand
was the Philippine National Bank by proxy. Under such circumstances, it would be unconscionable to allow the
bank, after the hands of the other creditors were tied, virtually to appropriate to itself all the property of the
VegetableOilCompany.
Whether we consider the action taken as not expressing the free will of the Vegetable Oil Company, or as
disclosing undue influence on the part of the Philippine National Bank in procuring the mortgage, or as
constitutingdeceitunderthecivillaw,orwhetherwegostillfurtherandclassifythefactsasconstructivefraud,the
resultisthesame.Themortgageisclearlyvoidable.
ThesettingasideofthemortgageofFebruary20,1922,willnotnecessarilyresultinthePhilippineNationalBank
beingleftwithoutsecurity.Itisourunderstandingthatbeforethereceivershipwasthoughtof,thebankwasthe
holder of three mortgages on the property of the Vegetable Oil Company, the first dated April 11, 1919, for an
uncertainamountthesecond,datedNovember18,1920,forP3,500,000andthethird,datedJanuary10,1921,
forP4,000,000.Thesemortgagesremainineffectandmaybeforeclosed.
Addressingourselvesdirectlytothefirsttwoquestionsdiscussedinthedecisionofthetrialcourtandtothefirst
and sixth errors assigned by the intervenor as appellant, we rule that the Philippine National BankPhilippine
VegetableCo.,Inc.,mortgageofFebruary20,1922,hasnotbeenlegallyexecutedbythePhilippineVegetable
OilCo.,Inc.
II.AllegedagreementofthePhilippineNationalBanktofinancethePhilippineVegetableOilCo.,Inc.
Before it need be decided if the intervenor has a right to recover damages from either the plaintiff or the
defendantbecauseoftheplaintiff'srefusaltofinancetheoperationsofthedefendant,itmustbedeterminedifthe
PhilippineNationalBankeverenteredintoanyvalidagreementbywhichitbounditselftoprovidethenecessary
operating capital of the Philippine Vegetable Oil Co., Inc. The question presents both legal and factual aspects.
ThelegalinquiryrelatestotheapplicabilityornonapplicabilityoftheStatuteofFraudsasfoundinsection335of
ourCodeofCivilProcedure.Thequestionoffactgoesontheassumptionthattheoralevidencecanbereceived
withoutviolatingtheStatuteofFraudsandthen,ofcourse,comesdowntotheweighingoftheevidence.
ThebroadviewisthattheStatuteofFraudsappliesonlytoagreementsnottobeperformedoneithersidewithin
ayearfromthemakingthereof.Agreementstobefullyperformedononesidewithintheyeararetakenoutofthe
operation of the statute. As intervenor's theory proceeds on the assumption that Mr. Whitaker has entirely
performed his part of the agreement, equity would argue that all evidence be admitted to prove the alleged
agreement.SurelysincetheStatuteofFraudswasenactedforthepurposeofpreventingfrauds,itshouldnotbe
madetheinstrumenttofurtherthem.
As preliminary to a presentation of the evidence, it is well to have an understanding of the applicable law. The
Charter of the Philippine National Bank, Act No. 2612, section 20, as amended by Act No. 2938, provides that
"TheGeneralManageroftheBank,shall,amongothers,havethefollowingpowersandduties:...(b)Tomake,
with advice and consent of the board of directors, all contracts on beheld of the said bank and to enter into all
necessaryobligationsbythisActrequiredorpermitted."Predicatedonourgeneralliberalpointofview,wefeel
freetotakeintoconsiderationtheapplicablelawalthoughnospecialdefensetothiseffectwasinterposedbythe
PhilippineNationalBanktointervenor'scomplaint.
Letusnowlookintotheevidenceindetail.WemayproperlybeginwiththeapplicableresolutionsoftheBoardof
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DirectorsofthePhilippineNationalBank.
IntheminutesoftheBoardofDirectorsofthePhilippineNationalBankofOctober4,1921,isfoundthefollowing:
PhilippineVegetableOilCo.OnmotionofDirectorWesterhouse,dulyseconded,thefollowingresolution
wasadoptedbytheBoard:Beitresolved,thattheGeneralManagerbe,andheis,herebyauthorizedto
financetheoperationofthePhilippineVegetableOilCo.undertheReceivershiptotheextentofP500,000
tobesecuredbycopraandoilandtobefurthersecuredbyP500,000pledgedbyPhil.C.Whitakerinhis
creditor'sagreement.
UnderdateofOctober28,1921,isfoundthefollowing:
The following additional loans with which to buy more copra were approved by the Board, at the
recommendationoftheOilFactoryCommittee.PhilippineVegetableOilCo.F.W.Carpenter,Receiver,P.
V.O.,P200,000.
