Kierkegaard, S - For Self-Examination (Princeton, 1944)

FOR SELF-EXAMINATION
AND
JUDGE FOR YOURSELVES!

AND
THREE DISCOURSES
1851
AND
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AND
THREE DISCOURSES
1851
BY
S0REN KIERKEGAARD
TRANSLATED BY
WALTER LQWRIE,
D.D.
PRINCETON
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS
LONDON: HUMPHREY MILFORD
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
1944
First -published in Great Britain,
1941
Reprinted by ofset in the United States of America, 1944
PREFACE
accompanying volume, published on the same date,
entitled Training in Christianity^ is introduced by an
Introduction so adequate and by a Preface so inordinately
long that I can spare the reader another introduction, which
could only be a repetition of the first, and might spare myself
and
THE
the trouble of writing a preface.
At
this
moment
am
inclined
almost to be resentful that another- preface is required, for originally I proposed to publish in one big volume all the works which
now, for the convenience of the purchaser, are presented in two.
However, there is pleasure to be found even in the writing of
prefaces. Kierkegaard's prefaces were usually short, but they were
always significant. Four of them are to be seen in this volume.
However, one of his most amusing books (entitled Prefaces)
consists of nothing but prefaces
eight of them in all, one on
the heels of the other. He was reduced to this expedient because,
as he pretended, his wife had exacted of him the promise that he
*
would write no more books'.

This volume, (which may be regarded as the second, because
the works which it contains actually followed the others and are
properly a sequel) appears on the same date as the other because
the works contained in the twain belong intimately together, and
in case someone may
therefore ought not to be far separated
have an appetite prodigious enough to want both.
From the beginning of his 'authorship* it was S. K/s custom to
"accompany* his 'aesthetic' works, which always were pseudonymous, with one or more Edifying Discourses', which were
published over his own name, and therefore, to preserve the
fiction of his anonymity, were often issued by another publisher.
Although the principal works published in this volume were in
themselves decisively religious, and now for the first time were no
longer pseudonymous, S. K. continued the custom of accompanying them, when there was no longer the same reason for it. The
first two Discourses in this volume were meant as an accompaniment of the longer work which follows. And it is well that they
should not be separated; for the reader surely must feel a grateful
sense of relief in passing from the more trenchant and closely
*
PREFACE
v!-;
reasoned -"works tb-"f Be" Discourses, which were really as well as

to simple Christians.
ostensibly Addressed
TfoD-Discourse which concludes this volume may also be reIt was
S. K.'s religious writing.
garded as the conclusion of
conthe
bitter
into
published in 1855, introducing dramatically
a purely
flict S. K. was waging against conventional Christianity
as he remarked, from an earlier time.
religious note, which dated,
Citadel
fact
in
was
This Discourse
actually delivered in the
is dated on S. K.'s
Preface
the
and
Church on
18, 1851,
May
forty-first birthday,
May
5,
1854.
of farewell to his deceased father, to

dedicated
all
He also meant as a gesture

whom in similar terms he had
it
of the earlier Edifying Discourses. This Discourse

me but by Professor David Swenson, who
was not translated by
much
my satisfaction,
kindly contributes it to this volume
not because it spares me a little labour, but because I am happy
to be formally associated with him in the enterprise of makingwe have both of us
Kierkegaard known and understood, to which
contributed whole-heartedly.
The two larger works contained in this volume, although they
were not published together, and although the second was not
as
published at all in S. K.'s lifetime, evidently belong together,
the sub-title of the second suggests, as well as the characterization
of it as 'Second Series'. Just as evidently they are the sequel of
the work contained in the 'first' volume; and because of this close
connexion it is not possible to deal with them separately in an
introduction. The Introduction to the companion volume gives
from the years
briefly an account of the whole "production' dating
1848-51, and it cannot be necessary to repeat it here if, as may
be expected, the reader who will read only one of these works
will prefer to read the first. In any case, for a fuller elucidato
I have to refer to
my book on Kierkegaard^ especially to
the chapters entitled 'Back to Christianity!' and 'Venturing Far
Out'.
In these two later works, which are also the last of the sort,
the polemical note becomes increasingly prominent, without becoming predominant as it was in the subsequent period. And the
fact that such a book as For Self-Examination the polemical point
not
of which is so sharp, made no impression upon the Church
even so much as to encourage the publication of the 'Second
Series'
makes it evident, I think, that to make his voice heard
tion
,>
PREFACE
S.
vii
K. was compelled to shout as loudly and
open attack which followed
tardily
and
shrilly as
he did
in the
reluctantly.
take this occasion to say that, though I admire the courage

and vigour with which the attack was conducted and sympathize
with its aim, though I regard these tracts for the îme as among
the most virile documents that have ever been written, and though
I revere the author of them as a witness for the truth who
triumphed
over great weakness to become a martyr, yet it is not for me to
I
translate them.
ably not until
Some day they should be translated, but preferK. has become well known and his deeply
S.
religious aim is understood. For the present, the works which are
here presented supply us with all the buffeting we can bear or
profit by. S. K. said that he regarded them as addressed 'solely*
to himself. I cannot read them without feeling that they are
addressed principally to me,
WALTER LOWRIE
PRINCETON
June
loth,
*The
date signifies that this volume
1938*
and its companion were ready two years ago and

only a year after I had finished my Kierkegaard. They are the first things I translated,
and they were at once delivered to the printer. But publication has been so long
deferred owing to Professor Swenson's insistence that these most incisive and
trenchant works ought not to be set before a public which had not yet been made
acquainted with the milder tone of S. K.'s Edifying Discourses. So I set to work to
translate the numerous works which have been published under the titles The Paint of
View and the Christian Discourses. Others have made known Fear and Trembling
translation of the Stages will be
and a discourse entitled Purify your Heart!
published by the Princeton University Press at about the same time as this volume,
and not much later Professor Swenson's translation of the Concluding Unscientific
My
But now (on July 26th,

I completed after his untimely death.
not sure whether I have done well to publish last these works which
I translated first. I am sure only of this, that it is high time Kierkegaard were revealed
to the English-speaking world through the books which most clearly reveal him.
Postscript
1940)
which
am
CONTENTS
TWO
DISCOURSES AT THE

AN EDIFYING DISCOURSE
INDEX
COMMUNION
Page
27
107
223
241
TWO DISCOURSES
AT THE COMMUNION ON FRIDAYS
by
S.
Kierkegaard
Copenhagen
1851
[Aug.
7.]
At
the
end of 1849
TO ONE UNNAMED
whose name some day
is
with this
shall
be
named
dedicated along
little
work
the whole of
the authorship from the very beginning
NOTE BY THE
TRANSLATOR.
to her husband's Yejection
Regma of course
Is
meant. This dedication
of the suggestion of a rapprochement.
is
a reply
PREFACE
gradually progressing work
writer, which had its beginning in Either'/Or

definite point of rest at the foot of the altar, where the author, who
personally knows best his imperfection and guilt, does not by any means call himself a
witness for the truth, but only a peculiar sort of poet and thinker who, 'without
seeks here
as
its
new to bring but would read the fundamental document of

humane existence-relationship, the old, well-known, from the fathers
handed down would read it through yet once again, if possible in a more heartauthority*, has nothing
the individual,
way. (See the postscript to my 'Concluding Postscript'.)

In this direction I have nothing more to add. But let me give utterance to this
which in a sense is my very life, the content of my life for me, its fullness, its happiness, its peace and contentment. There are various philosophies of life which deal
with the question of human dignity and human equality Christianly, every man (the
felt
individual), absolutely every man, once again, absolutely every man is equally near
to God. .And how is he near and equally near? Loved by Him. So there is equality,
infinite equality between man and man. If there be any difference, O, this difference,
if difference there be, is peaceableness itself, undisturbed it does not disturb the
equality in the remotest degree. The difference is that one man bears in mind that he
is loved,
perhaps day in and day out, perhaps for seventy years day in and day out,
perhaps having only one longing, the longing for eternity, impatient to lay hold of it
this blessed occupation of bearing in mind that he
ah, not
loved. Another perhaps does not reflect upon the fact that he
is loved, perhaps he is glad and thankful to be loved by his wife, by his children, by his
friends, by his acquaintances, and does not reflect that he is loved by God; or perhaps
and be
off,
he is busy with
for his virtue's sake
he
sighs at the
by God.
is
thought that he is loved by nobody and does not reflect that he is loved
might the first one say, *I am guiltless, I cannot help it if another
'Yet', so
is lavished as richly
upon him as upon me.* Inwhat if
which makes no distinction ! Ah human ingratitude
men there were likeness and equality in the sense that we are like one
overlooks or disdains the love which

finite
divine love
among
us
another, entirely alike, inasmuch as not one of us rightly reflects that he is loved.
Turning now to the other side, and expressing thanks for such sympathy and good
will as have been showed me, I could wish that I might as it were present these works
now take the liberty of doing) and commend them to the nation whose language
am proud to have the honour of writing, feeling for it a filial devotion and an
(as I
I
almost womanly tenderness, yet comforting myself also with the thought that
not be disgraced by the fact that I have used it.
Copenhagen, kte summer 1851.
S.
it
will
K.
PRAYER
LORD JESUS CHRIST, though indeed Thou didst not corne into the world to judge the
world, yet as love which was not loved Thou wast a judgement upon the world.
We call ourselves Christians, we say that we have none to turn to but to Thee
alas, where might we go when to us also, just because of Thy love, the condemnation
applies that we love little? To whom (oh, disconsolate thought !) if not to Thee?
To whom then (oh, counsel of despair !) if Thou really wouldst not receive us
mercifully, forgiving us our great sin against Thee and against love, forgiving us
who have sinned much because we loved little ?
Luke
7: 47.
BUT TO WHOM LITTLE
is
FORGIVEN, THE SAME
LOVETH LITTLE
hearer, at the altar the invitation is uttered: 'Come
hither, all ye that labour and are heavy laden, and I
will give you rest.*
The individual responds to the
MY
he goes up to the altar then there is another saying

which might be inscribed above the church door, on the inside,
not to be read by them that go into the church, but only by them
that are going out: 'To whom little is forgiven, the same loveth
invitation,
little.'
The
first
vindication, as if
is the altar's invitation, the other is its

said, *If at the altar thou wast not sensible of
thy sins, of every sin of thine, the fault lies in
saying
it
the forgiveness of
thee, the altar is blameless, because thou only lovest little/ Oh,
how hard it is in praying to reach the Amen. For though to the
man who never has prayed it looks easy enough, easy enough to
get quickly through with it, yet to the man who had a longing
to pray and began to pray the experience must have occurred that
he constantly felt as if there were something more upon his heart,
as if he could not get everything said, or get it said as he would
likewise how*
like to say it, and so he does not reach the Amen
hard it is at the altar rightly to apprehend the forgiveness of sins.
There thou art promised the gracious forgiveness of all thy sins.
If thou dost rightly hear that promise, takest it quite literally as
'the forgiveness of all thy sins', then shalt thou leave the altar as
light of heart, in a godly sense, as a newborn babe upon whom no
anxiety weighs, even lighter in heart, forasmuch as much has
weighed upon thy heart; at the altar there is no one who would
no one, unless It be thou. Then
retain even the least of thy sins
THE SAME LOVETH LITTLE
io
cast
them all from
thee,
and the remembrance of them
as well (lest
way they be retained), and also the remembrance that thou

cast them from thee (lest in that way they be retained by
in that
didst
thee)
cast
but to cast
from thee, thou hast

to cast off what weighs
it all
off,
nothing whatever to do
upon thee and oppresses
What could be easier? Commonly it is a heavy task to

be bound by duty to assume burdens but to dare, to be in
duty bound to cast them off! And yet how difficult! Yes, rarer
even than one who assumed all burdens, rarer even than that is
one who has performed the apparently easy task of feeling himself, after receiving the assurance of the gracious pardon of his sins
and the pledge of it, entirely lightened of every, even the least sin,
and of every, even the greatest sin'. If thou wert able to look
into men's hearts, thou wouldst surely see how many there are
who approach the altar oppressed and sighing under their heavy
burden ; and when they leave the altar, if thou couldst look into
their hearts, possibly thou mightest see that
substantially there
was not a single one who went away entirely lightened of his
burden, and sometimes perhaps thou mightest see that there was
one who went away even more oppressed, oppressed now by
the thought that he surely had not been a worthy
guest at the
altar, seeing that he found there no relief.
We will not conceal from one another that such is the case, we
will not talk in such a
way as to ignore how things are in reality
and represent everything as so perfect that it does not fit the case
of us real men. Oh, no, what help would such a discourse be?
But, on the other hand, when the discourse makes us as imperfect as we are, it
helps us to persevere in steady effort, neither
being intoxicated by the vain dream that by the one effort everything was decided, nor losing heart in silent despondency because
this effort did not succeed
according to our wish, that what we
thee.
had prayed
for
and desired did not come
to pass.
In the brief time prescribed let us dwell

upon this word *But
whom little is forgiven, the same loveth little' a word of
condemnation^ but also a word of comfort.
:
to
And
manner
thou, my hearer, be not disturbed that I speak in this

at tbe moment when thou art
going up to the altar,
perhaps expecting and exacting that he who is to speak at this

moment should speak in another manner, employing every means
A WORD OF CONDEMNATION
11
to reassure the individual and render him confident, and then, if

he learned subsequently that this holy ceremony had not been a
joy and blessing to the individual, he could speak to him in a different manner. Ah, my friend, in part I make answer that in truth
it is not the
single individual who here fails to succeed entirely;
no, it is only a single individual who succeeds entirely. In part
I
would say that there is a concern,
a heart-felt concern,
which per-
haps assists a man better to succeed in the highest sense better

than too much confidence. and too careless an intrepidity. There
is a
longing after God, a confidence in God, a comfort and hope
in God, a love, a frankheartedness
but what most surely finds
Him is perhaps a sorrow after God. Sorrow after God that is no
fleeting mood which promptly vanishes with a nearer approach
to God; on the contrary, it is
perhaps deepest when it draws
nearest to God, as one who thus sorrows is more fearful for himself the nearer he comes to God.
To whom little is forgiven^ the same loveth little. This is a word
of condemnation.
Commonly the situation is conceived thus: justice means severe
judgement; love is the gentle thing which does not judge, or if

it does, love's
judgement is a gentle judgement. No, no, love's
judgement is the severest judgement. The severest judgement
ever passed upon the world, more severe than the flood, more
severe than the confusion of Babel or than the destruction of
Sodom and Gomorrah was it not Christ's innocent death,
which yet was

Surely
this,
love's sacrifice ?
And what was
that 'love* was not loved. So
it is
this
here.
judgement ?
The word
of
judgement and condemnation does not say, the one to whom

little was
forgiven had sinned much, in the sense that the sins
were too many or too great to be forgiven. No, the condemnation
So it is not justice which sternly denies
is, 'He loves little.'
and
forgiveness to the sinner it is love which says gently
pardon
and compassionately, */ forgive thee all; if but little is forgiven
;
thee,
it
is
because thou dost love but
prescribes the limit

mil, for thee there
Love
little/
Justice sternly
and says, *No farther, now the measure is

is no more forgiveness', but there it stops.
if but little is forgiven,

says, Everything is forgiven thee
because thou dost love but little' ; so that there is superadded
a new sin, a new guilt, that of deserving condemnation, not for
sins already committed, but for lack of love. Wouldst thou learn
it is
12
not the severity of justice, but the

a man,
Justice looks condemningly upon
gentleness of love.
and the sinner cannot endure its glance; but when love looks upon
he casts
him, yea, though he withdraws from its glance, though
down his eyes, he nevertheless is aware that it looks upon him; for
love pierces far more deeply into life, to the very issues of life,
than does justice, which establishes a yawning gulf between the
sinner and itself, whereas love stands beside him, accuses not,
condemns not, pardons and forgives. The sinner cannot endure
the condemning voice of justice, he seeks if possible to stop his
him to hear love,
ears; but even if he would, it is impossible for
to fear, learn
then to
whose condemnation
fear,
is
(oh, frightful
condemnation 1), 'Thy sins
are forgiven thee'. Frightful condemnation, in spite of the fact

that the words in themselves are anything but terrifying; and
this precisely is the reason why the sinner cannot close his ears
to what nevertheless is a judgement of condemnation. Whither
shall I flee from Justice, if I take the wings of the morning and
flee to the uttermost sea, even there it is, and if I hide myself in
there is
the deep, it is there, and so it is in every place
yet, no,
one place where I can flee: to love. But when love judges thee,
are forgiven thee'!
is
and the
(oh, horror I), Thy sins
judgement
and yet there is something (and this

sins are forgiven thee
else in all the world could it find
where
for
in
is
thee,
something
Thy
foothold when love forgives all ?), there is something in thee which
makes thee sensible that they are not forgiven. What, then, is the
horror of the sternest judgement in comparison with this horror?
What is the stern sentence of wrath, calling down a curse, in
thee'? So
comparison with this sentence: 'Thy sins are forgiven
thou
as
which
indeed
is
almost
sayest, 'No,
says
gentler,
justice
What
is the suffering of 'the fratricide'
are
not
forgiven'.
they
when he
fled from place to place for fear of being recognized by

what is this sufferthe 'mark' of justice which condemned him
one who heard,
the
unfortunate
tortures
of
to
the
ing compared
'Thy sins are forgiven thee', and heard it not as salvation but as
condemnation? Thy sins are forgiven thee! Frightful severity!
That love, that it is love, pardoning love, which, not censoriously,
no, itself suffering thereby, is thus transformed into judgement
and condemnation; that love, pardoning love, which would not,

as justice does, reveal guilt, but on the contrary would hide it by
pardoning and forgiving, that it is this nevertheless which, alas,
A
itself suffering
does!
'The
Think
man
for him'
is
WORD OF CONDEMNATION
13
thereby, reveals guilt more frightfully than justice

of the thought expressed by 'self-condemned/
self-condemned', says justice, 'there is no forgiveness

it thinks of his
many sins, for justice can
and thereby
hide nothing. Love says, 'The man is self-condemned

--thinking
thereby not of his many sins, oh, no, it is willing to forget them all,
it has
forgotten them all, and yet, *He is self-condemned*, says
love. Which is the more terrible? Surely the latter, which sounds
indeed like the speech of madness for he is not accused of his
many sins, no, the accusation is that they are forgiven him, that
everything is forgiven. Think of a sinner who is sinking into
the abyss, listen to his anguished cry when with his last groan he
;
which his life had mocked, and says,

'The punishment is deserved, I am self-condemned'. Terrible!
There is but one thing more terrible, if it is not justice he addresses
but love, and says, 'I am self-condemned'. Justice will not be
mocked, and love, verily, still less. Sterner than the sternest
judgement against the greatest sinner is love's saying, 'To him
but little is forgiven because he loves but little',
justified the righteousness
To whom little is forgiven, the same loveth little. This

of condemnation, but also a word of comfort.
I
know
what thy
is
word
hearer, what evil thou didst do, what thy guilt,

not,
sins are; but of one fault we are all guilty more or less;
my
of loving too little. So comfort thyself with this word, as I comfort myself with it. And how do I comfort myself? I comfort
myself with the thought that this word has. nothing to say about
the divine love, but only about mine. It does not say that now the
divine love has grown weary of being love, that now it has changed,
weary as it were of squandering indescribable compassion upon
an ungrateful race or upon ungrateful me, and that now it has
become something different, a lesser love, its heart cooled because
love became cold in the ungrateful race of men or in ungrateful
me. No, about this the Word says nothing whatever. And be
comforted as I am by what ? By this, that the reason the Word
does not say this is that the holy Word does not lie, so that it is
not by accident or cruel design that the Word is silent about this,
whereas in fact it is true that God's lave has become weary of
then it is not so; and
loving. No, if the Word does not say it,
14
even if
because

the Word said it
nay, God's Word
the Word cannot lie. Oh, most blessed
cannot say it,

comfort in the
deepest sorrow! If in truth God's love had changed, and thou
not knowing of this, but concerned about thyself for the fact that
hitherto thou hadst loved but little, wert to strive with pious
resolution to kindle the love within thee to a flame, and with the
same care wert to nourish the flame, and then, though with a
feeling of shame for the imperfection of thy love, wouldst draw
near to God to be reconciled with Him, as th6 Scripture expresses
Think of a maiden in love; she
it, ... but He had changed!
acknowledges to herself with deep concern how little she has
loved hitherto
'Now', she says to herself, *I will become sheer
love'. And she succeeds; these tears of anguish which she sheds
in concern about herself, these tears do not quench the fire, no,
they are too hot for that; no, it is just these tears that bring the
fire to a flame
but meanwhile the lover had changed, he was no
one deep concern for a man, just one may be
Oh,
longer loving.
enough more than this no man can bear! If when a man in
deep self-concern has to acknowledge how little he has loved,
he then were to be afflicted by the anguishing thought that God
might have changed then, then indeed I should despair, and
I should
despair at once, for then there would be nothing to wait
for either in time or in eternity. But therefore I comfort
myself
with this word, and I close every way of evasion, and I put aside
all excuses and all
palliations, and I lay bare my breast where I am
to be wounded by the word which
condemningly pierces me
with the verdict, 'Thou has loved but little'. Oh, pierce even
deeper, thou healing word, say, Thou hast not loved at all'
even if the verdict is pronounced in these terms, I feel, in one
sense, no pain, I feel an indescribable bliss; for precisely this
condemnation of me, this sentence of death upon me and my
paltry love, implies at the same time something different: that
.
God
is
unchanging
Thus
it is I
love, 1
comfort myself.
And
find hidden in the
word a
In August 1855, in the midst of his attack upon the Established Church, S. K.
issued his last Discourse, dedicated as usual to his father, and entitled 'God's Unchangeableness'. A preface dated May 5, 1854, which was his birthday, states that
had been delivered in the Citadel Church on May 18,1851, i.e. shortly before the
date of this sermon, and that it was a return to the text of his first Discourse,
James I :
it
17-21.
WORD OF COMFORT
15
'
comfort which thou also, my hearer, must find precisely when

thou hearest the word in such a way that it wounds thee. For it
does not read, to whom little was forgiven, the same loved little;
it reads, 'loves little*.
Oh, when justice sits in judgement it
draws up the account, it closes it, it uses the past tense, it says,
'He loved little', and therewith pronounces that the case is for
ever decided, 'we two are separated and have nothing to do with
one another*. On the other hand, the Word, the Word of love,
reads, 'To whom little is forgiven, the same loves little'. He
loves little, yet he loves \ that is to say, so it is now, at this present
instant
more than this love does not say. Oh, infinite Love!
that thou remainest true to Thyself even in Thy least utterance!
He loves little now, at this instant, and what is the Now ? Swiftly,
swiftly it is past, and now, in the next instant, everything is
changed, now he loves, even if it be not much, yet he strives to
no,
love much; now all is changed, except love, it is unchanged,

unchangeably the same love which lovingly has waited for him,
which lovingly could not bear to close the case for him, could
not bear to seek separation from him, but has remained with
him, and now it is not justice which pronounces conclusively,
'He loved little', now it is love which, rejoicing in heaven,

says, 'He loved little', meaning to say that it is different now, that
so it was once upon a time, but now he loves much.
But substantially is it not true then that the forgiveness of sins
is merited, if not
by works, yet by love ? When it is said that to
whom little is forgiven, the same loveth little, is it not implied that
love which determines whether and in how far one's sins are
be forgiven so that the forgiveness of sins is merited! Oh, no.
In the same passage of the Gospel, a bit earlier (v. 42 ff.), Christ
speaks about two debtors, one of whom was greatly in debt, the
other little, and both found forgiveness. He says, 'Which of them
will love him most?' and the answer is, 'He to whom he forgave
most'. Notice now how we do not enter the unblessed territory
of meritoriousness, but how everything remains within the sphere
of love! When thou dost love much, much is forgiven thee and
when much is forgiven thee thou dost love much. Behold here the
blessed law of the progressive recurrence of salvation in love!
First thou dost love much, and much is forgiven thee
oh, but
it is
to
see
so
now how love exerts its influence more powerfully, the fact that
much was forgiven elicits in turn more love, and thou lovest
much, because much was forgiven thee It is with love as it is with

faith. Think of one of the unfortunates whom Christ healed by a
now he believes
miracle. In order to be healed he must believe
and is healed. Now he is healed and then faith becomes ^twice
as strong, now that he is saved. It is not as though he believed,
and then the miracle occurred, and then it was all over; no, the
!
accomplishment increases his
faith as
much again, after the accom-
faith is doubly as strong as when he

plishment of the miracle his
And so.it is with this matter of
saved.
believed before being
is the love, divinely strong in weakness, the
much.
Strong
loving
love which loveth much and to which so much is forgiven but
still stronger is the second instance of love, when the same love
loves a second time, and loves because much was forgiven.^
hearer, thou dost remember doubtless the beginning of
this discourse. At this solemn moment it is possible to disturb
the worshipper in two ways: either by talking about something
even if the subject were important and the dis;
My
inappropriate,
course weighty; or by talking disturbingly about that which in

moment is one's most immediate concern. *To whom little
this might seem disturbing
is forgiven, the same loveth little*
the point of going up to the
just at the moment when thou art on
altar where thou art to receive the forgiveness of all thy sins. Oh,
such a
but as the edifying in its first instance is always dismaying, and as

true love in the first instance is always disquietude, so also that
which seems to be a disturbance is not always disturbing; that
all
But is
is in truth tranquillizing is always disquieting.
there any comparison between these two dangers that of being
that of being disquieted
tranquillized in deceitful security; and
a
of
reminded
disquieting thought ? Of what disquieting
by being
which
Is it of that disquieting thought that also it can be forgiven if hitherto one has loved but little? It is a singular thing,
this matter of disquietude. He who is thoroughly educated by it
does not, it is true, appear so strong as he who has remained without
knowledge of it. But at the last instant, just by his feebleness, it
is he
perhaps who is the strongest, in the last instant, just by
feebleness, he perhaps succeeds when the strongest fails to succeed.
thought?
So
may God
bless this disquieting discourse, that it may have

good end, that tranquillized at the altar
disquieted thee only for a
thou mightest be sensible that thou dost receive the gracious pardon of all thy sins.
II
l
Peter 4: 8
PRAYER
Lord Jesus Christ, the birds have their nests, the foxes their holes, and Thou
and yet
didst not have whereon to lay Thy head, homeless wast Thou upon earth
a hiding-place, the only one, where a sinner could flee. And so to-day Thou art still
the hiding-place; when the sinner flees to Thee, hides himself in Thee, is hidden In
Thee
i
then he
is
eternally defended, then 'love' hides the multitude of sins.
LOVE SHALL HIDE THE MULTITUDE OF SINS

and in a
is true when it is a question of human love
The
double sense, as we have shown in another place.
Peter 4:
8.
THIS
loving man, he
in
whom
there
is
love, hides the
multitude
of sins, sees not his neighbour's fault, or, if he sees, hides it from
himself and from others; love makes him blind, in a sense far
more beautiful than this can be said of a lover, blind to his neighbour's sins. On the other hand, the loving man, he in whom there
is love, though he has his faults, his
imperfections, yea, though
they were a multitude of sins, yet love, the fact that there is love
in him, hides the multitude of sins.
When it is a question of Christ's love, the word can be taken
only in one sense the fact that He was love did not serve to hide
what imperfection there was in Him in Him the holy One in
whom there was no sin, neither was guile found in His mouth, this
being inevitably so, because in Him there was only love, love in His
heart and love only, in His every word, in all His work, in His
whole life, in His death, until the very last. Ah, in a man love is
not so perfect, and therefore, or rather nevertheless, he profits
by his love while he lovingly hides a multitude of sins, love does
unto him as he unto others, it hides his sins. Thus he himself
has need of the love which he shows to others, thus he profits
by the love within him, which though it be directed outwardly
to hide the multitude of sins, does not, however, like Christ's
sacrificial love, embrace the whole world but only very few persons. Ah, though it is seldom enough a man is loving, yet 'what
wonder', as a man might be tempted to say, 'what wonder a man
endeavours to be loving, seeing that he himself is in need of love,
;
and
to that extent is really looking after his own interest by being

But Christ was not in need of love. Suppose that
He
loving'.
The Works of Love, Part
II. v.
LOVE HIDES THE MULTITUDE OF
SINS
19
had not been love, suppose that unlovingly He would only be

what He was, the holy One, suppose that instead of saving the
world and hiding the multitude of sins He had come into the
world'to judge the world in holy wrath
imagine this in order to
conceive the more vividly that precisely to Him it applies in a
singular sense that His love covered the multitude of sins> that
this is 'love', that (as the
Scripture says) only one is good, namely,
God, and that thus He was the only one who in love hid the
multitude of sins, not of some individuals but of the whole world.
Let us then in the brief moment prescribed speak about this
word:
Love
And
(Christ's love) hides the multitude of sins.

it not true that thou hast felt the need,
is
and to-day
especially, of a love which is able to hide sins, to hide thy sins ?

For this reason it is thou art come to-day to the Lord's altar. For
it is
only too true, as Luther says, that every man has a
preacher with him, who eats with him, drinks with him, wakes
with him, sleeps with him, is always with him wheresoever he
may be, whatsoever he has in hand, a preacher called flesh and
though
blood, lusts and passions, custom and inclination

yet it also is
certain that every man has a confidant who is privy to his inmost
man may succeed in hiding his
thoughts, namely conscience.
from the world, he may perhaps
rejoice foolishly in his

success, or perhaps with a little more truthfulness he may acknowledge to himself that this is a pitiful weakness and cowardice,
but a man
that he does not possess the courage to reveal himself
sins
cannot hide his sins from himself. That is impossible; for the sin
which was hid absolutely even from the man himself would indeed
not be sin, any more than if it were hid from God, a thing which cannot be, inasmuch as a man so soon as he is conscious of himself, and
in everything in which he is conscious of himself, is also conscious
of God, and God of him. And for this reason conscience is so
mighty and so precise in its reckoning, so ever-present, and so
follows man
incorruptible, because this privy confidant which
which
is with
this
in
with
is
God,
preacher
everywhere
league
man when he wakes and when he sleeps (ah, if only it does not
make him sleepless with its sermon!), with him everywhere, in
the noisy bustle of the world (ah, if only it does not with its voice
transform the world's noise into stillness!), in loneliness (ah, if
only it does not hinder him from feeling alone in the most
CHRIST'S LOVE
20
solitary place
him from
it
it
does not
if
in his daily work (ah, if only it does not estrange

distract him!), in festal surroundings (ah, if only
!),
and
this seem to him a dismal prison !), in holy places

does not hold him back from going there!), this
make
it
only
what now,
privy preacher which follows man, knowing privily
now at this instant, he does or leaves undone, and what long,
I do not say was forgotten, for this privy confidant,
long ago
having a frightful memory, takes care of that but long, long
(ah,
from this confidant, any more

past. Man cannot escape
than (according to the saying of the pagan poet 1 ) he can ride
away from the sorrow which sits behind him on horseback, or
any more (if one would give a different turn to the comparison)
than it 'helps the deer to rush forward to escape the arrow lodged
the more violently it moves forward, only the more
in its breast
deeply does it run the arrow into it*.
To-day, however, thou art far indeed from wishing to make the
vain attempt to flee from or avoid this privy preacher, thou hast
given him leave to speak. For in the pulpit it is doubtless the
parson that preaches, yet the true preacher is the confidant of
thine inmost thoughts. The parson can only preach in general
but the preacher within thee is exactly the opposite: he
terms
preaches solely and alone about thee, to thee, in thee.
ago was
would make no attempt to dismay men, being myself only

much dismayed; but whosoever thou art, even if thou art,
humanly speaking, almost pure and blameless, when this privy
I
too
preacher preaches before thee in thine inward man, thou also dost
what others perhaps sense with more dismay, thou also dost
feel a need to hide thyself, and though it had been told thee a
thousand times, and a thousand times again, that it is impossible
to find this hiding-place, thou yet art sensible of the need. Oh,
would it were possible for me to flee to a desert isle where
never any man had come or would come; oh, that there were a
place of refuge whither I could flee far away from myself, that
there were a hiding-place where I am so thoroughly hid that not
even the consciousness of my sin could find me out, that there
were a frontier line, which were it never so narrow, would yet
be a separation between my sin and me, that on the farther side of
the yawning abyss there were a spot never so small where I might
stand while the consciousness of my sin must remain on the other
feel,
Horace: Odes,
iii.
i,
40.

side, that there
SINS
21
were a pardon, a pardon which does not make
me
increasingly sensible of my sin, but truly takes my sin from me,

and the consciousness of it as well, would that there were oblivion I 1
But such is actually the case, for love (Christ's love) hides the
multitude of sins. Behold, all has become new What in paganism

was sought after and sought in vain, what under the dominance
of the Law was and is a fruitless effort
that the Gospel made
At the altar the Saviour stretches out His arms,
possible.
precisely for that fugitive who would flee from the consciousness
of his sin, flee from that which is worse than pursuit, namely,
gnawing remorse; He stretches out His arms. He says, "Come
hither*, and the attitude of stretching out His arms is a way of
saying, 'Come hither', and of saying at the same time, 'Love hides
the multitude of sins'. Oh, believe Him! Couldst thou think
that He who savingly opens His bosom for thee might be capable
of playing upon words, capable of using a meaningless phrase,
that He
capable of deceiving thee, and at this precise instant
could say, 'Come hither , and the instant thou art come and He
holds thee in His embrace it then might be as if thou wert entrapped,
with the
for here, just here there could be no forgetting, here
holy One No, this thou couldst not believe, and if thou didst
but blessed is he who
believe it, thou wouldst not come hither
quite literally believes that love (Christ's love) hides the multitude
of sins. For the loving man, yea, even the most loving, can only
shut his -eyes to thy sins
oh, but thine eye for them he cannot
shut, A man can with loving speech and sympathy seek to miti!
gate thy guilt in thine eyes also, and so hide it as it were from
thee, or at least up to a certain point almost as it were hide it in a
way from thee ah, but really to hide it from thee, literally to
hide it from thee, so that it is hidden like what is hidden in the
depths of the sea and which no one any more shall behold,
hidden as when what was red as blood becomes whiter than snow,
so hidden that sin is transformed to purity and thou canst dare to
that is something only one can
believe thyself justified and pure
the multitude of sins.
who
hides
Lord
the
do,
Jesus Christ,
man has no authority, he cannot command thee to believe and
The
may need again to be apprised that it was only in the Easter exthat his sins
848 S. K. attained after so many years of penance
were 'forgotten' by God as well as forgiven, and that it was his duty as well as his
privilege to forget them.
1
reader
perience of
CHRIST'S
22
LOVE
But
believe.
authority
merely by commanding help thee to
and what authority must that be
required even if it be to teach,
which bade the troubled waves
(greater even than the authority
be still) what authority is required to bid the despairing man,
the man who in the tortures of repentance cannot and dare not
who cannot and dare not cease to gaze
forget, the contrite sinner
his eyes, and
what
his
authority is requisite to shut
guilt,
upon
what authority to bid him open the eyes of faith so that he can see
This divine authority is
where he saw guilt and sin
is
purity
whose love hides the m'ultipossessed only by Him, Jesus Christ,
tude of sins.
He hides them quite literally. When a man places himself in
front of another and covers him entirely with his body so that no
one at all can get a sight of him who is hidden behind so it is
that Jesus Christ covers with his holy body thy sin. Though justice
what more can it want ? For satisfaction has indeed
were to
rage,
been made. Though the repentance within thee be so contrite

that it thinks it a duty to aid external justice to discover thy
satisfaction indeed has been made, a- satisfaction, a
guilt
vicarious satisfaction, which covers thy sin entirely and makes it
for justice, and therewith imto see it,
impossible
impossible
thee or for thyself to see it, for

possible for the repentance within
when
of
the
sense
loses
justice to which it makes
sight
repentance
see
can
*I
nothing'.
appeal says,
hides them quite literally. As when the hen concerned
for her brood gathers her chickens under her wing at the instant
of danger, covering them completely and ready to give her life
rather than deprive them of this sfielter which makes it impossible
for the enemy's eye to discover them
precisely thus does
too is concerned, infinitely
hide thy sin. Precisely thus; for
He
He
He
concerned in love, ready to give His life rather than deprive thee
of thy secure shelter under His love. Ready to give His life
to assure thee of
yet, no, it was just for this He gave His life,
shelter under His love. Therefore not just like the hen, concerned indeed in the same way, but infinitely more concerned
than the hen when she hides her chickens, but otherwise unlike,
for He hides by His death. Oh, eternally secure; oh, Jblessedly
reassuring hiding-place There is still one danger for the chickens ;
although hidden, they are constantly in danger: when the mother
has done her utmost, when out of love she has given her life,
!
SINS
23
then are they deprived of their shelter. But He on the contrary

true enough, if with His life He had covered thy sin, there would
be possibility of the danger that He might be deprived of His
life, and thou of thy shelter. It is quite different when with His
death He covers thy sin. He would be ready (if such a thing were
He
needful, if all had not been done decisively once for all)
would be ready to give His life again to procure for thee a shelter
by His death, rather than that thou shouldst be deprived of the
shelter. It is to be taken quite literally He covers over thy sin just
by covering it with His death. Death may dispose of a living
man, but a dead man cannot possibly be thus disposed of, and so
it is
impossible that thou mightest be deprived of thy shelter.
Infinite love! They talk about works of love, and many such
works can be enumerated. But when they say *the work of love',
then there is only one work, yea? only one work, and thou knowest at
once (strange as it may seem) precisely about whom they are
speaking, about Him, Jesus Christ, about His atoning death,
about Him who hides the multitude of sins.
This is preached at the altar; for what is preached from the
pulpit is essentially His life, but at the altar, His death. He died
once for the sins of the whole world, and for thy sins; His death
1
is not
repeated, but Ms is repeated: that He died also for thee,
for thee who dost receive the pledge that He died also for thee,
this is repeated at the altar where He gives Himself to thee for a
shelter. Oh, sure hiding-place for sinners! Oh, blessed hidingespecially if one has first learnt what it means when
place!
conscience accuses, and the Law condemns, and justice pursues
with punishment, and then, when wearied unto despair, to find
man, even the
repose in the one shelter that is to be found!
most loving man, can at the most give thee extenuation and excuse,
leaving it to thee to make what use of them thou art able; but
himself he cannot give thee. That only Jesus Christ can do;
He gives thee Himself as a shelter; it is not some comforting
thought He gives thee, it is not a doctrine He communicates to
thee; no, He gives thee Himself. As the night spreads concealment over everything, so did He give up His life and became a
covering behind which lies a sinful world which He has saved.
:
'Also for me* expressed S. K.'s joyful experience at his first conversion in 1838
in his Journal the Hegelian reflection that 'Christ died
just after he had registered
for all', not for the single individual.
1
CHRIST'S
24
LOVE
Through this covering justice does not break as the sun's rays
break through coloured glass, merely softened by refraction;
no, it impotently breaks against this covering, is reflected from
it and does not pass through it. He gave Himself as a covering for
the whole world, for thee as well, and for me.
Therefore Thou, my Lord and Saviour, Thou whose love
covers and hides the multitude of sins, when I am thoroughly
sensible of my sin and of the multitude of my sins, when before
the justice of heaven only wrath is pronounced upon me and
upon my life, when on earth there is only one man whom to
and that man
escape I would flee were it to the end of the world,
myself then I will not commence the vain attempt which leads
only to despair or to madness, but at once I will flee unto Thee,
and Thou wilt not deny me the shelter which Thou lovingly hast
offered unto all, Thou wilt screen me from the eye of justice,
save me from this man and from the memory with which he
plagues me,
Thou
wilt help
me
as I
become
a transformed,
another, a better man, to dare to abide in my shelter, forgotten

by Justice and by that man I abhor.
hearer, to-day thou art come to seek the love which hides
the multitude of sins, seeking it at the altar. From the minister
My
of the Church thou hast received assurance of the gracious pardon

of thy sins; at the altar thou dost receive the pledge of it. Ohj
not this only; for thou dost not merely receive this pledge as thou
mightest receive from a man a pledge that he has such-and-such
a feeling for thee or purpose towards thee no, thou dost receive
the pledge as a pledge that thou dost receive Him; in receiving
the pledge thou dost receive Christ Himself, in and with the
;
He gives Himself to thee as a covering for thy sins.

the truth, thou dost not learn to know from Him what
the truth is, to be left then to thine own devices, but thou dost
remain in the truth only by remaining in Him; as He is the way,
thou dost not learn from Him to know which way thou shalt go,
and then being left to thine own devices canst go thine own way,
but only by remaining in Him canst thou remain in the way;
as He is life, thou dost not from Him have life given thee, and
then canst shift for thyself, but only by remaining in Him hast
thou life: so it is also that He is the covering; only by remaining
in Him, only by living into Him, art thou in
hiding, is there a
cover over the multitude of thy sins. Hence the Lord's Supper is
sensible sign
As He
is
LOVE HIDES THE MULTITUDE OF SINS

25
Communion with Him; it is not merely in remembrance of
Him, not merely a pledge that thou hast communion with Him,
called
but it is the communion, the communion which thou shalt

endeavour to maintain in thy daily life by more and more living
thyself out of thyself and living thyself into
who hides the multitude of sins.
Him,
into
His love
PROPOSED TO THIS AGE
by
S.
Kierkegaard
Copenhagen
1851
[Sept. 10.]
*
Since we have known the fear of the Lord, we seek to win
men* (2 Cor. v. u). For to begin at once, or as thejfrst things
that perhaps might even be called unto want to win men
godliness, at all events worldliness, not Christianity, any more
than it is fearing God. No, let thy striving first express, let it
This has been
express first and foremost, thy fear of God.
my striving.
But Thou,
win not a
God,
let
me
never forget that though
my
were
life expresses (for the

if only
single person
this means
protest of the mouth is deceitful !) that I fear Thee
life (for the
that *all is won !' And on the other hand, if
protest of the mouth is deceitful !) does not express that I fear
Thee this means that 'all is lost !'
to
my
In the summer of 1851
PREFACE
MyIfdearbereader:
it
aloud ! If thou art -willing to do that, let

if thou wilt not only do that thyself but -wilt also
others to do it, let
thank each one severally and thank
possible, read
me thank thee for It;

prompt
me
thee again and again By reading aloud thou wilt receive the impression most strongly that thou hast to do here only with thyself, not
with me, for I am without authority, and not with any other people
at all, for that would be a distraction.
1
August 1851,
S.
K.
CONTENTS
Preliminary Remarks
.....
Page 35
HOW TO
DERIVE TRUE BENEDICTION FROM BEHOLDING

ONESELF IN THE MIRROR OF THE WORD
.
39
75
5th Sunday after Easter
II
CHRIST
is
THE
WAY
Ascension
Day
III
IT
is
THE SPIRIT THAT GIVETH LIFE

Pentecost
>,
91
HOW
TO DERIVE TRUE BENEDICTION

FROM BEHOLDING ONESELF
IN THE MIRROR OF THE WORD
James
Fifth
22.
Sunday
to the
end
after Easter
PRELIMINARY REMARKS
a saying which often comes into my mind, the
man to whom I as a Christian cannot, it is true,
be said to owe anything, for he indeed was a pagan, but
to whom I personally owe much, a man who lived under conditions which, as I think, correspond exactly to the conditions of our
1
age I mean the simple wise man of olden time. It is related of
him that when he was accused before the people, there came to him
an orator who handed him a carefully prepared speech of defence.
The simple wise man took it and read it. Thereupon he gave it
back to the orator and said, *It is a fine and well-composed
speech* (so it was not because the speech was a poor one that he
is
saying of a
THERE
gave it back), 'but,' he continued, *I am now seventy years old,

so I consider that it would not be becoming of me to make use of
the art of an orator.* What did he mean by this ? First of all he
meant: my life is too serious to be profitably served by the art of
an orator; I have staked my life; even if I am not eventually
condemned to death, I have staked my life, and in the service of
so I would not now,
the Deity I have performed my mission
at the last moment, destroy the impression of myself and of my
In the next
life by means of artful orators or oratorical arts.
in
which
the course
the
he
meant:
ideas,
thoughts,
concepts,
place
of twenty years (so long has the time been), when I was known to
all, ridiculed by your comic poets, regarded as an eccentric, con2
stantly attacked by 'nameless persons' (such are his very words),
I have developed in conversation with every sort of person in the
market-place these thoughts were my very life, they have been
late, if they have been of concern to no one
have concerned me infinitely, and at times (as
you observed with wonder) when I have been capable of gazing
steadily for a whole day at nothing, I was preoccupied with these
thoughts and so I think that, without the aid of artful orators
my concern
early
and
else, at least they
or oratorical
arts, if
on the day of
my
trial I
am
inclined to say
1
This of course is Socrates. The story which follows, about the orator Lysias, is
derived from Cicero's de Qratoria,
2
Plato's Apology > 18 c. S. K. thinks how aptly this applies to the anonymous
attacks in the Corsair from which he had suffered.
36
anything at
mere
all, I
fact that
shall
be capable of uttering a few words; for the

I shall be condemned to death does not
presumably
and what I shall say will naturally

remain the same and about the same thing and in the same way
as hitherto, just as yesterday I talked with the tanner in the marketthese few words, it seems to me, I can say well enough
place
without preparation or any man's assistance; of course I am not
for I have been preparing myself
entirely without preparation,
I
am
nor
for twenty years,
entirely without assistance, since I
count upon the assistance of the Deity. But, as I have said, these
as for that, I do not deny that 'these few words'
few words
may become more prolix, but if I were to live twenty more years
I should continue to talk about the same things I have constantly
essentially alter the situation,
talked about, in any case artful orators and oratorical arts are not
for me.
Oh, thou most serious of men! Misunderstood, thou
wast obliged to drain the poisoned goblet. Thou wast not understood. Then for over two thousand years thou hast been admired
'but have
been understood ?'
is
a true word.
And now about preaching! Ought it not
also to
be as serious ?
He who is to preach ought to live in the thoughts and conceptions

if such is the case,
of Christianity; this should be his daily life
then (as Christianity teaches) thou also shalt have eloquence
enough, and just what is needed, when thou dost speak straightforwardly without special preparation. On the other hand, it is
a false eloquence, if without being concerned with these thoughts
or living in them, one sits down from, time to time to make a
collection of such thoughts, culling them perhaps in the field, of
literature, and working them up together into a well-developed
discourse, which then is learned perfectly by rote and is admirably
delivered, both with respect to elocution and with respect to the
movements of the arms. No, just as in a well-appointed house
one is not obliged to go downstairs to fetch water, but by pressure
already has it on the upper floors merely by turning the tap, so
too is with the real Christian orator, who, just because Christianity
is his life, has
eloquence, and precisely the right eloquence, close
at hand, immediately present to him
however, it goes without
saying that the intent of this is not to allot a place of honour to
twaddlers, certain as it is that it is without preparation, the twaddlers twaddle. Moreover, the Scripture saith^ 'Swear not at all,
let your speech be Yea and Nay, whatsoever is more than this is
THE MIRROR OF THE WORD

of
the evil one.'
So also there
37
an art of oratory which
of the
evil one, when it is treated as the
higher, when in fact it is the
lower. For the sermon ought not to establish an invidious
distinction between the talented and the untalented, it ought
rather in the unity of the Holy Ghost to fix attention exclusively
upon the requirement that actions must correspond with words.
Thou simple man, even if thou wert of all men the most limited
in case thy life expresses the little thou hast understood, thou dost
speak more potently than the eloquence of all orators! And thou
woman, although thou
is
mute in gracious silence

what thou hast heard, thine eloquence
art entirely
in case thy life expresses

is
is
more potent than the art of all orators

Such is the case. But let us beware of grasping
!
what
is too
are able to
do it. And thou, my hearer, wilt reflect that the more lofty the
conception of religion is, the more stern it is; but from this it does
not follow that thou canst bear it, it would perhaps be to thee an
occasion of offence and of perdition. Perhaps thou art still in
need of this lower form of the religious, requiring a certain art
in the presentation of it to render it more attractive. The strictly
high for because

;
it is
true,
it
does not follow that
at
we
man is one whose life is essentially action and his

presentation of religion is far more impertinent and more lenten
than the more perfectly composed oration. If thou, my hearer,
art of this mind, then accept this book and read it for edification.
religious
It is not to be ascribed to
discourse is composed as it
my
perfection ? nor to thine, that this
is; on the contrary, it is (from a godly

an
standpoint)
imperfection and a weakness. I acknowledge
and thou too, wilt thou not? my imperfection; and so thou wilt
acknowledge thine not to me, no, that is not required, but to
thyself and to God. Alas, we who call ourselves Christians are,
Christianly understood, so coddled, so far from being what
Christianity requires of them that call themselves Christians, men
who have died to the world we have hardly even a notion of that
sort of seriousness, we cannot yet dispense with or renounce the
artistic presentation and its soothing effect, cannot endure the
well then, let us at least be honest and
true impression of reality
admit it. If some one does not straightway understand what I say
here and what is intended by it, let him be slow to judge, let him
take his time, we shall soon get closer to the subject Ah, but
whoever thou art, have confidence, surrender thyself. There is no
.
'
38
I the most
question of any force I might employ
powerless of
men but there shall not even be employed the least persuasion
or craft or guile or allurement to draw thee so far out that thou
mightest (as nevertheless for all that thou surely oughtest not,
and surely wouldst not if thy faith were great) thou mightest
regret that thou didst surrender thyself; believe me (I say it to
my own shame), I also am too much coddled.
THE
IS WRITTEN IN THE FIRST CHAPTER OF

BEGINNING WITH THE TWENTY-SECOND VERSE
EPISTLE
ST.
JAMES
But be ye doers of the Word, and not hearers only,

deceiving your own selves. For if any be a hearer of the
Word and not a doer, he is like unto a man beholding his
natural face in a mirror: for he beholdeth himself, and
goeth away, and straightway forgetteth what manner of
man he was. But he that looketh into the perfect law, the
law of liberty, and continueth therein, he being not a
forgetful hearer but a doer of the work, this man shall be
blessed in his deed. If any man among you seems to be
religious, and bridleth not his tongue, but deceiveth his own
heart, this man's religion is vain. Pure religion and undefiled before God and the Father, is this, To visit the fatherless and widows in their affliction, and to keep himself unspotted from the world.
PRAYER
Father in heaven, what is man that Thou visitest him, and the son of man that Thou
and in every way, in every respect Verily, Thou didst never leave
art mindful of him ?
Thyself without a witness? and at last Thou didst give to man Thy Word. More thou
to
couldst not doj
compel him to make use of it, to hear it or read it, to compel him to act
according to it, Thou couldst not wish. Ah, and yet Thou didst do more. For Thou
art not like a man
rarely does he do anything for nothing, and if he does, he at least
would not be put to inconvenience by it. Thou, on the contrary, O God, bestowest Thy
Word as a gift and we men have nothing to give in return. And if only Thou dost find
some willingness on the part of the single individual, Thou art prompt to help, and first of
all Thou art the one who with more than human, yea, with divine patience, dost sit and
and
spell it out with the individual, that he may be able rightly to understand the Word 5
next Thou art the one who, again with more than human, yea, with divine patience, dost
take him as it were by the hand and help him when he strives to do accordingly Thou
our Father in heaven.
I
differ and even though, it often is the case with times'

but remains as
as with a man who is completely changed
mad as ever, only in a new form nevertheless it is perfectly
true that times differ, and different times demand different things.
There was a time when the Gospel, the Gospel of grace, was
transformed into a new law, more severe towards man than the
TIMES
'
40
Everything had become in a way torturing, laborious,

reluctant, almost as if (in spite of the angels' song at the first
introduction of Christianity) there was no joy either in heaven
old law.
and
or on earth.
By
their
narrow-minded
self-torture, people
had
(in
revenge!) made God just as narrow-minded. They went into

monasteries and stayed there
oh, yes, it is true, this was
it was bondage, for it was not truly voluntary,
and
yet
voluntary,
they were not content, not glad to be there, not free, and yet they
had not frankheartedness enough to let the thing alone or to leave
the monastery again and become free. Good works had become
1
everything. And like unwholesome excrescences, upon trees, so
were these works spoiled by unwholesome excrescences, which

often were merely hypocrisy, the vain conceit of meri toriousness, or
simply idleness. Precisely here is where the fault lay, not so much in
the works. For let us not exaggerate, let us not use the error of
another age as the occasion of a new error. No, take away from
works this unwholesomeness and untruth, and let us then merely
retain good works in sincerity, in humility, and in serviceable
be as when, for
activity. That is to say, with these works it should
of
a
in
view
a
bellicose
dangerous undertaking,
youth,
example,
comes voluntarily to the commander and begs, 'Oh, may I not have
leave to get into it ?' If in this wise a man were to say to God,
'Oh, may I not have leave to give all my goods to the poor ? That
there might be anything meritorious in it
oh, no! I recognize
in deep humility that if ever I am to become blessed, it is by grace
I shall be saved, just like the robber on the cross but may I not
have leave to do it, so that I can work solely for the extension of
God's kingdom among my fellow men?' Then, yes (to speak
in a Lutheran way), in defiance of Satan, of the newspapers, of
'the highly esteemed public' (for the Pope is no longer a menace),
;
in defiance of the sensible ecclesiastical or worldly objections of

all
to
shrewd men and women,

God. But it was not thus
of all this it
time of which
well pleasing
in spite
is
at the
we were
speak-
ing.
Then
with
there stepped forth a man, Martin Luther, from
faith.
With
faith (for verily faith
was needed
God and
for the task)
1
The reader may need to be reminded that S. K. hesitated to publish his Works
of Love for fear of scandalizing the Lutheran orthodoxy which insisted upon the
doctrine of 'faith alone*. It may be remarked also that, in spite of the tone of this
passage, the monastic life had a powerful attraction for him.
41
or by faith he reinstated faith in its rights. His life was an exlet us not
but he said, 'A man is
pression of works
forget that
saved by faith alone/ The danger was great. How great it was
in Luther's eyes is shown most
conspicuously by the conclusion
he came to, that in order to put, things to rights the Apostle
James must be shoved aside. Just think of Luther's reverence
for an Apostle!
and then that he must venture to do such a
1
thing as this to get faith reinstated in its rights!

In the meantime, what came to pass ? There is always with us
a worldliness which would have the name of being Christian, but
would have it at a price as cheap as possible. This worldliness
became observant of Luther. It listened, and it took the precaution to listen a second time for fear it might have heard amiss,
and thereupon it said, 'Capital! That suits us exactly. Luther
says, 'It is faith alone that matters'; the fact that his life expresses
works he does not himself say, and now he is dead, so that this is
no longer an actuality. Let us take then his word, his doctrine
and we are liberated from all works. Long live Luther
!
Wer
nicht liebt Weiber, Wein, Gesang,

der bleibt ein Narr sein Leben lang. 2
'This is th significance of Luther's life, that man of God who

so OP portunery reformed Christianity.' And although all did not
take Luther in vain quite in so worldly a way yet every man has
a disposition either to want to have merit from works when they
are to be done; <?r, when faith and grace are to be stressed, to
want to be as far as possible liberated entirely from works. 'Man',
this rational creation of God, verily will not suffer himself to be
hoaxed; he is not like a rustic who comes to the fair; no, he has
about him. 'No, either the one thing or the other', says
it is to be works,
very well, but I beg you to take Into
consideration the lawful profit which accrues to me from my work,
as meritorious work. If it is to be grace, very well, but then I
would beg to be exempted from works, otherwise it is not grace.
If it is to-be works and grace at the same time, it is nothing but
his eyes
man.
*If
He
it
1
called
As early as 1519 Luther Inveighed against the Epistle of St. James.
'an epistle of straw'. It is significant that S. K. found in this Epistle his favourite
texts.
2
*Who
loves not
woman,
wine, and song remains a fool his whole life long.*

to Luther (perhaps falsely) in 1775, in
were first attributed

becker Hothe ^ No. 7 5
These
verses
42
madness/ Yes*,, indeed, it is madness, so was true Lutheranism

and so was Christianity. Christianity's requirement is Thy
aJsjDj
life shall as strenuously as possible give expression to works
and then one thing more is required: that thou humble thyself
and admit, 'But none the less I am saved by grace/ People
:
abhorred the medieval error of merit. When one looks deeper into
the matter, one will readily perceive that they had perhaps even
a greater conception of the meritoriousness of works than the
Middle Ages had; but they applied 'grace' in such a way as to
exempt them from works. When they had done away with
works, they could not very well be tempted to regard the works
they didn't do as meritorious. Luther wanted to take away the
meritoriousness from works and apply it in a somewhat different
the truth. Worldliness, which

place, namely, to witnessing for
understood Luther radically, did away entirely with meritoriousand with works along with it.
ness
And where are we now ? I am 'without authority' far be it from
me to condemn anybody at all. But since I want to have light
thrown on this matter, I will take myself and test my life by a
1
purely Lutheran definition of faith: 'Faith is a perturbing thing'.
He
has been
I assume here that Luther has risen from his grave.
among us, though unrecognized, for several years, has watched
the life we lead, has been observant of all the others, and also of
me. I assume that one day he addresses me and says, 'Art thou
a believer? Hast thou faith?' Everyone who knows me as an
author will recognize that I after all am the one who might come
out best from such an examination; for I have constantly said,
'I have not faith'
like a bird's anxious flight before the approachI
so
have
expressed the presentiment of stormy
ing tempest,
confusion, 'I have not faith.' This therefore I might say to
Luther. I might say, *No, my dear Luther, at least I have shown
thee this deference, that I declare I have not faith.' However,
I will'ilot
lay stress upon this; but as all the others call themselves
;
Christians and believers, I also will say, 'Yes, I am a believer',

for otherwise I shall be throwing no light upon the matter I want
answer, 'Yes, I am a believer.' 'How is

I have not noticed
anything in thee,
and yet I have watched thy life; and thou knowest, faith is a
perturbing thing. To what effect has faith, which thou sayest
to see illuminated.
So
that?' replies Luther, 'for
Luther, Werke> Erlangen ed., xiv, pp. 42
ff.
43
thou hast, perturbed thee? Where hast thou witnessed for the
truth, and where against untruth ? What sacrifices hast thou made,
what persecutions hast thou endured for Christianity ? And at
home, in the family life, how has thy self-sacrifice and abnegation
been observable? My reply: 'I can protest to you that I have
faith/
what
Trotest, protest
sort of talk
is
that?
With
respect
having faith, no protestation is needed, if one has it (for faith

is a
perturbing thing which is at once observable), and no protestation is of any avail, if one does not have it/ 'Yes, but if
only
thou wilt believe me, I can protest as solemnly as possible,
/
'Bah, an end to this nonsense! What avails thy protestation?'
*Yes, but if thou wouldst read some of my books, thou wilt see
how I describe faith, so I know therefore that I must have it/ 'I
believe the fellow is mad If it is true that thou dost know how to
describe faith, it only proves that thou art a poet, and if thou
canst do it well, it proves that thou art a good poet; but this is
very far from proving that thou art a believer. Perhaps thou
canst also weep in describing faith, that would prove then that
thou art a good actor. Thou dost remember surely the story of the
actor of olden times who was able to impersonate the moving
roles to such a degree that he was still weeping when he came
to
home from
the theatre and wept for several days afterwards

was a good actor. No, my friend, faith
that only proves that he
is a
perturbing thing ; it is health, and yet it is stronger and more
violent than the hottest fever, and it is useless for a sick man to
asseverate that he has no fever when the physician feels his pulse,
man to say that he has a fever when the physician

so also when one feels
feeling his pulse feels that it is not true
thou
hast no faith.
that
faith
in
it
means
of
thy life,
pulse
or for a well
by
no
3hen
on thôtbsr^hand, one
tKe ulse of
*witoess^^
is
of ^heêrt^bîon^^jthâs
sensible^
^jlue^^Q^Wou^nst^c îd^to^vt^^^^Jp
f
whafpreacElng
to pre'ach Joes not mean to describe faith in books,

nor to describe it in 'quiet hours in church*. As I have said in
really
is.
Tor
one of my sermons, Troperly, one ought not to preach in churches,

but in the street*, 1 and the preacher should not be an actor but a
that is, faith, this perturbing thing, ought to be recogwitness
nizable in his life/
1
Kirchenposttlh* Epistelpredigten* Werke, Erlangen ed.,

Mynster was famous for his 'quiet hours in church*.
Bishop
vii, p.
212. Note that
44
a perturbing thing. In order to direct a little

trait, let me describe the perturbation of faith
in the case of such a hero of faith or witness for the truth. So then
there is a given reality; this there is indeed every instant. These
Yes, faith
is
attention to this
all of them tending to their

the artist to his, the tradesthe idler not less busily to
his, and so forth, everyone tending to his own business in this
intersecting play of manifold interests which constitutes reality.
At the same time, there sits, in a cloister cell like Luther, or in a
thousands and thousands and millions,
own business, the public official to his,

man to his, the scandalmonger to his,
solitary man in fear and trembling and much

There indeed, lies the truth.
of temptation.
solitary man
For it is falsehood these times of ours have discovered when they
conceive that reforms issue from numbers (the numerical), the
crowd, or from the 'highly esteemed' and 'highly esteemed cultured public'
I mean religious reforms, for in the matter of
street-lighting and the service of transportation the reform most
likely issues from the public; but that a religious reformation
might issue from the public is a falsehood, a seditious falsehood.
remote chamber, a
trial
So there sits a solitary man in temptation. Perhaps I enjoy some

recognition in my day for my knowledge of souls (psychology) ;
I can testify that I have seen men of whom I venture to say that
they had doubtless been much exposed to alluring temptations
(Fristehe)\ but never have I seen anyone of whom I could venture
to say that he was assaulted by trials of deterrent temptation
(Anfegtehe). And yet to be exposed for a year to alluring temptations is nothing in comparison with one hour in the assault of
or perhaps,
deterrent temptation. So there sits that solitary man
if you prefer it, he walks back and forth on the floor like a captive
beast in a cage; and yet what he is caught in is marvellous, he is
by God, or at God's instigation, caught in himself. Now what he
has beforehand suffered in the trial of faith must be put into
terms of real life. Dost thou imagine he is eager for it ? Verily,
everyone who comes jubilantly along this path is not one of the
'called', you may be sure. Of the called there is none that would
not prefer to be exempted, none that would not beg and beseech
for himself like a child, and who has not begged ; but it was of no
he must go on. So he knows that now when he takes the

the
terror erects itself. He who is not called
the moment
step
the terror erects itself he flees. But he who is called
oh,
avail,
my
45
more than willingly would he flee, shuddering before the

but when he has already turned to flee he sees behind him
friend,
terror;
he sees the
greater horror, the horror of the trial of faith,

so on he goes, he is now quite calm, for ah, the
horror of the trial of temptation is a terrible task-master, it bestows
still
he must go on
courage.
The
terror erects itself.
entirely to the given reality
arms
whom
Everything which belongs
itself against this
man
of
trials
no one can make afraid, for the strange reason that he is so

much afraid before God. They attack him, hate him, curse him.
The few who are devoted to him cry out, 'Oh, spare thyself, thou
dost make thyself unhappy and all of us oh, hold up, do not arouse
the terror more strongly, check the word which is upon thy lips,
or rather recall the last word/ Oh, my hearer, faith is a perturbing
thing. So it is to be supposed perhaps that I preach riot, the
every one who is
overturning of everything, disorder? No
works
must
be
content with this
with
my literary
acquainted
assertion. Every one who knows my literary works must know
;
that
have laboured
in the opposite direction.
But from the Christian point of view there are two kinds of
disorder. The one is rioting, exterior hubbub. The other is the
stillness of death, dissolution, and this perhaps is the most
dangerous.
Against this latter I have worked, and I have worked to awaken
disquietude with the aim of effecting inward change. Let me
define exactly where I am, so to speak. Among us is a very reverend old man, the primate of the clergy of this Church. 1 What he,
or his 'sermons', have wanted to effect is the same thing that I
want, only with a stronger emphasis, which is accounted for by
of the time demy personal difference and what the difference
mands. Among us there are some who 2 require that to be Christians in the strictest sense they must be such in contrast to the
rest of us. I have not been able to join them. In part my obnot come up to the measure they
jection is that their lives do
themselves suggest or even compel one to apply when they
To me, however,
emphasize so strongly that they are Christians.
this is the less important consideration. In part I am not enough
of a Christian to dare to join those who make such a requirement.
If it be that I am perhaps a little (yea, even if I were perhaps not
1
Mynster.
The followers of Grundtvig
S. K.*s
brother Peter
among them.
46
merely a
little)
us
among
say, I know
more advanced than sundry of the average persons
it is
only poetically that
am
in advance, that
is
to
what Christianity is, and know better how to

but this (remember what Luther said to me!) is a
better
ah,
present it
very unessential difference. Essentially I belong to the average.
And here it is I have laboured for disquietude in the direction of
inwardness.
For from the Christian point of view there are two kinds of
true disquietude. The disquietude in the heroes of the faith and
the witnesses for the truth who aim to reform the established
order. So far as that I have never ventured out, that is not my
affair. 1 And whenever anyone in our time might seem to want
to venture so far out, I was not disinclined to enter into a polemic
2
against him, by way of contributing to reveal whether he was
the legitimate reformer. The other kind of disquietude has to do
with inward reformation. A true love-affair also is a disquieting
thing, but it does not occur to the lover to want to change the
established order.
of inward change I have

Instead of being emptily
puffed up to the point of giving myself out to be a witness for
the truth and encouraging others to wish rashly to be the same,
I am an unauthoritative
poet who moves people by means of the
ideals. As such then, that I may give example of it at once, and
at the same time show, among other things, how I employ the
heroes of the faith.
Thou, my hearer, callest thyself 'surely a
Christian. Well then, thou knowest that what is the most certain
of all things and at the same time the most uncertain, that is,
death, will some day approach thee also, and it will be the death
of thee. Thou, however, art a Christian, hoping and believing
that thou art to be blessed, just as blessed as any witness for the
truth 3 or any hero of the faith, in spite of the fact that he had to
For
this disquietude in the direction
laboured.
But 'without
authority'.
1
It must be remembered that after the lapse of a few years he had the courage to
7
venture so far out and attack the 'established order
2 S.
K. has here especially in mind his polemic against Dr. Rudelbach, who had
the Church. This
appealed to his works in support of a revolutionary movement
was a welcome assistance to Bishop Mynster.
.
When Professor Martensen,

4
in his panegyric
upon Bishop Mynster, proclaimed
was a genuine witness for the truth, one of that long line of witnesses which
stretches from the Apostles' age to ours*, he could not have been unaware of the
exalted significance S. K. attached to this tide. S. K. naturally regarded it as a
that he
47
of Christian at a far higher price. Perhaps in

consideration of this one who is equipped with authority might
speak to thee in a different way, terrifying thee by saying that it
was a vain fancy on thy part that thou art a Christian, that thou
art on the path to hell. Far be it from me to
represent this as an
on
the
of
the
authoritative
exaggeration
teacher; no, I underpart
stand only too well what effort is required in order to dare to
venture to apply such an either/or to another man. But I, the
unauthoritative poet, dare not speak thus; I suppose that thou
art to be just as blessed as any of the witnesses for the truth,
any
of the heroes of the faith. But in view of this I say to thee: Just
think now of thy life in contrast with the life of such a one. Think
what he had to sacrifice, he that sacrificed his all: that which in
the first instance seemed hardest to sacrifice; and that which in
the long run seemed the hardest to have sacrificed. 1 Think what
he has suffered, how bitter it was, and how long drawn out Oh,
if thou art
living happily in a beloved home, where thy wife is
devoted to thee with all her heart and with all her might, and
where thou hast delight in thy children consider what it means
purchase the
title
on day after day in this peace and repose which is so

man's soul, more beneficial than is the subdued light
of evening to weak eyes, and that such is thy daily life. And then
to live
beneficial to a
think of the witness for the truth! And if thou art living, not in
idleness, far from it, but in such circumstances that thy labour
which takes thy
time, thy diligence, thy strength, yet takes only so

there sufficient repose from labour, but
the labour itself is often as refreshing as a pastime ; and if thou
much of it that not only is
art living, if not in opulence, yet with an ample competence, and

hast time for the many enjoyments which refreshingly occupy the
time and give a new zest for life, in short, if thy daily life is serene
enjoyment
ah, his life
was painful suffering
then you both
challenge, and he promptly accepted it as the signal he was waking for to begin the
open attack upon the Established Church. S. K. denied to the very kst that he accounted himself *a witness for the truth', and yet what he did with an assured air of
and died in doing, corresponds perfectly to the picture he had formed of

the 'witness*, and already in this paragraph there are evident reflections upon the
on the point of
hardships of his own life which suggest that at this time, when he was
to think of himself as one who might become a
so far out', he had
authority,
Venturing
begun
'witness'.
1
Phrasing this thought as he does here, I have no doubt that

sacrifice of Regina.
of his
S.
K. was thinking
48
die and become equally blessed! Ah, if it so be that in happy

obscurity thou canst rejoice in life, and art allowed undisturbed
and unobserved to be thyself; and if, just by reason of thine
obscurity thou hast often opportunity to learn to

3
know men from
their better, their favourable, their lovable side; and if in moving

in the swarm thou dost encounter, either strangers who know thee
not, or the kindly
thee;
and
if
and sympathetic glances of those who know

findest opportunity to do another a ser-
when thou
good turn, thou art then rewarded by so much joy that it

a question whether thou hast not done a service, a good turn,
to thyself; and if, thine own life being easily understood by thee,
thou dost easily understand others and art easily understood
ah, he must day in and day out (as a thing inseparable from this
work of his) be devoured as it were and eaten up by this human
vice, a
is
gossip which with insatiable hunger is always craving something

to chatter about; he must daily, year after year, learn to know men
from (to speak in the mildest terms) their bestial side, and sometimes from the side of the deepest depravity; agrla and again he
must be made conscious that he is known to every one, as he can
ascertain by the fact that in everybody's glance he encountered
He did well by his
ill-will, opposition, bitterness, scorn, &c.
whole generation and was rewarded by the curses of the whole
generation; amidst the tortures of his trial of temptation he must
laboriously acquire an understanding of his own life, and then
he must laboriously, day after day, work his way through all the
misunderstandings of his contemporaries, and through all the torthen you both die, and you become
tures of misunderstanding
equally blessed! Reflect upon this, and surely thou wilt then saj
1
One unacquainted with the Journal may be ir redi ous of the assertion that
one of the hardships S. K. most bitterly complained 01 was his notoriety not merely
the humiliating notoriety which the lampoons of the Corsair inflicted upon him, but
also the favourable notoriety he had won as an author. He complained that in the
street there was no stranger who did not recognize him, and too often he suspected
a hostile or envious intention in the glances of acquaintances. So he longed for
such obscurity as he had enjoyed as a youth in Copenhagen. Goldobscurity
schmidt recognized sagaciously that he died opportunely at the moment when his
attack upon the Established Church had made him again a popular figure, for the
last thing he could endure was popularity,
What follows in the text, about the
'misunderstanding' the witness for the truth must encounter, describes again his own
case
perhaps better than that of the 'witness-* and one cannot but reflect that this
misfortune was in part his own fault.
49
to thyself what I say to myself: 'Whether it be that I shall venture

so far out, or whether I shall pamper myself and not venture out at
all, one thing I will do, I shall find the time, however much
I have in hand, to remember this glorious one every
single day. Oh, it seems to me an injustice which cries to heaven,
But my life, in any
that we two should become equally blessed
And behold, here thou hast
case, shall be a memento of him!*
business
at
once an example of a movement which
is
disquietude in the
direction of inward reformation.
And this disquietude is the least, the mildest, the lowest form
of godliness. And yet dost thou think that we are so perfect that
there is no need for anyone to labour for this ? Remember how
I fared with Luther. If others would fare like me were Luther to
come to them, I do not know.
But imagine Luther in our age, observant of our situation.
Dost thou not believe that he would say, a^ he says in one of his
sermons, 'The world is like a drunken peasant; when you help
him up on one side of the horse, he falls off on the other/ 1 Dost
A
thou not believe he would say: The Apostle James must be
dragged a little into prominence not in behalf of works against
faith no, no, that was not at all the Apostle's meaning, but in behalf
of faith, in order to bring it about if possible that the need of
;
"grace" be deeply
felt
with genuine, humble
sincerity,
and
to
and truth, the only thing

possible that "grace ", grace
which saves, the only thing which insures blessedness, be taken
a false pretext for a more refined
quite in vain and become
that man of God, that upright soul!
worldliness.' Luther
hinder
if
overlooked perhaps, or forgot, a certain something which a later

too strongly inculcates. He
age, and our age especially, only
he forgot what he himself
I
man!
oh, upright
repeat
forgot
was too upright to know, upright soul that he was, and which I
for truth's sake), must emphasize.
(not for my virtue's sake but
The Lutheran doctrine is excellent, it is truth; I have only one
doctrine. That does not
misgiving about this excellent Lutheran
I have reason
it
but
applies to me
apply to the Lutheran doctrine,
to know that I am not an upright soul, but a crafty fellow. So it
doubtless would be well to examine a little more carefully the
:
subordinate clauses (works, existence, witnessing and suffering

for the truth, works of love, &c.), the subordinate clauses of
Not in a sermon but in tlie Tuchnden> Werh> bdi, p. 470.
1
50
Lutheranism. Not that the subordinate clauses should be made

the principal clauses, faith and grace be done away with or disparaged God forbid; no, it is just for the sake of the principal
clauses, and then because I am such as I am, that it doubtless
would be well to examine a little more carefully the subordinate
for so far as 'upright souls' are conclauses of Lutheranism
cerned nothing needs to be done. 1
And James says: *Be not hearers only of the Word but doers
of it/
However, to become doers of it, one must first be a hearer or a
reader of it, as James also says.
And now we have reached our text.
So we
will
speak about
WHAT
IS REQUIRED IN ORDER TO DERIVE TRUE BENEDICTION

FROM BEHOLDING ONESELF IN THE MIRROR OF THE WORD ?
First of ally what is required is, that thou must not look at the
mirror not behold the mirror , but must see thyself in the mirror.
This seems so evident that one might think it was hardly neces,
And yet it most certainly is necessary; and what

it.
confirms me in this opinion is that it is" not a remark of mine, nor
of what we nowadays call a pious man, a man who now and then
has pious moods, but of a witness for the truth, a blood-witness,
and such glorious ones are well informed. He warns against the
illusion of getting into the habit of beholding the mirror instead
of seeing oneself in the mirror. I merely make use of his observation and ask thee, rny hearer, is it not as though it were coined
expressly for our age and for our situation, and in general for the
later ages of Christianity?
For 'God's Word' indeed is the mirror. But, but oh, the
limitless horizons of prolixity! How much belongs in a stricter
sense to God's Word? which books are genuine? are they also
Apostolic ? and are these also authentic ? have the authors themselves seen everything? or in some instances perhaps have they
merely reported what they heard from others? And then the
sary to say
1
Even this qualified praise of Luther and Lutheranism must be regarded as a
measure of 'economy* designed to win some sympathy if possible for the polemic he
was chiefly intent upon pressing. For in the later Journals the comments upon
Luther are generally disparaging and often terribly sharp.
51
30,000 various readings. And then this

readings
throng or crowd of scholars and opinions, learned opinions and
unlearned opinions, about how the particular passage is to be
you must confess that this seems rather prolix.
interpreted
God's Word is the mirror by reading or hearing it I am to see
myself in the mirror; but, lo, all this about the mirror is so confusing that I never come to the point of seeing my own reflection
at least not if I take that path. One might be tempted almost to
suppose that there is a lot of human craftiness in play here (ah,
various
and that is true, we men are so

divine and godfearing truth, it
crafty in relation to God and things

by no means true as we like to say
is
one another, that we should be so willing to do God's will, if

only we could learn what it is), one might be tempted almost to
suppose that this is craftiness, that we men are far from willing to
see ourselves in that mirror, and that it is for this reason we have
hit upon all this which threatens to make reflection from the
mirror impossible, all this which we glorify by the laudatory name
of learned and profound and serious research and investigation.
hearer, how highly dost thou esteem God's Word? Do
not say now that thou dost esteem it more highly than words can
express for one may speak so highly that one says nothing. Let
to
My
us therefore, in order to get somewhere, take a simple human

relationship. If thou dost esteem God's Word higher, so much
the better.
Think of a lover who has now received a letter from his
beloved as precious as this letter is to the lover, just so precious
to thee, I assume, is God's Word; in the way the lover reads this
letter, just so, I assume, dost thou read God's Word and conceive
that God's Word ought to be read.
But perhaps thou wilt say, 'Yes, but the Holy Scripture is
written in a foreign tongue.' It is indeed more properly the
learned who have the obligation to read the Holy Scriptures in the
to it
original tongues ; but if thou dost insist, if thou wouldst stick
that thou must read the Holy Scriptures in the original tongues
all right, we can very well retain the picture of the lover, only we
add a little qualification to it.
I assume then that this letter from the beloved was written in a
language which the lover did not understand; and there is no one
at hand who can translate it for him, and perhaps he did not even
desire any aid of that sort, which would initiate a third person into
52
his secrets.
What does he do ? He takes a dictionary and sits down
to spell out the letter, looking up every word so as to get at the

translation. Let us suppose that while he is sitting employed in
comes in an acquaintance of his. The friend

that he has received this letter, and, looking at the table
seeing it lying there, exclaims, 'Oho! There you sit reading
this labour there
knows
and
the letter you got from your lady-love.' What dost thou think
the other will say ? He replies, *Are you out of your senses ? Is
this what you call reading a letter from a lady-love? No, my
friend, I sit here toiling and drudging to make a translation of it
by the help of the dictionary; at times I am on the point of bursting
with impatience, the blood rushes to my head so that I want to
and that's what you call
floor
fling the dictionary down on the
reading! You are mocking me. No, thank God, I shall soon be
through with the translation, and then, ah, then I shall get to the
that is an entirely
point of reading the letter from my lady-love
But to whom am I speaking

stupid man, get
out of my sight, I don't want to look at you. Oh, that you could
think of insulting my lady-love and me by speaking of this as
reading her letter! Yet stay, stay, it is only a jest on my part; indeed I should be glad to have you stay, but honestly I have no
time, there still remains something to translate, and I am so
therefore don't be angry,
impatient to get to the point of reading
different thing.
but go away so that
may
finish.*
Thus the lover made a distinction between reading and reading,

between reading with the dictionary and reading the letter from
his lady-love. The blood rushes to his head for impatience while
he sits and conjures out the meaning with the dictionary; he is
furious with his friend for speaking of this erudite reading as a
reading of the letter from his lady-love. He regarded all this
(if I may so call it) erudite preparation as a necessary evil, that
he might get to the point of ... reading the letter from his ladylove.
Let us not dismiss this picture too soon. Let us suppose that
from the lady-love not only contained, as such letters
the declaration of an emotion, but that there was
do,
generally
contained in it a desire, something which the beloved, desired
this letter
the lover to do. There was, let us suppose, a great deal required
of him, a very great deal, there was good reason, as every third
person would say, to hesitate about doing
it;
but the lover
he was
THE MIRROR
OF THE
53
off in a second to
accomplish the desire of the beloved. Let us
suppose that in the course of time the lovers met, and the lady
said,
'But
my
WORD
dear, I didn't think of requiring that of thee; thou
must have misunderstood the word or translated It

wrong/ Dost
thou believe that the lover now would
regret that instead of hastening at once to fulfil the desire of his beloved he had not first
entertained some
misgivings, and then perhaps had obtained a few
more dictionaries to help him out, and then had
many misgivings,
and then perhaps got the word
rightly translated, and so was
exempted from the task dost thou believe that he regrets this
misapprehension ? Dost thou believe that he is less in favour with
the beloved ? Take the case of a child, one whom we
might well
call a clever and
diligent pupil When the teacher had appointed
the lesson for the next day he
says, 'Let me see to-morrow that
you know your lesson well/ This made a deep impression upon
our clever pupil He comes home from school and at once sets to
work. But he had not heard
quite exactly how far the lesson
extended. What does he do ? It was this exhortation of the teacher
which impressed him, and he reads double the amount
actually
required of him, as it afterwards proved. Dost thou believe that
the teacher will be the less
pleased with him because he can recite
admirably a lesson double the prescribed length? Imagine another pupil He also had heard the teacher's
exhortation; nor
had he heard exactly how far the lesson extended. Then when
he came home he said, "First I have got to find out how much I
have to study/ So he went to one of his
companions, then to another, he was not at home at all, on the contrary he fell to chatting
within elder brother of his and then at last he came home, and
the time for study was past, and he
got nothing at all read.
So the lover made a distinction, as regards this letter from his
beloved, between reading and reading; moreover, he understood
how to read in such a way that, if there was a desire contained in
the letter, one ought to begin at once to fulfil it, without
wasting
a second.
Think now of God's Word. When thou readest God's Word

we do not disparage erudition, far from it but
remember that when thou dost read God's Word eruditely, with
a dictionary, Sec., thou art not reading God's Word
remember
the lover who said, "This is not to read the letter from the beloved/
eruditely
If
thou
art a learned
man, then take care
lest
with
all
thy erudite
S4
thou forgettest perreading (which is not reading God's Word)

chance to read God's Word. If thou art not learned ah, envy
the other man not, rejoice that thou canst at once get to the
Word! And if there is a desire, a compoint of reading God's
mandment, an order, then (remember the lover I), then be off at
once to do accordingly. 'But', thou perhaps wouldst say, "there
are so many obscure passages in the Holy Scriptures, whole books
which are almost riddles.* To this I would reply: 'I see no need
of considering this objection unless it comes from one whose life
fact that he has punctually complied with
gives expression to the
are easy to understand/ Is this the case
which
all the
passages
is the lover would deal with the letter;
it
thus
Yet
with thee?
if there were obscure passages, but also clearly expressed desires,
he would say, 'I must at once comply with the desire, then I will
see what can be made of the obscure passages. Oh, but how could
I sit down to puzzle over the obscure passages and leave the
desire unfulfilled, the desire which I clearly understood ?' That
God's Word, it is not the obscure
is to
say: when thou readest
a
which
duty upon thee, but that which thou
impose
passages
understandest; and with that thou must instantly comply. If
there were only a single passage thou didst understand in Holy
but thou dost not
well, the first thing is to do that;
Scripture
first have to sit down and puzzle over the obscure passages.
God's Word is given in order that thou shalt act in accordance
with it, not in order that thou shalt practise the art of interpreting
obscure passages. If thou dost not read God's word so as to bear
in mind that the very least bit that thou dost understand instantly
thou dost not read God's Word.
obliges thee to do accordingly,
So the lover thought: 'If instead of hastening to fulfil instantly
the desire which I understood, I wish to sit down and puzzle
over what I don't understand, I am not reading the letter from
the beloved. I can appear before my beloved with a good conscience and say, "There were some obscure passages in thy letter,
with regard to which I said, sufficient unto the day is the evil
but there was a desire which I understood, and that I instantly
fulfilled." But I could not appear before her with a good conscience and say, "There were some obscure passages in thy letter
which I did not understand, so I sat down and puzzled over them,
and with regard to thy desire which I did understand I said,
sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof,'" But perhaps thou
;

art afraid that
with thee
might turn out
it
as
it
55
did with the lover,
that (but surely this fear is groundless in relation to God's

requirement), that thou mightest be doing too much, that by
thumbing the pages of still another dictionary it might prove that

much was required. Oh, my friend, was the lady-love
displeased that the lover had been doing too much ? and what
would she say about entertaining such a fear? She would say,
'He who entertains such a fear of doing too much is not really
reading the letter from his beloved/ And so I would say: *He
not so
does not read God's Word/

Let us not even yet dismiss this picture of the lover and his
letter. While he was busily engaged translating with the aid of
a dictionary, he was disturbed by the visit of an acquaintance.
He became impatient 'But*, he likely would have said, 'that was
only because I was retarded in my work, for otherwise it would
have been of no importance. I wasn't reading the letter then.
Of
course,
the
letter, it
someone had come to see me when I was reading

would have been quite another matter that would
if
have been a disturbance. Against that danger, however, I shall

ensure myself; before beginning a thing like that I lock my door
tight and am not at home. For I would be alone with the letter,
alone and undisturbed; if I am not alone, I am not reading the
letter from the beloved/
He would be alone with the letter, alone and undisturbed
otherwise*, says he, *I am not reading the letter from the beloved*.
And so it is with God's Word: he who is not alone with God's
Word is not reading God's Word.
Alone with God's Word!
hearer, permit me to make an
admission about myself: I am not yet bold enough to be so
entirely alone with God's Word that no illusion surreptitiously
intrudes. And allow me to say one thing more: I have never seen
anyone of whom I could venture to believe that he had sincerity
and courage enough. to be so completely alone with God's Word
My
that absolutely
How
no
strange
illusion surreptitiously intruded.

in our day a man who
is!
it
When
moved comes forward and
sets the price
of what
is
it is
Christian only one-fifth as high as the Gospel fixes
it,
deeply
to be a
they cry
Do
not read what he writes, least of

out, 'Beware of that man
all in solitude; do not converse with him, least of all in solitude,
!
he
is
a dangerous
man/ But
the
Holy
Scriptures!
In fact.
56
almost every
this
book
man
to a
one does not hesitate to present

possesses them;
about to be confirmed that is, at
young person
the most perilous age. In truth, many an illusion must accomafter all such a book
pany it; one must be inured to the fact that
least of all in
a
it
in
read
does exist; one must
very special way
such a way that one finds oneself alone with it.
To be alone with the Holy Scriptures! I dare not! When I
it catches me
turn up a passage in it, whatever comes to hand
it is as if it were God Himself
me
it
(indeed
questions
instantly,
that questioned me), 'Hast thou done what thou readest there?'
And then, then . yes, then I am caught. So then it is action at
.
once, or instantly a humiliating admission.

and if thou art not,
Oh, to be alone with the Holy Scriptures
then thou art not reading the Holy Scriptures.
That this thing of being alone with God's Word, that this is
a
business, is tacitly admitted precisely by the more
!
dangerous
of people. There was perhaps one (a peculiarly

and serious man, even though we cannot approve the
decision he came to) who said, 'I am no good at doing anything
is an
exceedingly
by halves and this book, God's Word,
a
is
and
it
for
book
domineering book. Give it
me,
dangerous
a finger, and it takes the whole hand, give it the whole hand, and
it takes the whole man, suddenly transforming perhaps my whole
life on a huge scale.
No, without permitting .myself to utter
a single word of mockery or disparagement of that book (which
is a thing I abhor) I remove it to an out-of-the-way place; I
don't want to be alone with it.' We do not approve of this, but
there is something we can approve of, a certain honesty.
But there is also an entirely different way of defending oneself
efficient sort
efficient
Word, while boasting defiantly that one is quite

is
of
daring to be alone with God's Word, though this
capable
shut thy door;
far from the truth. For take the Holy Scriptures
but take also ten dictionaries, twenty commentaries, and then
thou canst read it just as tranquilly and unembarrassed as thou
dost read a newspaper column. If perhaps, while thou art sitting
comfortably and reading, it should occur to thee, strangely
against God's
enough, to
raise the question,
'Have
done this? do
act ac-
of course only in a moment of distraction that

cordingly
such a thing could occur to thee, at a moment when thou art not
the danger after all is not
self-collected in true seriousness
?'
it is
57
For, look you, there are perhaps a number of various

readings, and perhaps there has just been discovered a new
manuscriptgood gracious! . and perhaps the prospect of
another various reading, and perhaps there are five commentators
of one opinion, and seven of another, and two who maintain
great.
singular opinions, and three who are vacillating or have no

opinion, and 'I myself have not quite made up my mind about
this passage, or, if I must
express my opinion, I am of the same
opinion as the three vacillating commentators who have no
&c. So such a man does not fall into the same embarrassment as I, who am compelled either to act at once in
accordance with the text, or to make a humiliating admission.
No, he is tranquil and says, There is on my part nothing to hinder
me from doing accordingly if only the correct reading is
established and the commentators arrive at some sort of an
agreement.' Aha! it will be a long time before that comes about.
The man, however, has succeeded in obscuring the fact that the
fault lay in himself, that it is he who has no inclination to
deny
flesh and blood and act in accordance with God's Word.
Ah,
Alas, that it is so easy for men to
pitiable misuse of erudition
opinion*,
deceive themselves!
For if it was not for illusion and self-deception, no doubt every
man would acknowledge as I do, that I hardly dare to be alone
with God's Word.

Alone with God's Word so it is one must be, just as the lover
desired to be alone with the letter, for otherwise it would not be
reading the letter from the beloved and otherwise it would not
be reading God's Word and beholding oneself in the mirror. And
this indeed is what we should do, and what we should do first;
if with true benediction we are to behold ourselves in the mirror
of the Word, we should not look at the mirror but see ourselves
in the mirror. Art thou learned, remember then that if thou dost
not read God's Word in a different fashion, it may be said of thee
that after having devoted many hours every blessed day throughout a long life to reading God's Word, thou hast nevertheless
never read
God's Word. Then make the distinction, so that
(over and above the erudite reading) thou mayest get to the point
of reading God's Word
or at least of acknowledging to thyself
that in spite of the daily learned reading in God's Word thou
dost not read God's Word, that thou art not willing to have
.
58
anything at all to do with it. Art thou unlearned, then thou hast
so get to work .straightway, do
the less occasion to read amiss
not behold the mirror, but straightway behold thyself in the mirror.
But how in fact is God's Word read in Christendom ? If we
were to distinguish two classes (for we cannot here concern
ourselves with individual exceptions), one might say that the
greater part never read God's Word, and that a smaller part read
it
learnedly in one fashion or another, that is to say, do not really
read God's Word, but behold the mirror. Or, to say the same
thing in another way, the greater part regard God's Word as an
antiquated document of olden time which one puts aside, and a
smaller part regards God's Word as an exceedingly notable document of olden time upon which one expends an astonishing
beholding the mirror.
diligence and acumen, &c. .
royal command is issued to all the officeImagine a country.
bearers and subjects, in short, to the whole population.
amount of
remarkable change comes over them
they all become interpreters, the office-bearers become authors, every blessed day there
comes gut an interpretation more learned than the last, more acute,
all:
more elegant, more profound, more ingenious, more wondermore charming, and more wonderfully charming. Criticism
which ought to survey the whole can hardly attain survey of
this prodigious literature, indeed criticism itself has become a
ful,
literature so prolix that it is impossible to attain a survey of the

but no one read
criticism. Everything became interpretation
command
with a view to acting in accordance with

was not only that everything became interpretation,
but at the same time the point of view for determining what
seriousness is was altered, and to be busy about interpretation
became real seriousness. Suppose that this king was not a human
king for though a human king would understand well enough
that they were making a fool of him by giving the affair this turn,
yet as a human king he is dependent, especially when he encounters the united front of office-bearers and subjects, and so
would be compelled to put the best face on a bad game, to let it
seem as if all this were a matter of course, so that the most elegant
interpreter would be rewarded by elevation to the peerage, the
most acute would be knighted, &c. Suppose that this king was
almighty, one therefore who is not put to embarrassment though
all the office-bearers and all the
subjects play him false. What do
the royal
it.
And
it
59
you suppose this almighty king would think about such a thing ?
Surely he would say, 'The fact that they do not comply with the
commandment, even that I might forgive; moreover, if they

united in a petition that I might have patience with them, or
perhaps relieve them entirely of this commandment which seemed
to them too hard
that I could forgive them. But this I cannot
forgive, that they entirely alter the point of view for determining
what seriousness
And now
is.'
God's Word! 'My house shall be a house of

but
have
made it a den of thieves/ And God's Word
prayer,
ye
what is it intended to be, and what have we made of it ? All this
as to
interpretation
which
and interpretation and science and newer science
introduced with the solemn and serious claim that this

is the
way rightly to understand God's Word look more closely
and thou wilt perceive that this is with the intent of defending
oneself against God's Word. It is only too easy to understand the
requirements contained in God's Word
'give all thy goods to the
poor', 'when a man smites thee upon the right cheek, turn to
is
also the left', 'when a man take away thy coat, let him have
cloak
also', 'rejoice always', 'count it all joy when ye fall into
thy
divers temptations', &c.
all this is just as easy to understand as
the remark, 'It is a good day to-day', a remark which only in one
way might become difficult to understand, namely, if there grew
up a whole literature to interpret it; therefore no poor wretch of
the most limited intelligence can truly say that he is unable to
understand the requirement but flesh and blood are reluctant
him
to
understand and be obliged to do accordingly.
And
to
my
only human that a man shrinks from letting the

Word really get the mastery of him if no one else will admit it,
I admit that I do. It is human to
beg God to have patience if one
cannot at once do what one ought to do, and yet promises to strive;
it is human to
beg God to have compassion, seeing that the reis too exalted for one
if no one else will admit this of
quirement
himself, I admit that I do it. It is not human, however, to give the
that I insert layer upon layer,
matter an entirely different turn
a
interpretation and science and more science (pretty much as boy
thinking
it is
inserts a napkin, or several of them, under his pants when

about to get a thrashing), that I insert all this between the
he
is
Word and
myself, and then bestow upon this commentating and scientific

method the name of seriousness and zeal for the truth, and then let
60
this
busy occupation swell to such proportions that
never
come
to the point of getting an impression of God's Word, never come to

the point of beholding myself in the mirror. It seems as if all this
investigating
bring God's
and inquiring and pondering and
Word
quite close to
me
the truth
reflecting would
is that
precisely
thus, in the slyest way, I remove God's Word to the farthest

possible distance from me, infinitely farther than it is from him
who never saw God's Word, infinitely farther than from him who
was so much in dread and fear of God's Word that he cast it as

far away from him as possible.
For it is a still greater distance from the requirement (of
beholding oneself in the mirror), a still greater distance from it
than never to have seen the mirror, a still greater distance is that
of sitting year after year, every blessed day, sitting quite tranand beholding the mirror.
quilly
In the second place^ it is required that when thou readest God's
Word in order to see thyself in the mirror^ thou must remember (so as
really to get to the point of seeing thyself in the mirror), thou must
.
remember
to
say
to
thyself continually,
lt
is
I that am
here addressed^
about me this is said?

Let not thyself be deceived
it Is
or be not thyself crafty. For in

God's Word we men are, oh, so sly, even the
yea, flesh and blood and self-love
stupidest amongst us is so sly
are very sly.
So then we >ave made the discovery (for we do not say that this
is done to defend ourselves
against God's Word, we are not so
crazy as all that, for if we were to say as much, we should reap no
advantage from our shrewd discovery), we have made the discovery that to think about oneself is (as in fact it may be in many
cases, only not when it is a question of letting God's Word get
observe the slyness of it
the mastery of us), that this is
this
is vanity, morbid vanity! 'Fie! how could I be so vain? For to
think about oneself and to say, "It is I", we learned people call
relation to
God and
and
is vanity, the vanity of not

being
God's Word! without having the notion
Should I not detest vanity, and could I be
stupid enough not to, seeing that thereby I at the same time
ensure myself against God's Word getting a grip on me ? I am
ensured against this danger just because I do not put myself into
any personal (subjective) relation to God's Word, but on the
subjectivity,
subjectivity
able to read a book

that it refers to me.
6r
contrary, with the seriousness for which people so highly comI transform the Word into an
impersonal entity (the
mend me,
objective, an objective doctrine, &c.), to which I, a man not only

serious but cultured, relate myself objectively, so that I am not so
uncultivated and vain as to bring my personality into play, and

to suppose it was I who was addressed, I and constantly I who
was being spoken about. Ah, far be from me such vanity and
lack of culture
and far be from me also what otherwise might so
that
the Word might get a grip on me, on me precisely,
easily occur,
in
me
its
might get
power so that I could not defend myself, so
that it would continue to persecute me until I either acted in
accordance with it or admitted that I did not the well-deserved
punishment incurred by everyone who permits himself to have
dealings with God's Word in an uncultivated way.'
No, no, no True seriousness is this : when thou readest God's
!
Word, then in everything that thou readest, constantly to say to

*
thyself,
that
is
It is I that
seriousness.
am addressed, to me this is spoken', precisely

Among those to whom the cause of Chris-
was entrusted in a more exalted sense, there is not one

has forgotten to emphasize this again and again as the most
decisive, the most unconditional condition of coming to see
oneself in the mirror. So it is this thou shalt do, thou shalt as
thou readest say continually to thyself, 'It is to me it is said, about
tianity
who
me it is spoken/
Of that mighty emperor
in the Orient, r whose wrath the

renowned little nation had brought down upon itself, it is related
that he had a slave who every day said to him, Remember to take
vengeance!* So this was something to be remembered; it seems
to me it would have been better to have a slave who every day
reminded him to forget which, however, is not a good suggestion, for if one were every day to be reminded to forget, it would
not be a serious way of forgetting. But in any case, that ruler
understood very well, just because he was wroth (and wrath is a
trait of personality, though not a laudable trait), what one must
do to make a personal impression upon a person.
But better still than this ruler was King David served sure
enough it was a sort of service a man himself seldom desires by
free inclination, which he is tempted rather to regard as one of
*
105,
Darius, whose slave daily said to him,
'Remember the Athenians !' Herodotus,
v.
62
greatest inconveniences. The story I refer to
is well known. 1
and
see
that her husTo
see
to
David
saw
Bathsheba.
her,
King
band stood in his way, was one and the same thing. So he must
be got rid of. And this also came to pass. One did not know
life's
how
it
happened, it may have been providential, he fell in
'Such
is war', said the king; presumably he himself
battle, yet
had chosen with foolhardiness a post so dangerous that it was
certain death
I merely remark that if there was anybody who
wanted him out of the way and was in a position to command,
he could not have done better than to assign him to that post
which was certain death. Now he is out of the way. The thing
went off very smoothly. And now also there is nothing to hinder
the king from getting lawful possession of his wife. 'Nothing
art thou queer in the head ? Why, it was even noble
to hinder'
exactly
in
a high
degree, magnanimous, genuine kingly behaviour,

arouse enthusiasm in the whole army, that the king
marries the widow of a soldier who had died for the fatherland.
Then one day there came a prophet to King David. Let us
make the situation vivid to us and modernize it a little. The one
is the
king, the man who has the highest rank in the nation the
other a prophet, a man much esteemed in the nation
both of
them of course men of culture, and one may be sure that their
intercourse with one another, their conversation, will bear unmistakably the marks of culture. Besides, they were both, and
one of them more especially, celebrated authors. King David was
the renowned poet, and, as a natural consequence of this, a
connoisseur, an elegant arbiter of good taste, who knew how
to appreciate the form of presentation, the choice of expressions, and the construction of a poem, the linguistic form and
the cadence, and whether it was favourable or prejudicial to
which
will
morals, &c.
And it is a lucky meeting, just the right man to come to ; for the
prophet had composed a nove/Ia, a story which he would fain have
the honour of reciting before his Majesty, the crowned poet and
connoisseur of poetry.
'There dwelt two men in one city; the one rich, and the other
poor. The rich man had exceeding many flocks and herds: but
the poor man had nothing save one little ewe lamb, which he had
bought and nourished up; and it grew up together with him and
1
II
Sam. ir and
12.
63
own
meat, and drank of his own

cup, and lay in his bosom, and was unto him as a daughter. And
there came a traveller unto the rich man, and he spared to take
of his own flock and of his own herd to dress for the wayfaring
man that was come unto him: but took the poor man's lamb and
dressed it for the man that was come to him/
I imagine that David has listened to this
attentively, has given
expression to his opinion, of course without intruding his personality (subjectively), but impersonally (objectively) has duly
with his children
it
did eat of his
little work.
There was perhaps a
which he thought might have been different, he
perhaps proposed an expression more happily chosen, perhaps
appreciated this charming

particular trait
also pointed out a little fault in the plan, praised the prophet's
masterly delivery of the story, his voice, the play of his features,
expressed himself, in short, as we cultured people are accustomed

do when we criticize a sermon delivered before a cultured
to
congregation, that is, a sermon which itself also is objective.

Then says the prophet to him, 'Thou art the man.*
Behold, this tale which the prophet recited was a story, but
it was a transition to
this., 'Thou art the man', was another story
the subjective.
But dost thou not believe that David himself already knew
perfectly well how abominable it was to let a woman's husband
be slain in order that he might marry her ? Dost thou not believe
that David, the great poet, was quite capable of describing it
eloquently, awefully, movingly? And, moreover, dost thou not
believe that David knew within himself what he was guilty of
and how guilty? And yet, yet, yet there was needed one from
without who said to him, 'Thou'.
From this thou canst perceive how little one is helped by the
impersonal (the objective), a doctrine, a history, science, &c. 3
when even one who in other respects was so god-fearing a man
as David was (and piety and godly fear are in fact aspects of
the subjective side), when even he, in the perpetrapersonality
tion of such an abominable misdeed (and beforehand he found
no obstacle, not the obstacle of conscience
objectively enough
to letting Uriah be slain, not the obstacle of conscience to marrying Bathsheba), when even he, after the thing has come to pass,
can preserve so much impersonality (objectivity) that he can live
on as if it was nothing, that he can listen to the prophet as if it
64
was nothing until the prophet, weary of this impersonality or

as culture and
objectivity which in our century is so much lauded
'Thou
art
the man.'
and
assumes
seriousness,
says
authority
From this likewise thou canst perceive what a depth of slyness
and cunning there is in Christendom when world culture, taking
advantage of what undeniably is true, that selfishly to intrude one's
3
own personality, one's ego, is vanity, that taking advantage of

this they have made out that to be vanity which in relation to God's
is
just seriousness, so that they may be exempted from
seriousness and its strenuous exertion, and just by this means
Word
assure themselves of being esteemed as serious and cultured men.

Oh, depth of cunning! They make God's Word something
whereas instead it is as God's
impersonal, objective, a doctrine
voice thou shouldst hear it. Thus it is the fathers heard it, God's
now it sounds as objective as printed calico And
dreadful voice
themselves
relate
impersonally (objectively) to this impeople
and
at
the
apex of world culture, in the forefront
thing;
personal
of the cultured public, is science, upon which they defiantly rely
as true seriousness and culture, while that unfortunate wretch
!
is
obliged, like a naughty schoolboy,
occupy with shame a place "in the corner. Oh, depth of cunning! For we men find it only too easy to preserve in relation to
God's Word this attitude of impersonality (subjectivity), it is in
fact an inborn quality of genius which we all of us possess, somealong with original sin, inasmuch as
thing we obtain gratis
the personal (the subjective)

to
much
lauded impersonality (objectivity) is neither more nor

And of course want of
less than want of conscientiousness.
conscientiousness naturally does not express itself in actions which
are foolish, stupid, or imprudent, like the perpetration of a
this
punishable crime; no, no, in moderation, up to a certain point, and

so with good taste and refinement it makes life easy and pleasurable
and yet is it not going too far when they regard this as
seriousness and culture?
No, if thou art to read God's Word so as to see thyself in the
mirror, thou must while reading it say to thyself continually,
am addressed,
it is about me this is said.'

man went down from Jerusalem to Jericho and fell
among thieves, who stripped him of his raiment, and wounded
him, and departed, leaving him half dead and now when thou
readest, 'and by chance there came down a certain priest that
*
It is I that
certain
6$
way, and when he saw him, he passed by', then thou shalt say to
thyself, 'That is I/ Thou shalt not seek evasions, and still less
shalt thou become witty (for though it is true
enough that in the
worldly world a witticism may atone for the deepest baseness,
such is not the case when thou readest God's Word), thou shalt
not say, *It is not I, in fact it is a priest, and I am not a priest;
consider, "however, that the Gospel has most appropriately
man as a priest, for the priests are a thoroughly
bad lot/ No, when thou readest God's Word, it must be in all
I
represented this
seriousness, and thou shalt say, 'This priest is me. Alas, that I
could be so uncompassionate
I who call
myself a Christian
and in a way I also am a priest, at least we know well how to make
that claim when it is a question of liberating ourselves from the
priests, for 'we say that in a Christian sense all men are priests.
Alas, that I could be so uncompassionate, that I could see such a
sight (and I saw it, it is written in the Gospel, "when he saw him,
he passed by") and see it unmoved

*And likewise a Levite,
when he was at the place, came and looked on him, and passed
by/ Here thou shalt say, 'It is I, oh, that I could be so hardhearted, and that what had occurred once before could occur now
1'
and that I have not become any better!'

And along the
same road there came a practical man, and when he came near, he
said to himself, 'What have we here ? There lies a man half dead;
it is not worth while to
go that way, it might well become an
affair for the police, or perhaps the police might come along this
then
very instant and take me for the perpetrator of the deed*
again,
thou shalt say to thyself, 'It is I, oh, that I could be so shabbily

shrewd, and not only this, but that later I could take pleasure
in my shrewdness, and that when I recounted it to one of my
acquaintances, I could take pleasure in hearing him praise this
And along the same road
as so shrewd and practical of me!'
came along a man deep in thought, thinking of nothing,

and he saw nothing whatever and passed by then thou shalt say
to thyself, 'It was I, what an ass I am, that I could walk along so
like a fool without seeing that a man half dead was lying there!'
So thou wouldst say to thyself at least if a great treasure had been
it.
lying beside that road, and thou hadst gone by without seeing
was/
he
where
came
as
he
a
certain
'But
Samaritan,
journeyed,
In order not to become weary with saying continually, 'It is F,
thou canst here say for a change, 'It was not I; alas, no, I am not
there
Then when the parable ends and
66
Christ says to the

Pharisee, 'Go and do thou likewise', then thou shalt say to thyself,
*It is to me this is addressed. Off then at once!' Thou shalt not
seek evasions, still less try thy hand at witticisms (for from a
godly point of view witticisms do not atone for anything but only
aggravate the condemnation), thou shalt not say, 'I can protest
like- that.*
my honour that never in my life have I chanced to go along a

road where there lay a man half dead who had been attacked by
thieves ; in fact thieves are a rarity in our parts/ No, in this fashion
thou shalt not talk, thou shalt say, 'It is to me the word is adFor thou dost understand
dressed, "Go and do thou likewise."
the saying very well, and if in thy parts thou didst never encounter one who was attacked by thieves, yet on thy path and
mine there are wretched people enough. Or, to take an example
on
'
which bears a good deal of likeness to that in the Gospel, hast

thou never followed a road where (if not literally, yet nevertheless
and calumny had attacked and
truly) there lay one whom slander
stripped naked and left half dead ? And a priest came the same
way, and passed him by that is, he first listened to what slander
and
recounted about the man, and then went on farther
recounted the story further. 'And this priest', thou shalt say
yea, even if it was a bishop or a dean, thou shalt nevertheless say
to thyself, 'This priest was me!' And a Levite came the same
way, and he passed by that is, after first gleaning the news as he
went by, he passed by and carried it with him. 'And this Levite',
thou shalt say to thyself, 'was me!' And then there came along a
respectable citizen; he also heard the story and went off with
as I do now!
it and said, 'It is
really a shame the way people
recount this and that about the man.' 'And this Levite', thou
shalt say to thyself, was me
ah, this is indeed worse than that
.
story in the Gospel, for there neither the priest nor the Levite
to beat the man half dead, but here they are the
were on hand
accomplices of the thieves.'