UnderdateofDecember5,1921,isfoundthefollowing:
Afteralongdiscussionandcarefuldeliberation,andonmotionofDirectorWesterhouse,dulysecondedby
DirectorSeaver,thefollowingwasunanimouslyapprovedbytheBoard:Toprotectthelargeinvestmentsof
theBank,itisthesenseoftheBoardofDirectorstocontinuefinancingtheoperationunderreceivershipof
thePhilippineVegetableOilCo.,thePhilippineManufacturingCo.,theCristobalOilCo.,andtheSantaAna
OilMills,inasmodestandeconomicalwayasisconsistentwithconditions,theGeneralManagertoreport
and secure the approval of the Board for necessary credits from time to time, and that the Board also
recommendsthattheOilCommitteecontinuestudyingtheadvisabilityoffinancingtheoperationofotheroil
millsindebtedtotheBank.
Other portions of the minutes of the Board of Directors disclose that the Board authorized advances to the
VegetableOilCompanytotheextentofmorethanP1,000,000.
Logically,ourreviewoftheevidenceshouldstophere.NocontractenteredintobytheGeneralManagerofthe
Bank would be valid unless made with the advice and consent of its Board of Directors. What the Board of
DirectorshaddecreedwasthattheVegetableOilCompanybefinancedunderthereceivershiptotheextentof
P500,000, a sum which was later increased. The Board not alone specified the amounts of the loans but
cautiously added that the General Manager "report and secure the approval of the Board for necessary credits
from time to time." There was no indication in any action taken by the Board of Directors that it had ever
consentedtoanagreementforpracticallyunlimitedbackingoftheVegetableOilCompany,orthatithadratified
anysuchpromisemadebyitsGeneralManager.
Outofconsiderationfortheparties,however,wewillgofurtherandwillexaminetheremainingevidence.
Passing in review intervenor's exhibits, we first notice Mr. Whitaker's letter to the Hongkong and Shanghai
Banking Corporation of January 1, 1921. He there confirms his undertaking to assume an obligation to pledge
and mortgage specified personal holdings. The offer is made "contingent upon its acceptance by the other
unsecured creditors . . . . A further condition to the foregoing offer is that the banks parties to the proposed
arrangementsupply,subjecttotheapprovaloftheirrepresentativesontheBoardofDirectorsoftheP.V.O.Co.,
funds sufficient to enable the P. V. O. Co., to continue its operations during the full term for which my personal
secured undertaking remains in effect." The condition named related to all the banks and not the Philippine
National Bank. (Intervenor's Exhibit 1.) The trust deed by Mr. Whitaker in favor of H. C. Stanford makes the
purposesandusesamongothers"TosecurethePhilippineNationalBankagainstsuchlossesasitmaysustain,
notexceedingatotalofP500,000,onsuchsumsasitshall,fromtimetotimeandwithinthreeyearsfromJuly1,
1921,advancetothePhilippineVegetableOilCompanytoenablethelattertoresumebusinessandcontinuethe
manufactureofvegetableoil."ThisrecitalisspecificastoP500,000andisgeneralastofurtheradvances,andis
madeinadocumenttowhichthePhilippineNationalBankwasnotaparty.(Intervenor'sExhibit2.)Thecreditors'
agreement is of similar tenor. (Intervenor's 3.) One of the paragraphs in the preamble of the power of attorney
from the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila to Phil. C. Whitaker mentioned that Mr. Whitaker "has also
arranged with the Philippine National Bank for the funds necessary to enable said Oil Company to resume its
businessandcontinueinthemanufactureofvegetableoil."Althoughthisproxymayhavebeenprocuredatthe
instanceofthePhilippineNationalBank,yetobviouslyitdidnotbindtheofficialsofthebank.(Intervenor'sExhibit
5.)TheletterofMr.WilsonasGeneralManagerofthePhilippineNationalBankofJune8,1921,addressedtoMr.
Whitakerstated:"Iseenogoodreasonwhyyoushoulduseyourpropertytosecureunsecuredobligations,and
notprovidefortheoperationoftheplant."Merelyafriendlywarning.(Intervenor'sExhibit8.)Mr.Wilson'sletterto
Mr. Whitaker to enabled the Bank to put its securities in firstclass shape. In order to do this, however, it was
necessaryforittofurnishcertainmoneyforoperatingtheplant,andanadditionalmortgagewasexecuted....It
ismyjudgmentthatitwasgoodbusinessforthePhilippineNationalBanktooperatetheplantaslongasithad
theP500,000guarantee.However,thebankputintotheundertakingagreatdealmoremoneythanitoriginally
intended.Then,too,theguaranteewasnotasgoodaswethought,becausethefirstlienonthepropertywasnot
beingpaidoffasrapidlyaswethoughtitwouldbe."Herewasmerelyanexpressionofgratificationregardingthe
additional mortgage and emphasis on the P500,000 guarantee. (Intervenor's Exhibit 7.) We discover nothing
furtherofinterestintheexhibits.
The only oral testimony in point is that given by A. D. Gibbs and Phil. C. Whitaker. Mr. Gibbs, testifying as to a
meeting of the creditors of the Vegetable Oil Company, said: "Mr. Wilson stated in substance that if the
negotiationswhichwerethenpendingbetweenMr.Whitakerandtheothercreditors,wherebytheothercreditors
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weretorefrainfromthrowingtheP.V.O.Co.intoinsolvencyorfrombringingactionagainstit,couldbecarried
out,thathisbankwouldfinancetheP.V.O.Co.,andkeepitinoperation."Mr.Whitaker,testifyingastothesame
meeting,said:Mr.WilsonstatedthathehadlookedintotheaffairsoftheP.V.O.asfarastheshorttimehehad
permitted,andthattheP.V.O.hadevidentlymadegoodmoneyinthepastandifallowedtoresumewouldmake
good again in the future, that the P. N. B., as the largest creditor, contemplated financing a resumption of the
company'soperationsifthecompanycouldbekeptoutofinsolvency."Givingtothistestimonyitsbroadesteffect,
westilldiscovernodefiniteagreementbindingonthebankbutonlyageneralintimationprofferedbytheGeneral
Manager of the Bank in conference that his bank contemplated financing the operations of the Vegetable Oil
Company.
Thatisalltheevidence,documentaryandoral,atallpertinenttotheissue.Weareclearthattakingitentirelyinto
considerationitdisclosesnobindingpromise,tacitorexpress,madebythePhilippineNationalBanktocontinue
indefinitelyitsbackingoftheVegetableOilCompany.
Mr.WhitakerwasinnowaypersonallyresponsibleforanypartoftheobligationsoftheVegetableOilCompany.
Nevertheless, he signed the creditors' agreement. That was a praiseworthy act. We sympathize with him in the
situation in which he finds himself. The various creditors have a large amount of his property. The Philippine
National Bank has taken over the assets of the Vegetable Oil Company. The latter company has ceased
operations. Mr. Whitaker has not made himself the successor in interest of the Vegetable Oil Company and so
cannotrecoverfromitintheseproceedings.Butsympathycannotbetransmutedintolegalauthoritativeness.If
Mr.Whitakerhasanyotherremedy,thatisforhimtodetermine.Herewecannotgivehimredressforhehasnot
made out his case except insofar as he has been successful in overturning the last mortgage of the Philippine
NationalBankonthepropertyoftheVegetableOilCompany.
III.Result
Weannouncethefollowingconclusions:
(1) Plaintiff is entitled to a money judgment against the defendant for P14,183,679.37 with legal interest
thereonbeginningwithMay8,1924.ExhibitC1showsthatafterMay6,1924,whenExhibitB1was
formulated, two further payments were made on the promissory note for P16,869,975.59, which further
reducedtheprincipalfromP15,760,312.85astotaledinExhibitB1toP14,183,679.37asevidencedby
ExhibitC1.AsinteresthasalreadybeenchargeduptoMay7,1924,legalinterestshouldbegintorun
fromthatdateinsteadoffromMay8,1923,asfixedbythetrialcourt.
(2) The Philippine National BankPhilippine Vegetable Oil Co., mortgage of February 20, 1922, has not
been legally executed by the Philippine Vegetable Oil Co., Inc., and consequently cannot be given effect.
But the prior mortgages held by the Philippine National Bank of April 11, 1919, November 18, 1920, and
January10,1921,remaininforceandmaybeforeclosed.
(3) The Philippine National Bank will obviously have a preferred claim when the three mortgages above
mentionedshallbeforeclosed.TheremainderoftheassetsofthePhilippineVegetableOilCo.,Inc.,ifany,
shouldthenbeappliedtothepaymentprorataoftheunsecuredclaims,amongthemthatofMr.Whitaker
and the unsecured part of the debt to the Philippine National Bank. Intervenor Whitaker is entitled to an
accountingoftheproceedsoftheVegetableOilCompany'spropertiescausedtobesoldbythePhilippine
NationalBankandofthebusinessoperationsoftheVegetableOilCompanysinceMarch11,1921.
(4)IntervenorWhitakerhasfailedtoestablishanagreementbindingthePhilippineNationalBanktoprovide
thenecessaryoperatingcapitaltotheVegetableOilCompany,andsoisnotentitledtorecoverdamages
fromthePhilippineNationalBank.NorcanintervenorWhitakerrecoverP4,424,418.37fromtheVegetable
Oil Company since he is not the legatee of the assets of that company. The trial judge accordingly
committednoerrorindismissingintervenor'scomplaint.
(5) No pronouncement is made with reference to intervenor Whitaker's possible rights in connection with
thecreditors'agreementsincethatagreementisnothereinquestionandthepartiestheretoarenotbefore
thecourt.
The case will be remanded to the lower court for the entry of judgment and further proceedings as herein
indicated.Judgmentaffirmedinpartandreversedinpart,withoutspecialfindingastocostsineitherinstance.
Ostrand,Johns,RomualdezandVillaReal,JJ.,concur.

SeparateOpinions
AVANCEA,C.J.,withwhomconcursVILLAMOR,J.,concurringanddissentinginpart:
Inregardtothevalidityofthemortgagegivenbythedefendantinfavoroftheplaintiff,Iconcurinthedissenting
opinionofMr.JusticeJohnson.
The insinuation made in the majority opinion of undue influence, deceit and fraud on the part of the plaintiff as
grounds for declaring this mortgage void, is absolutely unsupported by the record. Supposing that undue
influence, which is a general and abstract conception, exists to some extent, it does not constitute a cause for
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annulmentofthecontractsofarasitaffectstheconsent,unlessthesameamountstoviolence,orintimidation,or
constitutesfraud,orproducessubstantialerroronthepartoftheothercontractingparty.(Art.1265,CivilCode.)