Thou art reading about that ruler, a
who came
member of the Sanhedrim,
by night. Thou
shalt not divert thy atteneven by making the possibly just remark that it was
strange for him to choose that time, for when one would be hid,
what use is it after all to choose to go by night when one is going
to Christ
tion, not
to
Him who
is
it is written in the Psalm

(139: 1 1)>
darkness shall cover me; even the night shall
the light, as
'If I say. Surely the
67
be light about me; yea the darkness hideth not from thee, but
the night shineth as the day.' No, in this fashion thou shalt not
talk
for, alas, thou understandest only too well why he chose
the night, thou knowest that though Christ is the way, yet in
contemporaneousness He was, and if He were to come again, He
would be ... the forbidden path.
When thou readest about this, about the man upon whom
Christ had made an impression, but only such an impression that
he neither could quite surrender himself, not quite tear himself
loose, and hence chose the night time, chose to steal to Him by
then thou shalt say to thyself, *It is I.' Thou shalt not seek
night
evasions, not mix up with this things that are irrelevant; thou
shalt sit quite still during the lesson hour; thou shalt not say,
'This was one of those people of rank (Fornemme\ and that *s the
way such people are, great for their rank, and so cowardly and
faithless. How could the Gospel which is meant for the
poor be
for people of rank?' No, thus thou shalt not talk. When thou
readest God's Word, thou hast nothing to do with people of rank,
nor with rank in general, neither hast thou to arraign them; for
even if thou wert one of these people of rank, thou hast only
thyself to do with. No, thou shalt say, *It is F, and if thou hast
at the same time to admit that thou wast actually on the point of
making this observation about people of rank, then thou shalt not
say merely, 'It was F, but adjoin, 'It was I who would moreover
seek an evasion, would once again (however little it avails when
I am before Him who is the light) hide myself in the darkness of
night, in evasion or excuse, as if I did not understand God's Word,
as if it were only about people of rank the passage speaks. No, it
was I, ah, that I could be so paltry, such a contemptible fellow,
neither cold nor hot, neither one thing nor the other!'
Thus it is (these are merely a few examples) that thou shouldest
read God's Word; and just as, according to the report of superstition, one can conjure up spirits by reading formulae of incantation, so shalt thou, if only thou wilt continue for some time to read
God's Word thus (and this is the first requisite), thou shalt read
fear and trembling into thy soul, so that by God's help thou shalt
succeed in becoming a man, a personality, saved from being this
created in God's image!
dreadful absurdity into which we men
have become changed by evil enchantment, into an impersonal,
an objective something. Thou shalt, if thou wilt read God's
68
Word in this way, them shalt (even though it prove terrible to thee
but remember that this is the condition of salvation) thou
shalt succeed in the thing required, in beholding thyself in the
mirror.
And only thus is success possible.

thee God's Word is merely a doctrine,
an impersonal,
an objective
for
mirror
no
is
then
there
objective something,
doctrine cannot be called a mirror; it is just as impossible to be
mirrored in an objective doctrine as to be mirrored in a wall. And
to God's
if thou dost assume an
impersonal (objective) relationship
a
in
of
can
be
no
there
mirror;
beholding thyself
Word,
question
for to look in a mirror surely implies a personality, an ego; a wall
can be seen in a mirror but cannot see itself or behold itself in the
For
if to
mirror. No, in reading God's Word thou must continually say to

me this is addressed, it is about me it speaks/
Finally^ if with true benediction thou art to behold thyself in the
thyself, 'It is to
mirror of the Word^ thou must not straightway forget what manner
of man thou art y not be the forgetful hearer (or reader} about whom
the Apostle speaks: 'He beheld his natural face in the mirror^ and
9
straightway forgot what manner of man he was.
at
This is obvious enough, for to see oneself in a mirror and then

once to forget is like writing upon the sand or upon the water,
or like drawing a picture in the air.

Therefore the most expedient thing
is
to say to thyself
im-
mediately, *1 will begin immediately to keep myself from forgetting; immediately, this very instant, I promise it to myself and
to God, if it be only for the next hour or for this present day; so
long at least it will be certain that I shall not forget/ Believe me,
this 5s the most expedient thing, and thou knowest well enough
that I am reputed to be something of a psychologist, and what
thou knowest not, alas, I know, through how much suffering,

through what bitter experiences, I have become such, if in fact
I have become such. So to do is far better than
immediately to
bite off more than thou canst chew, and say immediately, *I shall
never forget.' Ah, my friend, it is much better never to forget to
remember
it
immediately, than to say immediately, I shall never
Seriousness
consists precisely in having this honest
forget.
suspicion of thyself, treating thyself as a suspicious character,
as a
capitalist treats an insolvent person, to whom he says, 'Very
well 5 but these great promises are of no use, I would rather have
a small part of the sum
immediately/ And so it is also here. Ah,

how poor
69
makes, when one has promised never to

then to have to begin immediately, the very next hour,
forget
to try to remember! And yet this next hour
perhaps decides
everything; the next hour after what we call *a quiet hour is the
critical hour. If thou dost let this hour
pass and say, 'I have
promised never to forget, so my whole life is consecrated to
remembering, how petty a thing it is then to be precise about the
very next hour/ If thou dost say this, then it is substantially
decided that thou wilt be the forgetful hearer or reader. Imagine
a man who has been and still is addicted to a bad habit. Then
there comes an instant (it comes thus to every man, perhaps many
times, alas, many times in vain) when he is brought to a standstill,
a good resolution is awakened in him. Imagine that he (let him
be, for example, a gambler) said to himself in the morning, 'So
I
solemnly vow by all that is holy that I shall nevermore have
anything to do with gambling, nevermore to-night shall be the
last time.* Ah, my friend, he is lost! Strange as it may seem, I
would venture to bet rather on the opposite, supposing that there
was a gambler who at such a moment said to himself, 'Very well,
thou shalt be allowed to gamble all the rest of thy life, every
but to-night thou shalt let it alone', and so he did.
blessed day
Ah, my friend, he is certainly saved For the resolution of the
first man was a knavish trick of lust, but that of the other is a
way of hoaxing lust; the one is hoaxed by lust, the other hoaxesf
lust. Lust is strong merely in the instant, if only it gets its owti
way instantly, there will be no objection on its part to making
promises for the whole life. But to reverse the situation so as to
say, *No, only not to-day, but to-morrow and the day after, &c.',
that is to hoax lust. For if it has to wait, lust loses its lust; if it is
not invited to enter the instant it announces itself, and before
everyone else, if it is told that it will not be granted admittance
until to-morrow, then lust understands (more quickly that the
a showing
it
most artful woman

meet with such a reception in the
antechamber), lust understands that it is no longer the one and
it is with this
thing of
all, that is to say, it is no longer 'lust'. So
not
Do
not
to
on
the
watch
promise
immediately.
forget
being
never to forget, only for the sake of being exempted from the
hour. No,
necessity of remembering immediately,' the very next
the whole situation is to be reversed, thou art to say, 'This indeed
most ingratiating and wily
understands what
it
courtier or the
signifies to
yo
not something to be remembered all my life, but I promise to

it
immediately, the next hour, and this resolution I
shall keep/ And now when thou goest hence (for we may imagine
that this is a speech which is being delivered), be not then busy
about the speech or the speaker. For though doubtless thou
canst not be said in this case to have forgotten the speech, yet to
is
remember
remember it in this way is to be a forgetful hearer. No yet, for

the matter of that, forget the speech and the speaker, but when
thou hast returned home, read for thyself, aloud if possible, the
whole Epistle for the day oh, but do it immediately!. This thou
wilt do, wilt thou not ? I thank thee for it. And if there might be
one who after the lapse of ten years should happen, quite by
chance, to read this discourse, and were to read it to the end
oh, this is what I beseech thee, read then to thyself, aloud if
possible, the Epistle for the day, oh, but do it immediately! This
thou wilt do, wilt thou not? I thank thee for it.
And thou, O woman, to thee at least it is reserved to be the
hearer and reader of the word who is not forgetful. Thou dost
comply becomingly with the Apostle's injunction that women
must keep silent in the Church. That is becoming. For her to
go out and preach, without concerning herself at all about the
home that is unseemly. No, let her be silent, let her treasure
the Word in silence; her silence will express how deeply she
treasures it. Dost thou not believe in silence ? I do. When Cain
slew Abel, Abel was silent. But Abel's blood cries to heaven;
it 'cries'
(not cried), it cries to heaven dreadful eloquence, which
never becomes mute! Oh, the power of silence! That kingly
man who bears the name of the Silent 1 did not his silence mean
anything? The others no doubt had talked loudly enough about
the salvation of the State, and perhaps about what they would do
he only was silent. What did this silence signify ? That he was
the man for the task, that he saved the State. Oh, the power of
;
silence
So
with woman. Let me describe such a woman, a hearer

Word who does not forget the Word but in listening to this
it is
of the
become
As has
does not speak in the Church, nor does she talk
at home about religion, she keeps silent. Neither is she like an
absent-minded person, far away in other regions. Thou dost sit
1
WHliam the Silent, Prince of Orange.
description do not forget to
been
said, she
thyself such a one.
71
talking to her, and sitting there for all thou art worth, thou dost
say to thyself, 'She is silent. What does this silence mean?' She
tends to her house, she is perfectly alert and attentive, as if with
her whole soul, to even the least little insignificant thing; she is
joyful, sometimes full of jest and merriment, almost more than
the children she is the joy of the home
and as thou dost sit with
all thy might looking at her, thou wilt say to
thyself, 'What does
mean ?* And so too, in case he who is closest to her,

is bound
by an indissoluble tie, whom she loves with
all her soul, and who has claim to her confidence
in case it
could be supposed that he might say to her directly, 'What does
this silence mean? What art thou thinking about? For there is
something behind all the rest, something thou must always be
this silence
to
whom
she
thinking about, tell me what it is.' She does not tell it directly;
at the most she might perhaps say evasively, 'Come along then to
Church next Sunday* and then she talks of other things. Or she
says, 'Promise me to read a sermon aloud to me on Sunday'
and then she talks of other things. What does this silence mean?
What does it mean? Well, let us not probe farther into that;
if she does not tell anything directly to her husband, how could
we outsiders expect to get to know anything ? No, let us not probe
farther into that, but let us bear in mind that this silence is precisely what we have need of if God's Word is to acquire a little
power over men.
Oh, if one might (as surely one is justified in doing from a
Christian point of view), if, in view of the present situation of the
world, of life as a whole, one might Christianly say, It is a sickand if I were a physician, and someone asked me, 'What
ness*
dost thou think must be done ?', I should answer, *The first, the
unconditional condition of doing anything, and therefore the
first thing to be done is, procure silence 3 introduce silence, God's
Word cannot be heard, and if, served by noisy expedients, it is
to be shouted out clamorously so as to be heard in the midst of the
*
it is no longer God's Word. Procure silence!

Everything
contributes to the noise; and as it is said of a hot drink that it
stirs the blood, so in our times, every event, even the most
the most fatuous, is
insignificant, every communication, even
calculated merely to harrow the senses or to stir up the masses, the
crowd, the public, to make a noise. And man, the shrewd pate,
has become sleepless in the effort to find out new, ever new means
din,
72
for increasing the noise, for spreading abroad, with the greatest
the meaningless
possible speed, and on the greatest possible scale,
racket. Indeed, the apogee has almost been attained communication has just about reached the lowest point, with respect to its
and contemporaneously the means of communica:
importance;
tion have pretty nearly attained the highest point, with respect
to quick and overwhelming distribution. For what is in such
haste to get out, and on the other hand what has such widespread
distribution as ... twaddle? 1 Oh, procure silence!
And this is what woman can do. very extraordinary superior-
ity is
required
upon men
if
but,
man by
his presence
would impose
on the other hand, every
woman
silence
can do
it;
within her limits, in her own circle 3 provided she desires to do it,
not selfishly, but serving humbly a higher aim.
Truly nature has not showed partiality for women, no, nor
Christianity either. Well, after all, it
fore womanly, within one's own limit
only human, and thereand becomingly, to desire

well what?
well, to be a
is
own significance, to be
power. So there are various ways for a woman to exercise power
by her beauty, by her charm, by her talents, by her active imaginashe may also try in a noisy way to
tion, by her happy temper
to have one's
a power. The last is" ungraceful and untrue, the first is

and uncertain. But if thou wouldst be a power, O woman,
let me confide to thee how. Learn silence; oh, learn silence from
yes, when but narrow
thyself! Oh, thou didst know it indeed
means were thy lot, thou nevertheless didst know how to arrange
thy house, thy home, pleasantly, agreeably, invitingly, not without
fascination, in spite of its frugality; and if more ample means were
thy lot, thou didst know how to arrange thy house, thy home,
become
frail
tastefully, cosily, invitingly, not without fascination; and if

opulence were thy lot, thou didst know with ingenious tact
almost concealing wealth how by these very means to spread a
certain fascination over thy house, thy home, uniting wealth and
frugality. Mine eye is not blind to this, I have perhaps only too
much of the poetical in me; but for this let others praise thee. On
1
It is to be- remembered that the means of communication S. K. was
thinking of
were only the newspaper (his special abhorrence) and the telegraph (which was just
coming into use) and yet from this passage one might suppose that he had in view
the telephone, wireless telegraphy, the radio, the news reel, not to
speak of other
modern means of making a noise.
73
the other hand, there is one thing, which if thou didst forget to
introduce it into thy house, thy home, the most important matter
that is, Silence! Silence! Silence is not a definite
is lacking
something, for it does not consist simply in not speaking. No,
silence is like the subdued light in the cosy room, like friendliness
it is not a
in the humble chamber
thing one remarks upon, but
it is there, and it exercises its beneficent influence.
Silence is like
the note, the ground-note, which is not made conspicuous; it is
called the ground-note just because it is underlying.
But this silence thou canst not introduce into the house as thou
dost summon, for example, a man to hang the curtains; no, if
silence is to be introduced, it has to do with thy presence, or witl\
the way in which thou art present in thy house, thy home. And
when thus by thy presence year after year thou hast steadily
introduced silence into thy house, in time this silence will remain
there also in thine absence as a witness unto thee, finally, alas, as
a memento of thee.
There is an adjective which characterizes the trait which is
decisive for women. Great as the differences may be between
one woman and another, this one thing is required of every
woman, no opulence conceals, no poverty excuses the lack of this;
it is like the
badge of authority worn by civil officials there are
personal distinctions, one man being in command, as a person
highly esteemed in the community, the other being the most
inconsiderable, a very subordinate person in the community;
but one thing they have in common, the badge of authority. This
trait is homeliness
'wifely homeliness*, in the best and most
favourable sense of the word. It is woman's character, just as it is
regarded as man's character to be a character. The countless hosts
of women, with all these manifold and manifoldly diversified
diversities, all of them should have in common one thing, as all
have
this in
homeliness.
common
that they are
women
Take, for example, a poor plain
they should have

if it can
woman
truly be said of her that in this fine sense she is homely, all honour
to her, I bow to her as profoundly as to a queen. And on the
other hand, in case the queen does not possess homeliness, she is
but a mediocre madam. Take a young girl of whom it might be

it would be a sin to
say she was anything of a beauty
in case she, so far as a young girl can be such, is homely, all honour
said that
to her.
And
on the other hand, a beaming beauty, and
for that
we may bestow upon her in addition
74
matter
all
sorts of talents,
but she is not homely,

for that matter let her be a celebrity
indeed she has not even a respect for this trait, so with all her
and
talents,
beauty, and celebrity, she
Homeliness
With
this
is
word we make
but a mediocre wench.

woman the great con-
to
The young
it is she who creates the home.
to be married, we nevertheless rank
never
even
she
were
if
girl,
in accordance with the measure of her feminine worth homeliness.
But silence introduced into the house is the homeliness of eternity.
woman, art to introduce this silence, learn
However, if thou,
it from thyself, and then thou mayest school others in it. Thou
must take good care, must find time for thyself, and though thou
hast so much to attend to, ah (here we have it again), thou art a
homely body, and when one has a homely way of dealing with
time, one can find time enough. This thou must be careful about.
Man has so much to attend to, so much to do with noisy things,
cession that really
all too much if thou dost not attend to it that everything is as it

should be, that silence is there, never will silence enter thy house.
;
Attend well
For
in these times a young girl learns so

only French and German but drawing
the question is whether in these times she learns what is most
important, that which later she will have to learn by herself (for
there are only a few individuals who later learn French and German by themselves), if indeed she learns it, namely, silence.
Whether she will learn it I do not know. But be attentive thou
to this, it is indeed thy task to introduce silence. Remember the
words of the Apostle about beholding thyself in the mirror of the
Word, For a woman who looks much at her reflection in the
mirror becomes vain and vainly talkative! And alas, a woman
who looks at her reflection in the mirror of the age becomes loudly
vociferous
Oh, but a woman who looks at her reflection in the
mirror of the Word becomes silent! And if she becomes silent,
this is perhaps the strongest
expression of the fact that she is not
a forgetful hearer or reader. One who after beholding herself in
the mirror of the Word became talkative
that may be an indication that she has not
if she became silent,
but
forgotten, perhaps;
then it is sure. Thou knowest it indeed: one fell in love
and
much
to this
in the Institute, not
became
talkative
maybe! But
to
become
silent
that
is
surer.
II
CHRIST
THE WAY
IS
Acts
Ascension
12
Day
THE PORTION OF SCRIPTURE APPOINTED FOR THE EPISTLE IS WRITTEN IN THE FIRST
CHAPTER OF THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES BEGINNING WITH THE FIRST VERSE
The first account I wrote,

Theophilus, about all that
Jesus undertook both to do and to teach, until the day when
He was taken up, after He had through the Holy Ghost
given commandment to the Apostles whom He had chosen,
before whom He also showed Himself alive after His
passion, by many infallible proofs, being seen of them forty
days and speaking of the things pertaining to the kingdom
assembled them together, He
not to depart from Jerusalem, but to wait
for the promise of the Father, which, saith He, ye have
heard from me. For John truly baptized with water, but
ye shall be baptized with the Holy Ghost not many days
hence. When they therefore were assembled, they asked
of Him, saying, "Lord, wilt thou at this time restore again
the kingdom to Israel ?' But He said unto them, 'It is not
for you to know the times or the seasons, which the Father
hath put in His own power. But ye shall receive the power
of the Holy Ghost which shall come upon you; and ye
of God.
And when He had
commanded them
be my witnesses, both in Jerusalem, and In all Judaea,

and in Samaria, and unto the uttermost part of the earth.
And when He had spoken these things, while they beheld,
He was taken up, and a cloud received Him out of their
sight. And while they gazed towards heaven as he went up,
behold, two men stood by them In white apparel, which
also said, 'Ye men of Galilee, why stand ye gazing up to
heaven ? This same Jesus who is taken up from you into
heaven, shall so come in like manner as ye have seen Him
shall
go Into heaven.*
PRAYER
O Lord Jesus Christ, who didst behold Thy fate in advance and yet didst not draw
back;
Thou who didst suffer Thyself to
be born in poverty and lowliness, and there-
78
and lowliness didst bear the sin of the world, being ever a sufferer,
until, hated, forsaken, mocked, and spat upon, in the end deserted even by God,
Thou didst bow Thy head in the death of shame oh, but Thou didst yet lift it up
it is true, victorious over Thine
again, Thou eternal victor, Thou who wast not,
after in poverty
enemies in
this life,
but in death wast victorious even over death; Thou didst lift up
Thou who art ascended to heaven Would that we
head, for ever victorious,

might follow Thee
Thy
CHRIST
is
the way. This
IS
is
THE WAY
His own word, so
it
surely
must
be truth.
And this way

CHRIST
is narrow. This is His own word, so it

surely
Indeed, even if He had not said it, it would still
be truth. Here thou hast an example of what it is in the highest
sense of the word to 'preach*. For if Christ never had said, "Strait
is the gate and narrow is the way that leadeth unto life', thou hast
only to look at Him, and at once thou dost see that the way is
narrow. But this is a much more solid and a much more forcible
proclamation that the way is narrow this fact that His life, every
blessed day, every hour, every instant, expresses the truth that
than if His life had not expressed it, and then
the way is narrow
on several occasions He had proclaimed, 'The way is narrow/
Thou canst see here also thaHt is at the farthest possible remove
from the genuine preaching of Christianity when a man whose
life every day, every hour of the day, every instant, expresses the
very opposite, then preaches Christianity for half an hour. Such
preaching transforms Christianity into its exact opposite. In
that ancient hymn ('We praise Thee, O God') which enumerates
the various sorts of preachers of the Word no mention is made of
this sort of preaching, which is the invention of a later age
'when Christianity is completely victorious*. In the hymn it is
must be
truth.
God they were the first

said, 'The Prophets praise Thee'
in point of time. Next, *The Apostles praise Thee\ These are
the extraordinary ministers Prophets and Apostles. Then there
comes a whole army, a swarm of men thou and I come along with
them, I can imagine well, but just hear now: 'And the noble
army of Martyrs praise Thee solemnly in the hour of death/
And then it is over. This is the preaching of the doctrine that
the way is narrow; the preacher does not mock himself, as is the
case when the way he himself follows is easy, whereas (perhaps
but perhaps,
movingly, persuasively, perhaps not without tears
:
CHRIST
IS
THE WAY
79
weeping comes easy to him) he preaches that 'the way* is

narrow that is to say, not the way he himself follows. No, the
too,
preacher's life expresses the doctrine: the way is narrow; there is

only one way, that which the preacher follows as he preaches that
'the way' is narrow. There are not two ways, one of them being
easy, a beaten path, along which the preacher goes, preaching
that 'the way' is narrow, that is, the true way, the way in which
the preacher does not walk, so that his preaching invites men to
follow Christ in the narrow way, whereas his life (and that
naturally exercises far more influence) invites them to follow the
preacher in the easy way, the beaten path. Is this Christianity?
No, life and preaching should express the same thing, that 'the
way* is narrow.
And this way, which is
Christ, this
narrow way,
is
narrow at the
very beginning.
He is born in poverty and wretchedness
to think that
born in a
it is
not a
human being
wrapped
one is almost tempted

is born
He is
that here
in rags, laid in a
manger, yet, strangely

enough,
plotted against by the mighty while He was still
an infant, so that His poor parents were obliged to flee with Him.
That in truth is already a very narrow way. For when one is bom
in an exalted position, for example as heir apparent, it well may
chance that one becomes the object of the plots of the mighty;
but to be born in a stable and be swaddled in rags there we
have poverty and indigence which may be narrow enough; but
in such circumstances one is commonly exempted at least from
stable,
He was
the plots of the mighty.
But
as
He did not seem by His birth to be designated for high
position, so in fact things remained about as they were at the

lives in poverty and lowliness, not having whereon
beginning ;
He
to lay
His head.
This already would surely be about enough to justify one,

humanly speaking, in saying about a way that it is narrow. And
yet in fact this is the easiest part of the narrow way.
In a very different sense from this the way is narrow, and that
from the very beginning. For from the very beginning His life is
a story of temptation ; it is not only a single period of His life, the
forty days, which is the story of temptation; no, His life (just as
it is also all of it the
story of the Passion) is a story of temptation.
He is tempted every instant of His life that is to say, He has in
8o
power the .possibility of taking His calling, His task, in vain.

In the desert it is Satan who is the tempter; in later instances it is
the other people who" play the role of the tempter, now it is the
populace, now the disciples, perhaps also at one time, more
effort to tempt
especially at the beginning, the mighty made an
Him to secularize His calling, His task and then, in one way
or another, He would have become something great in the world,
a king and despot, in conformity with the dearest wish of His
his
beloved disciples, so that He might have been tempted for their

sake to give in a little, instead of being obliged, humanly speaking,
to make them as unhappy as possible. Whereas other men struggle
from the very beginning with prodigious effort to become kings
and despots, He with infinitely greater effort from the very
beginning had to defend Himself against being made king and
Oh, narrow way! Narrow enough when suffering is

a still narrower way
inevitable, when there is no way out of it
when in every instant of suffering (alas, every instant was sufferfrightful!
ing!) there is this
possibility which is almost forced
despot.
this possibility of being able so easily to procure, not

but victory and all that an earthly heart could crave.
Oh, narrow way, which many true followers, however, have had
upon Him,
relief only,
though on a lesser scale! It is the universal human trait to

be regarded as something great, and the universal forgery
is to
give oneself out to be more than one truly is. Religious
suffering begins differently. By reason of his relationship to God,
the man who is called feels himself so mighty that he is not in the
least tempted to aspire to be regarded as more. No, but in the
same instant he is pierced through and through by a mortal
dread; for he understands that this sort of endowment is usually
certain destruction. And so his temptation is to affirm of himself
less than he truly is. No one shall know this along with him,
no one but God; and if he carries this out, then peace awaits
he has
him, and exultation, and glory, for thus he conquers
to endeavour precisely to defend himself against conquering.
to travel,
aspire to
Narrow way!
The way is narrow from the very beginning; for from the very
beginning He knows His fate. Oh, frightful weight of suffering,
from the very beginning! There have been many, many who
buoyantly, almost exultantly, went forth to war with the world,
hoping that they should conquer. It did not come to pass as they
CHRIST
IS
THE WAY
hoped, things took another turn; but even
81
at the instant
when
seemed most like inevitable destruction, even at that instant

there was in them perhaps a human hope that the situation
might
it
turn to victory, or a godly hope that even yet it might turn to

victory, since all things are possible with God. But Christ knew
His fate from the beginning, knew that it was inevitable He
Himself indeed would have it so, He Himself went freely into
it!
Frightful knowledge, from the very beginning! When the
populace at the beginning of His life acclaimed Him, He knew
at that instant what it meant, that it was the same populace
which would cry out, 'Crucify him!* 'Why does He want to have
anything to do with the populace?* Presumptuous man! Dost
thou dare to speak thus to the Saviour of mankind? Now he
performs again a work of love towards this people (and His whole
life was nothing else but this), but He knew at the same instant
what it means, that also this work of love contributes to bring
Him to the cross; had He in this instance loved Himself and
refrained from performing a work of love, His crucifixion perhaps
would have been doubtful. 'But then He could have left the work
undone!' Presumptuous man! Dost thou dare to speak thus to
the Saviour of the world ? Oh, narrow way!
narrow way which
nevertheless many a true follower has had to travel, though on a
A human heart finds joy in apprehending how much

granted to one. So at the beginning there is an instant when the
man with a 'call* tries his muscles as it were, happy and grateful
as a child for what is granted to him, and like a child he perhaps
craves more, yet humbly, and it is granted to him. And still more,
which is granted. He himself is almost overwhelmed, he says,
*No, now I crave nothing more.' But it is as if there was a voice
which said to him, 'Oh, my friend, this is only a small part of
what is granted thee/ At that the man with a call sinks almost
impotently to the ground, and says, *O my God, I understand it,
so then my fate is already decided, my life consecrated to suffering, it is sacrificed. And to think that now, already, I should be
able to understand thisF 1
lesser scale
is
Yes, the way is narrow, from the very beginning; for He knows
from the very beginning that His work is to work against Himself.
Ah, the way can well be narrow even where thou art at liberty to
employ all thy powers to press through, where the opposition is
1
wonder
if the
reader needs to be apprised that this passage is-autobiographical.
82
without thee;
but when thou must employ all thy powers
to
work
against thyself that is if it were far too little to say that the way
is narrow, rather it is
impassable, barred, impossible, crazy! And
yet it is the way to which applies the saying that Christ is the
way, it is just as narrow as this. For the True and the Good
which He wills if he does not relinquish them, if He labours
His might, He labours Himself into certain

on the other hand, if He too quickly stakes
the whole truth, His destruction will come too early; so He must
work against Himself, must for a long while seem to indulge in
illusions, in order the more thoroughly to ensure His destruction.
Narrow way To walk in that way is at once, even at the begin-
for
them with
all
And
destruction.
Almightily to exert the powers of omnipotence,

time a man, and therefore with the capacity to
suffer every human suffering
and then to have to use these
of
to
work
powers
against Himself, to know this
omnipotence
from the very beginning oh, from the very beginning how
ning, like dying!
to be at the same
narrow a way!
And Ms way
which is Christy this narrow way, becomes,, as it goes

narrower and narrower^ until the very last, until death.
It becomes narrower; so it does not little by little become easier.
No, the way which little by little becomes easier cannot be said
to be the way in the sense that Christ is the way. Such is the
way human shrewdness and human understanding takes. One
man perhaps has more shrewdness, greater understanding, than
another, and is capable therefore of venturing more and holding
out longer than another, but understanding and shrewdness can
constantly reckon upon the expectation that when for a longer or
shorter time suffering has been endured and effort expended, the
on^
way
will
become
On the other
easier
and
at the last
one triumphs
in this life.
hand, a way which becomes narrower and narrower

up to the very last such a way shrewdness and understanding
*it would be madness*.
never take
However, whether it be madness or shrewdness, so it is: the
narrow way becomes narrower.
4
1 am come to cast fire

upon the earth, and how I would that
were already kindled!* This is a sigh the way is narrow. A
sigh! What is a sigh? A sigh signifies that there is something
imprisoned within, something that would out, but cannot or
must not, something that would have air; so a man sighs and
it
CHRIST
IS
THE WAY
83
gives himself air (so as not to perish), while he is struggling for air
so as not to perish. *I am come to cast fire upon the earth, and
how I would that it were already kindled!*
shall I describe
How
Let me attempt it but let me at once retract

the attempt beforehand and say that it is only an impotent nothing
if it were to be taken to describe the suffering. Imagine then a
ship, but thou canst well imagine it infinitely bigger than anything
that is to be seen in reality; suppose, to mention a figure at random, that it could contain one hundred thousand men. It is a
and the strategy of the battle requires
warship, engaged in battle
that it be blown up. Think of the commander who has to kindle
this suffering?
this fire!
And
yet this
is
but a wretched, insignificant picture.
For what are one hundred thousand men compared with the whole
race! and what is it to be blown up together compared with the
fire which Christ was to kindle, which on exploding would
separate in dissension father and son, son and father, mother and
daughter, daughter and mother, the mother-in-law and the
daughter-in-law, the daughter-in-law and the mother-in-law
and where the danger is not that of death but the loss of eternal
blessedness! *I am come to cast fire upon the earth, and how I
would that it were already kindled! However, the moment has
not yet come, the terrible moment, though the not less terrible
moment is the moment before, when a man sighs, 'Oh, would it
were come to pass!'
*O faithless and perverse generation! how long shall I be with
1
you ? how long
shall I suffer you ?' This is a sigh. It is as when

not on a sick-bed, but on a death-bed, for this is no
raises his head from the
light sickness, his life is despaired of
death
is it ?'
and
'What
time
being a certainty, the
says,
pillow
will
it be ? What time is it ? However,
How
is.
only
long
question
the moment is not yet come, the terrible moment, although the
not less terrible moment is the moment before, when a man sighs,
'How long have I still to hold out?'
So then for the last time He is assembled with His disciples at
the supper which He has earnestly desired to eat with them
before He died. Defenceless He is as ever. Defenceless. Yes,
for in one respect He might have defended Himself. He might
(and that would have been on his part a mildness which men
a sick
man
might have admired

'Stay away,
come not
He
might have said to Judas,

endlessly),
to the supper, the sight of thee affects me
84
Or He might have charged one of the Apostles

(without telling him what He knew about Judas) to say to him
not to come. But no! They were all assembled together. Then
painfully.*
He said to Judas,
*What thou doest, do quickly.' This is a sigh.

Only quickly! Even the most frightful thing is less frightful than
this
only do it quickly! A sigh which draws breath deeply and
slowly
only quickly
It is as
when
man
has a prodigious task
to perform ; although the effort almost exceeds his power, he yet

'one instant longer and
has strength left for the next instant
my
strength
quickly P
Then
may be
sapped,
may be no
longer myself
hence,
'What thou
He
rises
doest, do quickly!*
from the table and goes out
Gethsemane. Here
to the
Garden of
He
sinks to the ground

oh, that it might
quickly come to pass! He sinks as in a death-swoon. Was He
indeed more a dying man on the cross than in Gethsemane ? If
the suffering upon the cross was a death-struggle
oh, this
was
and
not
in
a
also
for
without
life,
prayer
struggle
struggle
blood, for His sweat fell like drops of blood upon the ground.
Then He rises with strength renewed: 'Father in heaven, Thy
will
be done/
hast thou heard the like of it!

kisses Him
apprehended, accused, condemned! It was in the
regular course of law, it was human justice! This was a people
He had done good to; verily He had wanted nothing for Himself,
and
every day of His life and every thought was sacrificed to it
this people cried, 'Crucify him, crucify him!' There was then a
ruler of the land who feared the Emperor, a man of culture who
as such did not neglect the most important matter, 'of washing
his hands*
so He was condemned! Oh, human justice! Yes, in
Then Judas
then
He
is
quiet weather, when all goes smoothly, a little bit of some sort
of justice is done; but whenever the situation is extraordinary
human justice!
human culture, what really distinguishes
thee from that which thou dost most abhor: from lack of culture,
the vulgarity of tîe crowd? It is the fact that thou doest the same
as they, only with attention to the form, not to do it with unoh,
washed hands oh, human culture!

Then He was nailed to the cross
and then only one sigh

sigh more, the deepest, the most
terrifying: 'My God, my God, why hast Thou forsaken Me?*
This humiliation is the last extreme of suffering. Among those
more, then
it
is
over.
One
WAY
CHRIST IS THE
85
followers in the strictest sense, the blood-witnesses,
thou wilt find faint intimations of this same
experience.
who were
They
God and upon God's assistance, then there comes
the last when the sigh is to this effect: 'God hath
have relied upon

a
moment
at
forsaken me, so ye are right, ye mine enemies, exult not, for all
that I have said was not true, it was a delusion, now it is shown
God is no more with me, He hath forsaken me.*

God! And now He He had said that He was the only
but if they
begotten Son of the Father, one with the Father
to
be such
O my
how
can the Father for an instant forsake Him ? And

yet
says, *My God, my God, why hast Thou forsaken Me?*
So then it was not true that He was one with the Father. Oh,
extremest limit of superhuman suffering
human heart would
have broken a little sooner, only the God-Man has to suffer this
are one,
He
last
clean through.
Then He dies.
hearer, remember now what
My
it was we said at the

beginnarrow
it
is
not?
way
However, we go on farther; and Christ is the way. Christ is the
way, He goes up unto the mountain, a cloud receives Him out
of the sight of the disciples, He ascends into heaven and He
is the
way.
Perhaps thou sayest, Tes, and it was about this thou shouldst
have spoken to-day, not as thou hast been speaking, almost as
though it were Good Friday.' Oh, my friend, art thou one of those
who, punctually at the stroke of the clock and by the date of the
ning: this
is
calendar is able to put himself into a definite mood ? Or dost

thou suppose that it is Christianity's intention that we should
be like that, and not rather that we should combine together as
far as possible the various factors of Christianity ? Precisely on
Ascension Day it ought to be remembered that the way is narrow,
for otherwise we easily might take the Ascension in vain. Remember, the way was narrow up to the last, death comes in
between then follows the Ascension, It was not midway that
He goes to heaven, it was not even at the end of the way, for the
way ended at the cross and in the grave. The Ascension is not
a direct continuation of the foregoing, verily no And a narrow
way which even in this life becomes easier and easier never leads
so high, even when it leads to its highest goal, to victory, never
so high that it becomes an ascension into heaven. But every
if he is in the right way and not on a byway
living man is indeed
!
86
is indeed in the narrow way. Therefore doubtless the Ascension should be talked about, and about Christ as the way to it
oh, but as for the Ascension, that is so easy to go through with,
if only we reach that point, and the last way in the world to reach
it is
by wanting merely
to think
about the Ascension, even
if
thou
also dost let thyself be uplifted by the thought of the Ascension.

no one ever conquered thus!
ascends into heaven
He
no triumphator was ever

cloud received Him out of their sight
in no
thus raised above the earth! They saw Him no more
other case was triumph the last experience for anyone! He sits
so the triumph did not end with
at the right hand of the Power
the Ascension? No, that was only the end of the beginning.
eternal
Conqueror!
My hearer,
is
in
which way
art
thou walking ?
myself) that it is not true of every

that way, neither that it leads to heaven.
also
tell
Remember
(as I
narrow way that Christ
pious man has said that it costs a man just as much trouble,
or even more, to go to hell as to get into heaven. That also is a
narrow way, the way of perdition; but Christ is not that way,
neither does it lead to heaven. There is anguish and torment
enough upon this way, and to that extent the way is truly narrow,
the way of perdition, the way which, in contrast to the other ways
about which we have been speaking (the way which at the beginning is narrow and becomes easier and easier, and the narrow
way which becomes narrower and
narrower), is recognizable by
seems so easy, and becomes more
and more terrible. For it goes so easily to join in the dance of
pleasure but when it has gone on apace, and it is pleasure which
dances with man against his will
that is a heavy dance! And it
is so easy to
audacious speed, one
give rein to the passions
until passion, having taken
scarcely can follow it with the eye!
the bit in its teeth, goes with a still more audacious speed
the
man himself is not audacious enough to look where they are
carries him forcibly along with it! And it is so easy to
going!
a
sinful thought to slip into the heart
no seducer is so
permit
the fact that at the beginning
it
adroit as a sinful thought!

it is so
easy, it does not here apply as
in other instances that it is the first
step which costs, oh, no, it
costs nothing whatever, on the contrary, the sinful
thought
pays
for itself at an exorbitant rate,
it
costs nothing
until at the
CHRIST
IS
THE WAY
87
when thou must pay dear for this first which did not
anything; for when the sinful thought has gained entrance, it
conclusion,
cost
exacts a fearful price. Sin usually enters into a man as a flatterer;

when a man has become a slave of sin that is a frightful
servitude, a narrow, a prodigiously narrow way to perdition!
There are moreover other narrow ways of which it cannot
absolutely be said that Christ is the way or that they lead to heaven.
.but then
There are human sufferings enough, only too many of them,

and poverty, and misunderstanding, and who can
enumerate all of these sufferings Everyone who walks in such
a way walks also in a narrow way. Verily we should not
speak
as though these sufferings were to be counted as
loftily,
nothing
but, oh, my friend, thou knowest indeed what Christianity is,
let me merely remind thee of it. That which
distinguishes the
Christian narrow way from the common human narrow way is
willingness. Christ was not one who sought after earthly possessions but had to be content with poverty; no, He chose poverty.
He was not one who aspired after human honour and repute but
had to be content to live in lowliness, or to be misjudged and
sickness,
slandered; no, He chose humiliation. This in a stricter sense is

the narrow way. The common human sufferings are not in a
stricter sense the narrow way, yet verily the way may be narrow
enough, and thou mayest strive also to walk Christianly in this

narrow way of human suffering. If thou dost walk in it Christianto heaven, where He entered, the ascended Christ.
ly, it leads
It is true, however, that
people have doubted about the Ascension, Yes, but who is it that has doubted ? Surely not any one of
those whose life bore the marks of a 'follower' ? Surely not any
one of those who forsook everything to follow Christ? Surely
which
not any one of those who were marked by
persecution
follows as a consequence when 'following* is posited? No, by
none of them. But when they did away with 'following' and
thereby made persecution an impossibility (which in the thieves'
Latin we men speak among ourselves did not sound like an indictment of a perplexed century for its defection from Christianity- O
gracious, no, it sounded like a eulogy of the enlightened century's
-'
progress in tolerance) ; when they so abated the price of being a

Christian that to be a Christian almost meant nothing, so that
then in idleness and selfthere was nothing left to persecute
indulgence there arose all sorts of doubt. And doubt assumed an
88
importance (who could doubt it?), and people became selfa time (as we can
important by doubting just as once upon
better understand, though we do not approve of it) they became
to the poor, so now
self-important by giving all their goods
true concept of 'merit'
(presumably in order to establish the
instead of the medieval misunderstanding which they abhorred)
And while they
people became self-important by doubting.
doubted everything, there was yet one thing beyond all doubt,
1
that by this ('one must doubt everything') they assured for
themselves anything but a doubtful, nay, an exceedingly sure
with great honour and repute among
position in society, along
air of
men.
So some doubted. But then again there were some who sought
by reasons to refute doubt. Really, however, the situation is
this: the first thing was that they sought by reasons to prove
the truth of Christianity, or to adduce reason in support of it.
And these reasons they begat doubt, and doubt became the
consists in 'followstronger. For the proof of Christianity really
felt the need of reasons;
So
with.
did
That
they
away
they
ing'.
but these reasons, or the fact that there are reasons, is already a
doubt and so doubt arose and thrived upon the reasons.
They did not observe that the more reasons one adduces, the
more one nourished doubt and the stronger it becomes, that to
present doubt with reasons with the intent of slaying it is like
giving to a hungry monster one wants to be rid of the delicious
food it likes best. No, doubt at least if one intends to slay it
must not be presented with reasons, but one must do like Luther,
sort of
command it to keep its mouth shut, 2 and to the same end keep
own mouth clean and bring forth no reasons.
one's
Those, on the other hand, whose lives were marked by 'following' had no doubt about the Ascension. And why not ? First
of all, because their lives were too full of effort, too much sacrificed in daily suffering, to be able to sit in idleness and deal with
reasons and doubts, odds or evens. The Ascension was a sure
thing to them, but they were accustomed perhaps even more
because their life
rarely to think about it or to dwell upon it
1
One of S. K.'s earliest philosophical works (left unfinished and unpublished)
was Johannes Climacus^ or da omnibus dnbitandum est (1842-3), ridiculing, not
Descartes, but the followers who blindly exalted this maxim.
2
e.g. Werke, xlvii. 337 f.
CHRIST
IS
THE WAY
89
narrow way. It is like a warrior who

possesses a gorgeous robe; he knows well that he has it, but he
almost never looks at it, for his whole life is passed in daily combat
and peril, and therefore he wears an everyday dress which gives
him freedom of movement. So it was that those whose lives were
marked by 'following' were convinced that their Lord and Master
had ascended into heaven. And what contributed to this was
again 'following'. All these daily torments of suffering which
they had to bear, all these sacrifices they had to make, all this
human opposition, scorn and mockery and grins and bloody
cruelty, all this painfully prompted in the 'follower* the need
which, like the Ascension, breaks or defies natural law (such in
fact is the objection doubt raises), breaks in pieces the purely
human reasons of comfort (how could these give comfort to men
who must suffer because they have done well ?), and presses for
another sort of comfort, pressingly needs the Ascension of their
Lord and Master, and believingly presses through to the Ascension. So it always is with human need, 'from the eater cometh
forth meat* where the need is, it produces as it were that which
it needs. And the 'followers' verily had need of His Ascension in
order to hold out in such a life as they led so therefore it was a
certainty to them. But one who sits in idleness enjoying 'good
days', or is busily engaged in bustle from morning till night, but
never has suffered anything for the truth's sake, he really has no
need, it is rather something he imagines, or something he lets
himself be persuaded of for money. It almost might be said that
he interests himself in it rather as a curiosity, this thing of the
Ascension and so he doubts, naturally enough, for he has no
need; or else he discovers several reasons, or another man is so
kind as to present him with three reasons for
oh, well, it is
evident at any rate that his need is not singularly great!
And now as to thee, my hearer, how is it with thee ? Dost thou
doubt the Ascension ? If so, do as I do; say to thyself, "Well one
need not make a great fuss about such a doubt; I know very well
was so laborious and
in the
whence
it
comes and what it is due to, namely, to the fact that in

must have been sparing of myself, that
respect to "following'* I
in this respect my life has not been strenuous enough, that I have
too easy a life, that I have spared myself the danger of witnessing
for the truth and against falsehood.* Only do thus But above all,
do not become important in thine own eyes by doubting. There
!
go
I assure thee, since all such doubt is

make
this admission to thyself and before
No,
really self-betrayal.
God, and thou shalt see that one of two things will come to pass:
is
no
justification for that,
either thou wilt be
moved
to venture farther out with respect to
and then certainty about the Ascension comes at

once; or else thou dost humble thyself for having spared thyself,
for having become a 'parlour-priest', and then at least thou wilt
'following'
not permit thyself to doubt, but wilt say humbly, 'Will God be so
which is spared almost entirely
gracious as to treat me as a child
the sufferings of a "follower", and then at least I will not be a
naughty boy who on top of everything else doubts the Ascension.'
Oh, when thou
art living in opulence, admired, flattered, highly

thou art tempted to say so many a word and to take
so much which had better have been left alone, and for
remember this! thou shalt give an account and at
esteemed
part in
which
the same time the Ascension
chancing to think of
it
is
taken so lightly, perhaps in
thou art even
in
doubt and
sayest,
'An
ascension to heaven, that surely conflicts with all the laws of

nature and with the "spirit in nature" 1 (meaning, I
suppose,
But when it is for a good cause (for otherwise it is

and
even in a good cause it does indeed conflict with
unavailing,
that one should suffer because
all
human
merely
conceptions
one does well, because one is in the right, because one is loving),
when it is for a good cause thou livest in poverty, forsaken, persethou shalt see that thou wilt have no doubt
cuted, ridiculed
about the Ascension
because thou hast need of it. And
indeed not even so much as this is needed to stop doubt, for if
thou wilt humble thyself before God with the confession that thy
world
soul).
life is
not distinguished as that of a 'follower' in the strictest sense,

dost humble thyself under this confession, thou wilt
when thou
not presume to doubt. How might it be possible for thee to

present thyself with a doubt when the answer might be, 'First
go and become a follower in the strictest sense only such are

permitted to speak on this subject and of them none has
doubted/
1
Alluding to a book by -H. C. 0rsted entitled The Spirit in Nature.
Ill
IT
IS
THE
SPIRIT
Acts
THAT
2,
Pentecost
12,
GIVETil LIFE
THE PORTION OF SCRIPTURE APPOINTED FOR THE EPISTLE IS WRITTEN

IN THE SECOND CHAPTER OF THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES BEGINNING
WITH THE FIRST VERSE
And when
the day of Pentecost was come, they were all

with one accord in one place. And suddenly there came
a sound from heaven as of a rushing mighty wind, and it
all the house where
they were sitting. And there
filled
appeared unto them tongues like as of fire, which divided

and sat upon each of them. And they w ere all filled with
the Holy Spirit and began to speak with other tongues as
r
the Spirit gave them utterance. And there were dwelling

at Jerusalem, Jews, devout men, out of every nation under
heaven. Now when this was noised abroad, the multitude
came together and were confounded, because that every

man heard them speak in his own language. And they were
amazed, and marvelled, saying one to another, 'Behold,
all these which speak Galilaeans ? And how hear we
in our own tongue in which we were born? Parman
every
and
Medes, and Elamltes, and the dwellers in Mesothians,
and
in Judaea, and Cappadocia, in Pontus and Asia,
potamia,
in Phrygiaand Pamphilia, in Egypt, and in the parts of Libya
about Cyrene, and strangers of Rome, Jews and proselytes,
Cretes and Arabians, we do hear them speak in our tongues
the wonderful works of God, And they were all amazed, and
were in doubt, saying one to another, 'What meaneth this ?'
all
are not
PRAYER
Thou Holy
Ghost,
and the hearer;
fresh
Thou
from
malcest alive, bless also this our gathering, the speaker

the heart it shall come, by Thine aid, do Thou let it also
go to the heart.
way one
on holy days in our churches, but to the way
they talk on week-days, and for the matter of that
on Sundays outside of church, thou wilt scarcely find any-
My
hearer. If thou wilt give heed, not to the
talks
also
94
one who does not believe
let us say, for example, the spirit

in
of the age, the Zeitgeist. Even he who has taken leave of higher
even he who
things and is rendered blissful by mediocrity, yea,
in the contemptible servitude of
or
ends
for
toils^slavishly
paltry
and fully too, in the spirit
ill-gotten gain, even he believes, firmly
of the age" Well, that is natural enough, it is by no means anythe age is after all
thing very lofty he believes in, for the spirit of
no higher than the age, it keeps

the sort of spirit which is most
close to the ground, so that
it is
like will-o'-the-wisp; but yet he

believes in the world-spirit (Weltgelst\
believes in spirit. Or he
that strong spirit (for allurements, yes), that powerful spirit (for
delusions, yes), that ingenious spirit (for deceits, yes); that spirit
which Christianity calls an evil spirit so that, in consideration of
by no means anything very lofty he believes in when

he believes in the world-spirit; but yet he believes in spirit. Or
he believes in *the spirit of humanity \ not spirit in the individual,
but in the race, that spirit which, when it is god-forsaken by
this, it is
having forsaken God, is again, according to Christianity's teachso that in view of this it is by no means anying, an evil spirit
he
believes in when he believes in this spirit;
thing very lofty
but yet he believes in spirit.
On the other hand, as soon as the talk is about a holy spirit
how many, dost thou think, believe in it? Or when the talk is
how many, dost
about anêvil spirit which is to be renounced
thou think, believe in such a thing ?
How does this come about ? Is it perhaps because the situation
becomes too serious when it is a holy spirit ? For the spirit of the
age, the world-spirit, and such-like, I can talk about, believe in,
and thereby I do not exactly need to think of anything definite,
it is a sort of a
spirit, but I am by no means bound by what I say;
and not to be bound by what one says is something people set
store by: how often one hears, *I will say this or that, but I will not
be bound by my word.' But when it is a question of a Holy Spirit,
and of believing in a Holy Spirit, one cannot talk without binding
oneself, and then not without binding oneself to this Holy Spirit
and renouncing the
evil spirit
this is too serious, that there is a
and also (to render seriousness
oh, seriousness!
how serious! Yes, he who
secure) that there is an evil spirit
believes in the spirit of the age and in the
world-spirit, he to be
Holy
Spirit
sure, according to Christianity's opinion, believes in an evil spirit;
THE
SPIRIT
GIVETH
LIFE
95
not his opinion, and in so far he does not believe in an

evil spirit. For him, in a
deeper sense, the opposition between
good and evil does not really exist; slack or loose as he is in a
but this
is
literal sense, dissolute

doubting in his faith, unstable in all his
ways, pliant to every slightest wind of the age, the object of his
faith is of the same sort, something
airy, the spirit of the age
or,
as
he
has
in
become
his
worldly
every thought, the object of his
faith is concordant
the world-spirit.
But Christianity, which requires renunciation of the evil spirit,
teaches that there is a Holy Spirit. And to-day in the Church we
celebrate the festival of the Holy Spirit, Pentecost, in remembrance of that day when the Spirit was first poured out
upon the
Apostles.
as
So to-day it is the Holy Spirit one must speak about,

speaking upon the text
we will now do,
THE SPIRIT WHICH GIVETH LIFE.

With regard to Christianity, there is nothing
which every man is by nature more inclined than to take it
IT IS
My
vain.
hearer.
There
nothing whatsoever
to
in
Christianity, not one

Christian
which
definition,
solitary
may not, by undergoing a
little alteration,
merely by leaving out a subordinate deteris
in
minant, become something entirely different, something of which

it can be said that *it has entered into the heart of man to believe*
and so it is taken in vain. On the other hand, there is nothing
which Christianity has secured itself against with greater vigilance
and zeal than against being taken in vain. There is absolutely
no definition of Christian truth given without the subordinate
determinant which is posited at the outset by Christianity, namely,
death, this thing of dying
by which it would secure Christian
truth against being taken in vain. They say, 'Christianity is
gentle consolation, this is the gentle teaching of the grounds of
consolation'
yes, that cannot be denied, if only one first will die,
die from (afdse]\ but that is not so gentle! They picture Christ,
they say, 'Hear His voice, how invitingly He calls all unto Him,
all who suffer, and
promises to give them rest for their souls'
and verily so it is, God forbid that I should say anything else;
and yet, and yet, before this rest for the soul becomes thy portion,
it is
required (as the Inviter also says, and as His whole life here
upon earth expresses, every blessed day and every blessed hour of
the day) that thou must first die, die from
is this so inviting?
96
So
is
it
also with this Christian truth:
it
is
the Spirit which
does a man cling tighter than to the

he more strongly crave and more
vital
than
to
feel
keenly the pulse of life in himself? What
vehemently
does he shudder at more than at dying ? But here is preached a
So let us grasp at it. Who will hesitate?
life-giving Spirit.
To what feeling
What does
feeling?
giveth
life.
Give us iffe, more life, that the vital feeling may expand in me, as
though all of life were gathered together in my breast!
But might this be what Christianity is, this dreadful error ? No,
no! This bestowing of life in the Spirit is not a direct increment
of the natural life of man, immediately continuous with this oh,
it is a
blasphemy, oh, horror, thus to take Christianity in vain
new life. A new life, yes, and this is no mere phrase, as when the
word is used for this or that, whenever something new begins to
for (observe this
stir in us; no, a new life, literally a new life
well !) death comes in between, this thing of being dead ; and a
life on the other side of death, yes, that is a new life.
Death comes in between, that is Christ's teaching, thou must
!
'
die, precisely the life-giving Spirit
is
that
which
slays thee, this
expression of the life-giving Spirit, that thou must

this is in
in
that thou must die from (ajdge}
death,
depart
order that thou rnayest not take Christianity in vain. A lifethat is the invitation. Who would not grasp at it ?
giving Spirit
the
is
first
But die
first
that gives us pause!
the Spirit which giveth life. Yes, it giveth life through
death. For as it is said in an old hymn which would comfort the
survivors for the loss of the deceased, 'With death we began to
live*, so In a spiritual sense it is true that the communication of
the life-giving Spirit begins with death. Think of to-day's
It is
It was indeed a
Spirit which makes alive which on this
day was poured out upon the Apostles and verily it was also a
life-giving Spirit, as is shown by their life, by their death, whereof
we have witness in the history of the Church, which came into
existence precisely by the fact that the Spirit which giveth life was
communicated to the Apostles. But what was their condition
before this? Ah, who like the Apostles could teach what it is to
festival!
It is
time to remark that, although dt and afd both, mean simply to die, the
be used metaphorically, as S. K. does here, in the
latter (literally, *to die from*} can

sense of dying to self and to the
perfect.
world.
An
English translation
is
necessarily im-
THE
SPIRIT
GIVETH LIFE
97
die unto the world
and unto themselves? For who has ever

cherished such great expectations as for some time the
Apostles
were in, a certain sense prompted to entertain? And whose exever were so disappointed ? Then came Easter mornpectations
it is true, and Christ rose from the
ing,
grave, and then came the
Ascension
but then what further ? Yes, He then was carried
up
but what then further? Oh, dost thou believe that
to glory
any
human, even the most audacious human hope could dare in the
remotest way to engage in the task which was set the
Apostles ?
No, here every merely human hope must despair. Then came the
Spirit which made alive. So then the Apostles were dead, dead to
every merely earthly hope, to every
own power
or in
human
human
confidence in their
assistance.
Therefore, first death, first thou must die to every merely

earthly hope, to every merely human confidence, thou must die to
thy selfishness or to the world ; for it is only through thy selfishness that the world has power over thee; if thou hast died to
thy
there
selfishness, thou hast died also to the world. But,
naturally,
which
clings to so tight as to his selfishness
he clings to with his whole self! Ah, when in the hour of death
soul and body are separated, it is not so painful as to be
is
nothing a
man
obliged
to separate in one's lifetime from one's own soul! And a man

does not cling so tight to his physical body as a man's selfishness
Let me take an example modelled after
clings to his selfishness
!
those old tales about what a man in more ancient times has experienced in the way of heart-felt sufferings, which these untried,
sagacious times of ours will regard as a fable, possessing at most a
little
poetical value. Let us take an example, and to this end let
me choose a subject about which we men talk so much and which
employs us so much, I mean love. For love precisely is one of the
strongest and deepest expressions of selfishness. So then think of
a lover! 1 He saw the object, and thereupon he fell in love. And
this object then became his eyes' delight and his heart's desire.
And
he grasped after it it was his eyes* delight and his heart's

And he grasped it, he held it in his hand it was his eyes'
delight and his heart's desire! Then (so it goes in these old tales)
desire!
l
The lover* is S. K. and Regina is *the object'. Anyone who knows S, K. from
his Journals will recognize (as his contemporaries could not) how intimately personal
this whole paragraph is. In one of his earliest books, Fear and Trembling* he had
likened his sacrifice of Regina to Abraham's sacrifice of Isaac.
98
issued to him, 'Let go of this object!'

ah, and
his eyes* delight and his heart's desire!
hearer, let us
take pains to apprehend rightly how deep this shaft must penetrate if selfishness is really to be slain. For in his misery he cried,
No> I will not let go, I cannot let go of this object; oh, have
me; if I may not retain it, well then, kill me,
command was
it
was
My
compassion upon
let it be taken from rneP Thou canst well understand
him; his selfishness would be wounded very deeply indeed by
being deprived of the object, but he recognized justly that his
selfishness would be still more deeply wounded if the requirement
was that he should deprive himself of it. My hearer, let us go
or at least
farther in order to follow the suffering into its deeper recesses

when selfishness must be killed even more completely. Let us
take the 'object' also into account. So then this object, which he
had desired, which he grasped, of which he is in possession, his
which he must
eyes' delight and his heart's desire, this object
let go, ah, his eyes' delight and his heart's desire, this object, let us
assume for the sake of illuminating more strongly the pain of
dying to it, this object is of the same opinion as he, that it would
from him and it is he who must do this

no earthly power thinks of depriving
him of, which now he finds it doubly difficult to let go, for (thou
canst well imagine this) the object resorts to tears and prayers,
invokes the living and the dead, both men and God, to prevent
him and he it is who must let go of this object! Here we have
(if indeed he manages to get round that sharp corner without
here we have an example of what it is to die
losing his senses)
(afd). For not to see his wish, his hope, fulfilled, to be deprived
of the object of his desire, his beloved that may be very painful,
selfishness is wounded, but that does not necessarily mean to die.
No, but to be obliged to deprive oneself of the object of desire of
which one is in possession that is to wound selfishness at the
be cruel
to
sunder
it
He is to let go of that which
root, as in the case
of Abraham,
when God
required that
Abraham
with his own hand

oh,
frightful!
horror of madness!
must sacrifice Isaac, Isaac, the gift so long
and so lovingly expected, and the gift of God, for which Abraham
himself, that he himself
conceived that he must give thanks his whole life

long and would
never be able to give thanks enough
Isaac, his only son, the son
of his old age, and the son of promise. Dost thou believe that
death can smart so painfully? I do not. And in
case, when
any
THE
SPIRIT
GIVETH
LIFE
99
a question of death, it is then all over with, but with this
7
thing of 'dying from it is by no means all over with, for he does not
.
the deceased
die, there lies perhaps a long life before him
it is
This is what it means to die. But before the Spirit can come which
life thou must first die. Ah, sometimes when for a
day or
fiveth
>r a longer period I have felt so indisposed, so
so
weary,
incapacitated, so (this indeed is the way we express it) almost as if I were
dead, then I too sighed within myself, 'Oh bring me life, life is
what I need!' Or when perhaps I am taxed beyond my strength
and discover, so I think, that I can hold out no longer; or when
for a while it has been as if I had only misfortune in everything,
and I sank down in despondency then I have sighed within
myself, 'Life, bring me life!' But from this it does not follow
that Christianity is of the opinion that this is what I need. Suppose it held another opinion and said, 'No, first die completely;
thy misfortune, that thou dost yet cling to life, to thy life
callest a torment and a burden, die completely!'
I have seen a man sink almost into despair, I have also heard him
cry out, 'Bring me life, life, this is worse than death which puts an
end to life, whereas I am as dead and yet not dead I am not a severe
man ; if I knew any assuaging word, I should be very willing to
comfort and cheer the man. And yet, and yet it is perfectly
possible that what the sufferer had need of was really something
else, that he needed harder sufferings. Harder sufferings ! Who
is the cruel one who ventures to
hearer, it
say such a thing ?
is Christianity, the teaching which is offered at a selling-out price
under the name of gentle comfort, whereas it yes, verily, it is
the comfort of eternity and for ever, but indeed it must take a
rather hard hold. For Christianity is not what we men, both
thou and I, are only too prone to make of it, it is not a quack.
this
is
which thou
'
My
is
at
service right away,
and right away applies the
your
quack
remedy, and bungles everything. Christianity waits before
applying its remedy, it does not heal every wretched little ailment
by means of eternity this clearly is an impossibility as well as a
it heals
self-contradiction
by means of eternity and for ever
when the sickness is such that eternity can be applied that is to
say, to this end thou must first die. Hence the severity of Chriswhich
tianity, in order that it may not itself become twaddle (into
we men are so prone to transform it), and in order that it may not
ioo
confirm thee in twaddle. And the Tightness of this them surely

hast experienced in relation to smaller matters. Hast thou never
had the experience I have that when perhaps thou hadst
to moan and already to say, *I can't endure it any longer',
then, the following day, when thou wast treated rather more
and then what? Then thou wast able to do it!
sternly than ever
When the horses groan and pant, thinking that they are jaded
and that therefore a handful of hay is what they need but when
on the other hand, even with the halt of an instant the heavily
loaded wagon would roll back to the brink and perhaps drag
is it then so cruel
horse and driver and all with it into the abyss
of the driver that the blows fall frightfully, frightfully, as he never
begun
had had the heart to beat that team of horses especially, which
were to him (such a thing may well be true) like the apple of his
is that cruel, or is it
eye
loving ? Is it cruel to be (if one will)
cruel when this is absolutely the only thing that can save from
destruction or help one through ? So it is with dying (at afdge).
My hearer. Then, then cometh the life-giving Spirit. When ?
Why, when this has come to pass, when thou art deceased (afdad)\
for as it is said, *If we be dead with Christ, we shall also live with
Him*, so also it may be said, *If we are to live with Him, we must
also die with
the
first
has
Him. First death, then life. But when ? Well, when

come to pass; for with the coming of the life-giving
as with the coming of the 'Comforter' which Christ

the
promises
disciples. When comes the Comforter ? He comes
when all the dreadful things which Christ predicted of His own
life have come first, and the like horrors which He
predicted
concerning the lives of the disciples then comes the Comforter.
And that He comes precisely at that same instant is not said; it is
said only that it is when the first has come to
pass, when this
dying has occurred. Thus it is with the coming of the life-giving
Spirit
it is
Spirit.
But it comes,
does not disappoint by failure to appear. Did it

did it
disappoint them ? Did it not come
later to the true believers, did it
disappoint them by failing to make
an appearance?
No, it comes, and it brings the gifts of the Spirit: life and
not
it
come to the Apostles^
spirit.
It brings faithy 'faith*, that
faith
which
is
the gift of the
only being in the strictest sense

Spirit after death has come be-
Holy
THE
SPIRIT
GIVETH
tween. For we men are not so precise

often speak of faith
when
LIFE
in the use
101
of words,
in the strictest Christian sense
it is
we
not
In every man, with differences due to natural endowment,

a stronger or weaker spontaneity (immediacy) is inborn. The
stronger, the more vitally powerful it is, the longer it can hold
out against opposition. And this power of resistance, this vital
confidence in oneself, in the world, in mankind, and (among
other things) in God, we call faith. But this is not using the word
in a strictly Christian sense. Faith is against understanding, faith
is on the other side of death. And when thou didst die, or didst
die to thyself, to the world, thou didst at the same time die to all
immediacy in thyself, and also to thine understanding. That is
to say, when all confidence in thyself or in human support, and
faith.
God as an immediate apprehension, when every probability

it is in fact
excluded, when it is dark as in the dark night
death that we are describing then comes the life-giving Spirit
and brings faith. This strength is stronger than the whole world,
it
possesses the powers of eternity, it is the Spirit's gift from God,
it is thy victory over the world, in which thou dost more than
also in
is
conquer.
And next the Spirit brings Hofey hope in the strictest Christian
sense, this hope which is hope against hope. For in every man
there is a spontaneous (immediate) hope, in one man it maybe
more vitally strong than in another, but in death (i.e. when thou
dost die from) every such hope dies and transforms itself into
it is in fact death
hopelessness. Into this night of hopelessness
we are describing comes then the life-giving Spirit and brings
hope, the hope of eternity. It is against hope, for according to that
merely natural hope there was no hope left, and so this is hope
against hope. The understanding says, *No, there is no hope* ;
thou, however, art dead to thine understanding, and in so far as
that is the case it holds its peace, but if in any way it gets a chance
to put in a word again, it will begin at once where it left off,
and it will surely deride this new hope, the
'there is no hope*
the
as
shrewd and understanding men who were
Spirit's gift, just
at
derided the Apostles and said that
Pentecost
gathered together
they were full of new wine, just so will it deride thee and say to
thee, 'Thou must have been drunk when such a thing occurred to
there is none
thee, at least thou must have been out of thy wits'
closer to knowing that than the understanding, and that is very
102
to decease is also
understanding])?- said by the understanding, for
to die to the understanding, and the life-giving Spirit's hope is
to drive one
against the hope of the understanding. *It is enough
to despair' , says the understanding, 'however, that one can
understand. But that on the other side of this (the fact that there
that is,
is no
there should be a new hope, yea, the hope
hope)
I call
myself understanding, that is madness/ But
the Spirit which giveth life (which the 'understanding* does not
do) declares and bears witness: "The hope" is against hope.'
thou who perhaps to the point of desperation art fighting
it
which makes
hopelessly and in vain to find hope, it is this, is not,
thee indignant, that in thine opinion thou canst absolutely
the stupidest
victoriously make it evident even to a child or to
man that for thee there is no hope; and perhaps it is precisely
this that embitters thee, that they will contradict this. Well then,
entrust thyself to the Spirit, for with it thou canst talk, it acknowledges at once that thou art in the right, it says, 'That is quite right,
and to me it is very important that this be insisted upon, for it is
precisely from this that I, the Spirit, educe the proof that there is
as surely as
hope hope against hope/ Canst thou require more ? Canst thou
think of any treatment better adapted to thy situation in suffering ?
It is granted that thou art in the right, that there is no hope; thou
hast got the justice thou didst demand, and thou didst demand
also to be what thou now art, to be spared all this prattle, all these
loathsome grounds of consolation, thou art permitted, to thy
great content, to be as sick as thou wilt without being disturbed
by quacks, thou art permitted to do that which ends pain and
quiets unrest, to turn away thy face and die, liberated from the
baleful medical treatment of those who cannot bring new life but
strive painfully to keep thee alive or hinder thee from dying
and
in addition to all this thou dost get the 'hope* which is against
:
hope, the Spirit's
gift.
Finally, the Spirit also brings love. In other passages I have

sought to show (what one cannot often enough lay stress upon,
and never can make

the
clear
enough) that what we men extol under
of love is selfishness, and that if we do not pay attention

the whole of Christianity becomes confusion to us.
name
to this,
Only when thou art dead to selfishness, and therewith to the

world, so that thou dost not love the world, neither the things that
are in the world, dost not even love selfishly a single
person
THE
when
in love to
SPIRIT
GIVETH
LIFE
103
God
tfaou hast learnt to hate

thyself only then
can there be question of the love which Is Christian love. Accord-
ing to.our merely human conceptions, love coheres 'immediately*

with our nature; we regard it as a matter of course therefore that
it is
strongest in the days of youth, when the heart possesses in
immediacy all its warmth and enthusiasm, opens itself to others

in devotion, responds to others in devotion.
so too we regard
it, if not as a matter of course, yet as the usual course of
things,
that afterwards, as a man grows older, his nature attaches itself
And
less to others, is closer, does not

open itself so receptively, does not
so open-heartedly respond
which conviction we also explain as a
sorry consequence of sorry experiences. 'Alas,' we say, 'for this glad
heart of youth, of our own youth as well, so
trusting, so devoted
fact this is
exactly true!), was disappointed so often, so
had to learn to know men from quite a different side,
(if in
bitterly, I
and therefore
(so there is a therefore!) a good part of love was

quenched also in my heart/
Oh, my friend, how dost thou suppose the Apostles had learned
to know man, does it seem to thee that it was from the favourable
side ? Verily, if ever there was any one (yet
among those who are
always afoot with much talk about this young, full, loving,
friendly heart of youth, such a one is hardly to be found) who was
justified in saying, 'I have so learned to know men that I am sure
then it was Christ's Apostles!
they do not deserve to be loved*
And
an embittering experience; it is so natural to wish to

can love, and yet this is not an unreasonable
experience when what is sought after is not the other's good, or
not that alone. Not to find anything of the sort, to find the very
ah,
opposite, and to find it on the scale the Apostles found it
that is enough to be the death of one And in a certain sense it was
the death of the Apostles
they died, everything grew dark
round about them (it is in fact death we are talking of!), when
they had the frightful experience that love is not loved, that it is
this
find in
is
men what one
hated, that
mocked, that it is spat upon, that it is crucified,

and crucified while the justice which condemns it
tranquilly washes its hands, and while the voice of the populace
is loud for the robber. So
surely they swore eternal enmity to this
unloving world? Ah, yes, in a certain sense, but in another
aspect, no, no; in their love for God, in order that they might
abide in love, they banded themselves, so to speak, together with
it is
in this world,
104
God
the life-giving Spirit brought

to love this unloving world
love. And so the Apostles resolved, in likeness with the
Pattern, to love, to suffer, to be sacrificed, for the sake of saving
them
the unloving world. And this is love.

Such gifts the life-giving Spirit brought to the Apostles at
Pentecost
oh, that the Spirit would also bring such gifts to us,
there is verily great need of this in our times.
hearer, I have still a word I would say; but I will clothe it
in a form of presentation which perhaps at the first glance will
My
seem
I do it, however, advisedly and intenthink that in this way it will make a truer
to thee less solemn,
tionally,
because
impression upon thee.

Once upon a time there was a rich man who ordered from
abroad at a high price a pair of entirely faultless and high-bred
horses which he desired to have for his own pleasure and for the
pleasure of driving them himself. Then about a year or two
elapsed. Anyone who previously had known these horses would
not have been able to recognize them again. Their eyes had
become dull and drowsy, their gait lacked style and decision,
they couldn't endure anything, they couldn't hold out, they
hardly could be driven four miles without having to stop on the
way, sometimes they came to a standstill as he sat for all he was
worth attempting to drive them, besides they had acquired all

and bad habits, and in spite of the fact that they
of course got fodder in over-abundance, they were falling off
in flesh day by day. Then he had the King's coachman called.
He drove them for a month in the whole region there was not a
sorts of vices
pair of horses that held their heads so proudly, whose glance was so
fiery, whose gait was so handsome, no other pair of horses that
could hold out so long, though it were to trot for more than a
How
score of miles at a stretch without stopping.

came this
about ? It is easy to see. The owner, who without being a coachman pretended to be such, drove them in accordance with the
horses* understanding of what it is to drive; the royal coachman
drove them in accordance with the coachman's understanding of
what it is to drive.
So it is with us men. Oh, when I think of myself and of the
countless men I have learnt to know, I have often said to
myself
despondently, *Here are talents and powers and capacities
enough but the coachman is lacking,* Through a long period
THE
of time,
SPIRIT
GIVETH LIFE
105
we men, from
generation to generation have been, if I

may so say, driven (to stick to the figure) in accordance with the
horses' understanding of what it is to drive, we are directed,
brought up, educated in accordance with man's conception of
what it is to be a man. Behold therefore what we lack: exaltation,
and what follows in turn frotn this, that we only can stand so little,
impatiently employ at once the means of the instant, and in our
impatience desire instantly to see the reward of our labour, which
just for this reason is deferred.
Once it was different. Once there was a time when it pleased
the Deity (if I may venture to say so) to be Himself the coachman;
and He drove the horses in accordance with the coachman's
understanding of what it is to drive. Oh, what was a man not
capable of *at that time!
Think of to-day's" text! There sit twelve men, all of them
belonging to that class of society which we call the common
people. They had seen Him whom they adored as God, their
Lord and Master, crucified ; as never could it be said of anyone
even in the remotest, it can be said of them that they had seen
everything lost. It is true, He thereupon went triumphantly to

but in this way also He is lost to them : and now they
sit and wait for the Spirit to be imparted to them, so that thus,
execrated as they are by the little nation they belong to, they may
preach a doctrine which will arouse against them the hate of the
whole world, that is the task; these twelve men are to transform
and that on the most terrible terms, against its will.
the world
Truly, here the understanding is brought to a standstill ! In order
now, so long after, to form merely a faint conception of it, the
understanding is brought to a standstill supposing that one has
heaven
any understanding; it is as if one were to lose one's understanding

supposing one has any understanding to lose.
It is Christianity that had to be put through. These twelve
men, they put it through. They were in a sense men like us but
they were well driven, yea, they were well driven
!
Then came the next generation. They put Christianity through.

They were men just like us but they were well driven Yea,
!
they were! It was with them as with that pair of

horses when the royal coachman drove them. Never has a man
ever lifted his head so proudly in loftiness above the world as the
first Christians did in
humility before God! And just as that
verily, that
io6
pair of horses could trot, even if it were for a score of miles or more,
without being pulled up to give them breath, so these ran, they
ran at one stretch for three score years and ten without getting
out of harness, without being pulled up anywhere; no, proud as
they were in humility before God, they said, *It is not for us to lie
down and dawdle on the w ay, we come to a stop first ... at
eternity!* It was Christianity that had to be put through; so they
r
put
it
through, yea, that they did; but they also were well driven,
yea, that they
Holy
were
Spirit
Spirit, Thou
in need of,
who
we pray for ourselves and for all oh, Holy

make alive; here it is not talents we stand
dost
nor culture, nor shrewdness, rather there is here

too much of all that ; but what we need is that Thou take away
the power of mastery and give us life. True it is that a man
experiences a shudder like that of death when Thou, to become
the power in him, dost take the power from him
oh, but if even
animal creatures understand at a subsequent moment how well it
is for them that the
royal coachman took the reins, which in the
first instance prompted them to shudder, and against which their
mind rebelled should not then a man be able promptly to understand what a benefaction it is towards a man that Thou takest
away the power and givest life?

Recommended
to this Present
Second Series
by
S.
Kierkegaard
Copenliagen
1876
Time
CONTENTS
L Becoming
II.
Sober.
Christ as Pattern, or
No man
can serve two masters.
[P. Chr, Kierkegaard, Editor]
PREFACE
know, and I know only too well, how true It Is that the world wants to
be deceived. In view of this I might perhaps have some hesitation in making public
Well do
such a piece of advice as the present.

Why is It I have none ? Because I have nothing whatever to do with the world.
I address myself to the single Individual, to every individual, or to everyone as an
individual.
So when each individual does
do when I write, shuts his door, reads for himthe truth, that I have not in the remotest way
thought of wishing to approach him impertinently or to talk about him to others,
inasmuch as I have been thinking only about myself; when he reads this as an Individual, so that it does not occur to him In the remotest way to think of anyone but
himself then verily I need not fear that he might be angry with me for offering this
advice.
For what is it to be or to will to be the single Individual ? It Is to have and to will
to have a conscience. But how could a man of conscience be angry at anyone for
giving him true advice ? He might rather be angry at the contrary. What wouldst
thou say: is it insulting to treat a person not merely as a rational being but as a man
of conscience to whom one declares the true position of affairs ? I should think It
would be Insulting if one with the conceit of being shrewd were to treat a person like
a child who could not endure to learn the truth, or like a fool whom one can induce to
believe anything merely by nattering him j I should think that to hide the truth, to
deceive, would be an insult to the person who Is thus treated, and that the deceived
person is most deeply insulted when he Is pleased at being deceived.
dear reader, read aloud if possible. If thou wilt do this, let me thank thee ;
if thou wilt not only do this thyself but prompt others to do so, let me thank each
one severally, and thank thee again and again.
self, fully
convinced, as indeed
My
as I
it is
Peter 4:7. Be ye therefore Sober
BECOMING SOBER
PRAYER
in heaven, Thou art a spirit, and they that worship Thee must worship
in spirit and in truth
but how in spirit and in truth if we are not sober, even
FATHER
Thee
if
we are
Send therefore Thy Spirit into our hearts; ah, it is so often

may come to bring courage, and life, and power and strength, oh, that
indeed the condition for all the rest, and that the rest may be to our
striving to be?
invoked that
it
(this is
profit), oh, that first it
it first
might make us sober
When
came forward on Pentecost,

time with the Holy Spirit, 'then the
people were amazed and were in doubt, saying one to
another, What meaneth this?
Others, mocking, said, These
men are drunk with new wine* (Acts 2:12 f.). So then no one
was able to explain, or ventured to explain, what had occurred
MY
hearer.
filled for
the
the Apostles
first
amazement and doubt
seized them all, only the mockers

an
the Apostles were drunk, and
that
attempted
explanation,
at so early an hour, nine o'clock in the morning. Such was
the explanation. But it does not suffice; for the striking thing
is that they were in this same condition not only that morning,
no, if they were drunk, they were drunk also the next morning,
and the following, and a month later, and twenty years later, and
up to the moment of their death, they were still drunk with that
new wine which (according to the explanation of the mockers)
they must have drunk that morning for otherwise the occurrence on Pentecost is not explained by the explanation. Oh,
profound mockery of the mockers* explanation
Here, as in every case, it is evident that the world and Christianity have the most opposite conceptions. The world says of the
here;
more especially of the Apostle Peter as spokesman, 'He

and the Apostle Peter gives the warning, *Be ye sober.'
So the worldly mind regards Christianity as drunkenness, and
Christianity regards the worldly mind as drunkenness. 'Only be
reasonable, come to thy senses, try to be sober', thus does the
worldly mind address the Christian. And the Christian says to
the worldly mind, "Only be reasonable, come to thy senses, try
to be sober.* For the difference between the worldly mind and
Apostles,
is
drunk*
ii4
the Christian mind is not that the first holds one opinion and
the second another; no, the difference always is that they hold
that what the one
opinions which are diametrically opposite,
calls good the other calls evil, what the one calls love the other
calls selfishness, what the one calls godliness the other calls
the one calls drunkenness the other calls
ungodliness, what
drunken man, the 'Apostle', who
is
It
precisely the
sobriety.
finds it necessary to press upon a sober world (as I can imagine
1
the warning, *Be sober .

This precisely is the warning which perhaps is most apt to
wound the hardened worldly mind, which in general is not very
of countenance. For the wordly mind
easily wounded or put out
can put up with a great deal, one can say pretty nearly anything
to it, except to call it drunkenness. T, says the worldly mind, 'I
stick to what's certain; I don't believe anything, not the least
hold of it and feel it; and I don't believe
thing, unless I can take
own child, not my wife, not my best friend; I
not
it)
my
anybody,
for I stick to what's certain.
believe only what can be proved
I stick to what's certain, and therefore I have nothing to do in
the remotest way with all those high-flown notions about otherworldliness, about eternity, and all that which the parsons (not for
make women and children and simple folks believe;
knows what one has, but not what one is going to get
this is what I stick to. I stick to what 's certain. Therefore I never
nothing)
for one
people make so much ado about

is always made a fool of, if one
is not the person who makes a fool of the others; no, I don't love
but halt, there is one person I love, I do not
a single person
I love him more than myself (that is so fanatical, and I am
that
say
not a fanatic), but I love him just as much as myself, for this
take part in playing the
game
under the name of love, where one
is in fact myself; this person I do love, that is certain, and

ferson
stick to what's certain. One may call me selfish and heartless
and cunning and mean, for the matter of that one may call me a
scoundrel and a knave that would never disconcert me for an
instant, I stick to what's certain. The one thing, I believe, which
might for an instant disconcert me would be if it should occur
to anyone to say that I was drunk, inebriated, to say this of me,
the coldest and calmest and clearest intelligence.* Yet the Apostle
*Thou art drunken;
says, *Be sober!' and therewith he implies,
if only thou couldst see thyself, perceive that with
man,
unhappy
BECOMING SOBER
115
thee it is as with a drunkard when

he hardly
disgusting sight
to such a degree art thou intoxicated/
resembles a man
So it is that the worldly and the Christian are related to one
another. It was not only of the Apostles it was said, and not only
on Pentecost, that they were drunken with new wine ; no, it was
and continues to be the world's judgement of the Christian life.
And Christianity, on the other hand, is of the opinion that precisely
the Apostles, and precisely on Pentecost, were in the highest
degree sober, sheer spirit. And Christianity is of the opinion that
it is precisely the true Christian who is sober, and on the other
hand that in the exact degree he is less of a Christian, in that same
degree he is more in a state of inebriation. And Christianity is of
the opinion that the first effect it has, or the Spirit has, upon a
man is to make him sober. In Christianity everything goes by
determinant factor of Christianity is in the first
pairs, or every
instance its own opposite, whereas in the merely human or worldly
sphere each is simply and directly what it is. Thus, in a merely
human sense, a spirit which makes alive is a life-giving spirit, and
nothing more; in Christian experience it is in the first instance the
Spirit which killeth, which teaches how to 'die from*. Exaltation,
in the merely human sense, is exaltation, nothing more; in the
Christian sense it is in the first instance humiliation. So likewise
in the
inspiration, in the merely human sense, is inspiration;
Christian sense inspiration is in the first instance to become sober.
!
And
it is
about
this
we would
speak, about
BECOMING SOBER
When
in a
merely human way
distinction
is
made between
being sober (spiritually understood) and being drunken, one is

apt to associate sobriety with common sense, discretion, shrewdness, and all thargoes with this; and with drunkenness (spiritually
understood) to associate enthusiasm, being venturesome, and
such venturesomeness as leaves probability out of account. The
common-sense, prudent, and shrewd man, who calls himself sober,
therefore regards the enthusiasts with all their ventures as
drunken persons, says this scornfully of them, and warns others
not to be led astray by them.
And perhaps in one sense they are right, even according to
exChristianity's opinion. For Christianity is very far from
tolling every enthusiasm, every venturesome risk, and Christ
n6

who required
Him, give all to
that the 'disciple' should leave all to

the poor, and even forbear to bury his
father, even He says also (implying thereby that He does not
require of every man absolutely that he should be a 'disciple'),
'that one who intends to build a tower, will sit down first and
consider the cost, whether he have sufficient to finish it'.
So Christianity also is of the opinion that there is a venturesome
risk which is foolhardy, not praiseworthy.
But then in fact Christianity is in agreement with these common-sense, prudent, shrewd ones who, humanly speaking, are the
so-called sober people? No, far from it; no, not with a single
one of them. For between these so-called sober people there is a
difference to be observed. Some employ their common sense,
prudence, and shrewdness to coddle themselves in every way, so
Himself,
follow
that they remain pitiful half-men, forgetting (what surely needs

to be remembered in every sermon in
Christendom) that not only
and murderers and whoremongers but also flabby and

effeminate persons cannot enter into the kingdom of heaven
ah,
when some day the reckoning shall be made of the countless
multitude of the human race, there will be found a greater number
under the rubric 'The flabby \ than under all these rubrics taken
thieves
together: 'Thieves', 'Robbers', 'Murderers'. Thus it is with

some of the so-called sober people. Others, however, possess a
stronger will-power, have more violent passions, a deeper urge

for decision and action; and they
employ their prudence and
shrewdness somewhat differently. They venture farther out, tax

their strength more, do not flee from every danger; but one
thing
them probability. Within the bounds of probahave

at their disposal more
bility they
possibilities than the others,
they extort from probability declarations which it (for probability
also is prudish and niggardly) refuses to the
flabby ones; but one
thing stands fast, immovably fast, they will not let go of probability: to let go of that, they say, is to be drunken.
So here is the endless difference from the Christian attitude; for
Christianly, indeed merely religiously, considered, the man who
never let go of probability never committed himself to God. All
religious (not to say Christian) adventure is on the farther side of
probability, is by letting go of probability.
But then it is indeed true after all that Christianity is sheer
foolhardiness, the common-sense people are right, it is drunkenstands fast for
BECOMING SOBER
ness
No
It Is true
enough
117
many who thought

when they ventured to
that there are
they were venturing in a Christian spirit

let go of probability, and it was merely foolhardiness, even in the
opinion of Christianity. For Christianity has its own particular
way of being steadfast. There are, if I may so say, lightly built
men who do not possess any great amount of shrewdness, sense,
and prudence to ensure steadfastness, and for them it is only too
easy to let go of probability and make a venture. Both in a Christian and in a human sense this is drunkenness. But such people
sometimes think that the situation becomes different for the fact
that they refer their venture to God, that their venture is made in
reliance upon God. And undeniably this would indeed alter the
it is just this which must be looked after and
situation entirely
looked into, to make sure that it is really so, that it is reliance upon
God. For to affix God's name to one's wishes, one's desires, one's
plans, that too is easy, only too easy, for the lightly built; but from
this it does not follow that their venture is in reliance upon God.
No, when one lets go of probability in order to venture in reliance
upon God, one has to acknowledge to oneself what is implied in this
letting go of probability, namely, that when one thus ventures, it
is just exactly as possible that one will be victorious as that one will
be defeated. The fact that it is in reliance upon God he makes the
venture affords in fact no immediate assurance of being victorious;
herein precisely we see the precariousness of the venture of these
lightly built men in reliance upon God, in the fact that they
understand it as an assurance of being victorious. But this is not
to venture in reliance upon God, it is to take God in vain. And
what shall deter thee from this is precisely the fact that thou
honestly and candidly hast an understanding with thyself that in
letting go of probability to make a venture in reliance upon God,
thou canst quite as well be said (humanly speaking, for eternally
thy victory is nevertheless sure) to have prepared thereby thy
destruction, as to have paved the way for victory. Lo, this is a
deterrent
not, however, from venturing in reliance upon God,
but from taking God in vain by venturing. Only when thou
hast an understanding with thyself on this point, only then canst
thou venture in reliance upon God.
Thou hast let go of probability
forth, to
go forward,
to venture
be probable thou
determined to go
in God's name. Good fortune
to that extent, humanly speaking, it even may

wilt be defeated. But in spite of that thou art
og
it is true. Is it not, thou hast an

understanding
with thyself that it was not to ensure thy victory thou didst invoke
God, but in order that thou (if it should please God not to let thee
be victorious for victory is not impossible, for with God all
things are possible; indeed it must not be impossible, for then thy
venture would be presumptuous), that thou rnightest be in good
understanding with God, that He will strengthen thee to bear it
if thou must be defeated in a good cause, in a venture made in
attend thee! But
reliance
upon God. But
this is deterrent;
and
just as
no
living
being could sneak past that hundred-headed monster which

guarded the entrance to the realm of the dead, and just as no bird
flew across the Dead Sea, so does no merely human foolhardiness
get past this frightful understanding. However, if thou hast not
taken heed that this death-dealing understanding comes between
thee and thy venture in reliance upon God, thou hast taken God in
vain, thy hardy venture is foolhardiness, the notion that it is made
in reliance upon God is a vain imagination.
On the other hand, the Christian principle stands fast, that the
true Christian adventure lets go of probability. What cowardliness, worldliness, effeminacy has discovered and had the mendato venture in this way is not
city to call Christianity is not true
tempting God. Oh, abominable mendacity, oh, scurvy slander
against all the heroes of the faith, and the martyrs, and the witnesses for the truth, and the patterns But thus it always is with
us What we wish to be exempted from is danger, and effort, and
everything that flesh and blood objects to. Now it is true that
1
mark
Christianity is gentle, it may in the form of an admission
from
in
the
individual
an
the form of
well:
admission!
spare
it
when
with
he
how
it
stands
confesses
him,
much,
may
humbly
also spare him from making the venture proper to Christianity,
when he humbly confesses how it stands with him. But the
worldliness in us verily will not let itself be satisfied with this ; it is
never satisfied until it has contrived to get the wrong, the ungodly,
made secure as an article of faith, as a duty, as a dogma, as true
in order that we may renounce true Christianity as
Christianity
So
it is with this
ungodliness.
worldly talk in Christendom about
!
tempting God.
myself; but
It is I that
want *good
will not for a
Christianity and
say,
moment
days', I that
want
confess this; no,
to spare
I
invert
*To venture out beyond probability

p i n Training in
|vf ora
Christianity, p. 71.
is
BECOMING SOBER
tempting God. Fie upon me Should I who am
should I presume to tempt God?' And should
!
cunning
rascal
not desist from that,
when by
119
a Christian
I
this
who am
means
slip
out from all effort, and at the same time, at a bargain price, slip
into the reputation of being a god-fearing, pious Christian ?
No, no, it is not thus Christianly, it shall stand fast
my
God, support me, that I may be able to make it fast, for this shall
stand fast, the fact that this, precisely this, is Christianity, to venture in reliance upon God, to let go of probability, and that one
who would be a Christian can be exempted from this only by a
O my God, do
humiliating admission! This shall stand fast!
Thou make it fast: that as Christianity abominates whoring,
murder, thieving, and everything else that can defile a man, it
recognizes still another sort of defilement, namely, paltry shrewdness, effeminate common sense, and shabby servitude to pro-
bability, and probability, which, Christianly understood, is perhaps

the most dangerous defilement. Hence this is emphasized also
in Holy Scripture, but these passages one never hears mentioned;
it is
emphasized, for the Scripture speaks in exactly the same
sense of the cowardly and the effeminate as it does of robbers,
murderers, and whoremongers; and it says the very same thing
about them, that they shall not inherit the kingdom of God. Yes,
truly Christianity abominates and regards as defilement what the
world extols and regards as the highest thing, to behave always
shrewdly; and Christianity abominates this defilement as when
but this
it first entered into the world it abominated idolatry
deification of shrewdness in our times is precisely the idolatry of
our times, Christianity's abomination. Not as though Christianity
had any objection to shrewdness regarded as a talent, as a gift.
No, far from it Neither does Christianity ignore how difficult it
is when one is shrewd to have to refrain from acting shrewdly.
Oh, it is difficult, and seldom is one to be seen who having become
!
addicted to a vice gives
it
up
entirely
and how
far
more
difficult
have shrewdness at hand every instant, to perceive with a

shrewd eye what the shrewdest thing is, and the desirableness of
1
being shrewd and then to have to refrain from acting shrewdly
to
This, however, Christ requires.

1
how
This
is
a sigh
hard
it
was
give himself.
for
K. possessed shrewdness, and he often had to complain

to act contrary to the shrewd counsel he was so well able to
for S.
him
For, Christianly speaking, this
no
'
would be the eulogy pronounced, if there was a man of whom It

could be said that he was the most sensible man of his times, the
shrewdest man in the kingdom; it was known to all that if in a
difficult and complicated case one sought the shrewdest counsel,
he never went in vain if he went to him, he went in vain only if
he went to any other man but as for acting himself shrewdly, no
he never did
it
With a
purity like that of a virgin
woman,
like the
modesty of a blushing youth, he abhorred acting shrewdly. His

life was on the further side of probability, there it was he lived,
there it was he breathed, there it was he ventured in reliance upon
God he of all men the most sensible!
This is Christianity! And with this the whole situation is
inverted, so far as concerns the distinction between being sober
and being drunken. We began with the
(spiritually understood)
notion that common sense, prudence, shrewdness was what is
meant by being sober, and that venturing, venturing to let go of
is meant by
being drunken. But Chrisprobability, was what
tianity makes everything new. So it is here: Christianly, this
thing of venturing, of venturing to let go of probability, is
means to be sober as the Apostles were on
precisely what it
the day of Pentecost, were never more sober than when, in
defiance of probability, they were merely instruments before
God, oh, Christian sobriety! On the other hand, Christianly
how new indeed
speaking, common sense, prudence, all this is
is the verdict, for that it might be censored is not yet the new,
drunkenness! Yet what wonder? For it is not
but that it is
nor
nor becoming transparent to oneself before
God,
eternity,
God it is not this which inebriates. How indeed could it?
Intoxicating drinks are always composite, fermented, as is that
to which common sense and prudence and shrewdness are related,
namely, probability.
We
now go further in this Christian discourse about

and will see more particularly what it means.
sober
becoming
To become sober is to come to oneself in self-knowledge^ and
before God^ as nothing before Him y yet infinitely, absolutely^ under
will
obligation.
To come to oneself. So then; to live on in complete ignorance

of oneself, or entirely to misunderstand oneself, or to venture
with blind reliance upon one's own powers and such-like, that is
(therein we are in agreement with the merely human view), that
BECOMING SOBER
121
not to come to oneself, it is to be drunken. But then, to live on,

having accurate knowledge of and shrewd calculation upon one's
own powers, talents, qualifications, possibilities, and in the same
measure familiar with what human and worldly shrewdness
is
is that to come to oneself? Yes,

teaches the initiated
according
to the opinion of the merely human view. But not according to the
Christian opinion ; for this is not to come to oneself, it is to come
to the probable; on that road one never gets any farther. And to
come to the probable is the way to become more and more

drunken, more confused in one's head, and more and more heavy
and uncertain in one's gait all this with the delusion that one
For one never drinks oneself sober in the
is completely sober.
The
intoxicating effect of the probability as conprobability.
strued by a merely superficial knowledge of men and of the world
is not so dangerous; on the other hand, the more profound the
knowledge of men and of the world which is employed to distil
it were the
probable, so much the more dangerous is its
intoxicating effect. The probable blends within itself the knowledge of good and evil indifferently^ and even if the probable seems
as
clear, it has in truth never become clarified. The man who inquires
about the probable, and about that alone, in order that he may attach himself to that, does not inquire which is the right and which
the wrong, which is the good and which is the evil, which is the
true and which is the false
no, he inquires indifferently, 'Which
for whether it be true is a
is the probable, that I may believe it
matter of indifference, or at least of minor importance which is the
whether
probable, that I may attach myself to it and keep to it
it be evil, whether it be wrong, is a matter of indifference, or at
least of minor importance, if only it Is the probable or that which
offers probability of attaining power/ Knowledge of the probable,
the deeper it is, does not in a deeper sense lead a man to himself,
is
but farther and farther away from his deeper self; it is only in the
sense of selfishness that it brings him nearer and nearer to himself
this is what the merely human view calls sobriety Christianity
calls it drunkenness.
To come to oneself in self-knowledge. In self-knowledge. For
in all other knowledge thou art away from thyself, forgetful of
thyself, absent from thyself. This, however, is what the merely
human view calls sobriety* To forget oneself, to come not to but
:
away from oneself by losing oneself in knowing,
in understanding.
122
in thinking, in artistic production,
&c. precisely
3
this is called
In the Christian view it is drunkenness. And is it

indeed not so? Do we not say of a man who is a victim to strong
drink that he forgets himself, drowns himself or his self? And
when he has completely succeeded in this, when he has quite got
sobriety.
we do not say, *He is sober* no, we say just the

it is with knowledge: there is only one sort of
So
contrary.
knowledge which brings a man to himself entirely, and that is
self-knowledge; this is what it is to be sober, the true transparency. On the other hand, the merely human view thinks that
self-knowledge is drunkenness, that it produces what drunkenrid of himself,
ness produces: dizziness. This, however, is not so. No, it is

when he has forprecisely then a man grows dizzy, physically,
it is that he is
and
then
in
himself
drink;
dizzy,
strong
gotten
he has lost himself in the knowspiritually understood, when
ledge of something else, or, as he puts it, in objective knowledge

call him, and thou shalt see, he awakes as it were from a dream,
he has to rub his eyes as it were, to find himself, to remember
what his name is, like a drunkard.
To come to oneself in self-knowledge, and before God. For if
self-knowledge does not lead to knowing oneself before God,
then indeed there is something in what the merely human view
says, that it leads to a certain emptiness which produces dizziness.
Only by being before God can a man entirely come to himself in
the transparency of sobriety. The merely human view thinks,
on the contrary, that this thing of engaging oneself with God,
with the infinite that nothing is more certain than that this is
drunkenness, that this is just as certain as that one who from a ship
gazes at the waves, or that he who from a lofty place peers down
into the depths, or from a lesser height looks out over endless
space where nothing arrests his gaze that it is not so certain this
man will become dizzy as it is that he will become so who engages

himself with God. It may seem, too, as if this might be so, and
yet in Christianity's opinion it is just the opposite, precisely this
is the way to become entirely sober
so it is that a stronger drink
is employed to make a man sober who has become drunk with a
weaker beverage, although of course this stronger drink, by a

frightful misuse of it, may be used for drunkenness.
To come to oneself in self-knowledge, and before God, as
nothing. The merely human view thinks that to become some-
BECOMING SOBER
is
to
123
become sober;
Christianity thinks that precisely to

becoming nothing before God is the way, and that if it could
occur to anyone to wish to be something before God, this is
drunkenness, or is wishing to abuse the stronger means which
can be used to make a man sober.
thing
To become
nothing before God, and yet infinitely\ absolutely

The merely human view holds the contrary
opinion, that being sober is recognizable precisely in the fact that
one is moderate in all things, that one observes the sober maxim,
'to a certain degree'. So it is also in the case of duties: 'That indeed would be the sure way to becoming deranged in mind, the
sure way to drunkenness or madness, if one were to abandon
under
obligation.
oneself to the absolute and, as this implies, abandons oneself

absolutely to it.' Christianity thinks that it is precisely the absolute,
and this alone, or that the impression, the pressure, of the absolute
is
capable of making a man entirely sober, when he (for otherwise
he has not received the impression of the absolute)
absolutely
surrenders himself to its sway; and that, on the other hand, this
maxim, 'to a certain degree', is precisely what intoxicates, anaesthetizes, makes one heavy and lethargic and torpid and dull,
pretty much like an habitual drunkard, of whom it is said that he
falls into a state of drowsiness.
And so
can
it is
in fact, the absolute

precisely
is
the only thing that
make a man entirely sober. Let me represent this
language, and
not disturb thee
in figurative
the language does not seem

solemn enough; I intentionally put it thus in order that thou
mayest get an impression all the more true of what is represented.
If thou wert to ask a peasant, a cabman, a postilion, a
liveryman,
'What does the coachman use the whip for?* thou shalt get the
let it
same reply from them
if
all: 'Of course it is to make the horse

go/
the King's coachman, 'What does a coachman use the whip
for?* and thou shalt hear him reply,
'Principally, it is used to make
the horses stand still.' This is the distinction between being a
simple driver and a good driver. Now further. Hast thou ever
observed how the King's coachman comports himself? Or if
thou hast not observed that, then let me describe it to thee. He
sits high on his box, and
just because he sits so high he has the
horses all the more under his control. In certain circumstances,
however, he does not consider this enough. He raises himself
in his seat, concentrating all his
physical force in the muscular
Ask
124
then one lash falls; it was frightful.

wields the whip*
Generally one lash is enough, but sometimes the horse makes a
one lash more. That suffices. He sits down.
desperate plunge
But the horse? First a tremor passes through its whole body,
arm which
creature were hardly

actually it seems as if this fiery, powerful
able to support itself upon its legs; that is the first effect, it is not
so much the pain that makes it tremble as the fact that the coachman as O nly the King's coachman can has wholly concentrated
himself in giving emphasis to the lash, so that the horse is aware
as by something else) who it is
(not so much by reason of the pain
that delivers the lash. Then this tremor decreases, there is left
now
only a slight shudder, but it is as if every muscle, every fibre

now the horse stands still, absolutely
quivered. Now this is over
still. What was this ? It got the impression of the absolute, hence
When a horse which the royal coachman
it is absolutely still.
drives stands still, it is not at all the same thing as when a cab-
horse stands still, for in the latter case this means merely that it is
not going, and there is no art required for that; whereas in the
first case, to stand still is an act, an effort, the most strenuous
effort,
still.
and
also the horse's highest art,
How shall I describe this ?

same
and
it
stands absolutely
me use another figure which

speech we talk in a way about
Let
thing. In daily
it
perfectly well may be blowing a
being
is
little, or there may be at least a slight breeze, it
only what in a
way we call still weather. But hast thou never noticed another
comes
its
to the
still
weather, though
?
Just before a thunder-storm comes up there
such a stillness; it is of a different sort entirely;
not a leaf stirs, not a breath of air, it is as though all nature stood
still, although in fact a slight, almost imperceptible shudder passes
through everything. What does the absolute stillness of this
imperceptible shudder signify? It signifies that the absolute is
and the horse's absolute stillness,
expected, the thunder-storm
sort of stillness
sometimes
is
was after having got the impression of the absolute.