ThemereinterventionofthetworepresentativesoftheplaintiffintheBoardofDirectorsofthedefendantand,on
theotherhand,noacthasbeenprovedtohavebeenexecutedbytheminconnectionwiththemortgagewhich
might be considered as undue influence. Neither has it been shown that anything was done which might
constituteafraudonthepartoftheplaintiffintheexecutionofthismortgage.Fraudisnotpresumed.Theonly
thing which can be considered in connection with this point is the supposed promise given to the defendant to
finance its operations. But, according to the majority opinion, there is no indication of any act of the Board of
Directorsoftheplaintiffcorporationwhichmightimplyconsenttoanagreementtogiveunlimitedsupporttothe
defendant,norratificationofanypromisetothiseffectmadebythegeneralmanager.Inordertoannulacontract
for fraud it must have been committed by one of the contracting parties. (Art. 1269, Civil Code.) On the other
hand,thegeneralmanageroftheplaintiffasalsoadmittedinthemajoritydecision,onlyintimatedgenerallythat
theplaintiffcorporationwouldfinanceitsoperations.Moreover,itwasproventhattheplaintiffdidinfactfurnish
thedefendantwithcapitalinorderthatitmightcontinueoperatingforsometime,andcontinuedtofurnishitwith
capitalevenaftertheexecutionofthemortgage,which,atanyrate,isacompliancewiththesupposedpromise.It
isevidentthat,iftheplaintiff,eitherdirectlyorthroughitsgeneralmanager,didnotmakeanypromisetofurnish
capitaltothedefendantwithoutanylimitationforitsoperation,anddidinfactfurnishitwithcapitaltosomeextent,
itcannotbesaidtohaveactedfraudulently.Theplaintiffwasnotboundtotakeachancewhenitwasclearlyseen
thatthedefendantwasrunningbehindand,indefenseofitsinterestsandinconsiderationofitsresources,ithad
arighttostopwhenitdeemeditunwisetocontinueanylonger.Furthermore,anyunfulfilledpromisemadetothe
defendantbythegeneralmanageroftheplaintiff,withouttheauthorizationofthelatter,doesnotconstitutesuch
fraud and cause for the annulment of the contract. Upon this theory, at most, it might be an incidental fraud
committedbyathirdparty,whichisnotsufficientcausefortheannulmentofacontract,butonlyforanactionfor
damagesagainstthesaidthirdparty.(Art.1270,CivilCode.)Atanyrate,theappellantintervenorcannotseekthe
annulmentofthismortgageundertheprovisionsofarticle1302oftheCivilCode,accordingtowhichonlythose
personswhoareprincipallyorsubsidiarilyboundbythecontractmaybringtheaction.Theappellant,nothaving
beenapartytothismortgageandnotbeingarepresentativeofanyofthosewhohaveintervenedtherein,isnot,
principally or subsidiarily, bound by virtue thereof, and, consequently, has not action and cannot impugn its
validity.(DecisionsofSupremeCourtofSpainofApril18,1901andNovember23,1903.)
Theappellant'sallegationthatthemortgageaffectshimandtheforeclosethereofwouldinjurehim,doesnotgive
him the right to bring an action for annulment, but, for rescission, if any, which is not the one brought herein.
Commentingonthisaspectofthequestion,Manresainvol.8,p.780,2ded.,says:"Thirdpersonsneednotbring
an action for annulment, as provided for in this article (1302, Civil Code)." The contract really injures or it does
not.Ifitdoes,whetherornottheactorcontractisvalidorvoid,whetherornotitisvalidorvoid,theycannothave
anyinterestinthematter.
Iconcurwiththemajorityinallotherrespectsandvotefortheaffirmationoftheappealedjudgmentinallitsparts.
JOHNSON,J.,dissenting:
I cannot agree with all of the facts stated in the decision nor with the conclusions drawn therefrom. I find it
necessarythereforetodissent.Mydissentisbaseduponthefollowinggrounds:
A.Legalityofthemortgage
First. That the mortgage in question was executed by the Philippine Vegetable Oil Co., Inc., to the Philippine
NationalBankandisavalidsubsistingcontract.
Second.Thatthestatementthatthemortgagewasexecuteduponpropertyincustodialegisisnotsupportedby
thefactsofrecord.