But it is about this we were talking, about the fact that the
Impression of the absolute makes one sober, and at the same time
alert ('watchful' is the word which the Apostle adjoins in our text)
is not that horse a symbol of this as it were ? It got the
impression of the absolute, and it became absolutely still, sober, as it were,
and watchful. Perhaps it was quite a young horse, which thus
needed the Impression of the absolute, perhaps it was an older
that
BECOMING SOBER
125
one which In its old age had become shrewd, sober,

opinions, and hence thought that everything should be 'to
horse, but
in its
a certain degree*, including this thing of standing still, so that

one does not stand quite absolutely still, or one makes oneself a
bit comfortable, because it is such an effort to stand still in this
absolute sense. At all events, the royal coachman was of a different
opinion, he conveyed the impression of the absolute. And that
the King's coachman constantly does. When one is only a simple

driver, there is no cracking of the whip; a cab-driver or a peasant
has no snap to his whip
what need of such a luxury when he
prefers to belabour the beast with the butt? But the gentleman's
coachman cracks the whip, especially when he is driving the
gentry; and when he draws up he sits and encourages the horses

by cracking the whip. He expresses the fact that he is a good
driver, but he does not give expression to the absolute. The
King's coachman, on the other hand, does not crack the whip,
he gives expression to the absolute, His Royal Majesty must not
notice in any accidental way that the coachman is driving. He
keeps absolutely still. Then he arrives home; he throws down

that very instant the horses understand that 'he* is no
the reins
and, lo!
longer driving. Thereupon out come several grooms
the absolute is over with for the time being, then one can cool
off or make oneself comfortable according to the circumstances,
one is no longer in a solemn sense altogether oneself, altogether
sober, the absolute is over with for the time being.
For only the absolute makes one entirely sober.
But that we all of us are surely, we have surely received the
impression of the absolute, the absolute impression of it ? For
and we indeed
Christianity is the absolute
are all of us Christians And what is the preaching of Christianity ?
and we have in fact a thouIt is the preaching of the absolute
what is Christianity ?
sand parsons!
Yet I have never seen any one of
say,
what
would not
whom
could venture to
at all venture to say of myself, that his life
expressed the absolute impression of the absolute, or that he was

entirely sober. Alas, we have all of us to a certain degree become
addicted to this intoxicating, *to a certain degree*, with the difference which is observable also in drunkards, that some drink
openly, making no concealment, and others, the worst of them,
drink on the sly
so likewise there are
some who expressly admit
126
that since their lives express only this thing of 'to a certain
degree', their Christianity is after all not really Christianity;
others whose lives express only this thing of *to a certain degree*
seek to maintain the appearance that they are true Christians,

it is the true
Christianity.
life in Christendom, showing
of
picture
compares with the Christian life ? then I will present to thee
that their Christianity
is all
right, that
Wouldst thou have a
how it
such a picture, to show how it is we live Christianly, and how our

life compares with Christianity, the absolute. And be not disturbed by the notion that the form of presentation is perhaps not
serious and solemn enough, for, believe me, the solemnity of
solemn Sunday discourses is so far, in a Christian sense, from
being real seriousness that it rather diverts attention from the one
what our life is,
really serious question, what reality looks like,
where we are. And do not by any means suppose that I speak as
I do because I feel myself to be better than others; no, no, already
I have made the admission about myself, and I here repeat it,
that I am coddled like all the others; and, on the other hand, my
life has
always expressed sincere sympathy with the experience
of being tried by the bothers and cares which are capable of
tormenting so greatly a poor human being. But nevertheless
Christianity requires us to be spirit, to strive thereafter, and the
seriou^ question is, what life we lead. So then, I hope, thou also
wilt willingly, honestly, and candidly, with seriousness and with
due attention (not mocking me, which would divert attention),
apply thyself to this investigation* Imagine a candidate in theology. Let it be me, I also indeed am a candidate in theology.
He has already been a candidate for some few years, and now he
enters upon that period of life when it is said of him that 'he is
1
*A candidate in theology' 'seeks': when the riddle is
seeking'.
proposed in these terms, one does not need a particularly lively
of course it is
imagination to guess at once what it is he 'seeks*
the kingdom of God (Matt. 6:33). However, thy guess is wrong ;
no, he seeks something else, a parish, a living he seeks this almost
absolutely; in other respects the affair has nothing to do with the
absolute, nor does it betray any impression of the absolute. He
seeks. In his search he runs from Herod to Pilate, recommends
1
This
tale
in one of the
in
of the candidate
who
'seeks*
numbers of the Instant \ and

theology knows it well.
was
it is
retold, more briefly and far better,

said that in Denmark every candidate
BECOMING SOBER
127
himself before ministers and secretaries, he writes and writes,

one sheet of stamped paper after another for the supplication
must be written on paper which bears the stamp of the government, perhaps one might call this the impression of the absolute,
otherwise there is nothing of the sort here. A year passes; he had
almost worn himself out with his running and seeking, which
can hardly be said to be in the service of the absolute, except (as
has been remarked) that he seeks 'absolutely everything'. Finally
he gets what he sought; he finds the Scriptural text confirmed,
*Seek and ye shall find*; but the absolute he did not find, it was
but after all it was not the absolute he was
only a small living
seeking. Still, he is at peace; and indeed he is now in need of
repose, so that he can rest himself and his legs after the much
seeking. However, when he makes himself more precisely acquainted with the income of the living, he discovers to his dismay
that it is a few hundred dollars less than he had supposed. This is
exceedingly calamitous for him, as, humanly speaking, one can
well understand and can agree with him about it. It is doubly unpleasant for him because at the same time he has found something
else which he sought concurrently, namely, a wife, which quite
obviously is related to a living, and maybe each year more so. He
loses heart. He buys again a sheet of stamped paper, is already
afoot to put in a supplication to be allowed to withdraw* However, some of his friends get him to give this up. So the thing is
decided. He becomes a parson. Now he is to be installed by the
Dean and is himself to deliver the inaugural address. The Dean
is a man of intelligence and learning, not without an eye for world-
much to his own

presents the new parson
history,
He
profit and that of the congregation.

to the congregation, makes an address,
and chooses for his text the words of the Apostle, *Lo, we have
left all and followed Thee.* Upon this text he speaks pithily and
forcefully; he shows that, especially in view of the movements of
these times, the minister of the Word must now be prepared to
and the very
sacrifice everything, though it were life and blood
reverend speaker knows that the young man he installs (yes, as
I have said, we can very well understand the young man, for that
is human ; but we cannot so well understand the Dean) happened
to be desirous of withdrawing because the living was a few
hundred
pulpit.
little.
Thereupon the new parson mounts the
the Gospel for the day, upon which he is to preach,
dollars too
And
128
'Seek ye first the kingdom of God/

very opportunely!
Truly, when one recalls what this young man had to go through
with during the laborious year of seeking, this 'seek first' is the
And
last thing, one would be likely to think of! So he
preaches.
it was in
every respect a good sermon; even the Bishop, who was
is
sermon, and excellently delivered,

it were to be
judged
'Good gracious, it was an entirely Christian serChristianly/
mon, it was the sound, unalloyed doctrine, and the stress he laid
upon/rj/ to seek God's kingdom was not without thrilling effect/
Yes, but now, Christianly judged, I mean, how far was there
here a correspondence between the preacher's life and his discourse ? I could hardly free myself entirely from the thought that
the speaker
who for me is a true picture of us all cannot
precisely be said with truth to have sought first God's kingdom.'
'That's not at all required.'
'Oh, excuse me, but that is what
he preached about, that we first should seek God's kingdom/
*
Quite so, that is exactly the way he should preach, that is what is
required of him. It is the doctrine that has to be attended to, the
doctrine has to be preached pure and unalloyed/
This represents about the way Christendom stands related to
Christianity, the absolute. After running round about on a score
of errands (alas, humanly speaking, after having had to put up
with a great deal) one gets one's finite existence made secure, and
then we get a sermon about seeking first the kingdom of God.
Is this sobriety or is it drunkenness ? The merely human view
present, said;
he
is
'It
was a
really an orator.'
capital
'Yes, but then, if
thinks that precisely this is to be sober, this assuring oneself first

of the finite, and then next preaching about first seeking God's
hold the Holy Scripture in high honour. When
kingdom.
e.g. an oath is to be particularly solemn, we swear by laying the
We
hand upon the Holy Scripture which forbids swearing. When

one has first, after long seeking, made oneself secure of the finite,
one then swears by laying his hand upon this book which bids him
to seek first the kingdom of God. And this we men regard as
I do no
sobriety, this thing of first making the temporal secure
better myself.
Yes, in truth, by putting myself seriously to the test I have been
obliged to admit that in case I were contemporaneous with one
whose life expressed the fact that he first sought the kingdom of
God, and so expressed the absolute, and that he absolutely related
BECOMING
SOBER
129
to
the
himself
absolute, or that he was 'spirit', lost to, a stranger to,
dead to all temporal, finite, earthly motives I could not
keep up
with him, every instant I should lose my
patience and be tempted
to call him a drunkard, him who is the
only sober one.
For the true situation is this.
men' are all of us more or
less drunken. But with us it is as with a man who is
full, but not
entirely full, so that he has not lost consciousness, no, he has just
the consciousness that he is slightly full, and
just for this reason
he is careful to hide this from others, if possible from himself.
What does he do then ? He seeks something to hold on to, thus
he walks close to the houses, and so walks straight without
turning
a sober man. But across an
dizzy
open square he will not venture to walk, for thus it would be revealed, what he himself knows,
that he is full. So It is, spiritually understood, with us men.
have a suspicion of ourselves, we know fairly well within ourselves that we are not thoroughly sober. But then shrewdness
and common sense and discretion come to our aid, so that by this
the finite. And then
help we can get something to hold on to
we walk straight and with confidence, without turning dizzy
We
We
we
are entirely sober.

cast a glance at us (yet
But in case the absolute were absolutely to

from this glance we withdraw, It Is for this
reason we hide among finite things, as Adam hid among the trees),
or In case we were to cast a glance Infinitely at the Infinite
(yet
we keep ourselves from doing this, it Is for this reason we busily
employ our eyes upon errands In the service of finitude) in case
the absolute were to cast a glance at us or we at it, then it would
be revealed that we are drunk. Such is the true situation. But
in our thieves' Latin we men
express It differently, we maintain
we are shrewd, sensible, and discreet persons, that we are

sober, and that it is precisely the absolute which would Intoxicate
us. This is as if that drunken man were to say, 'I am sober; but
If I were to walk across a
large square, that large square would
that
make me drunk/
'But, my good man, a large square surely Is

not something to drink. How can it make one drunk? And a
sober man can perfectly well walk across a large square without
getting drunk/ This means that the large square, or wanting to
walk across it, 'reveals that the man is drunk; but the man says
it Is the
square that does this, that he Is sober. For In fact he
rubs along the side of the houses, or at the most walks In the
middle of the way when it Is through narrow alleys where the
I3
houses
Is
o
still
are a support
then
it is
not noticed that the
man
full
It is not the absolute which

the absolute which reveals that we are drunk,
which we know well enough ourselves, and therefore shrewdly
rub along the walls of the houses,
a hold on finite
This
is
Christianity's opinion.
intoxicates, but
keep
remain
it is
things,
never venture out into the infinite. And

that it is precisely the absolute which
opinion
Christianity's
revealed that we are drunk. Oh,
first
has
makes sober, after it
in
narrow
alleys,
it is
how cunning we men

employ language!
are,
and how cunningly we know how
to
We chatter as nearly in
imitation of the truth

as though we were saying the
as possible; heard cursorily it is

leave out the little subordinate clause, 'it
same thing.
makes one drunk/ This is
we
so
and
reveals',
say, The absolute
absolute reveals that thou
thieves' Latin, Christianity says:
art drunk, and there is only one thing that can make a man entirely
sober: the absolute/
We
The
When the Apostles spoke on the first Pentecost they were never
their lives completely
precisely on that day,
had
the
absolute,
completely come to themselves in
they
expressed
mere instruself-knowledge before God as nothing, that is, as
from
delivered
and
to
His
hand
lost
ments in
every personal aim,
?
burnt out to sheer spirit, completely sober but derision said,
are full of new wine'; and the shrewd, sensible, discreet,
more sober than
They
merely human view might
say,
They
are
drunk/
TO BECOME SOBER JSt TO COMf SO CLOSE TO ONESELF IN ONE*S

UNDERSTANDING, ONE*S KNOWING,* THAT AtL ONE'S UNDERSTANDING BECOMES ACTION
Here again of course _the merely human view holds
exactly the
is just drunkenness, whereas that is
that
this
contrary opinion,
sobriety which the shrewd, the common-sense, the discreet people
exemplify, taking care to keep their understanding, their knowing, at a due distance from their lives, or their lives at a due
'such
distance from it, not letting it acquire power over them
a thing could occur only to a lunatic or a drunkard'. For to 'know*,
that is pleasure; and no sensible .man, no cultured person, wants
to be ignorant of what the right thing is, he would be insulted
but to do
if anyone were to charge him with not knowing it
BECOMING SOBER
131
accordingly, that is an exertion. To 'understand*

also this thing of understanding, of
is
a pleasure;
knowing, precisely how

cunning and crafty we men are., that we all know how to talk about
the Good, no cultivated person would endure to be in
ignorance
of this and not to be able himself to describe it
profoundly and
tellingly; for this thing of understanding, though it be an understanding of the mystery of craftiness, is a pleasure. But then to
want to strive to be oneself the honest, the sincere, the disinterested man
no, that would be an exertion. On the other
hand, even the greatest exertion (if one will) in relation to knowing,
to understanding, is only a pleasure, as the huntsman's exertion,
his sweat and toil, to capture a beast, or as the fisherman's
perseverance, is a pleasure; but to do in accordance with what one
knows, what one understands, that is an exertion.
Therefore we men, cunning as we always are in relation to God
and godly truth, have concentrated our whole attention upon
understanding and knowing; we pretend that it is here the difficulty lies, and that then the consequence naturally follows that if
only we understood what is right, it then follows as a matter of
course that we would do it. Oh, tragic misunderstanding, or cunning invention! No, infinitely farther than from the profoundest
ignorance to the clearest understanding, infinitely farther is the
distance from the clearest understanding to doing accordingly;
indeed, in the first instance there is only a difference of degree, in
the other there is an essential difference of kind. All my labour
with respect to knowing has no effect upon my life, upon its
lusts, its passions, its selfishness
it is
fore an"
it
leaves
me
entirely
unchanged
my life. However much thereQ^li^^^Tfr*^^^^fS^^ jri'3Lj have erred, compared
my
action
which changes
with our age it was generally in the right when it translated at once
Christian thought into action, which is the real Christian simplicity. For indeed in our age also they talk about the importance
of presenting Christianity simply, not elaborately, and grandiand about this subject they contend in the barter of
loquently
thought, they write books about it, it becomes a science all for
itself, perhaps one may êven make a living out of it and become a
professor in this faculty, but they forget or ignore the fact that
the truly simple way of presenting Christianity is . ..to do it.
To do it, however, is an exertion, an exertion like the deatnthroe, it is in fact to 'die from* (afdse)^ but to depict Christian
.

pleasure. And by 'doing the Christian
132
truth, that is a
thou wilt at the
same time
doctrine*
men's friendship, perhaps even

and what wonder, indeed, for
stir them up to persecute thee
how could living men, who with their whole soul cling to this life
and all that belongs to it, how could they tranquilly put up with
lose
having a deceased (Afded) person among them ? On the other

hand, by merely depicting Christianity (especially when at the
same time thou dost assure thyself of profiting by it, so as to
become very popular and perfectly well understood by means of
the profit thou hast) thou wilt even be able to have great
oh that I had a voice which could
success among men. For
make itself heard, that I could impart to it the significance a
dying man's word has, and that what is said might continue to
.
is so decisively
important! In the possibility
easy; and merely as depicted or entertained as a
and expressed in
possibility it pleases: in reality it is so hard,
often
reality, or as action, it incites people against thee.
I have come back to this point! When thou seest an orator who
reverberate,
it
Christianity
Is
How
merely with some talent depicts Christianity, but no more than

he
that, depicts Christianity and so presents it as a possibility
Is honoured, highly esteemed, almost deified by
people. How
natural it is to argue thus: If then in addition to this his life gave
expression to it, how greatly he then would have been loved O
my dear man, let him guard himself well against that!
!
And this,
shrewd, discreet man understands,

he
he
is so
is
(for
prudent in establishing a
sober)
yawning gulf between his understanding, his knowing, and his
life; for he is sober.
But Christianity says, 'He is drunk, he maintains himself in a
state of drunkenness, for he shudders at the consequence of being
sober even for a single day/ And as a drunken man does not know
what he does, so neither does the shrewd, sensible man know
what he does, that it is to his own destruction he thus develops
his knowing, his understanding; for as a sober man has said, *A
man is proud of his understanding and does not reflect that it is
according to that he shall be judged.' For the more one has
understood, and the better he has understood it, the severer the
judgement when one day eternity will compel him to be sober.
But sober he certainly is not, any more than a man is sober
because with great shrewdness he knows how to calculate exactly
and hence
this precisely, the
BECOMING SOBER
what he needs
in order to assure himself of
being
In
35
such a
condition that consciousness does not awaken disturbingly. He

extends his knowing, his understanding; there is nothing in that,
he thinks, which resembles drunkenness. He defends himself
against his knowledge; with prodigious shrewdness he knows
how to defend himself against his knowledge there is surely
nothing in that, he thinks, to indicate drunkenness. But why
does he defend himself against his right knowledge? Why?

Because at bottom he knows it would reveal to him that he "is
drunk as it will do when one day eternity shall prevent him
from defending himself against it.
The
In every man there is a talent,

understanding.
every man, the most knowing and the most
limited, is in his knowing far ahead of what he is in his life, or of
what his life expresses. This disproportion, however, we men are
less concerned about. Upon knowing, on the other hand, we lay
true situation
is
this.
And
and all strive, each one for himself, to develop his

understanding more and more.
'But', says the sensible man, 'the thing one must be careful
about is the direction one's knowing takes. In case my knowing
turns inward towards myself, in case I am not careful to prevent
this, then my knowing becomes highly intoxicating, it is the way
to become completely drunk; for then there comes about a
drunken confusion between knowing and the knower, so that the
knower himself will come to resemble, will actually be, the thing
known. And this is drunkenness. That this is the case thou wilt
promptly discover. For if thy knowing takes such a turn, and if
thou dost give in to it, the end will soon be that thou wilt come
toppling into reality like a drunkard, pitching thyself heedlessly
into heedless action, without giving understanding and shrewdness time to take due heed of what is advantageous, what is
great store,
That 's why we, the sober people, give warning not
against knowing and extending one's knowledge, but against
letting one's knowledge take the inward direction, for then it is
intoxicating/ This is thieves* Latin. It makes out that it is one's
knowing which intoxicates by thus taking the inward direction,
profitable.
instead of saying that just in this
way
it
will reveal that
one
is
drunk, drunk through clinging to this earthly life, the temporal,

the worldly, the selfish. And this is what one is afraid of when
one throws upon knowing the blame for being an intoxicant. One
134
afraid that his knowing, turned against himself inwardly, will

illuminate the drunken condition inside, will illuminate the fact
that he prefers to remain in this condition, will drag him with it
out of this condition, and by the consequences of this step will
make it impossible for him to slip back into the beloved condition,
into drunkenness.
Christianity, on the contrary, says that just the fact that one's
is
knowing turns against oneself inwardly, that just this is what

makes one sober, that only that man is quite sober whose understanding, whose knowing, is action, that therefore it is not at
necessary to expend so much effort upon developing one's
understanding, if only care be taken to ensure that it gets an
all
inward direction, that it is craftiness to direct all one's attention

and concentrate all one's powers upon developing one's under-
man with only a slender understanding, but with

turned inward and so translated into action, is sober, and that
a man with the greatest understanding, but turned in the opposite
direction, is completely drunk.
A competent judge of such matters has said that it was rare to
see anyone write humbly about humility, doubtfully about doubt,
&c. This means that it is rare to find a presentation of which it
can be said that the presentation is the thing presented, so that (to
cite one of his examples) doubt is imparted in a doubting form, as
the Greeks did it, whereas in our age one must first become (how
reassuring!) a professor, decorated, married, to impart as an
article of" faith to believing hearers *doubt about everything*.
But still rarer than such a presentation which is the thing presented, still rarer is it than a man's understanding of a thing is his
action, that the fact of his understanding what ought to be done
is
his doing it!
oh, noble simplicity!
expressed by
No, there is nothing more deceitful than the human heart, and
never perhaps does it display itself more clearly than by this
disproportion between our understanding and our action. If, this
were to be severely judged, the verdict might be that we are all
hypocrites. The Apostle is milder, he says only that we are
drunk but we shrewd, sensible, discreet people say, *On the
contrary, it is we who are sober, it is the Apostle who is drunk.
Or is it not drunkenness to let one's knowing get such a power
over one that it hurls itself upon one and therewith (" reminds
him that he is drunk") drags him out into the extremest decisions.
standing, that a
this
BECOMING SOBER
135
so that instead of having soberness and joy in his

knowing, one
might rather curse his knowing which makes him unhappy, just
as
one
may become unhappy by owning up
to
something
in a state
of intoxication which he never would have acknowledged in a

sober state/ This is quite true when it is understood in a contrary sense: the sensible man, sure enough, is so sober that he will
not acknowledge that he is drunk, although he is. But then the
first requisite for being truly sober is to
acknowledge that one is
drunk.
For entirely sober, according to Christianity's opinion, is only

he whose knowing is acting. So it ought to be. Thy understanding must at once become action. At once! Alas, It is not thus
with us men! When we have understood something, there is a
long time to wait before an action follows, or before the translation
of it into action. But in the right relationship the action follows
at once, and just because of this the translation is so accurate, it is
thy understanding whole and complete. If the action does not
follow at once, this translation into action of the thing understood
becomes distorted. Alas, so it is with our actions! How much
do they resemble our understanding? Perhaps like the musical
notes thou dost reproduce with the violin-bow ? Perhaps like the
faithful reprint of a picture ? No, like blotting-paper compared
with the script on which it has lain.
Thus, for example, there is one who has understood what will
be, as he thinks, of profit to the whole human race, and perhaps
he is in the right. There is a severity which is needful ; he understands so clearly that only severity can save, so clearly that he has
with one excepthe courage also to be severe against everyone
tion: himself. Is this what it means to be sober? Yes, the merely
human view is surely of this opinion ; if he succeeds in his undertaking and doesn't get himself into trouble by it, people see his
discretion and sobriety in the fact that he knew how to direct this
fearful thought in such a way that all were wounded by it ...
except himself. Christianity, on the contrary, is of the opinion
that he is drunk, that he would have been sober if at once^ upon
discovering the saving power of severity, he had at once turned it
against himself.
Then there is one
who has understood something true, he has

understood it, oh, it stood out before him so vividly, so convincthat he thought he must
ingly, with such power of eloquence,
136
be able to convince the whole world of It and that he essayed

and he succeeds, he convinces his whole generation of the
triumphant joy of self-sacrifice. Yet there was one man he did not
convince: himself. He swung off in a wrong direction from what
he understood, or away from understanding it aright, not in the
direction of action, but into poetical and oratorical production.
At the instant when it stood out so convincingly before him, so
to do,
is the
irresistibly, that self-denial
triumphant joy, precisely at that

If he had acted
the
about
the
whole
then
triumphant joy
masterpiece
perhaps
but selfof self-denial might never have come into existence
denial, yes! Now, on the contrary, the masterpiece came into
instant a
little
self-denial
was required of him.
existence
that surely
to be sober?
J
*For,
it
will
was not
self-denial.
The merely human view
is
Is this
what
it
means
certainly of this opinion;
be said, 'although a person doesn't himself do
it,
7
that surely is the main thing!

that
this alone is the main thing,
the
of
is
opinion
Christianity
this little act of self-denial which was lacking, that if this had
come about, and at once, and as a complete rendering of his
when he can win thousands
understanding, that would have been to be sober.

Let me take still another example. There was a time when art
essayed to present a picture, the Saviour of the world, Jesus
This no doubt was misunderstanding, for in this way it

not possible to present Him, inasmuch as His glory is the glory
invisible, the inward glory, and He is *the sign of contradiction*
(what a contradiction to want to depict this!), hidden under a
contrary exterior. So art will essay in vain to do this. But what if
Christ.
is
the art of words should essay to do it? Imagine now a man seized
by this notion, and he will then employ all the potentialities of
speech to depict the Saviour of the world. But to this end he must
have repose, says he, an environment favourable to this work; and
there must be nothing to disturb him, says he 5 and furthermore
he must be assisted by everything that can serve to keep him in
the humour. 1 So in a delightful region he chooses the most lovely
environment, and he beautifies everything with art and good
taste, and never has there been such allurement for any poet as
1
Here we can perceive that this 'example* is not imagined; it is S. K. himself, the
and not
poet, in whom the aesthetical, as he said, was not abolished by the religious
at -once dethroned. The Journals show that not long before this time he still talked
like the 'example*
am a poet, I must have repose , said he.

1
*I
BECOMING SOBER
137
we must remember also that this Is indeed the most

Important task. From the outset he is already famous, people
look up to him with admiration, they look forward with admira-
for
him
but
tion to the production of his

masterpiece,
and the newspapers

have already announced It, giving him part-payment in advance of
the praise he is to receive
but we must remember also that this is
the most serious subject. Is this what it means to be sober? The
merely human view is surely of this opinion, thou canst hear It
Indeed from the newspapers, thou canst see it in everybody's
sympathy for this undertaking, which presumably will completely

compensate us for not being contemporary with Christ which
on other grounds is no little advantage to us, however much the
parsons may protest that (inexplicable !) their most fervent longing
Is to have been
contemporary with Him. But Christianity is of
the opinion that this is drunkenness, that in comparison with this
even the slightest self-denial is sobriety. For Christianity Is of
the opinion that being sober means that thy understanding is thy
action, that as the Temple-tribute was paid In its own proper
thy understanding constantly to be expressed as

and whole, Issuing Instantly the instant thou
hast understood something.
*But to become sober in this way Is frightful, there is nothing
indeed in this to arouse enthusiasm!' 'What!' Christianity will
reply, 'were then the Apostles not enthusiastic? were not the
old men who then for the first time felt enthusiastic
martyrs ?
and became like youths again, young maidens who precisely then
learned enthusiasm!* However, every man to his taste. For the
man who is accustomed to get enthusiasm from wine there seems
to be little enthusiasm in water-drinking
but what if after all
there might be enthusiasm in water-drinking For the man who
finds enthusiasm in sensual enjoyment there seems to be nothing
to prompt enthusiasm in the notion that self-denial is to be the
occasion of enthusiasm
but In case after all there is enthusiasm
in self-denial! For the man to whom, according to his opinion,
the relationship to God ought to signify that he is to get everything from God, there Is no enthusiasm In the thought that the
and yet what
relationship to God means to renounce everything
is the most blessed
thing (and so also the most apt to prompt
enthusiasm): to be able with God's aid to get everything; or to
be obliged, but also with God's aid, to do without everything?
coinage, so
action,
is
warm,
full,
138
What
truly arouses enthusiasm is not the gifts but God; but in

case thou canst readily look mistakenly at what thou
gettest (and that is indeed the lesser motive to enthusiasm); in
the
first
upon God alone
the second case thou art compelled to look

and that is the greatest motive to enthusiasm.
My
hearer.
'seriousness'
is
To become
this:
Where are we? What

what
it is is
We
sober was the task proposed; and

reality look like? where are we?
what does
not difficult;
is
the situation in Christendom
it is
more
difficult to alter
To say
it.
have so mixed up together the finite and the infinite, the

and the temporal, the highest and the lowest, that they
all coalesce and it is
impossible to tell which is which, in other
it is not so
words, the situation is one of impenetrable ambiguity
difficult to cut a view through the thickest growth of a primeval
forest as it is to get the ideals to throw light into this ambiguity,
where everything is murky, where we live well secured against the
ideals, more especially because a sensible point of view has shoved
itself between us and them, so that we are in understanding with
one another about every striving after something higher
when
it is
advantageous, but would find that a really higher striving
which waives all claim to advantages is of all ludicrous things the
eternal
most ludicrous
'exaggeration*.
In newspapers, in books, from pulpits, from university chairs,

in conventions, there is a tone of solemnity, of importance, of
such grave importance, as though everything turned upon spirit,

upon truth, upon thoughts. And perhaps too it does
perhaps.
And yet perhaps it all turns upon livings, upon careers
perhaps. Is it the living, the career, which arouses the enthusiasm
of the candidate in theology, or is it Christianity ? One does not
know. He takes the living, h& protests that it is Christianity. Is it
the living, the career, which arouses the enthusiasm of the candidate, or is it learning ? One does not know. He takes the living,
.
becomes
professor,
ho, protests
that
it is
learning.
Is
it
the
number
of subscribers which arouses the enthusiasm of the newspaper

writer, or is it the cause ? One does not know. He gloats over the
Is it love for the
subscribers, he protests that it is the cause.
many which moves a man to put himself at the head of the crowd ?
1
Here S. K. has
which first revealed
1
in
to
mind especially Goldschmiclt and

him the baseness of the press.
the Corsair
the experience
BECOMING SOBER
One
does not know.
He takes advantage of standing at
139
the head
of this mighty power, that one can plainly see; he protests that it
is out of love.
And with all this it is maintained with might and main that
Christianity exists, even that we are all Christians, so that Christianity surely never has flourished so luxuriantly. By what then
does one prove that Christianity exists ? Maybe by the fact that
there are i ,000 parsons ? Capital
so thus it is proved also that
'the Idle Hustler' 1 is not ridiculous, as has hitherto been
supposed;
no, he is in the right when he proves that he has a great deal of
And
business, proves it by the fact that he employs four clerks
yet the situation here is a different one. For at least the four clerks
are not in any way a refutation of his claim that he has a great deal
of business; but the existence of the 1,000 parsons is rather a
refutation of the existence of Christianity than a proof of it. For
what does it prove ? It proves that there are 1,000 livings, neither
more nor less. Is this Christianity ? Or will this help Christianity
to make its way in the world? Or will it not rather have the
!
contrary effect ? For the congregation is shrewd, too. The parson

may declaim, weep, pound the pulpit, 'protest* all right, if it
can be supposed that by this the congregation will get the impression of Christianity. No, the congregation says dryly, without
tears, *It is his living.* One single act performed with true selfdenial, in renunciation of the world, is infinitely more of a revival
and more of Christianity than i ,000 or 1 0,000 or 1 00,000 or a
million parsons, so long as they keep it ambiguous which is
which, whether it is the living, the career, the advantages, which
arouse their enthusiasm, or Christianity; so long as they keep it
ambiguous, for in case they say outright that it is the former, they
do no harm.
*But
is it
man
can live on air, or is Chrisinadmissible to work for

in the remotest way.
not
by any means,
Christianity's opinion that a man can and
thy notion then that a
tianity perhaps of the opinion that
it is
one's livelihood?* Not

On the other hand, it is
must keep these things separate from one another, make it clearly
evident where it is he labours for his own advantage, and where
for a cause, for ideas, for the spirit, for the higher interest, and
that he should not be tempted at any price to let this coalesce
with the other, this which is the most diverse, the infinitely diverse,
1
A character In
Holberg's
comedy of this name.
140
the heaven-wide diverse. Christianity's opinion is that to seek at

the same time one's own advantage ... in the service of truth, to
seek at the same time one's own advantage ... in labouring for
that this is bosh and the way to hypocrisy, since the latter
ideas
is infinitely higher than the former, and since it is neither the
truth nor the idea which is served by my getting a living and
a career, but it is I alone. Christianity's opinion is that
of the father of lies, that in
'protests' are the meanest invention
relation to striving for the higher aim, there is only one sort of
and then I have no
life
expresses it
protest, the fact that
making
my
need to protest; and that in the opposite case my protests are

bosh and the way to hypocrisy.
*But in speaking thus thou art forgetful of reverence for the
parson/ His Reverence! Most certainly I shall not treat inI wish that
solently his Very or his Right Reverend Reverence,
what reverence is fairly and honestly due to him may be meted
out to him, but not a bit more. But here again we encounter that
ambiguity. There are two sorts of worth, which are to be regarded
with different sorts of reverence. When a person lives blamelessly
among us he
is
entitled to be treated with respect.
Perhaps
at
the same time he is especially talented and employs this talent of

his with diligence and efficiency, thereby earning his livelihood,
so that he tan be said to be especially worthy. 1 So, for example,
an actor. On the other hand, there is an entirely different concept
of worthiness and reverence which may properly be said to have
come in with Christianity. That was upon a time when Chris-
was preached by Apostles. However, that we will leave

out of account. But there was a time when Christianity was
tianity
preached by witnesses for the truth there were no livings in

those days, inasmuch as Christianity (incredible as it is!) had
come in without any help from livings. Such a teacher of Christianity had claim to a special sort of reverence, it was his life
which justified it. But, lo, it is this concept of reverence the
still
squinting at, although their lives have become
the
precisely
opposite to the lives of these glorious ones, and the
preaching of Christianity, being entirely secularized, has become
just like every other business. And this concept of reverence is
parsons are
1
The translation of this paragraph cannot but be awkward for the reason that the
Danish honorific address to the clergy is, like the sermon, not 'reverend' but 'worthy*
BECOMING SOBER
141
not due to them. A parson in our days cannot lay claim to any other
reverence than that which pertains to every man in his own
profession, in proportion to his efficiency. If he is a distinguished
preacher very well then, there is due to him the same reverence
as to a distinguished physician, for
example, or artist, or actor,
&c.; the mediocre men rank with the mediocre; ordination cannot
decide anything personally, for when the ordained man's life is
completely secularized he cannot personally plead that he is ordained, rather might the actor, the artist, the physician, &c.,
demand that they also be ordained. Such is the situation in the
midst of Christendom, where people still sometimes doubt
whether an actor may be buried in consecrated ground, whereas
no doubt whatever is entertained as to how far the parsons have
a right to be buried in consecrated ground.
*But this then will bring everything to confusion/ Not at all,
the matter seems quite simple to me.
notion is this. Humble
before God, and for the rest childishly joyful and delighted, I am
fully convinced that it is the most honourable thing in the world
My
for a
man
to
work
for his livelihood.
So
I will
do
that.
I will,
frank-heartedly before God and with a good conscience, earn my

bread, for Example, by preaching Christianity. But, but, but my
congregation shall not have occasion to let me understand slyly
that this is my livelihood, for I intend to say to them myself
directly, with such cheerfulness and confidence that it will be a
delight: *It is my livelihood; it is not for Christianity's sake I have
got a living, it is for my own sake/ Truly it is not at all dangerous
for the congregation to get to know, what it does know anyhow,
that I also am a man, requiring something to live on. Neither is it
dangerous for the congregation to get to know, what is the truth,
that I am not so strong in faith, so alive in spirit, that I could bear
(as Christianity undeniably would prefer) to
in poverty. It is not at all dangerous for the
to
preach Christianity
congregation to get
which. No, no, not only is it not dangerous, it
know which is
the only way to
truth and salvation and Christianity. The

were to pooh-pooh the living while hiddangerous thing
I
after
look
it; for if I am so superior, so strong, I
denly
sharply
is
is if I
by doing without it. The dangerous thing

assume a dress of solemnity and reverend dignity, pretending that it is for Christianity's sake as if it were that which
stood in need of my getting a living and making a career, as
ought
is
that
to express this
I
14*
it were not I rather that stand in need of

Christianity's
Indulgence for thus making my preaching a means of livelihood ;
the dangerous thing is that I assume this dress of solemnity and
reverend dignity while the congregation laughs at me in its sleeve
and understands the situation very well, or it understands which is
which. The long and short of it is, if the fact is that this is my livelihood, if this, Christianity, signifies that I am a beggarly wretch
well then, dangerous
(which, however, is a monstrous falsehood)
know that I am a
to
it never can be that the
congregation gets
I were a
the
If
wretch.
wretch,
dangerous thing
beggarly
beggarly
is that the
congregation did not get to know it officially and
directly. And however one may turn and twist the thing, never
was he a beggarly wretch who had the courage and intrepidity to
acknowledge, *I am that/ No, the man one might quite properly
call a beggarly wretch, him thou wilt in all probability find hidden
under the rags of solemnity and reverend dignity.
ye revered figures whom Christianity so touched and moved
though
and ye conquered your hearts, and ye resolved, and kept the

resolve, to preach Christianity in poverty and lowliness, the
I do not
preaching
press insolently into your ranks; no,
that
it
fenuine
stand afar
off, bowing humbly, but for the rest, childishly joyful

and delighted, frank-hearted, with a good conscience. But one
thing I shall never do (I would make myself a good conscience
thus, and if I were to do it, I should also be making myself a
conscience, a bad conscience to have to bear), I shall never
defraud you of what is justly your due, I shall rather by God's help
succeed in illuminating your glory, ye revered figures, in illuminating it ... at my expense! I shall never let everything coalesce
into one, as people do nowadays, and say: 'The doctrine, the
is the main
thing, it makes no difference if it is
rny career, whether one does it gratis, another for
money and station, one in voluntary poverty, another in the way
of a flourishing business, one for the sake of the sacrifice and its
perquisites, the other as himself sacrificed, all this is neither here
nor there, the doctrine, in fact, is and remains the same/ What
an abomination! What a lie! An abomination! They have distracted men's attention precisely from that which is really the
decisive thing. Or is there anyone who does not know in his heart,
know for himself and know along with all the others, that this,
precisely this, endlessly differentiates a man, namely, the question
objective teaching,
my livelihood,
BECOMING SOBER
143
advantage from his striving, or exactly the

opposite ? A lie For it is not true that it is and remains the same
doctrine, since in the one case the act of preaching is the doctrine,
which is truth and remains truth in the preaching; in the other
whether he
is
to obtain
!
case the preaching makes the same doctrine falsehood

so the
doctrine does not really remain the same,
But to return again to the beginning of this last exposition:
the situation of our age is determined precisely by the fact that

we have got the infinite and the finite, the highest and the lowest,
so confounded that the situation is an impenetrable ambiguity. So
it
surely is necessary to become sober in order to get out of this
condition of drunkenness.
intention here is remote from the profane proposal when
they talk about the congregation desiring perhaps to save someoh,
thing on the parsons, scrape something off their salaries
wretched meanness If I were in control, the result would be that
people would make it a point of honour to reward them more
On the other hand, this requirement of 'Christian
liberally.
reverence' must go, if there is to be any truth in the situation.
Either one thing or the other: either a life of strenuous exertion,
My
exertion in self-denial and renunciation, exertion in witnessing for

in 'reality', not in declamations dethe truth and against lies
livered during 'quiet hours* under the sway of seventeen illusions
and then the requirement of Christian reverence; or else the

milder forms, where the parson's life is not more severely taxed
and then abandonment of the claim to
than all other people's
Christian reverence. To combine both of them is falsehood.
So this will be the conclusion of the matter. Every one of the
more capable parsons
will also surely
be able to see
this for
him-
every one of the younger men will surely find it reasonable

and be willing to accede to it. If there should be one or another
who has got only too much accustomed to this false reverence and
solemnity, so that he cannot readily resolve to make admissions,
but would rather hold on to a thing which, in a moment so
critical for Christianity as this, might have the most dangerous
self,
consequences
that
is
his
own
affair.
But this will be the conclusion of the matter, that we sober men
must come to the point of admitting where we are, and where
a 'doctrine', and
Christianity is. People say that Christianity is
the face
they go on to recount that 'this doctrine has transformed
H4-

Oh, what fools we are ... or how
of the earth*.
cunning! No,
never has any doctrine (served by what weighs it down and drags
it into finiteness,
by men of titular rank, namely, who are salaried
officials of the government) transformed the face of the world,
that is just as impossible as to make a kite rise by means of that
which pulls it down, the weight attached to it; never has any
doctrine, thus served, ever been able to stir up a little persecution,
is absolutely necessary if there is to be any question
of transforming the world. But that is a thing the person concerned takes good care to avoid. No, but Christianity was served
by witnesses for the truth who, instead of having profit from the
doctrine, and every sort of profit (and here is the decisive point
which made this doctrine something else than a doctrine), made
sacrifices for the doctrine and sacrificed everything it was served
by witnesses for the truth, who did not live on the doctrine,
along with a family, but lived and died for the doctrine. Thereby
Christianity became a power, the power which mastered and
transformed the world. Thus it was served for wellnigh three
hundred years; thereby Christianity became the power' in the
world. There was now, if I may say so, an immense capital investment accumulated; the only question was how it should be
employed. Alas, by this time there had already begun the retrogression, the illusion: instead of transforming the world, they
began to transform Christianity, Worldly shrewdness hit upon
the idea of turning the life of these witnesses, their sufferings,
their bipod, of turning it into money, or into honour and
prestige;
people shrewdly spared themselves suffering, but the fact that the
'departed* had suffered, the preachers turned to their own advantage. And in this they succeeded only too well; many centuries passed, and the good-natured, simple-hearted
people did
not notice what had occurred, that those whom one honoured and
glorified and rewarded in every way were not the 'departed* who
had made the sacrifice and got no thanks for it, but a cunning
tribe who took the thanks. And so it went on. And shrewdness
became more and more cunning in finding out new and newer,
cleverer and cleverer forms of the deceit, which spares me suffer-
which surely
me to acquire dexterously pecuniary advantages,

besides honour and prestige . .
from the fact that others have
been scourged, crucified, burnt, &c. The deceits became shrewder
and shrewder. But unfortunately the shrewdness in seeing
ing and permits
BECOMING SOBER
145
through the deceits also became greater by which, however, it Is

not affirmed that the shrewdness in seeing
through the deceits
is
any better than the deceits.
No, but shrewdness
in deceiving has encountered an

equally
great shrewdness in seeing through it. Period. This is a standstill. The
capital investment acquired in these three hundred years
has been consumed, ladies and gentlemen; it is impossible by new
deceit to squeeze more out of It, for shrewdness in
seeing through
the deceits has become precisely as great. The capital investment
has been consumed, this is status; the standstill is &faay this is
the situation; Christianity has reached the point where it has
to be said "Now then I have to begin all over again/ Is there no
one I can move to prevail over his heart and be willing to understand what Christianity is, and that to preach Christianity means
to make sacrifices, to be ready to suffer ? If such a man is to be
found, if there are to be found several of them, then Christianity
begins again to be a power, as for many ages 'this doctrine' has not
been, and as it could not become so long as merely being a
Christian (not to say parson or professor) was a livelihood, a career.
It is a standstill. And that this may become a standstill of
soberness and truth, pains should be taken to make clear that it is
a standstill, lest it become something else, something external, a
worldly revolution. Hence (since this is a matter which verily
interests Christianity only in the slightest degree, and only in
the slightest degree would serve its cause) the parson should not
be deprived of any least part of his lawful revenues, not fourpence
:
titles and dignities. Not this by any means. No,

but one thing should be made evident and notorious that it Is not
for Christianity's sake he has secured this, but for his own sake;
and that he has not obtained it by means of Christianity, inasmuch
as it would be Christianity to relinquish It, and there is need of an
Indulgence from the part of Christianity for striving after it and
care lest
possessing it. But above all there Is need of watchful
there might come about the most frightful of all confusions, that
one might hit upon the notion of wanting to be a reformer In
such a way, be it observed, that the reforming becomes pleasure,
Instead the will to reform Implies sacrifices,
profit, See., whereas
even, nor of his
suffering.
trick of saying;
People have wanted to perform the astonishing
is an objective doctrine, it makes no difference how It
'Christianity
146
This is what has

is served, the "doctrine" is the whole thing.'
abolished Christianity. It is easy to understand. There is an
existential determinant of Christianity which is the unconditional
condition, without which Christianity cannot be applied. This is
what it is: to die unto the world (afdse). Try it out now. There
comes one who preaches Christianity and whose livelihood and

he says to a man, 'Thou shalt die unto the
it is to do this
career
world the price is ten dollars.* 'How is that? Ten dollars?

'To me, for it is my livelihood, my career, to
Paid to whom?'
die unto the world.' 1 Between God (who
that
one
must
preach
and me, the single
requires, Thou shalt die unto the world')
4
individual, the poor
man who
is
to take a bite of the sour apple
and die unto the world, there is introduced as the intermediate

term (in the way of preaching) a living, a fat and good living for a
man with a family, and a rank equivalent to that of councillor, and
this is an impossibility, the
the prospect of advancement
itself. And even if the whole human race
contradicts
preaching
were to put up with this, it's no use, it's an impossibility, it can't
be done; one, two, three! It is impossible, so let the hammer fall,
let it for
ever be determined that
known and
it is
impossible.
And
since, as is
what a man's life proclaims is

a hundred thousand times more effective than what his mouth
proclaims, so is that sort of preaching as remote as possible from
well
readily understood,
being able to bring Christianity in effectually, or to bring anybody

to die unto the world, inasmuch as the hundred thousand times
greater effectiveness of that preaching is substantially expressed
thus: 'No, so far remote is it from inducing anyone to die from the
world that even the preaching that one should die unto the world
has become one among the many and various roads leading to
a rule of life
"Enjoy life's warmth ere comes the winter's snow;
and
That simply doesn't go.

So Christianity became mild
was to preach Christianity found it
cull the flowers ere the roses
go."
This they noticed themselves.

or rather, they whose career it
necessary (opt of love for men
not to say self-love) to make

a
saleable
article.
became merely 'consolation'.
So
it
Christianity
family is living in the enjoyment of all possible pleasures, then
a man announces himself as a preacher of Christianity and says,
'Have you no use

1
for the gentle consolation of eternity, which,
Substantially the same story was more tellingly told in the Journal.
translated it in
Kierkegaard* p. 533.
my
have
BECOMING SOBER
my own wares too highly,
147
without praising
I venture to call
one of life's greatest comforts and pleasures, which serves to
It costs 50
mitigate sorrows and to give joys their proper zest?
dollars/
But
upon
'Why,
that's a fair price.*
to sell Christianity thus 3 without laying
life,
is
peddling indulgences,
it
is
any obligations
trafficking with Chris-
tianity.
'And
yet,' says the preacher,
'we preach also that one must
live
*O dear, Sir, what of it that thy mouth preaches

accordingly.'
thus, when thy life preaches that this is thy livelihood, a path to
a plentiful competence for thee and thy family, a path to worldly
honours and prestige, so that really it is humbug your wanting
to put others under the obligation of "dying from the world"
from the world cannot be preached
with emphasis by one whose livelihood, whose career it is to do
for the obligation to die
this.'
And
the
here again
we
and the
last
first
are at a standstill.
Dying from
the world
is
word of
Christianity strictly understood.

those who in the first age of Christianity
This was expressed also by

preached Christianity: they were departed souls. Now the
turning-point has been reached: the preaching of Christianity,
or the preaching that Christianity requires thee to die from the
world, is exactly the opposite of dying from the world. This
simply doesn't go.
To make it go (if one will agree with me that to make something
go there must be, either in one way or in another, some sense in it)
to make it go there must first be an admission that this preaching of Christianity which in a worldly way (with worldly arrangements,
worldly norms, worldly securities)

and career, the admission that this
livelihood
is
is
the
preacher'^
not really Chris-
however truly one may preach the doctrine, 'the sound

And the trouble is, in my judgement ('in my judgement*
because I am only an unauthoritative poet, who at the most
tianity,
doctrine'.
contends for the admission of our weakness; the authoritative

teacher might pass a much more decisive judgement upon us),
the trouble is that no one for a long while past has made the
admission that this whole thing of the i>ooo parsons is not really
softer as
Christianity, but a softened form, made a whole quality
meaning
compared with genuine Christianity. It is far from
to say that for this cause such preaching is entirely without profit;
my
148
but it is quite another thing to say that Christianity, in order to

maintain its majesty and be able to assume command, must
require the admission that this is not properly Christianity.
There have been times when this preaching of Christianity,
though it was not, as it never Is, deserving of unstinted praise, was
in times, that is to say, when the congregation was
not so clearly discern between a striving after
could
knowing,
the infinite and a striving after the finite, or discern what the
protestations really mean. As the situation now is, the preachers
of Christianity cannot attain frank-heartedness and a good
conscience in the face of an all-too-knowing congregation without
having publicly attested which is which, whether it is the finite
less offensive
less
to want also the infinite,

they want, or the infinite. This *also*
to want to have one's mouth full of
or to want also the finite
flour and also to want to blow, is not merely 'also', but
purely
and simply, or solely and only, bosh. The protestation that it is
the infinite one desires, while one takes the finite, doesn't do any
good, it does not conceal the fact that there is a knowingness in the
preacher and in the congregation, and if it is there, it is indecent
not to attest it publicly by an essential change either by letting
go of the finite and finite advantages; or by making the admission
that this preaching is after all not really Christianity. It is like
bashfulness. In the case of a very small child bashfulness is one
thing; as soon as it is assumed that the child is old enough to be
knowing, bashfulness is another thing. After a knowledge has
come about, and so after it can be assumed that there is knowledge
in both parties, and a mutual knowledgerthat there is this knowafter this has come to
ledge
pass, to wish to conserve the
first bashfulness would not
only not be bashfulness but an ex:
The preaching
tremely depraved and depraving immorality.
of Christianity, or its preachers.* have long enough
both pecunilived off
arily and with respect to honours, titles, and dignities
. that there haê been those who sacrificed
of the fact
everything
for Christianity. This is no longer convincing to a
knowing
congregation. Speaking frankly, one cannot blame them for it.
How could a contradiction be capable of convincing? the
contradiction of hearing a man prove the truth of Christianity
by
the fact that there have been those who sacrificed
everything for
and of seeing that the preacher lives off of this, by
Christianity
the aid of it is in possession of earthly goods of various sorts.
.
BECOMING SOBER
which
in
situation
fact
is
when
a contradiction of the
proof.
there
149
The dangerous
knowledge in the preacher, and knowand mutual knowledge of this knowwilting to come out with it in speech, to
wish to preserve a loftier, a more solemn tone, the iintruthfulness
of which one is secretly conscious of; this is the
dangerous, the
demoralizing thing. The congregation has need of getting a
ledge
ledge
is
is
in the congregation,
then not to be
sight of that true proof not the consideration that I am living

off of the fact that there have been
people who sacrificed everyin any case (for I, an unauthorltative
thing
poet, must stick to
the easier thing, only too much
entangled with this life, and therefore a coward, as poets commonly are,
yet with the courage to
acknowledge it, which poets do not always have), the congregation
has need (of that which both I and
else must be
everyone
capable
of furnishing) of the truth, the admission, instead of
being fed
with protestations, which signify nothing to shrewd and
knowing
men. And surely the preacher also has need of getting the truth
clearly uttered, if only for the sake of doing people a little good.
And verily, according to my notion, he can do them much good,
if he is true in this fashion,
admitting that this really is not
Christianity if the preaching is to provide everything earthly for
himself and family, and that rather abundantly, if preaching is to
be his worldly career. So it is one of two: either there is real
renunciation of the earthly, in order with sacrifice and suffering
to preach Christianity; or one assures himself of the
the
earthly,
temporal, but makes then the admission that this preaching is not
properly Christianity. The first form one man has no right to
require of another, he has a right to require it of himself. The
other form we men have a right to require of one another; for,
after all, there must be truthfulness in the situation, and an end
must be put to this game of duplicity played by protestations
between knowing parties, which are therefore protestations made
by one who knows only too well how little protestations mean,
and made to those who know only too well how little protestations mean, and made with a suppression of the true state of
affairs.
Oh, these 'protestations' ! From generation to generation the

thing has gone on, while people continued in tranquil acquisition
and possession of the earthly and kept on with the protestation ;
*In case it were
required of me, I should be willing to leave all,
1 5
And the
everything, for the sake of Christianity.'
Individual, continuing in the tranquil acquisition and possession
of the earthly, kept up, twenty, thirty, forty years in short, a
whole lifetime this protestation 'In case it were required of me,
I should be willing to leave all, to sacrifice everything, for the sake
of Christianity.' "in the meanwhile the world has beheld an
but none of the protesters
moral dissolution
almost
1
sacrifice
complete
discovered that this was required of him, he merely continued to

.'
So he continued to acquire, to strive
protest that, *In case
same time he was a hero;
the
to
earthly; but at the
after,
possess
it was no fault of his that this was not made evident: in case it
,
should be required, he was willing enough

In my youth there was a young
.*
case
.
he protested that in
man who never sue-
by his proper name but by

with the protestations, but they succeed in keeping it up longer
than that young man, who after only a few years was found out.
However, now the time for protestations is past Three hundred years of immortal achievement 2 what wonder that they saved
which (though it is
up, if I may say so, an immense reserve, upon
one man draws
that
to
and
absurdity
suppose
always a confusion
draw
one
of
deeds
another's
by means of
might
heroism)
upon
keep on drawing for a long time before it
!
protestations,
clear
might
confused a thing this is. But the reserve for

in order to be a bank always
the
specie which a bank
protestations,
must possess, and which in this case Christianity's bank did
Instead
it has been consumed, ladies and gentlemen
possess,
of being able to draw on the bank, a new bank must first be
means of what in this case is the specie, namely,
founded,
became
how
by
actions, actions in the role of a Christian.

well then, one thing I can do, one thing
If I cannot do this
I will do, I will at least refrain from
I must do, and that one
thing
mendaciously ascribing something to myself by means of protestations, or from defrauding you, ye glorious ones, of your rightful
due, the reward of admiration and gratitude for your life, your
deed, which ye bequeathed to the race, not that some shrewd
1
S. K. heard Bishop Mynster utter these words in a sermon, and he religiously
noted them in Ms Journal.
2 A
pky on words, for Eedrifur means also business ventures.
BECOMING SOBER
151
people might turn it into money and suck-like, but that it might
prompt us men of a later time to imitation. I shall not *protest*.
If I am not capable of being a hero (which in every sense of the
word I doubtless am not) well then, at all events I shall not
.*; in other words, I shall not pretend that
protest that *in case
it is the fault of circumstances
(because they didn't require it of
me) that I do not show what a hero I am, I shall not pretend that
at bottom I am a hero, waiting merely for the occasion, while
my
life expresses the fact that I am (as I only too
readily find occasion
to be) just as greedy of money and just as greedy of honours as
every other man. No, if (as has been said) I am not capable of
being a hero, then it shall be made evident that I am not capable,
and that there is a lot of fudge in this */ case it is required*,
especially when the condition of the world is a moral dissolution
such as not even ancient times have seen, such as did not exist
even when Christianity came into the world, so that if no other
man will, I will vow, in the name of Christianity and of God,
.
who protests that *in case

.', to say to him,
be nothing else to prevent thee from stepping forth in
the role of the hero which thou art, except the notion that it is not
oh, my dear, my honoured friend, it is not only
required of thee
it is the last moment, if it is not too late; therefore haste,
required,
to say to everyone
'If there
haste!'
So then, the time is past for protestations protestations, the

most dangerous of all hypocritical inventions, more dangerous
than the Pharisees' righteousness of works, for after all to live so
something, but the protestations are nothing,
and yet mendaciously assert the highest claim. And if their time
is past, then let there be no more twaddling, no vacillation, whereby a man is entangled with them again, let there be resolute
decision: away with them, away with protestations, the most
dangerous of all drunkenness! Let us be sober! If my life
strictly is a real
constantly expresses, year after year, that
common run of men,
at least I shall
tions that 'in case
hold
am
just like the
my tongue from protesta-
Yet perhaps the
learners, the audience, the congregation, or,

accurately, the Christian public, will have divers objections
more
to make if the protestations are abolished, perhaps they would
even make a little effort to recall the 'protestations'. For though
it is
the preachers
who employ
protestations,
it is
perhaps the
52
use out of forcing the

hearers, the world, that get the most
that
so
Christianity may not
preachers to resort to this falsehood
become too
serious.
to the
times (when people really related themselves

a way that they either, as in the truest examples,
such
patterns
careful to
that
understood
they' must imitate them; or, although
in high
the
held
nevertheless
themselves
patterns
suffering,
spare
far from
honour, almost too high, inasmuch as they were not
device for exempting
worshipping them, which was a rather sly
themselves from imitation), in earlier times they required that the
the doctrine: this was, as we now
preacher's life should express
In our times
the
preacher had to put up.^
say, the 'security' which
itself between
inserted
has
a
(when completely worldly sapience
us and the patterns, has got rid of them, that is to say, or put them
at an almost ludicrous distance from us, so that if we were cona striving, we should find
temporary with such a life, with such
it of all ludricrous things the most ludicrous), in our times the
In
earlier
In
become too
preaching of Christianity in that way might readily
serious a thing for the Christian public. The requirement now is
therefore a different one. If thou wouldst have success in the
it is now required of thee
is
the
much
that thy life express pretty
preached,
opposite of what
or it is required that thy life, by expressing pretty much the
world with thy Christian preaching,
shall provide 'security* that the

opposite of what is preached,
is an artistic entertainment, a dramatic presentation,
preaching
with tears, movements of the arms, and such-like.
Take a few examples. Is it this thou wouldst preach, this Christian thought, that the Christians despise the world's honours and
and thou thyself
distinctions, rank and titles, stars and ribbons
art literally nobody, and in addition to this it is notorious that
thou wast not willing to attain such honours, although it was in
to talk
thy power: my dear fellow, this is not a subject for thee
about; it might seem indeed like seriousness; and the Christian
were something
public would become furious, as if Christianity
which had a right to put one's life under obligation, instead of
a consolation, a consolation, for example, for those
not been fortunate enough to attain rank
and title, Sec., in spite of their zealous effort to get it. As I have
said, this is not a subject for thee to talk about. No, try first to get
a high rank, procure then a few (or rather^ not a few, the more the
being as
it is
especially
who have
BECOMING SOBER
153
and ribbons and then preach mightily about

the Christians despising rank and titles, stars and ribbons thou
hast the applause of the Christian public, both before and behind,
both before and after, thou hast it expressed. If thou wilt, in tears,
better) of the stars
for thy life furnishes security that thy preaching is an artistic

production, and surely in the theatre more tears are shed than in
Is it this thought thou wouldst
church.
present, that after all
and thou
Christianity has a predilection for the unmarried state
thyself art unmarried ? ah, my dear fellow, this is not a subject
for thee to talk about; the Christian public would be ready to
believe that this might be seriousness
and then God have mercy
thee. No, take time, look out first to procure a wife

and
then preachify 'about Christianity having a predilection for the
unmarried state, and weep a little at the same time; the Christian
public will be moved to weep with thee in the quiet hours; for thy
life furnishes the security that the preaching is an artistic
production.
Is it this thought thou wouldst present, that in the
matter of marriage Christianity is of the opinion that a person
ought to marry only once and thou thyself art married for the
first time? ah, my dear fellow, this again is not a subject for thee
to talk about, perhaps there is a long look ahead before thou
canst preach about such a thing, perhaps thou wilt never be in a
position to do it; in any case, wait; if it be that thy first wife dies
and thou art married a second time then the moment has come,
now preachify about Christianity's opinion that a person should
marry only once Thou hast the applause of the Christian public
upon
for thy life furnishes security that thy preaching is objective.

Yes indeed one is so ready (and this doubtless is the way to
become the
darling of the Christian public), so ready to lay the
blame on the preachers of Christianity, to seek the defect in them ;

and yet perhaps it is rather the Christian public which would
compel the preachers by the fear of men (to which certainly the
public. The
preachers dare not yield) to deceive this Christian
*
world, which in every field requires security 3 has also taken pains
to secure itself against Christianity becoming through its preaching a power, a power which has the right to put a man's life under
obligation; and hence this world requires the reliable security
that the preacher's life makes preaching a punching of the air.
For the world wants to be deceived; it not only is deceived (ah,
then the thing would not be so dangerous), but it wants to be
*
154
deceived vehemently, more vehemently perhaps than any 'witness*

has struggled for the truth, the world struggles to be deceived,
and gratefully it rewards, with money, with prestige, everyone who
wants to do what it wants, wants to deceive it. And never perhaps
has the world needed so much as in our time ... to become sober.
For, to say it short and sharp this is the very definite utterance
of the New Testament, that Christianity, and the fact that one is
an 'offence to the
truly a Christian, must be in the highest degree
natural man, that he must regard Christianity as the highest
;
treason and the true Christian as the most scurvy traitor against
humanity, a treason and a traitor which never can be punished
severely enough, It is also easy to see that Christianity, being the
thing which defines man as spirit, must so appear to everyone
who has not by *dying from* been reborn as 'spirit*.
Now I have never seen a single man about whom it could in the
remotest way occur to me to think that his life (for the 'protestations' must be stricken out) expressed the fact that he was dead
and had become spirit, just as little as I count myself to be such
a one. How in the world has it come about that entire states
and countries are
we are
Christians by the millions,

become teachers in Christianity?
This is only to be explained by the fact that we have transformed
Christianity into something quite different, which the authoritative teacher might with right and reason call treason against
that there
is
Christian, that
a rush and crush to
Christianity,
So soon then as one might try to display Christianity in its

true form, that same instant. there would be this outcry against
him: *He is a traitor to us!' Aha! Even so weak, so mild, so
humble an effort as I have made to display Christianity somewhat

more truly I am convinced that there are some who secretly
judge thus about me: *He is a traitor to us, he betrays us.' They
aloud ; perhaps they think this would not be shrewd,
might be directed to this matter, and perhaps lest
or at least the matter itself, might be brought to a heat by
do not say
it
lest attention
I,
were to display Christianity more

spirit, and therefore cannot do that
strongly
but if I could display Christianity more strongly, and if I did it,
that same instant the judgement would be loudly expressed: *It is
treachery against us I' Aha! We have got Christianity turned
into something quite different from what it truly is, and so the
further elucidations.
yet no, I
Yet
am
if I
not
BECOMING SOBER
155
has become a different one. So soon as

Christianity is again presented in its true form, then the true
judgement will come out (cf. the New Testament prophecy):
'It is treason
against humanity.' Not even the astronomer's
calculation of the movements of the
heavenly bodies is more
judgement passed upon
it
We
certain.
extol our age for the fact that Christianity is no
longer persecuted. That I can well believe: Christianity doesn't
exist. If it existed in its true form,
persecution would instantly
persecute this treason against humanity.
I understand this
capitally just because I am not spirit. I understand also that for this reason I can tranquilly invite the reader
to follow me, to confide himself to me; for I shall not cany the
and that
thing to a greater extreme than a little admission
hardly can be called treachery, except to those who are entirely
lost in untruth, and presumably stricken also with blindness, so
that they do not see what otherwise surely would help them, like
a corporal chastisement, to open their eyes to the fact that if the
profane world were to raise objections against Christendom as it

actually is, before it has guarded itself by making admissions,
the situation would be another and a good deal worse. The
the class to which I belong
will have enough
average men
sense of truth to be disposed to be willing to have it made clear,
if it can be, that what we call Christianity is not properly Christianity, and then also to be willing to be convinced of it, and
(if nothing more is exacted of them) to admit it. For if what is
exacted of me and of others was simply that we should really
become spirit then doubtless we should all of us become in the
highest degree embittered.
But I do not carry the thing so far as that. Strange as it may
seem for one to justify oneself in this way (since in a higher sense
it is an accusation
against myself), I can truly say that I am guilty
of no treachery against us men, and that I am not spirit.
Yet if now the situation is thus with a Christian world } Christian states, &c., is it not then true that we have the very greatest
need to become sober? And is it not then the mildest possible
thing (yet what wonder it is so mild, since it is I that propose it,
is it not the mildest
I who am the weak, unauthoritative
poet!)
but the
possible thing when there is no question of anything
admission of it ? And what will it profit us finally in eternity that
we have put
this off, intoxicated
by sheer
illusion?
In truth
156
only too deeply how wretched and mediocre is the

seek to attain, but for all that there Is some sense in it.
In eternity (if in the meantime I have not got farther on than I
am now) I will say: 'That which we called Christianity was not
Christianity, it was a very much softened interpretation of Christo Christianity; but this I
tianity, a something remotely related
have conceded, I have made the admission aloud and very audibly,
do with me,
that it is not properly Christianity
God, as Thou
myself
thing
fee!
know
and
Thy grace
so too in this age of mine, there have lived men who required that
we be Christians in a stricter sense with them I have never been
able to take part. No, to me this seemed a truer way: to take a
but then to concede that this
milder form, an accommodation
So
I come! Sober
is not
no, I feel that
Christianity.
properly
I am not that, for
only "spirit" is sober. But at all events I do not
come with a head completely muddled, drunk with the illusion
that this softened form was the true Christianity, nor drunk with
the self-conceit that, in contrast with this modified Christianity
in which the majority live under the name of Christians, I am the
true Christian
no, I come with this admission, and indeed it is
to Thy grace I come,
God This is not to be sober (for in that
case my life must have been far more strict, expressive of "spirit",
wilt, according to
and yet
whereas
well that in every age,
for all this taking refuge unconditionally in grace

1
apply grace also in a second place, that is, to spare
human sympathy for myself), this is not to be sober, but

stands in relation to becoming sober/
No honest man (and what advantage is there after all in any
dishonesty in relation to the pretence of being a Christian ? In
eternity, where the question first becomes important and decisive,
dishonesty is impossible) can truthfully say that this is too severe,
too hard. Oh no
It is quite another question whether God in
heaven will not say that it is too mild. But in any case it stands
in relation to becoming sober. And certainly there is an infinite
myself in
it
difference between this: to act as
and were
in existence in all
4
if
Christianity
were
in existence,
of these millions, and in these thou-
S. K. says also* because he was accustomed to insist especially upon the necessity of using 'grace in the first instance*, i.e, prevenlent grace, which, saves from
sinning, since he perceived that people were inclined rather to rely upon 'grace in
the second instance*, the grace which forgives sin already committed, and were taking
1
it
in vain as a dispensation to sin.
BECOMING SOBER
sands of parsons
admit that
there
Is
an
infinite difference
whole thing
157
between that and
not really Christianity but

by the help of the
admission (for without this the accommodation is a breach with
Christianity) stands in relation to true Christianity) stands in
this
to
this
human accommodation which
relation to
becoming sober.
is
precisely
II
CHRIST AS THE PATTERN

OR NO MAN CAN SERVE TWO MASTERS
Matt. 6: 24 to the end

PRAYER
o LORD JESUS CHRIST, it was not to plague us men but to save us that Thou didst say,
*No man can serve two masters* oh, that we might be willing to accept it, by doing
it, that is, by following Thee
Help us all and everyone, Thou who an both willing
and able to help, Thou who art both the Pattern and the Redeemer, and again both
the Redeemer and the Pattern, so that when the striver sinks under the Pattern, then
the Redeemer raises him up again, but at the same instant Thou art the Pattern, to
keep him continually striving. Thou, our Redeemer, by Thy blessed suffering and
death, hast made satisfaction for all and for everything; no eternal blessedness can be
or shall be earned by desert
it has been deserved.
Yet Thou didst leave behind
Thee the trace of Thy footsteps, Thou the holy pattern of the human race and of
each individual in it, so that, saved by Thy redemption, they might every instant
have confidence and boldness to will to strive to follow Thee.
!
THE HOLY GOSPEL IS WRITTEN BY THE EVANGELIST MATTHEW

IN THE SIXTH CHAPTER, BEGINNING AT THE TWENTY-FOURTH
VERSE
man can serve two masters: for either he will hate

the one and love the other; or else he will hold to
the one and despise the other. Ye cannot serve
God and Mammon. Therefore I say unto you, Take
no thought for your life, what ye shall eat, or what ye
shall drink; nor yet for your body, what ye shall put on.
Is not the life more than meat, and the body than raiment?
Behold the fowls of the air: for they sow not, neither do
No
they reap, nor gather into barns; yet your heavenly Father
feedeth them. Are ye not much more than they ? Which
of you by taking thought can add one cubit unto his
stature ? And why take ye thought for raiment ? Conside^
the lilies of the field, how they grow; they toil n'
neither do they spin: and yet I say unto you, That ^vcn
Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these.
Wherefore, if God so clothe the grass of the field, which
shall he not
to-day is, and to-morrow is cast into the oven,
x6a
much more clothe you, O ye of little faith ? Therefore

take no thought, saying, What shall we eat? or, What
shall we drink? or. Wherewithal shall we be clothed?
for your
(for after all these things do the Gentiles seek):
Father knoweth that ye have need of all these
heavenly
But seek ye first the kingdom of God and his

added unto
righteousness; and all these things shall be
morrow:
for
the
for
no
therefore
Take
thought
you.
things.
the
morrow
shall
take thought for the things of

is the evil thereof.
itself.
Sufficient unto the day

c
can serve two masters it is the Gospel's own word.

So take this word, go out into the world, observe if possible what
the lives of all these millions of men express ; imagine one who
has been contemporary with all the generations of the departed
and has observed what their lives express. What do they express ?
They express as with one mouth what even the mouth says too;
'Never has there lived a man who has not, more or less, served
two masters. And as for the assertion of the Gospel that it is not
possible to do it ("No man can serve two masters"), there must be
a misunderstanding, for it is only too possible to do it, as the whole
experience of the world attests. It would have been more com-
No man
prehensible if the Gospel had said that no man should serve two
but that no man can do it is -not true ; the thing no man
masters
can do, on the contrary, is what the Gospel requires. The other
thing is easy to do ; and if thou wouldst become something in this
world, thou must be alert to take the line of serving two or more
masters; for he who would take seriously the notion that he can
serve only one master had better look out, it is back-breaking
work/ Yet perhaps the world and the Gospel are talking about
entirely different things. The world, naturally, talks about this
world, simply and solely about this world ; it knows nothing and
wants to know nothing about the existence of another world.
That indeed would be for *this world a discovery involving deadly
peril. Another world! The Gospel talks in terms of the eternal,
and about this other world, about eternity. No man can serve
two masters no, not in all eternity; and if no one can do it in
terms of the eternal, then no one can do it; for the fact that it
7
163
seems as if one could, yes, even if it were so that one could in

these few seconds of temporal existence, that is neither here nor
there so far as concerns the truth, whether one can or whether
one cannot. How a man is to fare in this world is something which
the Gospel (in contrast with novels, romances, lies, and other
amusements) does not amuse itself by considering. No, for the
Gospel these seventy years are like an instant, and its talk hastens
on to the decision of eternity; nor does it deludtngly hold out
to men bright prospects for this life and for this world when
4
No man can
serve two masters/
*No man can serve two masters', it is the Gospel's own word.
So take this word, observe the men who are willing at least to
(eternally
unchanged)
it
proclaims the eternal truth,
it as it would be understood, who also have tried

perhaps to comply with it, observe these men, and thou shalt
behold that their lives, if not their mouths, express unanimously:
*But this is too high for us men, it is not possible to serve one
but the Gospel says (eternally unmaster, nobody can do it'
changed), 'No man can serve two masters/ And if thou wilt
observe these men more closely in the moment of despondency
even though they put constraint upon their mouth, yet their life
expresses: 'It is too high for us men, yea, it is a cruelty to require
of us such a thing, and never with less right has anything called
So let us rather
itself glad tidings than precisely this Gospel
remain under the Law with its inflexible severity, anything rather
than this smiling cruelty: that the requirement is if possible still
and that this is what is called glad
greater than that of the Law
even if the mouth is silent.
tidings!' This is 'the offence*
When discouragement weighs heavily upon a man's soul, the
offence is not far off, and it is such thoughts as these that find
a dwelling in the offended man. And let us get these thoughts
not out into the
into the open, in order if possible to get them out
world, but out of the world, or at least out of the heart; for to
constrain one's mouth to be silent, or even maybe to say the
one's mind
opposite, is of scant avail when one cannot constrain
Is then the requirement actually
to let go of these thoughts.
so cruel, or is the Gospel really not glad tidings ? For if it is so
that this is eternal truth (and we have the Gospel's word for it, and
in any case the honest man would recognize that it is so, whether
understand
the Gospel said
it
or not),
if it is
so that this
is
eternal truth, that

no man can serve two masters, how should the Gospel be able to
say anything different, and how should the Gospel, the very truth,
be able to wish to suppress it, or how could it be cruel to tell the
1
64.
? Consider well whether it would not be cruelty to conceal

from thee! Moreover, dost thou not believe that the Gospel
knows what it is to be a man, recognizes our weakness, knows how
far every man is from being able truly to serve one master? 'But*,
truth
it
a
I
says the Gospel, it is just for this reason preach redemption
the Gospel, 'if
continues
is 'not this glad tidings?*
'However,*
did
not
stand
and
not
true
was
first
eternally firm, namely,
my
that "no man can serve two masters", then there would in a
deeper sense be no need felt for a redemption, and this glad
tidings would never be heard. Is not this really glad tidings, this,
that "no man can serve two masters**? When I, the Gospel, say
this, by saying that "no man can serve two masters** I condemn
I call all,
all, absolutely all; and yet in the same breath
absolutely
unto me, proclaiming that God wills that all should be saved,
that this is the Gospel But how could all be saved if all do
not feel the need of being saved, and how could all feel the need
of being saved if the requirement were not such that no man can
all,
and
perfectly
fulfil it?*
*No man can serve two

So take
this
masters*,
word, observe the
lives
the Gospel's own word.

of those of whom it can be
it is
fulfil this word they were, humanly

speaking, very far ahead, so that if they were to compare themselves with us, they readily might be tempted to ignore us and
to be not far from thinking that they had attained perfection
observe their lives, and thou shalt see that in times of temptation
(Anftegtehen)^ even if the mouth is constrained to silence, they
expression to this: *The requirement, however, is too high
five
>r men ; as it is said of a
spendthrift that no amount of money
said that in striving to
suffices him, but that to give him money is like casting it into
a bottomless pit, so this requirement is not exhausted by any
striving, not in the remotest degree; before God, at this instant
I have
got farthest along, I have not
inch, not a millionth fraction of an inch, nearer to God
when, humanly speaking,
come one
than the man who never strove, no, nor even than the man who
strove with might and main for the opposite. Oh, weariness! oh,
impotence! to have to do with the infinite, the absolute! ^s the

mock human undertakings and transform them
forces of nature
165
into childish foolery, so does the absolute mock

absolutely every
human striving. The absolute is not for man, it is too high for
him/ But can then that which is expressly designed to humble,

can that be too high ? Or when a man feels as if it were too
high
for him, is it not because he has put himself in relation to it incorrectly, so that by putting himself in the wrong place he gets the
stress in the wrong place, so that the
requirement falls upon him
crushingly ? Instead of this, the requirement, by humbling a man,
should exert a stress which results in exaltation, in rejoicing at
thou who in this way
'grace', and in boldriess through grace,
art tempted
I have need to hear
thy speech, thou hast not in
the same degree a need to hear mine; yet this being granted,
permit me to speak. I would say What then is exaltation ? Is not
all exaltation
proportionate to the stress of humiliation ? But if
the stress may be too strong in the direction of humiliation
complaint against it might be interpreted to mean that the exaltation was too high. It is a fact that In the world of sense one can
lift
by means of a weight in case then one misunderstood and
supposed that he had to lift the weight instead of being lifted
by the weight then Indeed he is crushed. But the misunderstanding lay not in the weight but in him. So it is with the
unconditional requirement; if I must lift it, I am crushed. But
this is not the intention of the Gospel, its intention is that I,
and
shall be lifted up in faith and worship
then I am as light as a bird. Or what is most exalting: the thought
of my own good deeds, or the thought of God's grace? And
again, when does it reach a climax, so that one's head swims in
ecstasy, is it not then when my best deed is before God transformed
to vileness and grace becomes all the more great? An admirable
man has said admirably that a great benefaction is only properly
rewarded by unthankfulness. Capital! For when the great benefaction is rewarded with thanks, not to say with much thanks,
maybe with a thankfulness equal to it, the ben exaction is diminBut the great unthankfulness as a reward keeps the
ished.
benefaction unchangeably great. And so there is to be found
neither in heaven nor upon earth, nor in any relationship between
man and man, an exaltation like this, when I turn away humbled
through humiliation,
and ashamed from my best deed as from a vileness and find repose
in *grace'. Let the pagan with his proud neck strike the heavens,
from this humiliation comes the exaltation which
or try to
166
blissfully reaches

heaven. Thou canst not worship God by good
works, still less by crimes, and just as little by sinking into a soft
slumber and doing nothing. No, in order to worship aright and
rightly to have joy in worshipping, a man must so comport
himself: he strives with might and main, spares himself neither
day nor night, he tries to produce as many as possible of what
upright men, humanly speaking, might call 'good works*. And
then when he takes them and, deeply humbled before God,
beholds them transformed to wretchedness and vileness, that is to
God and that is exaltation.

*No man can serve two masters', this is the Gospel's own word;
eternally it is repeated unchanged: No man can serve two
masters/ 'But if it is true that no man ever has done this
is
it not then a reasonable demand on the
part of mankind that the
worship
requirement be changed, that it be abated? And because less

enlightened ages have put up with this state of affairs, being
unable to perceive the absurdity of it, and because the human
race in its cowed condition did not dare to breathe a murmur,
being all too strongly stamped with the marks of intimidation
by the law, does it follow that an enlightened, broad-minded,
cultured age, or at any rate (since it must be admitted that
there is still a great mass which is both uncultured and intimidated), does it follow from this that an enlightened, broadminded public is bound to put up with the same thing? To
require men to perform the absolute is at bottom sheer madness,
a ludicrous exaggeration, which (as any sensible man can readily
see) revenges itself, like all exaggeration, by producing an effect
exactly the opposite to that which was intended. All human
reason is comprised in this glorious and golden rule, "up to a
certain point, everything within reason"
or in "both
and" or
This precisely is the mark of ripe seriousness, that it

the
requires
requirement to be such that a man can with pleasure
and satisfaction fulfil its obligations fully by steady and not too
strenuous effort. What none of us has done, none of us of course
can do; and if none of us can do it, the requirement must be
"also".
changed to correspond with what we have shown we can do by

the fact that we have actually done it
more cannot be required.
And therefore we require a Christianity which can be brought
into harmony with all the rest of our existence, in view of the
change which, with the increase of enlightenment and culture,
has taken place in

the human race, or at any rate
167
in the cultured
which is like the heart-pulse of the race.*

This voice (even if it were not heard in the world, as indeed it
is, and very loudly at that) finds a sympathetic echo in many a
heart. It is well then that it should be heard. That this world has
become changed, who will deny ? But is it for the better ? Yes, that
is a question. That the world has become sheer common
sense,
who will deny? But is it a gain ? Yes, this too is a question. But
public,
it is
eternally certain that nothing is so great an offence to common
sense as the absolute, and (to stick to the immediate context of our
discourse) this may also be recognized in the fact that common
sense is never willing to acknowledge any requirement absolutely,
but always requires that it shall be the one to require what the
requirement shall be. To require that Christianity be done away
with, or to give up Christianity, is therefore in perfect accord with
this common sense. But to require that Christianity be changed is

a misunderstanding. For Christianity cannot undergo change
herein again we can recognize that it is diametrically opposed to
'common sense', whose secret is that it can change in every way
at the stroke of the clock, depending upon what the age, the
public, the main chance, demand, or upon how the wind, the
leaves, or the leaves of the newspapers (Blad og Bladene) happen
to turn. No, Christianity cannot undergo change; to require this
its requirements is an attempt to change it, which
remains, however, totally without effect; indeed, as a mountain
might look at a child which went up to it and said, 'Get out of
reduction of
my
way', so
must
Christianity listen to this talk
which requires
of it the eternally impossible, that it be changed.

Christianity cannot undergo change, nor is, it so situated that
where everything and everybody changes it also is changed; nor
is it
put to embarrassment like human authority by the fact that
but that it should be forced upon anybody is not
all men change
and never has been, On the other hand, it has
will
Christianity's
been its will from the very beginning, and it is its will that it be
presented unchanged, in all its absoluteness, so that every man

can weigh in his own mind whether he will have anything to do
with it or not. Though not even one single person will accept
one tittle does it yield;
it, Christianity remains unchanged, not
tittle
be
not
must
one
all
changed. It is God's
though
accept it,
love^to men Christianity proclaims, for every single man, the
168
most wretched, the most forsaken ; for his sake God

were set heaven and earth in commotion but though all
men who now live or have lived were united in requiring only one
tittle of change
no, never! Every single man, the poorest,
the most wretched, the most forsaken, if only for his own best
interest he wills as God wills, is, according to Christianity,
of infinite importance incomprehensible love! But, on the
other hand, the countless millions of the race are before God no
more than a gnat, or not even so much, if they do not will as He
poorest, the
has as
it
wills.
How
common
sense and Christianity be able to

one another when they mutually
like opposite poles? For in these sensible times
other
each
repel
it is not this which constitutes an obstacle between
Christianity
and men, that we men fail to live up to the requirement, Christianity can put up with that, as it did in other ages when people
had an infinite conception of the requirement and were willing to
admit their own imperfection, to admit that the fault lay in them,
not in the fact that the requirement was absolute. No, what in
these sensible times constitutes the obstacle between Christianity
and men is that people have lost the conception of the absolute
come
then should
to an understanding with
requirement, that they cannot get it through their heads what

use there is in having an absolute requirement, what good it can
do, seeing that no one fulfils it, that the absolute has become the
unpractical, the foolish, the ludicrous, that they (in rebellion or
in self-conceit) invert the situation, seek the fault in the requirement, and become themselves the requirers, requiring that the
requirement be changed. *To will the impossible', say they, *is

madness ; the sensible thing is to will what we are capable of doing.
But to require the absolute is to require that one shall will the
impossible, shall squander on this his strength, his time, his life,
without getting an inch farther and this is madness, a ludicrous
exaggeration.' Common sense is a rebellion against the absolute,
though not a loud-voiced rebellion, at least in the first instance
common sense would regard that as injudicious, and a more refined
common sense always wishes (for certain reasons) that attention
be not drawn to this, that it remain a secret between us that we
have made
this revolt, whereas the appearance is maintained

that nothing at all has happened. Sneaking slowly onward, this
common sense eats away the absolute bit by bit, undermining

faith in
and reverence
for
169
and then
finally perhaps an impatient common sense bursts forth boastfully into speech, loudly
proclaiming its wisdom, that the absolute is madness. Along with
the growth of common sense there gains ground a certain sort
of human lore, the lore concerning what we men actually &re y or
are in these times, the moral situation
regarded as the product
of natural causes, explained by geographical situation, climate,
it
prevailing winds, rainfall, distribution of water, &c. Whether we

are deteriorating from generation to generation is of no
men
concern to this human lore, which merely reports with precision

what we are^ according to the current quotation of the bourse and
the market price
in order that by shrewd
acquaintance with this
it
be
to
may
possible
guard oneself against men and to make use of
them, to succeed, to win advantages in this world, or to be able to
justify and gloss over one's own wretchedness and mediocrity, or
get leave to express with a good conscience of a sort (a scientific
conscience) one's suspicion of anything better which might occasionally turn up. But how men ought to be^ about God's requireabout this less and less inquiry is made
ments, about the ideals
in proportion as common sense increases. In the end one even
finds such talk, if occasionally it is. heard ? this talk about how a
man ought
to be, one finds it a flat and insipid sort of thing,

rather
countrified. *No sensible man wants to listen
something
to that sort of thing, indeed he ought not, if he would not waste
his time and his life. If it be a parson who talks about such things,
it, with the proviso that it is a parson who properly
a
of decorum, limits himself to declaiming this in
sense
preserves
but otherwise does not presume to
quiet hours in the church
a case it may be tolerated, after all it is the
In
such
it.
press
parson's business, and common sense is too reasonable to interfere
with this, though it is certain that, in rather a different way than
one can
tolerate
poetry and art, a parson (who generally is neither poetry nor art)
a superfluity/ For if it is true that people have sometimes
misused Christianity to intimidate the world certain it is *that
now the situation is inverted, and the world with its common
sense would intimidate Christianity, would intimidate the parsons,
who for the sake of being tolerated become actors and declaimers,
neither more nor less
alas, many of them do not need to be
intimidated to this effect by the world, they are perhaps only too
is
willing to be seduced.
I7o
might be said and heard, this truth: that 'common

which thinks the requirement must be altered to suit men ;
man must be altered to suit the
Christianity, which maintains that
If only this
sense*,
events the absolute requirement must

that these two, common sense and
an understanding with one another.
For my part I shall always feel grateful to common sense and
some respect for it, if it is honest enough to come out openly in
speech and say that the absolute is ridiculous.
This is not the dangerous thing, at least not for Christianity;
for it is never dangerous for men to get to know how things really
stand, least of all for that power which has truth so thoroughly
on its side as has Christianity. On the other hand, it might be
dangerous for Christianity if one holds down the truth, if not in
unrighteousness, at least in ambiguity. As if, e.g., one were to get
the notion that the text was doubtful, or that this saying, 'No
man can serve two masters', was difficult to understand, so that
in the one case profound research is needed, and in the other case
long investigation, and that as a matter of course (seeing that
research and investigation are not everybody's affair) there must
requirement, or that at
all
at least be absolutely asserted

Christianity, cannot come to
be a few professors on hand, whose livelihood it then becomes to

research and investigation, for which cause they surely
make
the sake of their

(either for the sake of science, or at least for
or investigation
research
make
the
care
to
take
would
living)
good
last just as long as they lived. This, however, does not succeed
so well in our times. But there is also another way of holding

the truth in ambiguity: one may let the absolute requirement continue to resound, but in such wise that something else is
surreptitiously understood, namely, that in actual life one has
nothing to do with such a thing, so that the absolute requirement
becomes a Sunday solemnity, a divertissement enacted by parsons
and in other respects a man's life remains entirely secure,
untouched by the painful disturbance of the absolute requirement.
No, Christianity takes the absolute requirement seriously, and
though it may be that not a single person has been able to fulfil
the requirement
yet One has fulfilled it, fulfilled it absolutely,
He who uttered the saying, *No man can serve two masters', He
who here, as in every situation, not only uttered the truth but was
the truth, He who was the Word also in this sense, that what He
said, He was.
down

17 1
Him we will speak, about the Pattern. He has
'No man can serve two masters' and His life
gave expresis
Ît
said,
about
sion to the fact that

tion to
His
we
He served only one master. By paying atten-
shall see the absolute

requirement, and we shall
see it fulfilled. Meanwhile we
constantly recall to mind that Jesus
life
Christ was not only a

pattern but also the Redeemer, in order that
the Pattern may not alarm us to
desperation; and we recall it
to mind also at this moment,
when, as the Gospel we have read
prompts us to do, we speak about

or
NO
MAN CAN
SERVE
TWO MASTERS
We shall see how His life from the very beginning had
to be
arranged, and how it must be to the very end, if He would give
expression to the requirement of serving only one master,
Moreover, we shall see how (especially since He could not wish
to live apart in concealment, but, as the Pattern, must wish to
make evident before men what it is to serve only one master), we
shall see how it fared with Him, and must have fared with Him
in this world, among us men, who all more or less serve two
masters, and to such a point that we cannot calmly endure that
there is One among us who will serve but one master, more
especially if He will not retire into obscurity, but draws to Himself the attention of all, and that with the claim that He is the
truth.
He
let himself be born in

poverty and lowliness, and not this
but
in despicable condition, of a betrothed virgin to whom
only,
the upright man who was betrothed to her showed a kindness in
not putting her away secretly, which at first he proposed to do,
and which itself would have been an act of forbearance. So it was
He came into the world, in such wise that He remained outside
the world, cast out of the world by His very entrance into it,
'without father, without mother, without descent', by His birth
not connected with any man whatsoever. But thus it behoved
Him to be early attentive to what His life was designed to express:
only to serve one master. Just as he who is to contest in a race
is dressed
accordingly, just as he who is to strive in battle is armed
accordingly, so
is
His
life
from the very beginning adapted to
172
make
It
possible only to serve one master. For birth (and it need
not be the birth of a scion to an ancient noble house, or of an heir
to the^ throne), birth itself, when through it a child becomes a
member of a family, birth itself is a bond which at once unites this

human individual with other persons in a close connexion; and
connexion with the world, and all that is of the world, and
so too connexion with other men, which makes it so difficult
only to serve one master, and makes this impossible if the connexion is not broken, albeit love remains. On the other hand, the
of race and belonging to
illegitimate child, knowing nothing
it is
none, excluded from society, brought to birth at midnight

behind a bush by one whose pregnancy was concealed so it
was He let Himself be born (because there was no room, as
also He was crucified because the world had no room for Him!)
in a stable (for in the case of the despised maiden there was
no family connexion with a layette in readiness), laid in a
manger. If there is any question of connexion, it must be with
the horses.
True enough, this birth may be regarded from another side,
from God's side: a heavenly glory irradiates this birth. It is not
as at other times that the stars of the night shine unchangingly
upon the earth; no, His birth which certainly did not seem like
an important event on earth was an event in heaven, the most
important event, one star particularly shines upon the place of
His birth, diffusing blessed is the eye that sees it! heavenly
splendour over the stable and the despised maiden and the dishonoured husband and over the babe in the manger. This glory
is superhuman, but just as Christianity always
puts contradictions
so
that
not
is
together,
glory
directly recognizable as glory, but is
to be recognized inversely by lowliness and humiliation (the cross
which is associated with everything Christian) so it is also in
this instance. For the Christian cross is not superficiality, outward
show, *both and*, without depth, a mere decoration, a cross in a
star; no, seen from the one side it is quite literally, with frightful
literalness, a cross, and no eye can behold the cross and the star
combined in a higher unity, so that perhaps the lustre of the star
would become somewhat less glorious, but also the suffering of
the cross somewhat less painful. From the other side, conversely,
it is the star that is
seen; but the star is not worn (that is a later
invention!), alas! it is the cross that is worn (cf. the Gospel), as
173
a decoration, a badge. This, however, has always been and always

will be an offence to common sense. For common sense says, *too
little and too much spoils all,
everything in moderation, the
middle of the road, middle size,, this is the true way'. Common
sense would therefore be well content to dispense with the star at
this is too much, or so much is not needed
the nativity
but also
it would insist upon birth in lawful wedlock, and in an
honest,
well-to-do, middle-class family, at the very least. But the Christian mind is different;' it has at its disposition the heavenly
but
of the earthly not a thread. When, for example, Christ sends out
well, surely He might have provided them with

disciples
the necessaries; but no, they must possess nothing, and on the
*
other hand, Whosoever shall give to drink unto one of these little
ones a cup of cold water only in the name of a disciple, verily I say
unto you, he shall in no wise lose his reward' (Matt. 10: 42), This
is very superior. The mightiest monarch of all earth's mightiest
monarchs cannot pay in this fashion for a drink of cold water
but of course he takes good care that his emissaries or ministers
are not at a loss for a glass of water. The disciple, on the other
His
hand, is in absolute poverty, he is literally in want of the prime

and he has no money, he has
necessity of life, a cup of water
be
can
as
niggardly as that, and then the next
nothing (God
instant single out this same man by miracles), nothing to give for
oh, yes, he has, it is true, he has a cheque payable in heaven,
and, rightly considered, that is (but unfortunately not in this
world) of greater worth than all the glories of the world, but
money he has not, and nothing earthly which is unfortunate in
this world, where money (rightly considered !) is still of more worth
than all the glories of heaven. It is related of a traveller that far
back in the country he found himself in pecuniary embarrassment,
in
of the fact that he was in possession of a bank-note of a
it;
spite
very high denomination . . which nobody was able to change.

So it is with the Christian disciple. To common sense this, like
or too much', says
everything Christian, is an offence. 'Too little
common sense, 'spoils all; let us dispense with this heavenly
of preachcheque, so much is not needed; but then let this thing
with a few fasts
ing Christianity be at least an assured good living,
in the course of the year and some prestige in the community;
the other thing, either way you take it, is an exaggeration. Why
must the opposites be held apart from one another in such frightful
.

Why may there not be a little reduction made
174
tension?
with
respect to the miraculous, and then a little addition made with

respect to the less divine perhaps but more directly human wish
to be a bit comfortable in the world? Moreover, why this
a strange ado,
superiority, which makes so much ado, and such
and
then
a
to
resorting to miraculous
shilling,
disdaining
possess
? It is not
genuine superiority, but a far-fetched and
expedients
affected exaggeration; the simple and natural thing would have
been to give the disciples some money to take with them. If
be a miracle in addition, very well, then let it be perfor all a fund is raised once for
and there is no need for
all, so that the disciples are provided for,
more miracles. The other way is a double exaggeration, both
with respect to too little and with respect to too much.* And this
there
is
to
formed thus by one miracle once

:
is
what common sense
on no account allow
common
is
very apprehensive
itself to
be guilty
of,
the thing it would

the thing which
of, it is
it sets
eyes upon it, judges to be madexaggeration. But without exaggeration it is impossible
only to serve one master; and on the other hand, for common
sense, closely connected with one person and another and with
the whole world and all that is of the world, it is an easy matter to
serve two or more masters.
So then His life is as if calculated to make it possible only to
serve one master; He is without family and family connexions.
But the star in heaven has betrayed something only inquire
of common sense, and thou shalt hear how well it knows that
heavenly glory is not one of the good things a person might wish to
have in this world, that it is generally a mortal danger. The star,
as has been said, betrayed something: the king of the country
took notice, and the despised family must flee with the child out
of the country. The despised family ; true enough, a generation
but only
later (that is, too late) it was called the holy family
hear
it
shalt
*To
and
thou
of
common
sense,
say,
belong
irfquire
to a noble or a rich family may be all very well ; I, however, do not
ask for so much, I am content to belong to a middle-class family;
but in this \frorld to have to belong to the holy family, no, I thank
ness,
sense, the instant
it is
you, that wouid be the last thing, it is certain torment and wretchedness. But hypocrisy has long let it be forgotten that this family
was despised as long as it lived upon earth, hypocrisy makes parade
of "the holy family", it would make us ana others believe that

this condition
of humiliation
175
glory, that heavenly glory and

is offended
earthly glory come to the same thing. And
hypocrisy
when the humiliation is depicted it is annoying,
and in self-de-
fence
it
calls this
is
the blasphemy of us freethinkers/
The family (if one will call it such, for it is no family) flees then
with the child. And now this child has no
country. But this is as
it should be, in order to make it
possible for Him to express what
it is
only to serve one master. Just as he who is to contest in a
race is dressed accordingly, and
just as he who is to fight in battle
^
is
armed accordingly,
to
make
so is His life from the beginning adapted

possible only to serve one master. For second only to
the connexion which binds together the
family comes the connexion which unites a people.
In a certain sense, it is true, glory shines here also: the
insignificant child which was born in a stable
suddenly becomes so important that the ruler has all the infants under two years put to
the
death, in the hope of putting this infant to death
it
among
'Again, too little and too much/ says common sense,

'again an exaggeration. Let its birth be an event, and so be a link
in the chain of cause and effect; but the child is born as less than
an insignificance and then suddenly the birth is such a frightful
event. If it is so important that this babe be born, it is nearly
incomprehensible that it is born in a stable, where something
might have befallen it. And on the other hand, what a frightful
exaggeration, that the importance of this babe should be determined by the murder of infants of the same age, not to speak of
the fact that it is this babe of whom it is said that he is to be the
salvation of the world, and who begins by causing the death of a
host of infants!'
So then the child is now without a country. However, the
family returns again, but must live In hiding. During a visit to
Jerusalem at the festival the child is missing. And here is an
incident which corresponds to and symbolically describes what
was or became this child's work in life, to express what it is only
to serve one master. The child stands alone, it was without family,
without country; but now it is also without the two who were its
support, who were anxiously seeking the child, and find it (very
significantly) in the Temple, and the child says (is not this
significant?), *Wist ye not that I must be about my Father's
b**smess?' The mother does not understand these words (that
others.
'
176
is
not strange), she treasures them in her heart (that was
pretty)^
Nothing further is known about His childhood and youth. He

doubtless played with the poor parents, was subject unto them and
which is no obstacle to serving one master; on
helpful to them
the contrary, this one master is served precisely by obeying them
whom He wills that one should obey. So He grew up, became a
man ; but He was and remained, as we say, nobody. Nor did He
possess anything or acquire anything to possess. Just as he who
is to contend in a race is dressed
accordingly, and just as he who
is to
in
battle
is armed
fight
accordingly, so was His life calculated
to the end of being able to express what it is only to serve one
master. Ah, but to become something in this world (not to say
to will to become something in the world), to possess something
for this a con(not to say to acquire something to possess)
nexion with the world and with other men is unavoidable, and, on
the other hand, it is only too easy to avoid serving but one master,
It is true that I have both read and heard sermons
by men who
themselves had become something in the world, sermons which,
among other things, dealt with the subject of seeking first the
kingdom of God; but I take the liberty of holding the opinion that
this something which these men had become in the world
they
must have become in some other way than by seeking first the
kingdom of God. I do not doubt that these men and every honest
man will substantially agree with me that in case a person makes
a serious business of seeking first the kingdom of God,
nothing
is more certain than that he will become

nothing in this world,
which, more jealous than heaven, insists that only he who seeks
shall find, and where (as is not the case in relation to heaven
for
though it is true that the way to heaven is narrow, this is not
because it is too much thronged) the throng of seekers is so great
that not even all who seek can become
something, though they
perhaps always become a little more than one who seeks first the
kingdom of God, for it is quite certain that he becomes nothing
in this world. There is
nothing that can be more easily substantiated; God forbid that anyone should be so dishonest or so
impudent as to require me to substantiate it. I do not make myself
out better than others. Indeed, in a certain sense, I
surely have
not become anything
it is
just this which offends several people,
because they think that I might have been able to become some-
177
thing. So then, according to the judgement of such people, 1 have

not become anything. However, I dare not count upon that when
it is the
Gospel which is to pass judgement. When it is the Gospel
i^hich is to pass judgement I must admit with shame that I have
become something, though it is very little. Yet I must bear
witness that this something which I have become I did not
become by seeking first the kingdom of God, and I tranquilly
await the attempt of the reverend parsons to substantiate the

proposition that one can become something in this world by ...
seeking first the kingdom of God, a thing which, inasmuch as it is
to be done first, takes precedence of every other seeking, and,
inasmuch as it is the kingdom of God, is heterogeneous with the
world and with all that is in the world, including this thing of
becoming something in the world.
Therefore, to changing the requirement or abating it, as
common sense would have it, I am heartily opposed, as Christianity is opposed. Nor is it my desire that people should give the
impression that we men comply with the requirement even in the
remotest degree. No, this is the way I think about it. If I am to
have anything to do with God and, oh, that surely ought to be a
man's joy, his bliss, so that he is not inclined to bother about the
whole of Europe, nor about the public, nor about comparisons
with people here at home, &c., if only he may be permitted to have
to do with God, every day plucked in his examination, it is true,
yet having to do with God, which, according to Christianity, is a
favour granted to all men if I am to have to do with God, I must
put up with it that the requirement is the absolute ; if the requirement is not the absolute^ then I have nothing to do with God,
but only with this stifling thing, *the others', myself, the public,
God in heaven, above all never recall the absolute
&c. No, no,
requirement 1 For really it is Thee men would do away with when
they would do away with the absolute requirement; and it is for
this reason I cling so tight to the absolute requirement and execrate
the common sense which by doing away with the absolute requirement would do away with Thee. No, above all let it remain the
absolute requirement! If I, while recognizing what the true
situation is, might wish to become something, if I for the sake of
finite necessities must try to become something in the world
that is quite different from wishing to do away with the requirement, and hence I can continue to be in relationship with Thee
78
I do not make a
right-about-face, do not turn
back
my
upon Thee, do not treat what I become in the world as
life's seriousness; no, I let the absolute requirement continually
transform me and what I become into beggarliness and wretchedhave to do with
is it not so ?
ness. On these terms I can still
with
Thee.
in
remain
O
Thee,
God,
relationship
Let then the annihilation, the inward annihilation before God,
a man's enthusiasm ought to be
possess its frightfulness, its pain
the more blissful. Frightful it would be indeed if, in view of
the fact that before Thee the most honest effort is as nothing, a
man were to take occasion to abandon himself to inactivity, or if
he were to give up entirely having to do with Thee, in order
nevertheless, for
now
to
become a
serious person
who
seriously strives to
become
something in this world.

So His life, the life of Him who was the Pattern, was from the
very beginning calculated with a view to being able to express
what it is only to serve one master. He belonged to nothing and
to nobody, stood in no connexion with anything or anybody,
foreign to the world, in poverty and lowliness, without a nest,
without a hole (as foxes have), without having whereon to lay
His head. Like the straight line which is tangent to the circle
so was He, in the world and yet outside the
at only one point
world, only serving one master.
He might then have lived on in quiet obscurity, His life might
have been worship in secret, belonging only and belonging
entirely to one master, until death finally came.
But this was not His thought. Even apart from the fact that
He suffered Himself to be born to save the human race, to be the
atonement by His suffering and death even apart from this,
even if He had only wished to have been the Pattern, He would
not in any case have lived in obscurity. No, this was His work,
this His meat and drink, only to serve one master, but He would
make this evident in the world, and hence He must step out, so
upon the world-stage so as to fix upon himself the attenHe Himself knew only too well what the consequence
would be, that the attention of all directed to Him would mean
His suffering, that to be heterogeneous with the others closest to
to speak,
tion of alL
Him, not
to
heterogeneous with all, and yet to will

more dangerous even than when the
out of step with the others, which so easily
to say absolutely
remain among them,
soldier in battle falls
is
179
with his being trampled under foot. And He remained

in the world. He did not retire from the world, but He remained
there to suffer. This is not quite the same thing as when in our
age preachers inveigh against a certain sort of piety which by
the way is not exactly what is practised in our age (and hence it is
but it was practised in an age
strange to inveigh against it now)
gone by, a piety which seeks a remote hiding-place, far from the
may end
world's noise and

sible in
its
distractions
profound quiet to serve
this piety, they say that
we do
it is
and
God
its
dangers, in order if posThey inveigh against
alone.
cowardice, &c. Wherefore nowadays
better, we pious people, we remain in the

world and make a career in the world, shine in society make
ostentation of worldliness . . . just like the Pattern, who did not
differently
and
retire cravenly from the world! Oh, depth of craftiness!

remain in the world, in the sense that one says good-bye to
To
God
and godliness, defining oneself and one's life in conformity with

the world
this sort (of piety!) is certainly not higher than the
piety of the cloister. It mendaciously promises a double profit:
one plucks for oneself all possible pleasure (which the quiet
dwellers in the cloister at all events renounced), and then one is
impudent enough to require that this worldliness (what a delicate
first
refinement !) be regarded as a higher sort, a higher sort (who ever

could dream of such a thing !), a higher sort of piety, higher than
the cloister's quiet retirement. Oh, disgusting! No, it certainly
is not the highest thing to seek a remote hiding-place where it
might be possible to serve God alone ; it is not the highest thing,
as we can perceive in the Pattern; but even though it is not the
highest (and really what business is it of ours that this other thing
is not the highest ?), it is nevertheless possible that not a single
one of us in this coddled and secularized generation is capable of
it. However, the
highest thing it is not. The highest thing
while being absolutely heterogeneous with the world by serving God alone, to remain in the world and in the midst of reality,
before the eyes of all, directing upon oneself the whole attention
of all for then persecution Is unavoidable. And this is Christian
God alone, to deny
piety: to renounce everything In order to serve
oneself everything In order to serve God alone and then to have
doing
is:
to suffer for
It,
to
do good and have to
suffer for
it.
This
is
what
the Pattern expresses; and this also (to mention a mere man who
was a distinguished teacher of our Church) Is what Luther again
180
and again
insists

upon, that it belongs to true Christianity to suffer
and to suffer for it, and that to suffer

from being a Christian in this world.
We shall now see how it fared with Him who only would serve
one master, how it fared with Him, that is to say, how it must
fare with Him in this world; for as it fared with Him, so must it
fare with Him, so would it fare with Him in the world in any age.
He would express what it is only to serve one master, where all
more or less serve two masters or many; and He would not live in
obscurity, no, He would make this evident, He would direct the
what then will the consequence be?
attention of all to Himself
for the teaching, to do good
in this world is inseparable
The consequence will be that He will come into hostile collision

with the whole world, with all men, and that they will seek in the
most various ways to move, to persuade, to entice, to tempt, to
threaten, to compel Him to become like them and unfaithful to
Himself and to His task. And the world will stake everything
upon carrying this warfare through, it will not let go of Him until
the most shameful death has brought His life to an end. And
what the world wills is the same thing that an evil power also
the prince of this world, who (like God !) requires that he

alone be worshipped, which is impossible nevertheless, seeing
that he is not 'the Lord', 1 the one master, so that everyone whose
only master he is does not serve one master. This collision with
the world, with the human race, which is instigated by the evil
is from now on the history of the Pattern.
wills,
power,
and just as he who is to contend in

and he who is to fight in battle is
armed accordingly, so also is His mode of existence calculated
with a view to being able to serve only one master.
He
a race
serves only one master;

is clothed accordingly,
He is absolutely an alien in the world, without the least connexion with anything or with any single person in the world,
where everything else is in connexion. It is harder for a rich
man to enter the kingdom of heaven than for a camel to go through
the eye of a needle ; but it is impossible for that man to serve only
one master who has even the least connecting bond.
He is not bound as a husband to a wife; no, He has not even
any father, no mother, no brothers or sisters. He is connected
with no family. He says (pointing to the disciples), 'These are
My father and mother and brothers and sisters.'