Atthetimesaiddocumentbecameamortgage,thepropertycoveredtherebywasnotincustodialegis.Itistrue
thatatthetimethedocumentwassignedonthe20thdayofFebruary,1922,thepropertywastheninthehands
ofareceiver.Atthattime,however,thesaiddocumentwasnotamortgageitwasnothingmorenorlessthanan
evidenceofindebtedness.Itdidnotcontainalltherequisitesofamortgage.Twoadditionalrequisites,underthe
law, were necessary: (a) It was not a public document at that time and (b) it had not been registered in the
registry of property, which is a prerequisite to its becoming a mortgage (art. 1875, Civil Code). The property
includedinsaiddocumentpassedoutofthehandsofthereceiveronthe28thdayofFebruary,1922,andback
intothehandsofitsowner,thePhilippineVegetableOilCompany,asitsprivateproperty.Thedocumentbecame
a public document by acknowledgment before the notary public on the 18th day of March, 1922. Even that act
was not sufficient to make said document a mortgage. It even then was only an evidence of an indebtedness
existing between the parties thereto. One thing more, under the law, was necessary in order to give said
documentthedignityofamortgage.Underthelaw,ithadtoberegisteredinordertobecomeamortgage.The
documentwasregisteredonthe21stdayofMarch,1922,nearlyamonthafterthepropertyhadceasedtobein
custodialegis,andthusitbecameamortgage.Atthesametimesaiddocumentbecameamortgagetheproperty
wasnotincustodialegis.Thereforethereasongiveninthemajorityopinionforpronouncingsaidmortgageillegal
andvoidfails,underthefactsandthelaw.(Arts.18571875,CivilCode.Olivaresvs.Hoskyn&Co.,2Phil.,689
McMickingvs.Kimura,12Phil.,98Susaravs.Martinez,17Phil.,254Lozanovs.TanSuico,23Phil.,16Borcelis
vs. Golingco, 27 Phil., 560 Legarda and Prieto vs. Saleeby, 31 Phil., 590 Lim Julian vs. Lutero, G.R. No.
25235.1)
Fromtheforegoingfactsandthelawitbecomesclearthat,thatpartofthemajorityopinionwhichdeclaresthe
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mortgagenullandvoidbecauseitcoveredpropertyincustodialegiscannotbesupported.
Third.Icannotgivemyconformitytothatpartofthemajorityopinionwhichchargesthatsaidmortgagedidnot
expressthefreewillofthePhilippineVegetableOilCo.,Inc.ThePhilippineVegetableOilCo.notonlysignedsaid
mortgage voluntarily, before witnesses, but nearly three weeks later ratified its due execution before a notary
public.Andnotonlythat,thePhilippineVegetableOilCo.,Inc.,recognizedthevalidityofsaiddocument,bylater,
makingpaymentsthereon.
Fourth. Neither can I give my conformity to that part of the majority opinion which imputes to the Philippine
National Bank bad faith, undue influence, deceit and constructive fraud in procuring the execution of said
mortgage. The record clearly shows that the mortgage was given to secure the payment of a preexisting
indebtedness for a valuable consideration. In addition to the fact that the Philippine Vegetable Oil Co. had
recognizedthevalidityofsaidmortgagebymakingpaymentsthereon,thereisnothingintherecordwhichshows,
in the slightest degree, that it had, prior to the commencement of the present action, even intimated that the
mortgagewasillegalandvoid.ItmaybeaddedthatthefailureofthePhilippineVegetableOilCo.,Inc.,toappeal
isanadditionalproofofitsbeliefthatthedefenseofillegalityisnotwellfounded.
Inmyopinion,thefactsofrecordanthelawapplicabletheretofullysupporttheconclusionsofthelowercourtthat
the mortgage had been legally executed, was a valid subsisting contract of mortgage, and in ordering the
foreclosureofthesame.Thatpartofthejudgmentappealedfromshouldthereforebeaffirmed.
B.Therightoftheintervenor,Phil.C.Whitaker
ThereisstillanotherconclusionofthemajorityopiniontowhichIcannotgivemyconformity,andthatistheright
oftheintervenortorecoversomedamagesforthebreachofcontractbyvirtueofwhichthePhilippineNational
Bank obligated itself to continue the operations of the Philippine Vegetable Oil Co., Inc. As I read the record, it
fairly bristles with facts in support of the contention, of Phil. C. Whitaker, that the Philippine National Bank did
promise and did obligate itself to furnish sufficient funds with which to continue the operation of the Philippine
Vegetable Oil Co., Inc., and that in lieu of said promises and obligations he did, out of his private funds, and
property, obligate himself to pay a portion of said indebtedness against the Philippine Vegetable Oil Co., which
indebtednesshewastheretoforeundernoobligationtopay.(Seecreditors'agreementanmortgageinfavorof
creditors.) Except for the agreement of the Philippine National Bank to continue the operation of the Philippine
Vegetable Oil Co., Inc., I find nothing in the record to support a consideration of said creditors' agreement, by
virtueofwhichPhil.C.Whitakerpromisetopay,outofhisprivatepropertyanindebtednessofaboutP4,000,000
of the Philippine Vegetable Oil Co., Inc. The Philippine National Bank admitted that its manager made such an
agreementwithPhil.C.Whitaker,butthatthesamewasneverratifiedbyitsBoardofDirectors.
After a very careful reading and a rereading of the entire record I am fully persuaded that at the time Phil. C.
WhitakerenteredintotheallegedcontractwiththePhilippineNationalBank,byvirtueofwhichthelatterwasto
furnish adequate funds for the continued operation of the Philippine Vegetable Oil factory, that all parties then
concerned fully understood and believed that such a contract had been made and entered into with full and
sufficientconsideration.Everydocumentwhichwasexecutedatthattimeandpriortheretogivesampleevidence
thatsuchacontractexisted.