1
In Danish,
Hern means lord as weB as master, and Herren is
the Lord.
181
'But then after all He has

disciples?" Disciples, yes; but if
true disciples, there is no bond in the connexion, for in
theyâre
relating Himself to His disciples, He relates Himself at every
Instant first to God, serving Him alone; and if the
disciples wish
to form any bond of connexion,
they are not disciples. No, it is
not as difficult to grasp and hold tight with the hand what
by
reason of its smoothness slips
the
as it is Im-
through
fingers,
possible for connexion to capture him who only serves one master.
He makes His appearance as a teacher, and almost at the same
instant
has the whole attention of that little land.
He
He
teaches: 'No man can serve two masters. 'Well, what He

teaches would be all the same to us, if only He didn't
go ahead
1
and do accordingly;
for then it becomes

impossible to stay with
the other hand, it is perfectly feasible that this
thing
about no one being able to serve two masters, that this thing
might become (here is true seriousness !) an objective doctrine
and then a kingdom of this world, where He, the teacher, becomes king and prince, and we who have stood closest to Him,
now find ourselves closest to the throne/
He made His appearance as teacher in the little nation, which
as usual is divided into two parts the mighty, and what one calls
the masses. Both sides are observant of Him
which of them
will He join, which will have the good fortune to win Him to a
connexion with it? Neither by birth nor by outward condition
does He belong to the mighty; but they perceive well enough that
He is a might. By birth and condition He seems to belong most
closely to the masses, and they joyfully perceive in Him a might.
But He serves only one master, solitary and alone ah, certain
path to suffering, to destruction If thou dost behold in a winter's
storm one who is clad in the lightest summer garments, not even
he is so painfully exposed as he who wills to be a solitary man In
a world where all persons are in connexion, and consequently
require, with the selfishness characteristic of connexion, that one
must hold together with them, until the individual secures himself
Him. On
against several connexions by entering into one connexion,

whereas the solitary individual, as soon as it becomes evident that
will hold with none, has against him (grandiose connexion!)
"
connexions united in one connexion,
He would only serve one master; but He is (as everyone can
see), He is a prodigious might. His contemporaries behold Him
he
all
82

wonder. At this moment there is no question
of opposition,
with
not even envy has asserted itself. No, all is wonder wonder at
this man who. almightily almost, as it might seem, holds all
possibilities in His hand, is capable of becoming whatsoever He
will. It is like a fairy-tale, and wonder curiously attempts to
guess the riddle: 'What will He be now? But something He
must want to be and whatever it is He wills to be He must be able
to attain it, and if it is what He wills it is sure to be something
and then the united recognition of His contemporaries,
great*
or at least the united recognition of many of the contemporaries,
;
Him
enthusiastically. For human recognition

like natural love, friendship, &c., it is selfishness. Where there
is direct ground for recognition, where the fact that someone is
will attach itself to

is
man is recognizable by worldly power, prestige, by

there also human recognition is prompt. In
*gold and goods*
fact (even if the individual is not always conscious of it as the
result of a very simple
sly reaction of natural selfishness) it is the
computation by recognition in this instance I get the advantage
of being on the side of the mighty, of being in the game by taking
an eminent
the part of the mighty, and at the same time I appear to be an

amiable person whose soul is not shrivelled by petty interests but
is
expanded by disinterested enthusiasm. On the other hand,
where
direct reasons for recognition are lacking or are withheld,

is without profit, it is a severe effort, it means sacri-
recognition
not shown, just as natural love and friendship

in cases where Christian love would be
manifested. If God in heaven were to take the form of a lowly
man, if He, divinely prodigal, if I dare say so, were to scatter on
all sides
cheques upon heaven human recognition will not go in
for such grand behaviour. Human mediocrity which has attained
there is the thing the speculative mind loves to
popularity
In
case there is a child in the family who has eminent
recognize.
fices
hence
fail to
show themselves
qualities,
and
and
it is
this fact is directly recognizable by worldly

European fame, stars and ribbons ah,
prestige, a
honour
then of
course the family is sheer (disinterested!) enthusiasm. If he had

been thus eminent, but without the direct signs of recognition,
the family would soon feel him to be a burden, an infliction, and
would wish rather that he was an entirely insignificant person.
So it is with human recognition and He who only serves one
master wills to be absolutely . . nothing.
.
183
With
the resources of omnipotence

for that He has,
although
the use He makes of it hides this from the
eyes of many, it is
indeed like lunacy to employ, to have need of, the resources of
omnipotence to become nothing with the resources of omnipotence He assures Himself of becoming nothing. And then He
must come to the point of breaking with all men.
Humanly
He
must make unhappy, immeasurably

unhappy, the
few who were so very dear to Him, the mother must feel it like
a sword piercing het heart, the
disciples must fee! it like the
bitterness of death
and it was He who held and holds all
possibilities in His hand! Oh, soul-felt anguish of misundereven in the case of the dearest, the
standing! And He must
He must come to the point of making it
best, the most upright
manifest that everyone, the dearest (alas, the
dearest!), the most
upright (alas, the most upright!), is nevertheless, when it comes
speaking,
to the pinch, a cowardly wretch, a traitor, a

hypocrite. Fearful
What after all is so comforting in life and in death as to have or to
!
have had a favourable and good impression of a person ?
What so
comfortless as to get the opposite impression of a person one has
loved and trusted ? Oh, my friend, reflect upon this There is a
young man, he learns to know a girl, and this dear girl becomes
his wife
they reach seventy years of age, their day of life was a
summer's
lovely
day, then in the evening she dies, and with deep
emotion he says, 'Whatever other men have experienced, I have
had the experience that there is such a thing as faithful love/
Happy man Appreciate then, not only what thou hast had, but
what thou hast, thy happiness, the happiness of thy sorrow; oh,
happy sorrow, that death did not take faithfulness from her, but
only her with her faithfulness from thee For if this man had been
obliged to lead this girl out into great and decisive tests, he would
have got to know something else, that nevertheless she also was (to
use the mildest term) a shabby lot, that he himself was the same,
as I would of myself have the experience in great and decisive
tests.
There live two youths, they unite themselves closely to
one another in the days of youth, and old age finds everything
unchanged, as it remained throughout all of their obscure life;
then the friend dies, friend is separated from friend, and the friend
who stands by the grave says, Whatever others have experienced,
I have had the experience that there is such a thing as faithful
!
friendship,*
Happy man
Enviable happiness, from experience,

from so long an experience, to learn to know something so joyful
a different
[S. K. may have meant to have depicted
possibility,
184
There is a man,
as in the other instances, but he did not do so.]
an
that thou couldst speak
of
such
than
older
thou,
age
yet
perhaps
of him as thy contemporary; in him thou beholdest greatness,
it chances to be in a season of calm weather
ye live
thou
dost
and
at
he
his
then
dies,
grave
say joyfully,
together
'Whatever others have experienced, I have had the experience
that there is such a thing as noble character/ Happy man! For
be assured that what thou didst really learn to know was that it
was calm weather; if a storm had arisen, thou wouldst have seen
that he is shabby, like thee and me. Oh, most bitter of all sufferhow paltry one is oneself),
ings (far more bitter than to discover
to have to make it manifest that this (ah, one would give everything if only it might be truth as one thought it was!), that this to
which one looked up as to something great and lofty (oh, take
this away from me, let me be exempted, if this must be made
manifest, so let it be, but let it not be I that must make it mani-
loftiness,
and
shabbiness, paltriness! And this He had to do who

one master; if He were to continue to the end only to
served
only
serve one master, He must make this manifest of all, also of them
yet here there can be no question of looking up to anyone,
but we can say, also of them He loved, whom He loved as only
Thou who wast love and
He could love who alone was love.
leniency
they were indeed willing to suffer everything for Thee
and with Thee; couldst Thou not have abated a little bit, a tiny
scrap, and therewith have spared them from getting this annihilating impression of themselves Paltry wretch that I am! Oh, soulOh, agony, not
piercing torment, not to be able to spare them
to be able in love to abate the least bit, the least scrap
because
in love one would save them
He serves only one master; He employs the resources of
omnipotence in order to ensure Himself continually of being
nothing! He employs just as much power in order not to budge
an inch from the spot He has resolved to occupy and where He is
determined to stay: in the midst of reality, before the eyes of all,
where He will express,
kingdom is not of this world/ And
finally He employs just as much power in order to direct the
attention of all upon Himself, This (as His contemporaries also
felt) is like an attempt at wanting to compel the human race to
fest!) is
My

lose
its
senses, for In fact
185
He would
press upon them, or impress

in them, the qualification of Spirit , which the human race has
always considered a superfluity, and considered it necessary to
protect itself by warfare unto death against this exaggeration of
1
lunacy and 'possession', which must come from one who *has a
deviP, This is like wanting to compel a person to lose his senses.
For the law of relationship between being nothing and attention
is this: what corresponds very
reasonably to being nothing is
obscurity, no attention drawn to one; what corresponds to being
something is attention drawn to one then he comes up and looks
around and says, 'Sure enough, here is something, it was reasonable that I was heralded, that attention was drawn. To
being
something in a high degree corresponds a high degree of attention; and being something quite extraordinary may, without
disturbing this law, draw to one the attention of the whole contemporary age. But here comes the crazy thing: to be nothing
and with that to have the whole attention directed to one. This is
just as crazy as to wish to erect in the midst of this world a kingdom which is not of this world. For if one would not have it be
of this world, it is pure chicanery and caprice (in fact madness)
to select a place for it right in the midst of this world; one might
take his kingdom along and try to find another world, or at least
seek a remote place in this world to set up a kingdom which is
not of this world. But to select a place right in the midst of this
either he is mad, or the
world, that is playing for high stakes
rest of us are; and this is a fight unto death: either he conquers,
or we do, but we do not unite, any more than fire and water do.
He, however, serves only one master; He does not yield a tittle
by way of becoming uniform with this world or letting Himself
be forced into any sort of uniformity by becoming something in
this world, nor does He yield a tittle by way of letting Himself
be forced outside this world, into remote seclusion. No ! Hence
in the end the whole world, everybody united, turns against this
man. How shall one get rid of him?
How shall one get rid of him ? To liberate oneself from him by
declaring him insane, and then tranquilly assuming again the
attitude of being that something which every single individual
i$
no, that's not practicable* he is too powerful for that, both
with each individual and with the generation as a whole,, he has
wounded them too deeply; this would be so everyone must
1
86
to liberate themselves from

-just as foolish as for the ants
the funnel of the ant-lion by declaring that it is lunacy. So there
is nothing else for it: one must protect oneself against him
by
feel
resorting to the qualification 'guilt', by declaring that his life is

the most terrible egoism, the most revolting pride. This, however,
does not suffice, he is too strong for the human race. There is
only one resource left: we men, the whole race, are to retire
cautiously behind the quality 'God', and from that vantage ground
aim at Him and direct the attack against Him, with God on our
He
side; the accusation is found:

So that will be the accusation
blasphemes God.
His last hour draws near. He
moment, when He is struggling
them without anguish, He finds
has had disciples; at the decisive

In anguish unto death, He finds
them sleeping they could not watch with Him one hour. One
he employed the decisive
of them, however, did not sleep
moment to betray and sell Him. So He is seized and the disciples

awake from sleep and open their eyes. They flee. The most
faithful of them denies Him.
He stands before His judges, accused, or rather condemned,

scourged, arrayed with every possible insult, derided, spat upon
then it occurred to Him yet some time Thou must say what
Thou art, now is the moment for it, now it is almightily ensured
so He says, 'Nevertheless I am a
against being taken in vain
*It
is enough to cause a person to lose his mind, to
king/
become furious with the man, that He says this now. It is this
we were all waiting for, that He should have said it at once, and
He seems
he would have become that, nothing is more certain
:
moment when it is absolutely

too late, since He Himself has made it absolutely impossible, in
order then to say, ''Nevertheless I am a king."
He still might have got off with His life; the governor of the
land is so kind as to refer the case of the accused to the so much
only to have been waiting for this
'
lauded human compassion, which who knows ? might perhaps

have interested itself in Him, had He not with so proud a mien
up to the last made Himself unworthy of sympathy, proved
incorrigible up to the last, without indicating in the remotest
way by the least sign that He, won back to life and to the world,
might yet have a desire to live in order to become something in
the world. The people have the right to vote, to vote either for the
acquittal of a robber, or for that of the accused. They vote for
CHRIST AS
THE PATTERN
187
the robber. And that Is natural

the other also was a far more
terrible robber. For what is it after all to have assaulted travellers
on the highway perhaps a dozen times, what is that
compared to
His assault upon the whole human race and upon the very notion
of what it is to be a man For just think, a thief can steal
my
money; so far as that goes we disagree ; but in another sense we are
!
entirely in agreement, for truly the thief is of the same opinion

as I, that money is a great blessing. And the slanderer can steal
honour and reputation; but truly the slanderer Is of the same
opinion as I, that honour and reputation are a great blessing. It is
for this reason he deprives me of them. But In a much craftier
my
way one can
as It were steal from us all our

money, honour,
steal out of the life of us men that In which we
&c.,
reputation,
live. And that indeed is what He did, the indicted man. He did
not steal the money of the rich
no, but He took away the estimation attached to having money.
'Oh, paltry, contemptible
mammon', this is what His life expressed, 'paltry mammon, with

which a man defiles himself by hoarding it, which he heaps up to
his own destruction, which he possesses to his perdition, so that
finally in hell he will eternally execrate himself. Oh, if thou didst
understand me, the thief who stole everything from thee thou
wouldst regard as thy greatest benefactor, who helped thee as
thou hadst need to be helped for It Is easier for a camel to go
through a needle's eye/ Neither was He a slanderer who diminished anybody's honour and reputation
no, but He took away
the estimation from human honour and reputation. 'Oh, paltry
costume of buffoons, all the more paltry the higher It goes, the
more it shines and sparkles. Thou knowest It not, It fares with
thee as with that king who by mistake put on a shroud Instead of
the royal apparel
it is not this mistake thou hast made, it Is truly
enough the royal apparel thou dost wear, but look out, precisely
this is the shroud, the shroud in which thou shalt travel to hell,
without needing to fear that anyone will deprive thee of It, for
there It will be a torture to thee, as a punishment thou must
continue to wear It
cast out because thou hast not on a wedding
'But
what
is the good of it then that I am allowed to
garment.'
keep the money, that I am allowed to keep the purple, the stars
and ribbons, what is the good of it that everywhere they present
arms, that
all fall
what good does
upon their knees, when I make my appearance,

do me when He puts through His point of
this
88
view ? For Indeed He has taken away the estimation attached to

I who am a fool
all this, and if He
every time
prevails, it is rather
they present arms, every time they kneel before me. If perhaps
it is too severe to impose capital punishment for thievery and
highway robbery for this sort of robbery which He has exercised
against us all there is only one punishment, the death penalty.'
So then as a blasphemer He was condemned to death. His
crime was a warning to imitators! that He would only serve
one master. In human legislation this stands inalterably firm,
since public security requires it.
So He is crucified. The death-struggle is a time fpr converse
does not say much. Once every
with Himself and with God.
half-hour He utters a word. The suffering overwhelms Him,
bows His head; He cries, 'My God, my^God, why hast
and
He
He
Thou forsaken Me?' But thus with bowed head He is

'What
not to die.
He
talking about? Sure enough, it is

finished, at least it can't be long before it is finished, for death
cannot be very much delayed/ 'It is finished P So then, it is
as He is dying
lifts His head towards heaven
finished.
I
commit
into
hands
'Father,
Thy
spirit!'
*It is finished!'
is
Now
He
My
'No man can serve two
masters', this
is
His word, and
He was
served only one master. So He was not only right

in saying this, but right also in saying what He said in the Gospel :
*No man can serve two masters/
Yet lest the thing might become too serious for us men, a deadly
anguish to us, He diverts our attention from Himself and directs
it to
something else, almost as a diversion and recreation: 'Consider the lilies of the field, behold the birds of the air/ So He
look at Me', no,
does not say, *No man can serve two masters .
He says, *No man can serve two masters
consider the lilies
of the field, behold the birds of the air/ He might have said with
truth, with infinitely great truth, if thou wilt, 'Look at Me/ For
lilies and birds do not literally express
anything, and only He
is the truth of that which the lilies and the birds
symbolically
denote. But thus the seriousness would have been mortal. Hence
He employs the lilies and the birds, and yet the seriousness remains; for the serious thing is that He says it. In relation to the
communication of truth, if it is really to be true, the first question
to be asked is whether it is true, and then, who the speaker is,
the
Word He
:

what
189
his life expresses.
If a frivolous person, a
spendthrift, or a
miser, in a moment of poetic feeling utters this true saying,
'Consider the lilies of the field, behold the birds of the air*, this
is not then seriousness, but

fudge and nonsense. When 'the
Pattern' says it, on the other hand, it is seriousness, for His life
is the truth of it. But seriousness is softened almost to
jest by
introducing the lilies and the birds. However, it is not something
to laugh at
strange sis it is that the sparrow also has now become
a professor, and professor of the most serious science or
art,
notwithstanding that (differing in this respect at least from other
professors) to-morrow it is sold for a farthing and eaten
no, it is
not something to laugh at, for the Teacher's presence in the
classroom ensures that no one will dare to laugh. And He never
who
laughed as it is said in an old hymn 'Why does He
:
weep
never laughed?" One might be tempted, however, to

suppose
that He said with a smile, 'Consider the lilies of the field, behold
the birds of the air.' Ah, this is so gentle, so divinely gentle
when the speaker is Himself the only one who ever has expressed
only to serve one master, when He knows that it will

then to be able as it were to forget all this and say, 'Let
us talk about the lilies and the birds not about me!' Ah, when
what
cost a
it is
life,
Him
His life, and heart-felt suffering every blessed day,

then to be able to impart instruction so delightfully
With a man it is different. When he has merely a little more than
usual to think about, not to say when he is involved in strenuous
and self-sacrificing effort, he will hardly be inclined to pay attention to a sparrow or a lily; with man's stolid and surly vanity he
thinks this something far too insignificant, something for children,
womenfolk, and idlers. But the Saviour of the world says, just
as if it were a Sunday afternoon or a holiday when one has
nothing else to do: 'Consider the lilies of the field, behold the
birds of the air/ How childlike, how wholesome! For quite
different is the sickly thing one sometimes beholds: that a man
who has become tired of dealing with men and tired almost of
being himself a man, in a sort of uplifted mood now gets the
notion of living with sparrows, a notion which, melancholy though
it
costs
every hour
and perhaps sometimes wittily expressed, is very far from

being seriousness.
Consider the lilies and the birds! Take time, take plenty of
remember
time, and yet, in another sense, embrace the instant
it is,
190
now it is autumn. Lovely is the autumn but notwithstanding
that
one of the seasons of the year, ah, the most beautiful, it

is at the same time as if it were a remembrance of the season now
embrace
vanished, or a reminder that it is now about to vanish
the instant. Then comes winter, the long winter; then thou wilt
hear or see nothing of the lilies and the birds, then they have long
it is itself
ago decamped, these itinerant schoolmasters, who in this respect

are different from the itinerant schoolmasters in the country, that
the latter make use especially of the winter season and do not
commonly hold school in summer, presumably lest they might
conflict disturbingly with the lilies and the birds. Embrace the
but as for the lilies and the birds, have
instant, be swift to learn
no concern, there is nothing about them to suggest that so soon
it will all be over; always with the same assurance as in summertime they deliver the lecture they have to give; the instruction
they impart, being what they have learned by themselves (and it is
so profitable to a man), is always even, uniform, constant, with
no sudden alterations of mood, but 'always the same and about
the same thing and in the same way*, eternally unchanged in an
incomprehensible way, yet always abreast of time and fitting into
1
the instant.
Oh, the beneficent peace out
there, yet it is just

so greatly in need of, needing more especially to
have it within him, the peace which is out there with thee and in
thee, thou lily of the field, thou bird of the air, the peace which
would banish so many real or imaginary sorrows and cares and
worries, the peace which means repose or to repose in God.
what man
is
to the bird! It sings and twitters, and twitters

oh, listen !
along with what oh, heed it well
it is
refrain of an ancient hymn: 'Yes,
to
the
Sorrow,
saying
2 And so the bird
rejoices in 'to-day'. Then
yes, to-morrow.*
thinks Sorrow, 'Only wait, I will yet be on the watch for thee;
to-morrow ere the day has dawned, and ere thou art risen from the
So give heed
this refrain
on (for I am ever earlier afoot

and forerunners who come first
to prepare an entrance for him), then I shall come/ And tomorrow
the bird is there no more. *How is that? it is there
no more?' *No, it has gone on a journey, it is away.' *How
nest,
and
than he;
ere the devil has his shoes
As
The
them
am one of his
servants
Socrates said of his teaching.
Danish phrase (Ja t ja imor(g)en), having fewer consonants, and one of

might be more easily recognized in the song of a bird.
elided,
191
gone on a journey? Its passport was sequestrated, and I swear

Well
by Satan, I know it has not journeyed without a pass.'
then, they may not have exercised sufficient vigilance, for it has
gone on a journey it left a greeting for you, the last thing it said
Thou art shrewd
was, "Say to Sorrow, Yes, yes, to-morrow."
indeed, thou winged traveller, an incomparable professor in the
art of living! Oh, to be able thus to
say to Sorrow, *Yes 3 yes,
to-morrow'; and then, after saying it, to enjoy to-day, to enjoy it
almost doubly for the joy of having said this! And thus to hoax
Sorrow not for a few days (for what does that avail ? Sorrow
may as well come first as last), but to keep on saying this until,
when Sorrow finally comes in earnest, it is a visit made in vain; to
*
come running up every blessed day only to hear the reply,

'To-morrow'; and when finally it might at last become a serious
business, that then it comes in all seriousness, only to depart in
vain. And the lily! It is pensive, it inclines its head a little, it
shakes its head, as a sign to Sorrow: 'Yes, yes, to-morrow/ And
to-morrow the lily has a legitimate excuse for absence, 1 it is not
let it
home, it is away, the Emperor has lost his rights over it, if
ever he had any, and Sorrow may just as well tear its claim to
pieces, it has no validity; and that's the end of it, even if Sorrow
becomes furious and says, 'The excuse is invalid/ Oh, to be able
thus to say to Sorrow, 'Yes, yes, to-morrow'; and then to be able
to remain quite tranquilly on the spot, charming in carefree joy,
at
more
joyful if possible for having had its jest with Sorrow:

To-morrow.' Not to hoax it for a few days, for a week; no, to
keep on saying to Sorrow every time it presented itself, 'It is too
early, thou dost come too soon', to keep on saying this until when
it comes in earnest it is ... too late! Oh, what a master of the
art of living
One almost shudders, while admiring the master
one almost shudders, for this is a matter of life and death. One
almost shudders and yet, no, the master's art is so great (a
thankless thing to be a great artist!) that one does not observe
even the least shudder, and one surrenders oneself to this as the
most charming and pleasant jest.
Give heed then to the lilies and the birds! To be sure, there is
*
2
'spirit in nature'
1
especially
when
the Gospel inspirits
it;
for
A grim play upon words: Forfald also means decay.

An
Nature).
allusion to
H.
C. 0rsted*s famous book Aandtn In Naturen (The Spirit in
92
then
is
men,
for
it
nature nothing but symbols, nothing but instruction for

too is 'inbreathed' by God and 'is profitable for doctrine,
reproof,
for correction,
for instruction
in
righteousness'.
they sew not, neither do they spin'

and yet the most skilful seamstress who sews for herself, or a
princess who with the use of the costliest fabric has her sewing
'Consider the
lilies
of the
field;
done by the most skilful seamstress, or Solomon in all his glory,

was not arrayed like one of these. So then there is one who sews
and spins for the lilies? That indeed there is: God in heaven.
But as for man, he sews and spins. 'Yes, necessity is enough to
teach him that, necessity teaches naked women to spin/ Fie upon
thee, that thou canst think so meanly of thy labour, of what it is
as if it were
to be a man, so meanly of God and of existence
nothing but a house of correction No, consider the lilies of the
field, learn from them, learn to understand what thou knowest:
thou knowest that 'it is man who spins and sews, learn from the
!
to understand that nevertheless really, even when it is man

spins and sews, it is God who spins and sews. Dost thou
think that the seamstress, if she understands this, will become less
diligent at her work and in it, that she will lay her hands in her
lap and think: 'If after all it is really God who spins and sews, the
best thing for me is to be free, to be liberated from this unreal
lilies
who
spinning and sewing ? If so, then this seamstress is a foolish

little maiden, not to say a
saucy wench, in whom God can take no
pleasure, and who can take no pleasure in the lilies, and who well
deserves to have the good Lord show her the door, and then she
would see what will become of her. But this seamstress, our own
dear lovable seamstress with her childlike piety, understands that
only when she herself sews, is it God who will sew for her, and
hence she becomes all the more diligent at her work, for the fact
that by constantly sewing she constantly must understand
oh,
that it is God who sews every stitch, for
blissful pleasantry!
the fact that by sewing constantly she must constantly understand
that it is God who sews every stitch.
oh,- the seriousness of it
And if she has understood this, through the instruction of the
lilies and the birds, then she has
comprehended the significance
of life, and her life has become in the highest sense significant;
and when at last she is dead, it may truly be said of her at
the grave, with the greatest possible emphasis: 'She has lived'.
Whether or not she was married is of no decisive importance.
!

193
air!' How does it come about? Thou
art troubled, thy mind is dejected, thine
eyes are fixed upon the
ground What is the meaning of this ? It was not thus God
'Behold the birds of the
!
created man, as can be learnt from

every child's primer. What
distinguishes man from the beast is the upright posture. So then,
if you please,
?
up with the head 'Oh, won't you leave me in
!
peace
No, let us advance by easy steps. It would perhaps be too

brusque a movement for thy sick mind, too abrupt a change, if
suddenly thou wert to look up from earth to heaven. So let the
bird come to our aid. It is sitting upon the
ground where thy
so much thou canst surely endure
glance is fixed. Now it rises
as to lift thy head so that thy glance
may follow it. It mounts, so
lift thy head a little more, and a little more. Now that is
right:
now the bird is high up under the sky and thou art in the correct
attitude. Behold the bird in the
sky oh, and acknowledge to
thyself that as little as the vault of heaven can be said to press
down, just so little is it God who depresses thee; no, the depression
comes from the earth, or from the earthly in thee; but as the vault
'of heaven is uplifting, so it is God who would
uplift thee. 'Behold
the birds of the air, they sow not, neither do they
reap, nor gather
into barns.' Yet the birds certainly do not live on air
any more
than men do. So there must be one who sows and
reaps and
gathers into barns for them ? That there is indeed, namely God,
the great caretaker and provider, or, as we call Him, Providence.
He sows and reaps and gathers into barns, and the whole world is,
as it were, His immense store-room. Tiresome people have had
the tiresome notion of wanting to turn the whole world into an
immense barn, so as to get along without God. That is foolish
mimicry. No, when it is God who does this, it is delightful
oh, the delight of the birds of the air, which sow not, neither reap,
nor gather into barns! But this is what man does, he sows and
reaps and gathers into barns. So learn then from the birds of
the air to understand what thou knowest. Thou knowest that it
is man who sows and reaps
learn to understand that when man
does this, it is really God who does it. 'What bosh When I with
the sweat of my brow go out into the field and reap, so that the
sweat pours down me, I have good reason to know with certainty
!
who reap, at least it is I who sweat. Or is it perhaps

who
sweats ? Or, if it is God who reaps, why do I sweat
God
really
so? Thy talk is grandiloquent, unpractical nonsense/ Oh, man.
that
it is I

man, obdurate human mind, wilt thou never learn from the birds
to be out of thy mind in order to become man ? Wilt thou never
I
94
learn in godly exaltation, like the birds, to understand what work

means ? Thou wilt certainly come far closer to the truth than thou
the" matter inversely, undernot a sheer trouble and burden from
which one would preferably be exempted, that far rather God has
granted man the power to work, in order to bestow upon him
a delight, a sense of independence, which is not bought at too
high a price by the sweat of the brow for the fact that one sweats
or does not sweat is not decisive; indeed, a dancer also sweats,
but one does not for this reason call dancing a labour, a trouble,
and a burden. This is the only godly understanding of what
work means and with this one is very far from 'bemoaning the
sweat of the brow. Take, for instance, a child and the parents*
relation to it. Little Ludwig 1 is taken daily for a ride in his babycarriage, a delight which usually lasted an hour, and that it is a
delight little Ludwig understands very well. And yet the mother
has hit upon something new which will delight little Ludwig
even more. Couldn't he pull the carriage himself ? And he can!
What? He can? Yes, look Aunty, little Ludwig can pull the
2
carriage himself! Now let us be men, and not put the child out;
art,
even
if
thou wilt merely regard
standing that to
work
is
we know well enough that little Ludwig cannot, that it really

the mother who pulls the wagon, and it is only to give him"
delight she plays the game that little Ludwig can do it himself.
And little Ludwig puffs and groans. Does he not perhaps sweat ?
Yes, by my troth, he sweats, the sweat stands out on his forehead,
but his countenance
in the sweat of his brow he pulls the carriage
for
is
beams with joy, he
is
intoxicated with joy,
we might
say,
and he
1
It perhaps adds nothing to the instruction of this passage that it can probably
be regarded as S. K/s reminiscence of his own early childhood; yet there is some
interest in the fact that Ludwig was a name he somehow associated peculiarly with
himself. He constantly thought of himself as Ludwig. Psychologists at least may be
interested in this curious mental trait. If in this passage, as in several others, Ludwig
is S, K., then we have here a reference to his mother
an affectionate reference and
(psychologists may observe with interest) the only reference he made to her in any
of his works, the Journal included.
2
*Let us be men !* Perhaps this is another reminiscence. For in his university
years S. K. seems to have been so much addicted to this exclamation that when
Hans Christian Andersen held him up to ridicule in one of his stories, he represented
him as a parrot which knew how to utter no other phrase.

195
becomes even more so every time the aunt says,
'Why, look,
little Ludwig can do it himself/ It was a
peerless delight. The
sweating? No, being able to do it himself. So it is with being
able to work. Rightly understood, understood in a
godly way,
it is sheer
delight, something God himself has hit upon to give
delight to man, concerning which God said to Himself, 'Decidedly it will delight him more than to be carried constantly in a babycarriage.' Here, as in every other case, the way one regards it
makes all the difference. When it is to thy liking, for the sake of
work
pleasure, thou dost not bemoan the sweat. Well then, let
thy
a something God has hit

upon to
believed it would delight
delight thee; ah, grieve not His love,
thee well
But there is a still higher godly understanding which
we- learn from the birds : that after all it is God who works, God
be thy delight, understand
it
He
who sows and

Ludwig!
reaps,
when man sows and
He has now become a man,
reaps.
Think of
little
and so he understands very

was the mother who pulled the
well the true situation, that it

carriage; he has now therefore a second gladness in the reminiscence of childhood, thinking of the love of the mother who could
thus invent something to delight the child. But now he is a man,
now he
really can do things by himself; he now is led perhaps

even into temptation by this really being able to do things by
himself until that reminiscence of childhood reminds him how
much he still
is in the same situation as the child, that when a man

yet is another, it is ... God who works. Dost thou think
*
that therefore he will be inactive or slothful and say, If after all it
is God who works, it is best that I be
exempted* ? If so, then that
man is a fool, not to say a shameless scoundrel, in whom God can
take no pleasure, and who can take no pleasure in the birds^ and
who well deserves to have the good Lord show him the door, and'
then he can see what becomes of him. But the honest, upright,
god-fearing labourer becomes all the more industrious for underGod is a
standing more constantly that oh, blissful pleasantry!
fellow worker
oh, highest seriousness! Created in God's image
as he is, with head erect, he looks up towards heaven at the birds,
1
gay birds from whom he learns that it is God who sows and reaps
and gathers into barns. But he does not sink into inactivity, he is
otherwise he is not in a position to
alert, attentive to his work
it is God who sows and
that
perceive
reaps and gathers into barns.
works,
it
In Danish Spsgefugle means a
jester,
a wag
(literally, jest-bird).
196
Thou
lily
of the
field,
thou bird of the
air!
How much a man
owestothee! Some of his best and most blissful hours. For since
the Gospel installed thee as pattern and teacher, the Law was
done away with, and pleasantry was assigned its place in the
kingdom of heaven, so that we no longer are under the pedagogue
but under the Gospel 'consider the lilies of the field, behold the
But then perhaps all that about following
birds of the air!'
Christ, about imitation, becomes a pleasant jest. He Himself
helped us by not saying, 'Look at Me but 'Consider the lilies,
behold the birds!* He pointed away from Himself, and we
indeed we men were not to blame for it we took the hint only
too willingly; shrewd as we all are when it is a question of sparing
flesh and blood, we shrewdly understood only too well what a
concession was made to us in having such patterns, and we became
:
indefatigable in adorning it
thinking only with a certain secret
horror of the serious thing, the following of Christ.
No, not quite thus may we be allowed to do, that would be
so easy that substantially it would become

the
(what precisely
following of Christ was calculated to hinder)
making the Gospel

poetry.
For doubtless the lilies and the birds may be said only to serve
one master, but that after all is merely figuratively said, and the
obligation of man to 'follow after' them is poetically expressed,
as also the lilies and the birds regarded as teachers are without
authority. Moreover, if a man, with the lilies and the birds as a
pattern, were to live as has been described above, so that he
thought thoughts of God in and along with everything, this
certainly is piety, and a piety which in a perfectly pure form has
certainly never been seen among men. But in the strictest sense
not yet Christianity, it is properly Jewish piety. What is

decisive for Christianity is not at all evinced here, the notion of
it is
suffering because one adheres to God, or, as we say, suffering for

the doctrine, which' properly is the following of Christ.
Alas, yes, it is as if it were entirely forgotten in Christendom
what Christianity is. When one would portray it even with only
tolerable fidelity, it is likely that people will imagine that it is a
to such
cruelty, a torture of mankind, which he has invented^
a degree does suffering for the Word or for the doctrine accompany Christianity meticulously, that when a person merely depicts
it with a tolerable
approach to truth, he will draw down upon

himself
human
197
And, as has been said, in spite of the

millions of copies of the New Testament which are in circulation
and in spite of the fact that everybody possesses the New Testament, is baptized, confirmed, calls himself a Christian, and in spite
disfavour.
of the fact that a thousand parsons are preaching every blessed

Sunday for all that it is not unlikely people will say the thing
is this man's own invention, when
quite simply he draws from
the
New Testament that which is distinctly enough written there,
but which we men, from generation to generahave jettisoned in the most free-and-easy way, without
consistently admitting that what we have retained is anything
but the pure, sound, unadulterated doctrine.
Îmitation', 'the following of Christ', this precisely is the point
and
in clear words,
tion,
where the human race winces, here it is principally that the difficulty lies, here is where the question really is decided whether one
will accept Christianity or not.
at this point,
few Christians. If
made
many
If pressure is brought to bear

in that same degree there are
and a strong pressure
at this point a convenient
accommodation
is
(so that Christianity becomes, intellectually, a doctrine),

enter into Christianity. If it is done away with entirely (so
that Christianity becomes, existentially, as easy as mythology and

poetry, while imitation is exaggeration, a ludicrous exaggeration),
then Christianity widens out to such a degree that Christendom

and the world almost correspond, or all become Christians, then
in other words, it is done
Christianity has triumphed completely
with.
away
Ah, if only attention had been given to this in due time, the
situation in Christendom would be very different from what it
now is. But since human assertiveness became more and more
menacing in refusing to hear anything of this nonsense about

imitation; since mercenaries and thralls or at least very weak
believers took upon themselves to be preachers of the Word
then the history of Christendom, -from generation to generation,
became a steady reduction in the price of what it is to be a
Christian. Until at last it became such an absurdly low price
that soon the opposite effect was produced, that men hardly
to do with Christianity, because as
wanted to have
anything
a result of that untrue mildness it had become so mawkish that

it
well, if only one does
disgusted people. To be a Christian
not literally steal, does not literally make thieving one's business;
198
for to be a thief in one's business can well be combined with being

a serious Christian who takes the communion once a year, and a
couple of times a year, or definitely on New Year's Day, goes to
church. To be a Christian
well, if in committing fornication
one does not exaggerate, or deserting the golden mean go to
extremes; for cautiously, with decorum, i.e. secretly, with taste
and refinement, that still can well enough be combined with being
a serious Christian who at least hears one sermon for every
fourteen comedies and romances he reads. And that there might

be anything to prevent a person who is altogether conformed to
this world and by every shrewd device seeks to assure himself
of the greatest possible earthly advantages and pleasures, &c.

that there might be anything to prevent him from thinking that
this could perfectly well be combined with being a serious
that would be a ludicrous exaggeration, an impertiChristian
nence if anyone who would enjoin such a thing upon us, and
boundless foolishness on the part of him who risked this venture,
since there was not a single person who would reflect
upon
.
what
New Testament
or that it is written there.

This is a cheap edition of what it is to be a Christian, yet it is the
actual status; for that preachers declaim on Sundays during a
quiet hour about the higher virtues, &c., does not alter the actual
status on Mondays, since people explain such preaching by the
fact that it is the parson's official job and his living, and since the
lives of many parsons are not different from that actual status
but properly it is the existence which preaches, the preaching
is
written in the
with mouth and arms
However, there
is
also
of no
avail.
were those who held Christianity
at a
higher price, but never higher than about up to that quiet piety,
which under the lenient regime of grace thinks often about God,
expects every good thing from His fatherly hand, seeks comfort
from Him in life's need.

*To suffer for the doctrine', following Christ
that is entirely
abolished, consigned long, long ago to oblivion. Inasmuch as in
the sermon one cannot very well entirely avoid saying something
about the following of Christ (although some have known how

to manage it in such a way it can be done), one does it by suppressing the really decisive thi^g and substituting for it something
different: that one ought to endure the adversities of life with
patience,
&c.
99
But the following of Christ is abolished. Established Christendom, if only for laughter it could listen, would doubtless fall into
the profoundest amazement if it were to hear that this is the
doctrine of the New Testament (and in accordance with the New
Testament, of
all true
Christians), that it is the part of the true
Christian to suffer for the doctrine. To suffer for the doctrine
in such a measure only to serve one master, in such a
way to follow
the Pattern that one suffers for being a Christian To suffer for
the doctrine
*No, no/ Christendom would doubtless say, *I
believe now that the man has gone clean out of his mind; to
to become addicted
require that one must suffer for the doctrine
to Christ in such a measure is then far worse than
becoming
addicted to gambling, drink, or adultery. It is all well
enough,
as the parsons preach, that Christianity is a gentle consolation,
!
a sort of assurance for eternity, it's all right, that is a

thing a man
may be willing to give his money for and perhaps it is paid for
pretty dearly with the high tithes now exacted, so that in this
respect
we might be
obliged to
to
pay
said to. suffer for the doctrine.
have
But
to be
preached, that one must suffer for the

stark mad/ And yet the blame is not his;
this
doctrine! The man is

the 'stark madness' really
is that in
preaching Christianity they
out and suppressed what does not please the worldly
and earthly mind, and so have prompted all this worldliness to
have
left
imagine that
it is
Christianity.
they had held tenaciously to this point, to the following

of Christ! If, instructed by the errors of earlier ages, they had
truly held to this point! This did not come to pass. So it must
come to pass. Imitation', which answers to Christ as the Pattern,
must (if Christendom is to make sense) be again introduced, but
(as I have hinted) in such a way as to show that we have learnt
something from the error of earlier ages.
Without introducing 'imitation* it is impossible to get the
better of doubters. Hence it is that the situation in Christendom
is what it is, that doubt is posited instead of faith. And then they
want to arrest doubt ... by reasons; and in this course they are
not yet arrested, they have not yet learnt that it is wasted effort,
indeed that it is to nourish doubt to give it a reason for persisting;
they have not yet become awake to the fact that 'imitation' is the
only force which, like the police force, is able to scatter the disorderly mob of doubt, and to give it a will and a compulsion, if
Oh,
if
200
one would not
mouth

be a 'follower', at least to go home and
keep one's
shut.
'Imitation*, which answers to 'Christ as the Pattern',

brought to the fore, applied, recalled to remembrance.
Let us take up the matter fundamentally, yet with
all
must be
brevity.
Saviour of the world, our Lord Jesus Christ, did not come to
the world to bring a doctrine; He never lectured. Since He did
not bring a doctrine, neither did He seek to prevail upon anyone
by reasons to accept the doctrine, nor seek with proofs to sub-
The
His teaching in fact was His life, His presence

it.
men.
If anyone desired to be His disciple, His way of
among
going about it, as can be seen from the Gospel, was quite another
way than the method of lecturing. He said to such a man somestantiate
thing like this: 'Adventure a decisive action, then we can begin/

What does that mean? It means that one does not become a
Christian by hearing something about Christ, by reading something, by thinking thereupon, or while Christ still lived upon
earth, by seeing Him once in a while, or by going and gaping at
Him the whole day. No, what is required is a predicament (situa1
a decisive action, so that thou dost become
tion): adventure upon
heterogeneous with the life of this world, unable any longer to
have thy life in it, dost find thyself in conflict with it then thou
wilt gradually be brought into such a tension that thou wilt be able
to be observant of what I am here saying (says Christ). Perhaps
also the tension will so affect thee that thou wilt understand that
thou canst not support it without having recourse to Me, and so
we can begin. Could one expect anything else of 'the Truth* ?
Must it not give expression to the fact that it is the taught who
needs the teacher, 'the sick man who needs the physician' ? Not
was preached in a later age, that it is

'needs the patients', the teacher who needs the
pupils, and therefore, as a matter of course (like any other salesman, who surely does not require that the highly esteemed public
should buy a pig in a poke), must be at your service with reasons,
inversely, as Christianity
the physician
By
who
the use of a strange word, which. I find in no dictionary, and which S. K.

by Situation*, he means to indicate such a 'decisive
parenthetically interpreted
action* as he himself had in
mind and was about to perform it expresses in a new

thought of the necessity cf Venturing far out , . . where God can
get hold of one*. 'Decisive action* is a luminous commentary upon many a passage in
the Gospels where we have the response of Christ to a man who proposes to be a
way
his constant
disciple.
201
proofs, recommendations from others who have been cured or

instructed, &c. But the divine truth Yet the fact that it behaves
differently is not to be attributed to what one might call divine
!
pride of superiority.
Oh
no, in this respect the Saviour of the
world was doubtless willing, as in all other ways, to humiliate

Himself; but it cannot be otherwise.
We will not linger upon the way in which Christianity gradually
spread abroad in the world; we hasten on to a definite point which
is decisive for the situation in
present-day Christendom.
We halt for a moment at the Middle Ages.
However great its

conception of Christianity has a decisive
superiority over that of our time. The Middle Ages conceived
of Christianity with a view to. action, life, the transformation of
personal existence. This Is its valuable side. It is another matter
that there were some singular actions they especially
emphasized,
that they could think that fasting for its own sake was
Christianity,
and so too going into a monastery, bestowing everything upon
the
not to speak of what we can hardly refer to without
poor,
such
as flagellation, crawling on the knees,
smiling,
standing upon
one leg, Sec., as if this were the true imitation of Christ. This was
error. And as is the case when one has turned into the
wrong
path and pursues it steadily, one gets farther and farther from the
errors
may have been,
its
true way, deeper and deeper into

worse and worse so it was here.
error did not
make
error, the situation
What was
becoming
worse than the
its
first
appearance, that they got the idea of

that
meritoriousness, thought
they acquired merit before God by
their good works. And the situation became worse than this they
even thought that by good works one might -acquire merit to such
a degree that it accrued not only to his advantage, but that like a
capitalist or bondsman one might let it accrue to the advantage
of others. And it became worse, it became a regular. business:
men who had never once thought of producing any of these socalled good works now got a complete assortment to deal with,
being active as shopkeepers in selling for money the good works
of others at a fixed but moderate price.
Then Luther came forward. 'This situation*, said he, 'is
spiritual apathy. It is a dreadful apathy; otherwise you who by
good works think to merit the blessedness of heaven must perceive that this is the sure path, either to presumptuous-ness (and
with this the forfeiture of blessedness), or to despair (and with
fail to
202
of blessedness). For to wish to build upon good

more thou dost practise them, and the stricter thou
art with thyself, the more dost thou develop in thyself simply
anguish of dread, and ever new dread. On that path if a man
this the forfeiture
works
the
not entirely spiritless, on that path he attains exactly the

opposite* of quiet and rest for his soul, he attains disquietude and
is
No, a man is justified only by faith. And therefore, in

God's name, to hell with the Pope and all his auxiliary assistants,
along with all your fasting, flagellation, and all the monkeyshines which are resorted to under the name of 'following
But let us not forget that for all this Luther did not do away
unrest.
with the following of Christ, nor with the voluntary imitation, as

the effeminate coterie is so fain to make us believe. He applied
imitation in connexion with witnessing for truth, and (without
imagining, however, that it was meritorious) in this respect he
voluntarily exposed himself to dangers enough. In fact, it was not
the Pope who attacked Luther, but Luther who attacked the Pope;
and Luther's life, although he was not put to death, was nevertheless a sacrificed
life,
life
Present-day Christendom
sacrificed to witnessing for truth.

(that at least of which I am talking)
attaches itself to Luther; it is another question whether Luther

could subscribe to it, whether the turn which Luther took may
not only too easily lead into a wrong path when Luther is not at
hand
to
make truth
of the true turn he took.
At
all
events, if any-
one would perceive what may be questionable in the present

situation, the best way doubtless is to look back to Luther and
the turn he took.
The erroneous path from which Luther turned off" was exaggeration with respect to works. And quite rightly, he was not at fault:
a man is justified solely and only by faith. So he talked and taught
and believed. And this was not taking grace in vain, his whole
life was
testimony to this. So far so good.
But already the next generation slackened; it did not turn in
horror from exaggeration in respect to works (of which Luther
had had personal experience) into the path of faith. No, they
transformed the Lutheran passion into a doctrine, and with this
they diminished also the vital power of faith. In this way it was
diminished from generation to generation. Works well, God
knows that there was no question any more about them, it would
be a crime to accuse this later age of exaggeration with respect to
.

203
and
works,
people were not so silly as to presume to claim merit
for what they exempted themselves from
doing. But then as to
is it to be found
faith
upon earth ?
What
Christ required as a condition for

reaching the situation
where there can be any question of

becoming a Christian was a
decisive action
there is now no longer
any need of that. One's
life is essentially
with
worldliness
and with this
homogeneous
world, and so one hears perhaps a little about
3 one
reads a
Christianity
thinks a
about Christianity, has once in a while a

and so one is a believer and a Christian. Indeed,
religious mood
one is already a Christian beforehand: one is born as a Christian,
drolly enough, and what makes it still more droll, one is born as a
Lutheran. That undeniably is a very precarious
way of becoming
little,
little
and a Christian; it has very little likeness to the

experience of Luther the experience of horror, when
through a course
of years he had tortured himself in a monastery without
finding
rest for his soul or rest from this horror, then in the end to find
escape by the blessed path of faith, so that it is no wonder that
this much tried man witnessed so
strongly against building one's
blessedness upon works, not
it was
witnessing against works
only the sly world which thus misinterpreted him.
But when they had done away with the notion of becoming a
Christian by means of a decisive action
capable of bringing about
the predicament (situation) in which it is decided whether one
will be a Christian or not, then
(for the sake at least of doing
something) they put in its stead the notion of thinking about
a believer
Christianity, supposing they would become Christians in this way,

to advance subsequently beyond faith; 1 for
they
did not stop at faith
and this is not to be wondered at, for
and intending
they
did not start out like Luther from exaggeration with
respect to
works and then attain faith, but they began as a matter of course
with faith, which 'naturally* every man has. If one would call
medieval Christianity the monastic-ascetic type, one might call the
Christianity of our age the professor-scientific type. Not all, it is
true, could become professors; but nevertheless all acquired a
certain professorial and scientific -cast of mind. And just as in
the first period not all could become martyrs, but all stood in
1
Hegel and the Hegelian theologians regarded the simple data or faith as inadequate apprehensions of reality which the philosopher and the professor must transcend. Against this going beyond faith S. K. constantly protested.
204
as in the Middle Ages all did

stood in relationship with the
monastery and regarded the man who entered the monastery as
so in our time all stand in relationship
the genuine Christian
with the professor, the professor is the genuine Christian. And
with the professor came scientific learning, and with learning came
doubters, and with learning and doubters came the scientifically
relationship with the martyrs;

not enter the monastery, but
and
all
learned public, and then came reasons fro and contra^ and people
were swayed pro and contra, *for pro and contra in this case much
can well be said
The
is not once mentioned in the

from which we can perceive first of all that
For the
Christianity came into the world without professors
of
view
of
the
whole
Christianity.
point
professor changes
And therefore imitation must be introduced. To the professor
corresponds Christianity as objective teaching, as mere doctrine.*
Thus by means of doubt or by means of reasons this conception
of Christianity plays victory into the hands of doubt, and transforms (what Christianity most decisively counts the most decisive
thing) decision into postponement from a day to a week, to a
month, to a year, to a lifetime. When the 'professor' stands at his
apogee and Christendom sees itself in the professor, as once it saw
itself in the monastery, the situation in Christendom will be this:
1
Christianity properly does not exist, adhuc sub judice Us est, one
awaits the result as to what Christianity is or what is Christianity.
Faith does not exist, what exists is at the most a mood which
fluctuates between remembering Christianity as a thing already
vanished, and expecting it as a thing to come. Imitation is an
New
professor! This personage
Testament
.-
impossibility, for
*
when everything
has been put in suspense,
was in
it is
parts some Christian
learning; but the

individual (the exception) who occupied himself with this scientific learning had the
Christian sobriety (expressive of the fact that for him it was decided that he would
be a Christian, and that for him the decisive thing was to be a Christian) to live
himself as an ascetic, thus expressing far, far more strongly by his life that Christianity is all the same something entirely different from a science, like mathematics,
&c., which is indifferent to personality, and that the very, very last way for Christianity
to be brought to its apogee is when in homogeneity with this world, by worldly
successful docents, it is lectured upon as an objective science, or when with constantly
more and more learning, the decision to become a Christian, or to become a Christian
otherwise than by 'protestations', is put off, because one is constantly expecting
.
a result from the part of science.
1
The case is still on trial.
It
is
true that in better times there
impossible for
one

to make a
beginning with anything
205
decisive^
but one's existence
drifts as it were with the

current, and one
one's
natural
self-love to make life as comfortable for
employs
1
oneself .as possible. The 'professor* can make
fast; the
nothing
one thing he can do
to put everything in
suspense. Sometimes
it looks as if what the professor asserts is the most reliable certainty. That, however, is a deception, due rather to his serious
mien and protestations, whereas more closely examined even his
is
most secure position is yet within the sphere of scientific doubt

and therefore in suspense. Only imitation is capable of making
the end fast; but just as the king turned pale when an invisible
hand wrote upon the wall, 'Thou art weighed and found too light* ;
so the professor turns pale before imitation
that also says, 'Thou,
all the
weight of thy objective learning, thy folios and systems, art weighed and found too light/ What wonder indeed, for
in a Christian sense it is precisely objective learning which weighs
When the monastery Is the misleading
least of all In the scales.
thing, faith must be introduced; when the 'professor' is the
misleading thing, imitation must be introduced.
Imitation must be brought to mind, but (as was previously
remarked) In such a way that we have evidently learnt something
from the errors of past times.
with
The mildest way to introduce it is ... in the form of possibility,

or (as one might say) dialectically, that Is, In such a way that
it
merely exerts pressure to bring doubt to silence and administer
a little justice upon existences. Thus it works quite simply (as I
have Indicated in a previous book) only he is allowed to advance
doubts whose life bears the impress of imitation, or he who at least
by a decisive action has got so far out that there could be a question of his becoming a Christian. Everyone else has to hold his
tongue, he has no right to take part in speaking about Christianity, least of all contra.
This is the mildest way in which Imitation can be introduced; it
is only the 'professor' that is shaken off, the
assumption of scholarly
importance that is repulsed; for the rest, everybody is leniently
treated who will relate himself beseemingly to Christianity,
:
appears in the sequel that S. K. has here the analogy in mind which he often
of, namely, that in sewing, the end of the thread must first be secured by a
knot. In the end he attached to this analogy the tragic thought that the only effective
way to make the thread fast is for a man to die as a witness for the truth.
It
makes use

behind he may be, however, far from
206
however far
being able to
be called a follower of Christ, he is leniently treated, and nobody
(this- at least ought to be a lesson learnt from a vanished age) is
pressed by fear to the point of venturing perhaps beyond his
under grace one draws breath freely and frankly. In
strength
case anyone would in the strictest sense be an "imitator*
if that
is truth, I will discreetly make
for
and
him
also
bow
before
place
him. But as the situation now is in Christendom, as I am, who
am no better than the others, my notion is that the proposal I
have made will already be something won. And I for my part
have a dread of this high ideal in the strictest sense to suffer for
the doctrine, to be an imitator, whereas I make no concealment
.of the fact that this is the requirement of Christianity. But I have
:
a dread
oh, for with this the notion of meritoriousness
may
so
again; and this is what I am most afraid of.

When one arranges one's life as comfortably and enjoyably as
possible, and never in the remotest way thinks of
easily
come back
sacrificing
then it
anything or of renouncing anything which one can get
is easy enough to keep clear of the notion of meritoriousness. But
truly when a man sacrifices something or much, and then in the
daily suffering which was his reward he must drink what humanly
oh, it may so
speaking is the bitterness of being so rewarded
a
man
in
to
a
weak
moment
of
easily happen
forgetfulness to
think that he has merits before God, that he (to speak figuratively,
by a figure which only weakly expresses what I mean), that

he as a subject in the presence of the King forgets himself and
lays his hand upon his sword. Ah, that is, humanly speaking,
'but
only too easy to understand. Frightful danger! I agree entirely

with Luther (whether he actually expressed himself in these words
or not), that a man who countless times, if that were
possible,
every blessed day and throughout a whole life, had been guilty of
the most dreadful crimes
and yet has the comfort left to him
of saying to God, *O God be merciful to me a sinner'; that he
may
count himself indescribably happy in comparison with him who
.
in the greatest possible self-denial,

making every possible sacrifice
for the truth throughout a
life ... a
long
single instant was in
error and thought that he had merit before God. Oh, what a
terrible curse a
sacrifice
man may
bring
down upon
everything, to suffer everything
himself, venturing to
and then that this
should become for him the most frightful torment

by reason of

presumptuousness before God.
This
207
There are
my
one can acquit Luther of
belief.
Is
moments when I do not think that

a certain melancholy; but nevertheless I
entirely agree with
him. And therefore I do not venture to introduce imitation
further than as a pressing
possibility, which is able to repress
doubt into silence and exert
in the direction of
humility.
pressure
This is a mild accommodation, I admit; I do not intend to

go
about modifying Christianity secretively. No, I announce with
all
possible solemnity that I do it. Some have, even according
to my mild conception, illicitly modified
It is not
Christianity.
against this I protest; but they have done it as secretly as possible,
they have said to themselves, 'Tut, nobody will observe it/ This,
to my mind, is revolting. Of whom
might I be afraid ? Of men ?
Them I fear not and ought not to fear. Of God ? But what is the
use? However secretly I do it, He sees it nevertheless; and what
He
does not forgive me is just this, that I keep it secret.

must be introduced, to exert pressure in the direction
of humility. It is to be done quite simply in this way: everyone
must be measured by the Pattern, the ideal.
must get rid of
all the bosh about this
being said only to the Apostles, and this
only to the disciples, and this only to the first Christians, &c.
Christ no more desires now than He did then to have admirers
perhaps
Imitation
We
(not to say twaddlers), Hb wants only disciples. The 'disciple' is

the standard imitation and Christ as the Pattern must be introduced. That as a consequence I am plucked or barely pass is a
thing I can humbly put up with. But I and every man shall be
measured by the ideal, in accordance with the ideal it shall be
determined where I am. It shall not oh, God be praised that it
shall not
(for it is but a sorry and pitiful short-sightedness to sell
one's lofty dignity, i.e. to take to the ideal the attitude of the
pass-man, in order to gain the imaginary satisfaction of mediocrity
by comparison with others, a short-sightedness like that of Essau
when he sold his birthright for a dish of lentils), it shall not be
so that we men are permitted to abrogate the ideal requirement,
saying that the thing is not for us, and then to hunt up a certain
:
mediocrity, and then begin there and make that the standard,
and then perhaps become distinguished
merely because the
.
standard has been altered to suit us.
Let
me
illustrate
suppose that there
what
is,
as
we
mean by a
picture.
Take a school,
i oo
pupils of
can imagine, a class of
208
who have to learn the same thing and are graded by the
same standard. To be from No. 70 down is to stand very low in
the class. What then if the thirty pupils from No. 70 down got
equal age
the notion that they might be allowed to form a class to themselves? If so, then No. 70 would accordingly become No. i in
the class. That would be to get up higher. Yes, if one likes tQ
put it so; but according to my conceptions it would be to go still
lower down, to sink down in pitiable, mendacious contentment;
for to be truly willing to put up with being No. 70 according to a
real standard is to be nevertheless much higher up. So it is in real
life.
It
is it to be bourgeois'? What is spiritual apathy?
have the standard changed by leaving out the ideals, it
have the standard changed to correspond with what we
What
means
means
to
to
men who now live in this place actually are. The whole of Europe
may be bourgeois^ and a little out of the way provincial town may
not be. All depends upon whether the true standard is used.
But sensual well-being is no friend of the ideal standard.
Here we see why things have gone backward in Christendom.
It is because they have abolished imitation, and not even emthis being the exact reverse of
ployed it to exert pressure
the Babylonian revolt against heaven at the Tower of Bebel,
the exact reverse, for that (very far preferable in spite of
denial) was a rebellious attempt to take heaven by storm, the
other is an attempt to get rid of heaven and the ideals by a
disclaimer made in self-conceit and self-contentment. Let us
imagine a Christian city. Christianly understood, the standard
On the other hand, there is, e.g.,
is the
disciple, the follower.
Pastor Jensen. He is a talented, shrewd man, and there is
much to be said in his favour. So let us make him No. i and
regulate ourselves by his example; that is a sensible thing, for
thus one may become something in the world. 'Yes,, but according to the ideal standard Mr. Jensen (to recall that picture) is,
'Pshaw!
only No. 70 in the class.*
fig for the ideals! If we
have to have them with us, nobody can want to live.* And what
is (and
thereby we recognize
not even No. 70), his view is that he can aptly serve as
the standard and model, that these exorbitant requirements are
fantastical. And thus they play in the city the game of Christianity
Pastor Jensen, a society man, as if created expressly for this social
sport, becomes the genuine Christian in the game, even an
is
Mr. Jensen's view? His view
that he
is
209
acclaimed in the newspapers as an

Apostle,
Apostle, in the
capacity of an Apostle (capital!) is overwhelmed with all the
comforts of life, which also (in the capacity of an
Apostle ?) he
is
knows how to appreciate.

Here we see how bourgeois a thing it is to accommodate oneself
self-styled Christianity in such a way as to abolish Christianity.
well
in
What
the requirement of Christianity is is not a fixed thing, it

depends upon what sort of people one lives amongst. Instead of
imitation, what one really gets is the notion of being what people
for the most part are, and to be a little better is to be great. But
when the price of becoming a Christian is so cheap, then comes
idleness, and then comes doubt, and then the real truth comes to
evidence, that one cannot conceive why Christianity need be.
And that is perfectly true; for if the requirement is no greater,
then a saviour, a redeemer, grace, &c., become fantastic luxuries,

and in so far as one does not let go of Christianity but continues
to make movements in terms of it, one becomes as ridiculous as a
child who wears his father's clothes. What Christianity presupposes, namely, the tortures of a contrite conscience, the need of
grace, the deeply felt need, all these frightful inward conflicts
and sufferings what Christianity presupposes in order to introduce and apply grace, salvation, the hope of eternal blessedness
all this is not to be found, or is to be found
only in burlesque
*at bottom it is sheer
abridgement
superfluity which at the most
one imagines the need of. And so in the end one becomes tired
of Christianity; for the pressure of imitation was lacking, the
ideal, Christ as Pattern.
To suffer for the doctrine, to will to suffer for the doctrine,
not incidentally to suffer for it by chance well, that kind of
Christianity has gone out of use. The next kind of Christianity
(where in any case there is no question of the decisive criterion of
suffering for the doctrine) is perhaps hardly any more to be found:
a Christianity where the psychic states which Christianity pre-
supposes are, as one says of a. disease, recognized by their symptoms, the characteristic symptoms of an anguishing conflict of
conscience, fear and trembling, and in addition to this the shock
received from Christianity, profound and perilous, the apprehension that Christianity is to the Jews a stumbling-block and to the
Greeks foolishness also this kind of Christianity is hardly any

to be found or at least very seldom in our time, and in any
more
2io
is no
question here of suffering for the doctrine. It is
hardly to be found, and how could it be in our time when the
whole mode of life is calculated to prevent the mind from acquiring
the contemplative inwardness which makes it possible for such
psychic states to assume character? In our time (this is truth,
and it is significant for the Christianity of our time), in our time
it is the
physician who exercises the cure of souls. People have
perhaps an unfounded dread of calling in the parson, who,
however, in our time would talk possibly pretty much like the
case there
So they 'call
'You must travel
physician.
to do:
in the physician.
And
he knows what
to a watering-place, and then must keep

is possible to ride away from bees in the
a riding-horse, for it
bonnet, and then diversion, diversion, plenty of diversion, you
must ensure yourself of having every evening a cheerful game of
1
poker, on the other hand you should not eat much in the evening
directly before going to bed, and finally see that the bedroom
'To relieve an anxious
is well aired
this will surely help.*
conscience?'
*Bosh! Get out with that stuff! An anxious conscience! No such thing exists any more, it is a reminiscence of
the childhood of the race. There is no enlightened and cultivated
I mean
parson who would thiak of coming out with such a thing
to say, outside the Sunday service, which is a different matter.
No, let us never begin here with an anxious conscience, for thus
we might soon turn the whole house into a madhouse. I am so
minded, that if I had in my employ a servant, however excellent in
other respects, whom I should be loath to lose and should greatly
miss if I observed that he or she was meddling with the experience of an anxious conscience, I would give unconditional
notice to quit my service. That would be the last thing I would
tolerate in my house. If it were my own child, he would have to
seek other quarters.'
'But, Doctor, this is an awfully anxious
dread you have of a thing which you say does not exist, "an
anxious conscience"; one might almost think that it is a revenge
upon you for wanting to do away with anguish of conscience
And the
this anxious dread of yours is indeed like a revenge!'
next kind of Christianity (where in any case there is no question of
suffering for the doctrine) is found perhaps rather rarely: a
quieter enjoyment of life, observing the requirements of civil
righteousness, thinking withal often of God, so that the thought
1
Literally, the Spanish game of 'ombre', which was still played in S. K/s time.
211
of Him is brought in a little along with other things; but without ever having experienced deeply the shock of collision with
Christianity, without really observing that Christianity is to the
Jew in me a stumbling-block and to the Greek in me is foolishness; and in any case there is no question of suffering for the
The common kind of Christianity is: a thoroughly
doctrine.
worldly life, avoiding great crimes rather for prudence than for
conscience' sake, artfully seeking life's pleasures
and then once
in a while a so-called pious mood. This is Christianity ... in the
same sense that a bit of nausea and a slight belly-ache is cholera.
*One may call it cholera any way.' Yes, one may perfectly well
do so, and for the sake of precision one may call it Danish, or still
Copenhagen, or still more precisely Christianand so one may also call this Christianity. That
is to say, we off here on the mountain are agreed, or
perhaps a
is
that
street
this
is
and
so it is
agreed,
Christianity
single
more
precisely
haven cholera
Christianity. What wonder then that people have lost respect

for Christianity and the taste for it. For Christianity may, falsely,
be made so severe that human nature must revolt against it,
also be made so lenient or

the efforts that are made
to stimulate the appetite and give men a taste for it by proofs and
reasons are unavailing, and the thing must end with their being
rejecting it or repelling it.

so concocted with sweets
But
it
that
may
all
disgusted with it. No, there must be salt in the food. And verily
is provided for in the New Testament. The glad tidings are
not to be palmed off upon men by means of proofs and reasons
ignominiously, as when a mother must sit and beg the child to eat
the wholesome and excellent food, while it turns up its nose at it and
doesn't want to eat. No, the appetite is to be awakened in a differand then one will indeed find the glad tidings savoury.
ent way
To suffer for the doctrine. It is this which changes everything
endlessly with respect to becoming or being a Christian, this
which imposes endless weight. Or if Christ had preached that
kind of Christianity which the parsons preach nowadays, how
and the concern they
explain the concern He felt for the disciples
gave Him, those honest stout-hearted men who verily were willing
enough to give up everything in order to take hold and hold fast?
But here it was a question of 'following* in the strictest sense.
that
Cfirist
these
that, humanly speaking, He must make

unhappy and miserable as a man can be, *of all men
Himself knew
men
as
JUDGE FOR YOURSELVES
212
most miserable
if
He
they were to belong to
Him. And not
this
must require them to maintain nevertheless

only, but that
that it was an elect privilege accorded to them, a proof of God's
exceeding and especial love towards them, Oh, horror! That
that it is this
this which should be glad tidings, comfort, joy
which, humanly speaking, makes me of all men most miserable
... a fate which I can easily avoid by having nothing to do with
it! And that in addition to this the requirement is not merely
that I shall bear this patiently, but that I shall find joy and blessedas if one were to require of a man who must endure a
ness in it
bodily torment, not merely that he shall restrain himself from
screaming, but that he shall so triumph over himself and the pain
that in beholding him it would look as if it were a delight, though
the experience was in reality terrible to him and not a clever
Note therefore in Christ's speech with His disciples the
that again and again was repeated: 'Be not offended in Me;
deceit!
thing
you ? blessed is he who shall not be offended in

these things I have told you beforehand that ye should not
be offended; watch and pray, remember what I have said unto
you, that when the hour is come ye may not be offended Ah, it
is so narrow and so small a way, and I cannot help you directly.
Oh, every moment offence lieth so near, the possibility of offence
You may come to such a pass that patience is
follows every step
doth
this offend
Me;
Me
blessed
exhausted, faith shattered, and ye revolt against
is he who is not offended! And although ye patiently support
in case your patience is only silent submission,
every suffering
blessed is he who is not
bottom ye are offended in
offended in me. Take a human relationship. Let a lover say to
his beloved, *My dear girl, I give thee thy freedom, we must part;
to belong to me would signify (as I can tell thee with certainty
Me
at
beforehand) that thou, humanly speaking, wouldst become as

unhappy as possible/ Let us suppose that she replied, *I will
endure everything, for only then am I unhappy when I am parted
from thee/ 1 Let us go farther, let us suppose that he replied,
'Very well, but I must require one thing more if thou art to
remain with me, that thou must maintain that to be thus unhappy
with
me
nevertheless the highest happiness/ What then?

girl be fully justified in saying, 'This is madness' ?
and
if she will not
indeed,
say it, I will say in her behalf,
Would
is
not the
Yes
Up to this point the passage reports exactly
1
S. K.'s
experience with Regina.

*If
such
a situation arises
beings, It is madness; :*nJ

have leave to thra?K 1:^
man./ For as there ardriven out by prayer anti
- Ad
.-
<
"
,.;h
2!
th* relationship betv/een
in
human
v;:sh for nc^liinp- better
than co
badness out of the auilty
of possession which can
only be
tasting, cuere is also nvadness which
^.
cv
this,
only incurred by one'* own guilt. But in the relationship between the God-Man iiiid a human being the situation cw<iuf be
other than this
blessed is he who is not offended!
To suffer for the doctrine. 'But there can be no question of
that in these times when
Christianity has fully triumphed and all
are Christians. I could be tempted to
say, 'Woe, woe unto thee^
thou hypocrite!* But that I will not do. I* prefer to say,
"My q-ood
man you do not yourself believe what you;
know
is
say, you
"very
falsehood^ and why then suck talk., why would }0ti
be like the man who stands in full view of everybody with a white
stick in his mouth and believes he is invisible? No, the
requirement of suffering for the doctrine is at this instant just as much
in force and just as applicable as it was at the
beginning. The
?
well that
it is
Every man who carries out a true act of

have to suffer for it. If this were not so, true
self-denial would be an
impossibility; for the self-denial which is
rewarded in outward ways is not true self-denial So Governance
takes loving care that if there is an honest man who would deny
thing
is
perfectly simple.
self-sacrifice will
may accordingly become true self-denial. On the

other hand, false self-denial is to be recognized in the fact that in
the first instance it looks like self-denial,, but in another way it
outwardly pays for itself, and so at bottom is shrewd calculation.
Let us take an example of true self-deniallet it be Luther.
He was sternly trained to be able to express that kind of piety
which in the Middle Ages was honoured and esteemed under the
name of self-denial and for this reason was therefore not true
self-denial And it was precisely against this kind of piety Luther
inveighed. Now it is possible to think that he had chosen to be,
e.g., a highly placed clergyman in order to be rewarded in this
way for his self-denial In such a .case it again would not have
been true self-denial But honest Luther saw aright. He bore
witness against what the age regarded as true self-denial, he cut
himself off from the opportunity of profiting by it, perhaps Governance also helped him in this respect and here we have true
self-denial
himself, this
214
that we can see

a fairly honest man who feels
impelled to bear witness in one way or another for truth against
falsehood which is in power just because it is regarded as the
truth.
himself understands that this is a danger, but he is
Let such an action take place before us so
exactly
how
it
goes.
Thus
there
is
He
And yet perhaps he has not

it.
understood himself entirely. On the other hand, he is entirely
convinced of the truth of what he wants to bring out; he is convinced of it to such a degree that (oh, human heart!) he is involuntarily compelled to think that when it is heard it must
triumph, must win men. So he speaks it out but strangely
enough he encounters only opposition everywhere, in every way
he reaps nothing but ingratitude, not only from those from whom
he had expected it, but also from those for whose sake he had
thought he ought to bear witness to truth just as, for example,
Moses had his troubles not only with the Egyptians but also from
the Jews for whose sake he had exposed himself to all the trials,
and dangers. Now this man becomes troubled, the experience
affects him deeply. So, naturally, he turns for succour thither
where he is accustomed to seek it, with Governance. He recounts
his distress. What will Governance say in reply? Loving and
gentle as Governance always is, it replies, 'My little friend, this
in fact is what thou didst desire, thou wouldst practice selfdenial, canst thou deny that thou hast got what thou didst
willing to expose himself to
bargain for?
Here
precisely
is
thine opportunity to practice self-
Let us suppose that he replies, 'Yes, that I understand,

now I understand it, but to be frank, I did not quite understand
it thus when I decided to act and
began it. I feel as if the sea
were becoming too high for me.' What will Governance answer?
Loving and gentle as it always is, never cruel, it says, 'Yes, yes,
my little friend, yet we shall help thee out of this again when thou
has humbled thyself under it and learnt humility from this little
lesson/ But something else might also come to pass. While
Governance makes it clear to the struggler what the situation is,
that it belongs precisely to true self-denial, he undergoes a transformation
like the wonder of the child when it suddenly understands, like the blissful wonder of the loving maiden when that
which she thought a witness against her being loved she suddenly
understands as a witness for it
so too he is lost in wonder. Tor',
says he, 'that which I suffered, or that which pained me, was
denial.'
really the fact

that in this opposition I saw the
proof
215
that
had
done the thing badly. But now that thou, loving Governance, dost
declare the situation to me and dost declare
thyself for me
ah,
I desire only to remain
with
apart from all in good
thee/ 1
So here
we have an example of
understanding
true self-denial,
one does. And as
which
it held
always involves suffering for the good
good i, 8 oo years ago, so it holds good this year and for 1,800
years to come, that he who inaugurates in this world a good work
of self-denial has to suffer for it. But the Christian who does not
do this has in one way or another spared himself, shirked his
duty, &c. So this he must admit. This I do. But I will neither
prate nor dissemble in the pulpit; if I have not attained to sufferI admit that this is
ing for the doctrine, if I never attain it
attributable to me and to my worldly shrewdness. Then, moreover (just as suspected characters have to report themselves to the
police bureau), I have to report myself in the presence of Gover-
nance concerning this irregularity in my standing as a Christian.

Governance will still be willing to deal with me, sheer love and
grace and compassion that it is; but it requires that I shall be
honest with it,
Christ is the Pattern, and to this corresponds imitation. There
to be a disciple. The
only one true way of being a Christian
has this mark among others, that he suffers for the
'disciple*
doctrine. Everyone who has not suffered for the doctrine has in
one way or another been guilty of using his shrewdness to spare
himself. That for this reason he might not dare to call himself a
Christian, or that he shall not become blessed, is far from my
meaning, God forbid that I should venture to say what would
convict me worse than anybody else. But he has to make an
admission. And in so far as he is one of those who have undertaken to preach Christianity, he has to consider that by sparing
himself he has weakened the impression of Christianity, which
has become less recognizable for others, and contributed to confuse the point of view for Christianity. For Christianity did not
come into the world in such wise that it was worldly shrewdness
is
and human whimper which meant to win many by abating the

that is progress in number but retrogression in truth.
price
No, the unconditional (as everybody can understand) cannot come
1
This account of the experience of 'a fairly honest man* is autobiographical in the
S. K. has in mind his experience in the *afFair of the Corsair
strictest sense.
216
by means of abating the price, for if there is abatement, it is not

the unconditional. On the other hand, by abating the price the
unconditional is extruded from the world, or (what amounts to
the same thing) it so spreads out that it coincides with the conin
ditional.
To suffer for the doctrine, that Is done away with.

fore cannot defend the situation in 'Christendom'
'There
is
One
there-
by saying,
much imperfection among us, naturally, many weak

many whose Christianity is merely an approximation,
brethren,
even a weak approximation to Christianity, a lot of cockles amongst
the wheat.' For then I may ask the speaker, 'Art thou then wheat ?'
And at all events I dare to say that he who speaks thus is no more
a true Christian than I am. Perhaps one will say, 'He is less/
That I will not say. What is the use of such petty human wranga Christian, and
ling ? But I will say that he is not any more of
that I will maintain stubbornly. But then it is confusing to talk
in that way: 'there are many among us whose Christianity is
as if the man who talks thus, and in
merely an approximation'
of
the
Christen dom', were the true ChrisChristianity
general
I
not
That
as though I thought I was the true
;
tianity.
deny yet
Christian in contrast with the others. No, as I have said in the
book immediately preceding this, 'I belong to the average among
'
say therefore also (I have indicated it in an earlier book)

Christianity is not the true Christianity, it is an approximation. Perhaps there are many in this case whose Christianity
is an
approximation. One ought, however, to be a little careful
us.
that
my
about this term 'approximation', so as not to extend it so far as to

include him whose (shall we say?) Christianity is departure from
Christianity. It is so easy to make a mistake when on passing
a man along the road to the city one does not notice whether he is
going
to or
from the
city.
in Christenhas become sheer confusion, and the definition of what it is

to be a Christian has been rendered almost unrecognizable. So
Christ as Pattern must be brought to the fore, but not to inspire
dread yet perhaps it is entirely superfluous to be anxious lest
one nowadays might be able to alarm anybody with Christianity.
But at all events not to inspire dread, that ought to be learnt
from the experience of an earlier time. No, the Pattern must be
brought to the fore, for the sake at least of creating some respect
By construing Christianity as doctrine the situation
dom
217
for Christianity, to get it made a little bit evident what it is to be

a Christian, to get Christianity transferred from learned discussion and doubt and twaddle (the objective) into the subjective
sphere, where it belongs, as surely as the Saviour of the world, our
Lord Jesus
Christ, brought no doctrine into the world and never

lectured but as the 'Pattern* required imitation
casting out s
however,
men's
if possible,
souls.
by His atonement
all
anxious dread from
If
it is
to
be used.
THE MORAL
As loudly as here is indicated (I say 'indicated', for in
fact I constantly tone down the note to the humble admission), so loudly must the note be struck, if there is to
be any seriousness and sense and character and truth in
making a protest against the Established Church and
wishing to reform it.
In case now anyone among us dares to step out ethically
in the role here indicated, appealing moreover as an in-
God, then I shall

at
this instant, but
understand
myself
instantly (so
I cannot even know whether the next instant I may not
be deprived even of the conditions for being able to do
it, the next instant, perhaps while I am getting this pub1
lished), I shall instantly be at his service, by undertaking
what before God I shall understand as my task. This task
of mine will be to follow him, the Reformer, step by step,
never budging from his side, to see if step by step he is in
the true character of his role, is actually the Extraordinary.
Should it appear that he is this, then my accompaniment
will be nothing but bows and reverence before him, the
Extraordinary and verily this I dare say of myself: in this
generation he will not find anyone, not a single person,
dividual to a direct relationship with
it is
who knows how
to bow Deeper before the Extraordinary,

not learn in any court, no, higher up, in
commerce with the ideals, where one learns to bow infinitely low, lower than any master of ceremonies. But,
but ... if he falls out of his role that very second I cast
and
this I did
He did not publish it, and perhaps what held him back till it was too late was the
consideration that at any instant 'the conditions might be denied him*, i.e. that the old
Bishop might make the admission he required.
1

219
and
this
I
dare
of
him,
there
is
no
myself upon
say
myself:
one in this generation who deals a surer blow than I, when
that
or when one
is^ my task,
falsely represents himself as
the Extraordinary. This sure blow I learnt in commerce
with the ideals, where one in deep
humility learns to hate
oneself, but because one had nevertheless the courage to
venture to engage with them, one receives as a
gift of grace
the
power
to deal this blow.
If on the contrary there is no one in this

generation
who ventures in the character of this role to assume the
task of Reformer' -then (unless
by that time the Established Church, instead of making admission of the truth
that
Christianity, is only a mildly modified approximation

Christianly, will affirm that in a strict sense it is true to
it,
Christianity in accordance with the
New
Testament, and
thereby condemn and nullify itself), then let the

Established Church be established and
upheld; bungling
efforts at reform are more
than
the most perpernicious
will
nicious establishment, because reformation
is
the highest
thing, and hence bungling at it is the most pernicious thing

of all. Grant that the Established Church has its faults,
many of them, say what thou wilt if thou wilt not step
forth in character as the true Reformer, then thou shalt
hold thy tongue about reforming. Oh, of all charactermost appalling! to want to contrive mendato
look
like a reformer, or to want to carry out a
ciously
reform with a little partisanship, by balloting, &c.
lessness the
no such man among us, let us stick to the

Established Church; let us enter into ourselves, let each
one for himself admit how far behind we are in Christianity, but Thou, O my God, wilt preserve me from
No,
if
there
is
things even worse by wanting mendaciously to

out
a reform.
carry
And let it be said as loudly as possible, and would that
making
220
If
possible be heard everywhere, and would to
that everywhere it Is heard It. might be heeded: The
evil in our time is not the Established Church with its many
It
might
God
faults; nOj the evil in our time is precisely this evil lust^ this
jlirting with the mil to reform^ this hypocrisy of seeking
escape from the consciousness of one's own Incapacity by
the diversion of wishing to reform the Church, a thing
which our time Is least of all capable of doing. When the

Church needed a reformation, no one reported for the task
there was no thronging to join the movement,, all fled back
only one solitary man, the Reformer, was disciplined In all
3
with fear and trembling and
stillness
tion to adventure in God's
Now it
is
muddle,
as if It
much
trial
of tempta-
name
the extraordinary task.

were on a country dance-floor,
wanting to reform; this cannot be God's

Is a
but
swaggering device of man, and therefore
thought,
Instead of fear and trembling and much trial of temptation,,
there Is Hurrah! Bravo! acclamation, balloting, a spree, a
with
all
racket
this
and
a false alarm.
This book dates
March 1855
from the time when
the old Bishop was still

reason kept in remoteness [from practical
questions of reform], both because I then understood thus my
relation to the Established Church 3 a'nd because out of consideration for the old Bishop I also was inclined to understand my
living.
It is for this
relation thus.
Now I speak much more decisively^ more openly, more truly^

without meaning to imply by this that my previous way of speaking was untrue.
THE UNCHANGEABLENESS OF GOD

An
Address
by
S.
KIERKEGAARD
[Translated by David F. Swenson]
Copenhagen
1855
[Preached
May
18, 1851]
DEDICATED
TO THE MEMORY OF
my deceased
father
MICHAEL PEDERSEN KIERKEGAARD

formerly a hosier here in town.
August, 1855
PREFACE
in the Church of the Citadel, on
8th of May, 1851. The text is the first I have used. Later
have often brought it forward; now I again return to it.
This address was delivered
the
I
S.
May
5,
1854.
K.
PRAYER
who
whom
art unchangeable,
nothing changes ! Thou
changeable in love, precisely for our welfare not submitting to
who
art un-
any change:
may we too will our welfare, submitting ourselves to the discipline of Thy
so
that
we
in
unconditional
find
our
rest and
may,
obedience,
unchangeableness,
remain at rest in Thy unchangeableness. Not art Thou like a man ; if he is to preserve only some degree of constancy he must not permit himself too much to be
moved, nor by too many things. Thou on the contrary art moved, and moved in
infinite love, by all things. Even that which we human beings call an insignificant
trifle, and pass by unmoved, the need of a sparrow, even this moves Thee; and what
we so often scarcely notice, a human sigh, this moves Thee, O Infinite Love ! But
nothing changes' Thee, O Thou who art unchangeable O Thou who in infinite
love dost submit to be moved, may this our prayer also move Thee to add Thy blessing, in order that there may be wrought such a change in him who prays as to bring
him into conformity with Thy unchangeable will, Thou who art unchangeable
OTHOU
TEXT
The
Epistle of James
7-2
good gift and every perfect gift Is from above

coming down from the Father of lights,, with whom
can be no variation, neither shadow that is cast by
turning. Of His own will He brought us forth by the word
of truth that we should be a kind of first-fruits of His
creatures. Ye know this,, my beloved brethren. But let
EVERY
s
man
be swift to hear, slow to speak, slow to wrath:

wrath of man worketh not the righteousness of God.
Wherefore putting away all filthiness and overflowing of
wickedness, receive with meekness the implanted word
which is able to save your souls,
every
for the
My hearer, you have listened to the reading of the text. How

near at hand does
opposite direction,
it
not seem
now
our thoughts in the

temporal and earthly
How depressing and
to turn
to the mutability of
things, to the changeableness' of men.

all
things are corruptible, that men are
spirit that
sad that the change is
changeable, you, my hearer, and I
so often for the worse
Poor human consolation, but yet a con-
wearisome to the
How
still another change to which the

changeable
namely that it has an end!
And yet, if we were to speak in this manner, especially in this
spirit of dejection, and hence not in the spirit of an earnest
solation, that there is

is
subject,
consideration of corruptibility, of
human
inconstancy, then
we
would not only fail to keep close to the text, but would depart
from it, aye, even alter it. For the text speaks of the opposite, of
the unchangeableness of God. The spirit of the text is unmixed
joy and gladness. The words of the Apostle, coming as it were
from the lofty silences of the highest mountain peaks, are uplifted
above the mutabilities of the earthly life; he speaks of the unchangeablensss of God, and of nothing else. He speaks of a
'father of lights', who dwells above, with whom tnere is no
variableness, not even the shadow of any change. He speaks of
THE UNCHANGEABLENESS OF
'good and perfect
father,
gifts
that
come
to us
who
equipped
good and
229
from above, from
this
as the father of
lights* or light is Infinitely well
make sure that what comes from
really is a
has no other am&tion,
perfect gift; and as a father
Him
to
He
nor any other thought than invariably to send good and

perfect,
And therefore* my beloved brethren, let every man be
gifts.
'swift to hear'; not swift to listen to all sorts of loose talk, but
s
swift to direct his attention
upward from whence comes

s
invari-
ably only good news. Let him be 'slow to speak' ; for our ordinary
human talk, especially in relation to these things, and especially
that which comes first over our lips, serves most
frequently only
to make the good and perfect gifts less
good and perfect. Let
him be 'slow to wrath'; lest when the gifts do not seem to us good
.and perfect we become angry, and thus cause that which was good
and perfect and intended for our welfare to become by our own
fault ruinous to us
this is what the wrath of man is able to
and
the
'wrath
of man worketh not the righteousness
accomplish^
of God". 'Wherefore put aside all filthiness and
overflowing of
-as when we cleanse and decorate the house and
wickedness
bedeck our persons, festively awaiting the visit that we may
worthily receive the good and perfect gifts. 'And receive with
meekness the implanted word 3 which is able to save your souls/
With meekness! In truth, were it not the Apostle speaking^ and
did we not immediately obey the injunction to be *slow"to speak,
slow to wrath*, we might well be tempted to say: This is a very
strange mode of speech; are we then altogether fools, that we need
an admonition to be meek in relation to one who desires only our
it is as if it were meant to mock us, in this context to
welfare?
make use of the word *mgeknes$*. For suppose someone were
about to strike me unjustly, and another stood by, and said
admonishmgly: 'Try to endure this treatment with meekness
that would be straightforward speech. But imagine the friendliest
of beings, one who is love itself; he has selected a gift for me> and
the gift is good and perfect, as love itself; he comes to me and
proposes to bestow this gift upon me and then another man
stands by and says admonishmgly: 'See that you accept this
treatment meekly P And yet, so It is with us human beings
pagan,* and only a human being, the simple sage of antiquity,
complains that whenever he proposed to take away from a man
some folly or otlicry and so help him to a better insight, thus
5
230
bestowing a benefit upon him, he had often experienced that the

other became so angry that he even wished to bite him, as the
and what has God not
simple sage said jestingly in earnest. Ah,
had to endure these six thousand years, what does He not endure
from morning until "nigErfrom each of mankind's many millions
for we are sometimes most wrath when He most intends our
welfare. Indeed, if we men truly understood what conduces to our
our own welfare,
welfare, and in the deepest sense truly willed
then there would be no need to admonish us to be meek in this
connexion. But we human beings (and who has not verified this
in his own experience) are in our relationship to God as children.
And hence there is need of an admonition to be meek in connexion with our reception of the good and perfect so thoroughly
is the Apostle convinced that all good and perfect gifts come from
Him who is eternally unchangeable.
Different viewpoints The merely human tendency (as paganism indeed gives evidence) is to speak less about God, and to speak
almost exclusively and with sadness about the mutability of
human affairs. The Apostle, on the other hand, desires only and
of God's unchangeableness. Thus so far as the
alone to
!
speak
concerned. For him the thought of God's ûnchangeableness is one of pure and unmixed comfort, peace, joy, happiness. And this is indeed eternally true. But let us not forget that
the Apostle's joy has its explanation in the fact that the Apostle
is the Apostle, that he has already long since wholly vielded himself in unconditional ofjedience to God's unchangeableness. He
does not stand" at the beginning, but rattier at^theênd of the way,
the narrow but good way which he had chosen in renunciation of
and without a backward look,
everything, pursuing it invariably
strides.
hasting towards eternity with stronger and ever stronger
Apostle
is
But we on the contrary, who
are, still beginners, and" subject to

the
for
us
unchangeableness of God must have also
discipline,
another aspect; and if we forget this, we readily run in danger of
in vain.
taking the lofty serenity of the Apostle
if possible to the promotion both of a
fear and of a genuine peace, of Thee, who art
unchangeable, or about Thy unchangeableness.
Let us then speak,
wholesome
In His omnipotence He created this

is unchangeable.
invisible. He clothed Himself
Himself
and
made
world
visible
God
in the visible
^
shifts

world as in a garment; He
changes it
a garment
Himself unchanged. Thus
in
231
one who
the world of
as
sensible things. In the world of events He is

present everywhere
in every moment ; in a truer sense than we can
say of the most
watchful human justice that it is
God is
present
everywhere,
omnipresent, though never seen by any mortal; present everywhere, in the least event as well as in the greatest, in that which
can scarcely be called an event and in that which is the
only event,
in the death of a sparrow and in the birth of the Saviour of mankind. In each moment every
actuality is a possibility in His
almighty hand; He holds all in readiness, in every instant
pre-
pared to change everything: the opinions of men, their judgements, human greatness and human abasement He changes all,
Himself unchanged. When everything seems stable (for it is only
in appearance that the external world is for a time
unchanged,
in reality it is always in flux) and in the overturn of all
things. He
remains equally unchanged; no change touches Him, not even
the shadow of a change; in unaltered clearness He, the father of
lights, remains eternally unchanged. In unaltered clearness
aye, this is precisely why He is unchanged, because He is pure
clearness, a clarity which betrays no trace of dimness, and which
no dimness can come near. With us men it is not so. We are not
;
manner clear, and precisely for this reason we are subject

change now something becomes clearer in us, now something
is dimmed, and we are
changed; now changes take place about us,
and the shadow of these changes glides over us to alter us now
there falls upon us from the surroundings an altering light, while
under all this we are again changed within ourselves.
This thought is terrifying^ all fear and trembling. This aspect
of it is in general perhaps less often emphasized ; we complain of
men and their mutability, and of the mutability of all temporal
things, but God is unchangeable, this is our consolation, an
in this
to
entirely comforting thought: so speaks even frivolity. Aye,

is
in
God
very truth unchangeable.
and foremost, do you also have an understanding with

*j5J^y OU earnestly consider and sincerely strive to understand
and this is God's eternally unchangeable will for you as
But
first
God?
for every human being, that you should sincerely strive to attain
this understanding
what God's will for you may be ? Or do you
live
your
life
in such a fashion that this
thought has never so
*32
much
as entered
your mind?
How
terrifying then that
He
is
eternally unchangeable! For with this immutable will you must

nevertheless some time, sooner or later, come into collision
this immutable will, which desired that you should consider this
because it desired your welfare; this immutable will, which cannot

but crush you if you come into hostile collision with it,
In the, aecoa^ place, you who have some degree of understanding mtTG5(ly do you also have a good understanding with
Him? Is your will unconditionally His will, your wishes, each
one of them. His comrnandments, your thoughts, first and last,
His thoughts ? If not, how terrifying that God is unchangeable,
Consider but in this
everlastingly, eternally, unchangeable!
connexion what it means to be at odds with merely a human being,
But perhaps you are the stronger, and console yourself with the
thought that the other will doubtless be compelled to change his'
attitude. But now if he happens to be the stronger
well, perhaps you think to have more endurance. But suppose it is an
entire contemporary generation with which you are at odds; and
yet, in that case
you will perhaps say to yourself: seventy years is

But
when the will is that of one eternally unchangeeternity.
if you are at odds with this will it means an eternity how
able
no
terrifying!
Imagine a wayfarer. He has been brought to a standstill at the

foot of a mountain, tremendous, impassable. It is this mountain
,
no, it is not his destiny to cross it, but he has set his heart
.
upon the crossing;
for his wishes, his longings, his desires, his
very soul, which has an easier mode of conveyance, are already

on the other side; it only remains for him to follow. Imagine him
coming to be seventy years old; but the mountain still stands
there, unchanged, impassable. Let him become twice seventy
years; but the mountain stands there unalterably blocking his way,
unchanged, impassable. Under all this he undergoes changes,
perhaps; he dies away from his longings, his wishes, his desires;
he now scarcely recognizes himself. And so a new generation
finds him, altered, sitting at the foot of the mountain, which still
stands there, unchanged, impassable, Suppose it to have happened a thousand years ago; the altered wayfarer is long since
dead, and only a legend keeps his memory alive; it is the only
thing that remains
aye, and also the mountain, unchanged,
impassable* And now think of Him who is eternally unchange-

233
able, for whom a thousand years are but as one day
ah, even this
is too much to
say, they are for Him as an instant, as If they did not
even exist
consider then, if you have in the most distant manner
a will to walk a different
wills for you:
path than that which
He
how
terrifying!
True enough,
if
my
will, if the will of all these

to be not so
entirely in harmony with
God's will: things nevertheless take their course as best
they
may in the hurly-burly of the so-called actual world; it is as If
your
will, if
many thousands happens
God
did not pay

any attention. It is rather as if a just man if
were such a mah'f contemplating this world, a world which,
as the Scriptures say, is dominated
by evil, must needs feel
disheartened because God does not seem to make Himself felt.
But do you believe on that account that God has undergone any
change ? Or is the fact that God does not seem to make Himself
felt any the less a
terrifying fact, as long as it is nevertheless
tKerie
He is eternally unchangeable? To me it does not

Consider the matter, and then tell me which is the more
terrible to contemplate: the picture of one who is
infinitely the
who
tired
of
himself
be
stronger,
grows
mocked, and rises
letting
in his might to crush the refractory
a sight terrible
spiritsindeed, and so represented when we say that God is not mocked,
pointing to the times when His annihilating punishments were
visited upon the human race
but is this really the most terrifying sight? Is not this other sight still more terrifying: one
certain that
seem
so.
who eternally unchanged! sits quite still

sees everything, without altering a feature, almost as if
did not exist; while all the time, as the just man must needs
infinitely powerful,
He
and
achieve success and win to power, violence and

the victory, to such an extent as even to tempt a better
man to think that if he hopes to accomplish anything for the good
he must in part use the same means; so that it is as If God were
being mocked, God the infinitely powerful, the eternally un-
complain,
lies
wrong gain
changeable, who none the less is neither mocked nor changed

is not this the most terrifying sight ? For why, do you think, is He
so quiet? Because He knows with Himself that He is eternally
unchangeable. Anyone not eternally sure of Himself could not
keeg so ^till, bu! 'Woul3*>Tse "in His strength. Only one who is
eternally Immutable can be in this manner so still.
He gives men time, and He can afford to give them time, since
1
>l
234
He
has eternity and is eternally unchangeable. He gives time,

that with premeditation. And then there comes an accounting
jn eternity, where nothing is forgotten, not even a single one of
the improper words that were spoken; and He is eternally unchanged. And yet, it may be also an expression for His mercy
that men are thus afforded time, time for conversion and betterment. But how fearful if the time is not used for this purpose!
For in that case the folly and frivolity in us would rather have
Him straightway ready with His punishment, instead of thus
giving men time, seeming to take no cognizance of the wrong,
and
and yet remaining eternally unchanged. Ask one experienced in

and in relation to God we are all more or
bringing up children
less as children ask one who has had to do with transgressors
and each one of us has at least once in his life gone astray, and goes
;
astray for a longer or a shorter time, at longer or shorter intervals:

ready to confirm the observation that for the
you will find
frivolous it is a great help, or rather, that it is a preventive of
Him
(and who dares wholly acquit himself of frivolity !) when

the punishment follows if possible instantly upon the transgression, so that the memory of the frivolous may acquire the habit of
associating the punishment immediately with the guilt. Indeed,
if transgression and punishment were so bound up with one another that, as in a double-barrelled shooting weapon, the pressure
frivolity
on a spring caused the punishment
to follow instantly upon the

seizure of the forbidden fruit, or immediately upon the commitment of the transgression then I think that frivolity might take
heed. But the longer the interval between guilt and punishment
(which when truly understood is an expression for the gravity

of the case) the greater the temptation to frivolity; as if the whole
might perhaps be forgotten, or as if justice itself might alter and
acquire different ideas with the passage of time, or as if at least
it would be so
long since the wrong was committed that it will
become impossible to make an unaltered presentation of it before
the bar of justice. Thus frivolity changes, and by no means for
the better. It comes to feel itself secure and when it has become
secure it becomes more daring and so the years pass, punishment
;
is
withfeeldjlorgetfiilnêss'Intervenes,
is
withheld, but
becomes
rolls
still
down
and again the punishment
new transgressions do not fail, and

more malignant. And then finally all is
the curtain
and
to
all
this (it
was only
the old evil
over; death
frivolity I) there
235
unchangeable witness is this also frivolity ? One

eternally unchangeable, and it is with this witness that you must
make your reckoning. In the instant that the minute-hand of time
showed seventy years, and the man died, during all that time the
clock qfjJternityJias scarcely moved perceptibly: to such a degree
iseverything present for the eternal, and for Him who is un-
was an
eternally
changeable.
And
what
therefore, whoever you may be, take time to consider

say to myself, that for God there is nothing significant and
is for
insignificant, that in a certain sense the significant
nothing
Him insignificant, and in another sense even the least significant

If then your will is not in
is for Him infinitely significant.
harmony with His will, consider that you will never be able to
evade Him. Be grateful to Him if through the use of mildness
or of severity He teaches you to bring your will into agreement
with His -how fearful if He makes no move to arrest your course,
how fearful if in the case of any human being it comes to pass that
He almost defiantly relies either upon the notion that God does
not exist, or upon His having been changed, or even upon His
what we call trifles,! For the truth
being too great to take note of
is that God both exists and is eternally unchangeable and His
;
in seeingjsyen the least

greatness consists precisely
and remembering even the least thing. Aye, and if you do
infinite
thing,
not will as'He* wills^

eternity!
There
is
inconstant
ness.
Oh,
m^
""'
?LSP
thus sheer fear and trembling, for us frivolous and

of God's unchangeablebeings, in this thought
consider it well! Whether God makes Himself im-
human
He is
mediately felt or not, He is eternally unchangeable.
if as we say you have any
consider
this,
unchangeable,
eternally
matter outstanding with Him; He is unchangeable. You have
in a sacred
perhaps promised Him something, obligated yourself
course offline ymlliave undergone a change,
TbSTn'tEe
pledge
and now you rarely think of God now that you have grown older,
have you perhaps found more important things to think about?
Or perhaps you now have different notions about God, and think
that He does not concern Himself with the trifles of your life,
childishness. In any case you have just
regarding such beliefs as
about forgotten what you promised Him; and thereupon you
have proceeded to forget that you promised Him anything; and
.
UNCHANGEABLENRSS OF GOD
236
finally,
you have
forgotten, forgotten
He
ay ejjhrgattfiojthal
He
is
eternally unchangeable, forgotten

fojB^^Qffithix\g>.-since
that it is
the inverted childishness of mature years to
precisely
imagine that anything is insignificant for God, or that God forgets
anything, He who is eternally unchangeable!

In human relationships we so often complain of inconstancy,
one party accuses the other of having changed. But even in the
relationship between
man and
marij
it is
sometimes the case that
the constancy of one party may come to seem like a tormenting

affliction for the other, A man may, for example, have talked to
another person about himself. What he said may have been
merely a little childish, pardonably so. But perhaps, too, the
matter was more serious than this; the poor foolish vain heart was
tempted to speak in lofty tones of its enthusiasm, of the constancy
of its feelings, and of its purposes in this -world. The other man
listened calmly; he did not even smile, or interrupt the speech;
he let him speak on to the end, listened and kept silence; only
as he was asked to do, not to forget what had been
he
promised,
said. Then some time elapsed, and the first man had long since
forgotten all this; only the other had not forgotten. Aye, let us
suppose something still stranger he had permitted himself to be
moved inwardly by the thoughts that the first man had expressed
under the influence of his mood, when he poured out, so to speak,
his momentary feeling; he had in sincere endeavour shaped his
life In accordance with these ideas. What torment in this unchanged remembrance by one who showed only too clearly that
he had retained in his memory every last detail of what had been
:
said in that
moment!
And now
consider Him, who is eternally unchangeable

and
heart
this human heart, what is not hidden in your
secret recesses, unknown to others
and that is the least of it
this
human
but sometimes almost unknown to the individual himself! When

a mgn, has lived a few years it is almost as if it wem.a
burial-plot,
this human heart
There t&ey Tie buried in
promises,
!
forgetfulness,
intentions, resolutions, entire, plans and Iragmentsôf plan!T~ana
God knows what aye, so say we men, for ^rareljjfchink about
what we
say ^ we sayufrere lies God knows^jiT"^^

say
half in a spirit of frivolity, an3 half weary of life
and it is so fearfully true that God does know what to the last detail, knows what
you have
forgotten,
knows what
for
your recollection has suffered
THE UNCHANGEABLENESS OF GOB

257
alteration, knows it all unchanged. He does not remember it
merely as having happened some time ago, nay He remembers it
as If it were to-day, He knows
whether^ in connexion with any of
s
these wishes, intentions, resolutions ?

something so to speak was
Him about It and He is eternally unchanged and eternally
unchangeable. Oh, if the remembrance that another human
said to
carries
about with him
being
as
it
were
burden
to
you
well,
after all not always so
entirely trustworthy
cannot endure for an eternity some time 1
this
remembrance
and
in
any case
may seem
it
is
may
expect to be freed
from
this other
man and
his
remembrance. But
an omniscient witness and an eternally

unchangeable remembrance, one from which you can never free yourself, least of all
how
No, in a manner eternally unchanged^

eternally present, always equally before
Him, No shadow of variation neither that of morning nor of
evening, neither that of youth nor of old age, neither that of
in eternity:
everything
is
fearful!
God
for
forgetfulness nor of excuse, changes Him; for Him there is no

shadow. If we human beings are mere shadows, as is sometimes
He is eternal clearness in eternal unchangeableness. If we

are shadows that glide away
my soul s look well ,to thyself; for
whether you will it or not, you go to meet eternity, to meet Him,
and
is eternal clearness.
Hence it is not so much that He
a
as
He
that
4s Himself the
It is
keeps
reckoning,
said.
He
reckoning.
render up an account, as if we perhaps had a
long time to prepare for it, and also perhaps as if it were likely to
b^ cluttered up with such an enormous ,xna$$ of detail as to make
it
impossible to get the reckoning finished
my soul,, the account
is
every moment complete! For the unchangeable clearness of
said that
we must
God Js., the reckoning, complete to the ,l&st detail, preserved by

Him who isT eternally unchangeable, and wild has forgotten nothing of the things that I have forgotten, and who does not, as I
(
remember some things otherwise than they really were.

There is thus sheer fear and tremblingjn this thought of the
do,
were far, far beyond the

unchangeablenesslSnj^^^
power of any human being to sustain a relationship to such an
unchangeable power; aye, as if this thought must drive a man to
such unrest and anxiety of mind as to bring him to thcjgrgejo.
ut then
thought.
it is
also true that there
It is really
rest
and
true that when* wearied with
in this
all
this
human
238
inconstancy, this temporal and earthly mutability, and wearied also

of your own inconstancy, you might wish to find a place where
rest may be found for your weary head, your weary thoughts,
your weary spirit, so that you might rest and find complete repose :
Oh, in the unchangeableness of God there is rest! When you
therefore permit this unchangeableness to erye you according to
will, for your own welfare, your eternal welfafeVwhen you
submit yourself to discipline, so that yQur^selfish will (and it is
from this that the change chiefly comes, more than from the
and there is no help
outside) jdies away, the sooner the better
for it, you must whether willing or resisting, for think how vain
it is for
your will to be at odds with an eternal immutability; be
His
therefore as the child when it profoundly feels that it has over

against itself a will in relation to which nothing avails except
obedience
when you submit
to
be disciplined by His unchange-
able will, so as to renounce inconstancy and changeableness and

caprice and self-will: then you will steadily rest more and more
securely, and more and more blessedly, in the unchangeableness
of God. For that the thought of God's unchangeableness is
a blessed thought who can doubt it ? But take heed that you
Become of such a mind that you can rest happily in this immutawho has a happy home, so
bility! Oh, as one is wont to spealc
speaks such an individual. He says my home is eternally secure,

I rest in the unchangeableness of God. This is a rest that no one
can disturb for you except yourself; if you could become completely obedient in invariable obedience, you would each and
every moment, with the same necessity as that by which a heavy
body sinks to the earth or a light body moves upward, freely rest
:
in
God.
And as for the rest, let all things change as they do.
of your
activity
is
on a larger
stage,
you
If the scene
will experience the

but even on a lesser
mutability of all things in greater measure;

stage, or on the smallest stage of all, you will
still
experience the
same, perhaps quite as painfully. You will learn how men change,
how you yourself change; sometimes it will even seem to you as if
God Himself changed, all of which belongs to the upbringing.
On this subject of the mutability of all things one older than I
would be able to speak in better fashion, while perhaps what I
could say might seem to someone very young as if it were new.
But this we shall not further expound, leaving it rather for the
259
manifold experiences of life to unfold for each one in

particular,
in a manner intended
especially for him, that which all other men
have experienced before him. Sometimes the
changes will be
such as to call to mind the saying that
is a
an
variety
pleasure
indescribable pleasure! There will also come times when
you
will have occasion to discover for
yourself a saying which the
language has suppressed, and you will say to yourself: 'Change
is not
how could I ever have said that
is a
pleasant
variety
When
this experience comes to

you, you will have
occasion
especial
(though you will surely not forget this in the
pleasure!'
case either) to seek Him who is

unchangeable.
hearer, this hour is now soon past, and the discourse.
Unless you yourself will it otherwise, this hour and its discourse
will soon be forgotten. And unless you
yourself will it otherwise,
the thought of God's unchangeableness will also soon be forgotten in the midst of life's changes. But for this He will surely
not be responsible, He who is unchangeable! But if you do not
first
My
make yourself guilty of forgetfulness with
this
respect to
it,
thought have found a sufficiency for your entire
you will
life,
in
aye, for
eternity.
Imagine a solitary wayfarer, a desert wanderer. Almost burned

by the heat of the sun, languishing with thirst, he finds a spring,
O refreshing coolness! Now God be praised, he says and yet
it was
merely a spring he found; what then must not he say who
found God! and yet he too must say: *God be praised, I have
found God now I am well provided for. Your faithful coolness,
O beloved well-spring, is not subject to any change.
In the cold of
winter, if winter visited this place, you would not become colder,
but would preserve the same coolness unchanged, for the waters
of the spring do not freeze In the midday heat of the summer
sun you preserve precisely the same coolness, for the waters of the
!
spring do not become lukewarm F Thereis nothing untrue in what

says, no false exaggeration in his eulogy. (And he who chooses
a spring as subject for his eulogy chooses in my opinion no ungrateful theme, as anyone may better understand the more he
knows what the desert signifies, and solitude.) However, the
life of our wanderer took a turn otherwise than he had thought; he
l<ist touch with the spring, and went astray in the wide world.
Many years later he returned to the same place. His first thought
was of the spring but it was not, it had run dry. For a moment
he
240
silent in grief. Then he gathered himself together and

'No, I will not retract a single word of all that I said in your
he stood
said
it
praise;
was
all
while you were

also praise
it
true.
still
And
if I
in being,
when you have
praised your refreshing coolness
O beloved 'well-spring,
let
me now
may
vanished, in order that there
be some proof of unchangeableness in a human breast. Nor can

I say that you deceived me; had I found you, I am convinced that
your coolness would have been quite unchanged and more you
had not promised/

But Thou O God, who
art
unchangeable,
Thou
art always
and
invariably to be found, and always to be found unchanged.

Whether in life or in death, no one journeys so far afield that Thou
art not to be found by Him, that Thou art not there, Thou who
art everywhere. It is not so with the well-springs of earth, for they
are to be found only in special places. And besides

overwhelmThou dost not remain, like the spring, in a single
ing security!
place, but Thou dost follow the traveller on his way. Ah, and no
one ever wanders so far astray that he cannot find the way back
to Thee, Thou who art not merely as a spring that may be found
how poor and inadequate a description of what Thou art!

but rather as a spring that itself seeks out the thirsty traveller, the
errant wanderer; who has ever heard the like of any spring!
Thus Thou art unchangeably always and everywhere to be
found. And whenever any human being comes to Thee, of
whatever age, at whatever time of the day, in whatever state if
he comes in sincerity he always finds Thy love equally warm, like
:
the springes unchanged coolness,
Amen
O Thou who art unchangeable
INDEX
Since the words listed below are most of them key words which recur os consecutive pages, the Index indicates only the page where a particular theme b
or re-begins > without purposing to point to every recurrence of a word.
Abraham, 98.
Easy to understand, 59.
Absolute, 123, 128, 167, 177.

Action, 130, 150.
Admirers, 207.
Admission, 118, 155.
Edifying, 16.
Enthusiasm, 115, 137.
Alone with God's Word, 56.
Equality, 5.
Established Church, 219.
Exaltation, 165.
Altar, 9, 21.
Extraordinary, the, 219.
Ambiguity, 138.
Apostles, 103, 113, 137.
Ascension, 85.
At once, 68, 135.
Faith, 49, i oo, 202.

Faithful friend, 183,
Faithful wife, 183.
Fear and trembling, 209, 231, 235.

Fear of the Lord, 28.
Bashfulness, 148.
Flabby, 116.
Followers, 88, 198, 202, 211.
Forgetful hearer, 68.
God, 122.
Beyond faith, 203.
Before
Both-and, 166.
Giveth
Candidate in theology, 126, 138.
Christendom, 155, 201.
Christian art, 136.
Christian public, 153.
Christianity unchangeable, 167.
Cloister, 179.
to oneself,
Come
20.
Comfort, 13.
Glad
life,
95.
tidings, 163,
Glorious ones
211.
Martyrs), 1 50.
Good Samaritan, story of, 64.
Gospel, 163,
Governance, 213.
Grace, 49, 156, 209.
(see
Consolation, 95, 146, 152.
Hen, like the, 22.

Holy Ghost, 93.
Holy Scriptures (see Word of God),
Hope, 101.
David and Nathan, 6 1
Horses, 104.
Humiliation, 165.
Common
sense, 167, 173, 177.
Condemnation,
1 1
Decisive action, 200, 204.

Defenceless, 83.
Diligent pupil, 53.
Disciple, 215.
Disquietude, 16, 49.
Doctrine, 143, 145, 204, 216.

Doubt, 87, 134, 199.
Drunk, 113, 129.
Dying from, 95, 131, 146.
Ideal, 207.
Idle Hustler, 139.

Imitation, 197, 215.
In case . . . , 149.
Inconstancy, 236.
Instantly, 234.
Interpretation, 58.
4
it is
r, 60.
INDEX
242
James the Apostle, 49.
Jensen, Mr., 208.
Justice,
u.
Pattern, 161, 171, 178, 199, 215.

Persecution, 155.
Physician, 210.
Poet, 147, 155, 196.
Kierkegaard, Michael Pedersen 225.

King's coachman, 123.
Prayer, 9.
Language, Danish, 5.
Letter from his beloved, 51.
Privy preacher, 19.

Probability, 116.
Life-giving Spirit, 100.

Life of Christ, 171.
Professor, 138, 170, 203.
Life through death, 96.

Lightly built, 117.
Lilies and the birds, 188.
Little
Lud wig,
194.
Livings, 138.
Love, 12, 102.
Love,
Christ's, 18.
Love
covereth, 18.
Love, God's, 14.

Lover, a, 51, 97.
Loveth
little,
9.
Lowliness, 79, 171.

Luther, 40, 49, 179, 201, 202, 206,
213.
Protests, 28, 138, 149.
Read aloud, 29, 109.

Reasons, 200.
Rebellion, 168.
Redeemer, 161.
Reform, 145, 218.
Requirement, 166, 177.
Revered figures, 142.
Reverence,
his, 140.
Royal command, 58.
Sacrifice, 142,
Salaries,
Mammon,
148.
143.
School, 207.
187.
Seamstress, 192.
Martyrs, 203.
Meekness, 229.
Merit, 1 5, 202, 206.
Middle Ages, 201, 213.
Mild, 156, 197.
Mirror of the Word, 50.
Monastery, 203.
Mutability, 237.
Mythology, 197.
Self-condemned, 13.
Self-denial, 136, 213.
Self-knowledge, 121.
Self-sacrifice, 136.
Seriousness, 138, 166.
Severity, 135, 153, 156, 211.
Shrewdness, 119, 144.

Sigh, 82.
Silence!, 71.
Narrow way, 79.

Narrower way, 82.
Newspaper writer, 138.
Nicodemus, 66.
Nothing before God, 122.
Obscure
Preaching, 146, 152.

Price of Christianity, 55.
passages, 54.
Single individual, 109.

Sober, 113.
Socrates, 229.
Spring of water, 239.

Standstill, 145.
Suffering, 198.
Suffering for the doctrine,
209, 213*
216.
Offence, 163, 212.
'One unnamed*,
3.
Temptation, 79, 164.

Parsons, 169.
Thieves' Latin, 87, 129, 133.
INDEX
Thousand
Too
Two
parsons, 139.
high, 163.
masters, 161, 170.
2 43
Wayfarer, 232, 239.
Well driven, 105.

Win men, 28, 136.
Witness for the truth,
Unchangeableness of God, 227.

Understanding, 130.
Venturing
far out, 49, 116.
Woman
Word
of
God,
Works, 202.
World, 167.
Worldly mind,
Way, 78.
Way of perdition,
86.
5,
as a hearer, 70.
Zeitgeist, 94.
50.
114..
244, 202.

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FOR SELF-EXAMINATION

JUDGE FOR YOURSELVES!

JUDGE FOR YOURSELVES!

First -published in Great Britain,

Reprinted by ofset in the United States of America, 1944

the trouble of writing a preface.

would write no more books'.

reasoned -"works tb-"f Be" Discourses, which were really as well as

of farewell to his deceased father, to

He also meant as a gesture

of the earlier Edifying Discourses. This Discourse

was not translated by

K. was compelled to shout as loudly and

open attack which followed

take this occasion to say that, though I admire the courage

ably not until

date signifies that this volume

and its companion were ready two years ago and

But now (on July 26th,

JUDGE FOR YOURSELVES!

the authorship from the very beginning

to her husband's Yejection

meant. This dedication

of the suggestion of a rapprochement.

gradually progressing work

writer, which had its beginning in Either'/Or

new to bring but would read the fundamental document of

way. (See the postscript to my 'Concluding Postscript'.)

for his virtue's sake

overlooks or disdains the love which

Copenhagen, kte summer 1851.

BUT TO WHOM LITTLE

FORGIVEN, THE SAME

he goes up to the altar then there is another saying

is the altar's invitation, the other is its

THE SAME LOVETH LITTLE

them all from

and the remembrance of them

way they be retained), and also the remembrance that thou

from thee, thou hast

What could be easier? Commonly it is a heavy task to

and desired did not come

In the brief time prescribed let us dwell

thou, my hearer, be not disturbed that I speak in this

perhaps expecting and exacting that he who is to speak at this

to reassure the individual and render him confident, and then, if

would say that there is a concern,

haps assists a man better to succeed in the highest sense better

judgement; love is the gentle thing which does not judge, or if

which yet was

And what was

that 'love* was not loved. So

judgement and condemnation does not say, the one to whom

because thou dost love but

prescribes the limit

and says, *No farther, now the measure is

if but little is forgiven,

THE SAME LOVETH LITTLE

not the severity of justice, but the