C. Proof that all parties concerned believed that the Philippine National Bank had agreed to furnish sufficient
fundsforthecontinuedoperationofthePhilippineVegetableOilCompany,Inc.
First.Phil.C.WhitakerhonestlybelievedthatthePhilippineNationalBankhadenteredintoavalidcontractwith
him, by virtue of which said bank was to furnish sufficient funds for the continued operation of the Philippine
VegetableOilfactory.Infact,thatwasoneoftheprecedentconditionsuponwhichhehadobligatedhisprivate
propertytotheextentofnearlyP4,000,000forthepaymentofaportionofthedebtsofsaidOilCompany.That
factappearsnotonlyfromExhibit1butfrommanyotherexhibitsfoundintherecord,besidesthedeclarationof
Phil. C. Whitaker during the trial of the cause. There is nothing in the record which intimates that his testimony
shouldnotbeaccepted.OnthefirstdayofJanuary,1921,andnearlysixmonthsbeforethecreditors'agreement
wasconsummatedandduringthependencyofthecreditors'agreementinExhibit1Mr.Whitakersaid:"Afurther
conditiontotheforegoingoffer(thecreditors'agreement)isthatthebanks,partiestotheproposedarrangement,
supply,subjecttotheapprovaloftheirrepresentativesontheBoardofDirectorsofthePhilippineVegetableOil
Co.,Inc.,fundssufficienttoenablethePhilippineVegetableOilCo.tocontinueitsoperationsduringthefullterms
forwhichmypersonalsecuredundertakingremainsineffect."Hisbeliefthatsuchacontracthadbeenentered
into is also indicated in Exhibit 6 in which he threatened the Philippine National Bank with an action "in case it
shouldceasetofinancethePhilippineVegetableOilCo.ascontemplated."
Second. The creditors also believed that such a contract existed between Phil. C. Whitaker and the Philippine
National Bank. Under that question the creditors' agreement (Exhibit 3) contains the following significant
statement:"thecreationofafundofP500,000tobedepositedasthesameaccumulatesinthePhilippineNational
Bank, to be held by it for a period of three years from July 1, 1921, for the purpose of indemnifying it (the
PhilippineNationalBank)againstlossonsuchsumsasitshallhereafteradvancetothePhilippineVegetableOil
Co. to enable the latter to resume business and continue the manufacture of vegetable oil, with the
understanding,however,thatattheendofsaidthreeyearssomuchofsuchfunds,ifany,asshallnothavebeen
usedforthepurposeofsuchindemnityshallbedeliveredtothetrusteefordistributionprorata."
Third.Thetrusteeinthemortgageexecutedanddeliveredinconformitywiththecreditors'agreement(Exhibit2)
alsobelievedthatsuchacontractexisted,or,otherwise,thefollowingpertinentstatementwouldhavefoundno
placetherein:"TosecurethePhilippineNationalBankagainstsuchlossesasitmaysustain,notexceedingatotal
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ofP500,000onsuchsumsasitshall,fromtimetotimeandwithinVegetableOilCompanytoenablethelatterto
resumebusinessandcontinuethemanufactureofvegetableoil."
Fourth. The Board of Directors of the Philippine National Bank also evidently believed and understood that a
contract existed between it and Phil. C. Whitaker, by virtue of which the former was to furnish to the latter
sufficientfundsforthecontinuedoperationofthePhilippineVegetableOilfactory,orotherwise,saidBoarwould
not have authorized, by resolution, the President of the Bank to have commenced furnishing funds to the
PhilippineVegetableOilCompanyforitscontinuedoperation.Thefactthatthebanklaterrefusedtocomplywith
suchcontractdoesnotrelieveit,ifacontracthadactuallyexisted,fromthepresentactionfordamages.
Fifth. The Archbishop of Manila, who was a large stockholder in the Philippine Vegetable Oil Co., Inc., also
believedthatPhil.C.WhitakerhadsuchacontractwiththePhilippineNationalBank.InExhibit5theArchbishop
says,amongotherthingsthatPhil.C.Whitaker"hasalsoarrangedwiththePhilippineNationalBankforthefunds
necessarytoenablesaidOilCompanytoresumeitsbusinessandcontinueinthemanufactureofvegetableoil."
ThatstatementoftheArchbishopwasmadeduringthependencyofthecreditors'agreement.
Sixth.Mr.E.W.Wilson,PresidentofthePhilippineNationalBank,alsobelievedthatthecontractbetweenPhil.C.
Whitakerandthebankhadbeenconsummated.InExhibit7Mr.Wilsonrecognizedthewisdomofsuchacontract
"aslongasit(thePhilippineNationalBank)hadtheP500,000guaranty."
Seventh. Mr. William A. Randall, Comptroller and Executive Officer of the Philippine Vegetable Oil Co., Inc. in a
letter (Exhibit A) written nearly a year after the alleged agreement between Phil. C. Whitaker and the Philippine
NationalBank,expresslyrecognizedtheexistenceofsuchacontractwiththestatementthatPhil.C.Whitakerhad
executedamortgageinfavorofthecreditorsuponhisprivatepropertyandhadtherebyguaranteedtothesaid
bankthesumofP500,000forthecontinuedoperationofthePhilippineVegetableOilfactoryforaperiodofthree
years.
Eight. An Additional reason may be given why the creditors believed that the Philippine National Bank had
contractedtofurnishadequatefundsfortheoperationofthePhilippineVegetableOilfactory.FromExhibit3,the
creditors' agreement, it will be noted that the creditors who united in that agreement had unsecured claims
against the Philippine Vegetable Oil Co. amounting to P13,110,568.78, and that by virtue of that agreement
(Exhibit3)theyacceptedamortgagefromMr.Whitakerforaportionoftheirclaimstobepaidwithinaperiodof
threeyears,amountingP4,444,418.37.
ItwillalsobenotedthattheyagreedtoaccepttheobligationofthePhilippineVegetableOilCo.forthebalanceof
theirrespectiveclaims,payablewithoutinterestfifteenyearsfromJuly1,1921,withtheunderstanding,however
that the ad interim surplus earning of said Vegetable Oil Co., over and above its liabilities and an amount
necessaryforareasonableworkingcapitalforsaidcompany,shallbeappliedtotheproratasatisfactionofsaid
obligations(par.6ofExhibit3).FromExhibit3,therefore,itclearlyappearsthatthecreditorsfullyunderstoodthat
thePhilippineVegetableOilfactorywastobecontinuedinitsoperation.Otherwise,thePhilippineVegetableOil
Co.thenbeinginsolvent,thecreditorshadnohopeofrecoveringthebalanceoftheirclaimsamountingtoabove
P9,000,000.
Ninth.TheSupremeCourt.AtthetimeoftheconsiderationofthisappealtheSupremeCourtwasoftheopinion,
whichfactdoesnotappearinthemajorityopinion,thattheevidencepresentedbyPhil.C.Whitakerinsupportof
hisallegationthatthePhilippineVegetableOilfactory,wasadmissibletoshowtheexistenceofsuchacontract.A
majorityofthecourt,however,wasoftheopinionthatnoliabilityresultedfromtheviolationofthetermsofsuch
contract.ThecourtalsoatthetimedecidedthattheevidencewhichPhil.C.Whitakerpresentedinsupportofhis
claimwasadmissibleundersection335ofActNo.190.
SincethattimeIhaveagaincarefullyexaminedtheentirerecordandIamfullypersuadedthatjusticeandequity
demandthatMr.Phil.C.Whitakerbegivenanopportunitytoshowthatheisentitledtorecoversomedamages
for the following reasons, in addition to what has been state above: First, that the contract between Phil. C.
WhitakerandthePhilippineNationalBankisanenforciblecontractandoneuponwhichhemighthavemaintained
aseparateindependentactionwithoutreferencetothepresentactiontoforeclosethemortgagesecond,thatthe
onlyconsiderationforhispromisetopaytheclaimsoftheothercreditorsofthePhilippineVegetableOilCo.,for
thefulfillmentofwhichheturnedoverthetrusteepracticallyallofhispropertyamountingtoseveralmillionpesos,
was the promise of the Philippine National Bank to furnish money for the continued operation of the Philippine
VegetableOilfactorythird,thatexceptforthepromiseofthePhilippineNationalBanktoadequatelyfinancethe
continuedoperationofthePhilippineVegetableOilfactory,therewasnoconsiderationreceivedbyMr.Whitaker
forrenderinghimselfpersonallyliableforthepersonaldebtsoftheOilCompany.
TherecordisbrimmingfullwithevidencethatMr.Whitakeronlypromisedtopay,outofhisprivateproperty,the
debtsofthePhilippineVegetableOilCo.becauseofhiscontractwiththePhilippineNationalBanktofinancethe
operationofsaidOilCompany,hopingtherebytopaythedebtsofsaidOilCompanyoutofthereceiptsresulting
from the operation of said Oil factory and thereby relieve his individual and private property from the obligation
whichhehadimposeduponit.Mr.Whitakerwasundernoobligationtoplacehisindividualandprivatepropertyin
jeopardyforthepaymentofthedebtsofthePhilippineVegetableOilCo.,andnodoubtwouldnothaveentered
intohiscontractwiththecreditorsexceptforthepromiseofthePhilippineNationalBanktoadequatelyfinancethe
continuedoperationofsaidCompanyforaperiodofthreeyears.
OnOctober4,1921,alittleovertwomonthsaftertheexecutionofthecreditors'mortgage,theBoardofDirectors
of the Philippine National Bank adopted a resolution, authorizing the President of said bank to finance the
operationofthePhilippineVegetableOilCo.totheextentofP500,000tobesecuredbycopraandoilandtobe
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furthersecuredbyP500,000pledgedbyPhil.C.Whitakerinhiscreditors'agreement.Inviewofthatresolutionon
the part of the Board of Directors of the Philippine National Bank, in my judgment, it is idle to extend that the
reference in said resolution "and be further secure by P500,000 pledged by Phil. C. Whitaker in his creditors'
agreement" was and complete acceptance and ratification by the Board of Directors of the Philippine National
Bankofthecreditors'agreementtheretoforeacceptedbythePresidentofthebank.
Itseemscleartome,fromallofthefactsfoundintherecord,thattheonlyreasonwhythecreditorsgrantedto
the Philippine National Bank, (now) a first lien, on the property which Mr. Whitaker mortgaged to the creditors,
amountingtoP500,000,wastocoverpossiblelossesonthepartofthePhilippineNationalBankinitscontinued
operation for a period of three years, under the agreement which said bank had with Mr. Whitaker. The proof
shows that the bank did furnish funds for the operation of the Oil factory and that during that period no losses
occurredtothebank.Infact,therecordshowsthatthebankmadeaprofitofsomethinglikeP100,000duringthat
period. Both the creditors and the Philippine National Bank were interested at that time in having the Philippine
VegetableOilfactorycontinueitsoperationsforthereasonthattheymusthaveallrecognizedthattheassetsof
said Oil Company were largely inadequate to cover their respective claims. It was only through the continued
operationofsaidOilFactorythatthecreditorsandthePhilippineNationalBankcouldhopetohavetheirclaims
paidinfull.
My conclusions from all of the record are: First, that the decision of the lower court ordering the foreclosure of
said mortgage should be affirmed and, second, that Phil. C. Whitaker should be given an opportunity to prove
whether or not he had suffered any loss or damage from the failure of the Philippine National Bank to furnish
adequate funds for the continued operation of the Philippine Vegetable Oil factory. The judgment of the lower
courtshouldbemodifiedashereinindicated.
STREET,J.,concurringanddissenting:
IconcurwiththemajorityuponthepropositionthattheintervenorcannotrecoverdamagesfromthebankbutI
agree with the Chief Justice in the view that the judgment of foreclosure should be affirmed. The discussions
containedinthedissentingopinionsoftheChiefJusticeandofMr.JusticeJohnsonsufficientlycovertheprincipal
featuresofthecasebutthereisoneotherpointinthecaseuponwhichIwishtochallengethecorrectnessofthe
positionofthemajority.Uponinspectionoftheprevailingopinionitwillbeseenthatthelastmortgageexecuted
by the defendant Philippine Vegetable Oil Company, Inc., in favor of the Philippine National Bank, has been
declared null and void by the court at the instance of the intervenor, Phil. C. Whitaker, who is a principal
stockholder in the defendant company. It will be further observed that the nullity of this contract was originally
assertedintheanswerofthecorporationdefendant,butthisdefensewasdisallowedbythetrialcourtingiving
judgmentinfavoroftheplaintifffortheforeclosureofthemortgage.FromthisjudgmentthePhilippineVegetable
OilCompanydidnotappealandtheadjudicationofthevalidityofthemortgagetherebybecameconclusiveas
against the company. There is nothing in the record to suggest that the abandonment of this defense by the
corporationitselfanditsfailuretoappealfromthejudgmentwasduetoanythingelsethanafairexerciseofthe
judgmentofitsofficersandoftheattorneywhorepresentedthecorporationinthelowercourt.
ButthiscourtconcedestoMr.Whitakertherighttorelyuponthedefenseoftheallegednullityofthemortgage
and,athisinstanceonly,thecourthasnowsetthemortgageaside.This,inmyopinion,isimproperpractice.Itis
truethatcorporationstockholdersareentitledtodefendlegalproceedingsinbehalfoftheircorporationwhenits
directorsormanagingagentsarewillfullyorfraudulentlyneglectfulofitsinterestsandtheproperpracticeinsuch
caseisforthestockholderstomovethecourtforleavetointerveneinthesuittheywishtodefend,andtoallege,
andmakeaprimafacieshowing,thattheauthorizedandmanagingagentsofthecorporationarederelictintheir
dutiesandthatthecorporationhasameritoriousdefensetotheaction(7R.C.L.,p.334).Nosuchshowinghas
beenmadeinthiscase,and,onthecontrary,alltheindicationsarethatthecoursepursuedbytheofficersofthe
corporation was adopted in good faith. Under these circumstances there is no propriety in allowing the
stockholder to assert in this court a defense which has been abandoned by the corporation. In justification,
apparently,ofitsdepartureatthispointfromtheordinaryruleofprocedure,theopinionofthecourtcontainsa
statementtotheeffectthat,indealingwiththiscase,themodeofapproachofthecourthasbeentosweepaside
technicalities and resolve in a broad and liberal manner the various perplexing questions which are before the
court.Iagreethatrulesofprocedureshould,asageneralrule,beappliedinfurtheranceofjusticebutwhenthe
accumulated experience of courts through a long period of time has determined that in an action against a
corporation the right of defense, save in exceptional cases, pertains to the corporation concerned, arbitrary
departures from that rule should not be allowed. To o so is to admit the mere caprice of the court as an
acceptablecriterionforthemakingofjudicialdecisions.

Footnotes
1Page703,ante.
TheLawphilProjectArellanoLawFoundation

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