Aryabhata (satellite)

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Aryabhata (Sanskrit: ; IAST: ryabhaa) or Aryabhata I[1][2] (476550 CE)[3][4] was
the first in the line of great mathematician-astronomers from the classical age of
Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy. His works include the ryabhaya (499
CE, when he was 23 years old)[5] and the Arya-siddhantaLaunch[edit]

It was launched by the Soviet Union on 19 April 1975[1] from Kapustin Yar using a Kosmos-3M
launch vehicle. It was built by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to gain
experience in building and operating a satellite in space.[5] The launch came from an agreement
between India and the Soviet Union directed by U.R. Rao and signed in 1972. It allowed the
USSR to use India ports for tracking ships and launching vessels in return for launching India
satellites.[6]
On 19 April 1975 the satellite's 96.46-minute orbit had an apogee of 611 kilometres (380 mi) and
a perigee of 568 kilometres (353 mi), at an inclination of 50.6 degrees.[3] It was built to conduct
experiments in X-ray astronomy, aeronomics, and solar physics. The spacecraft was a 26-sided
polyhedron 1.4 metres (4.6 ft) in diameter. All faces (except the top and bottom) were covered
with solar cells. A power failure halted experiments after four days and 60 orbits with all signals
from the spacecraft lost after five days of operation. According the Soviet media reports, the
satellite continued to function and transmit information for some time. The satellite reentered the
Earth's atmosphere on 11 February 1992.
Aryabhata was India's first satellite,[1] named after an Indian astronomer of the same name.[4]

Rohini (satellite)
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For other uses, see Rohini (disambiguation).
Rohini is the name given to a series of satellites launched by the Indian Space Research
Organisation. The Rohini series consisted of four satellites, all of which were launched by the
Indian space research organisation Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV) and three of which made it
successfully to orbit. The series were mostly experimental satellites
Satellites in series[edit]
Rohini Technology Payload[1][edit]

It was a 35 kg experimental spin stabilised satellite that used 3W of power and was launched on
1979-08-10 from SDSC. The satellite contained instruments to monitor the launch vehicle.[2] It
did not achieve its intended orbit as the carrier rocket SLV was only 'partially successful'.[3]

RS-1[1][edit]

It was also a 35 kg experimental spin stabilised satellite that used 16W of power and was
successfully launched on 1980-07-18 from SDSC into an orbit of 305 x 919 km with an
inclination of 44.7. The satellite provided data on the 4th stage of SLV. The satellite had an
orbital life of 20 months.[4]
RS-D1[1][edit]

It was a 38 kg experimental spin stabilised satellite that used 16 W of power and was launched
on 1981-05-31 The launch of the SLV was a partial success as the satellite did not reach the
intended height and thus it only stayed in orbit for 9 days. It achieved an orbit of 186 x 418 km
with an inclination of 46 The satellite carried a solid state camera for remote sensing
applications that performed to specifications.[5]
RS-D2[1][edit]

It was a 41.5 kg experimental spin stabilised satellite that used 16 W of power and was launched
successfully on 1983-04-17 into an orbit of 371 x 861 km and an inclination of 46. The satellite
was in operation for 17 months and its main payload, a Smart sensor camera took over 2500
pictures. The camera had the capability to take pictures both in Visible and infrared bands. It
reentered the atmosphere on 1990-04-19.[6]
The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system was commissioned with the launch of INSAT-1B
in August 1983 (INSAT-1A, the first satellite was launched in April 1982 but could not fulfill the
mission). INSAT system ushered in a revolution in Indias television and radio broadcasting,
telecommunications and meteorological sectors. It enabled the rapid expansion of TV and
modern telecommunication facilities to even the remote areas and off-shore islands. Together, the
system provides transponders in C, Extended C and Ku bands for a variety of communication
services. Some of the INSATs also carry instruments for meteorological observation and data
relay for providing meteorological services. KALPANA-1 is an exclusive meteorological
satellite. The satellites are monitored and controlled by Master Control Facilities that exist in
Hassan and Bhopal
INSAT satellites provide transponders in various bands (C, S, Extended C and Ku) to serve the
television and communication needs of India. Some of the satellites also have the Very High
Resolution Radiometer (VHRR), CCD cameras for metrological imaging. The satellites also
incorporate transponder(s) for receiving distress alert signals for search and rescue missions in
the South Asian and Indian Ocean Region, as ISRO is a member of the Cospas-Sarsat
programme

USA-1 (satellite)
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USA-1, also known as Navstar 9, GPS I-9 and GPS SVN-9, was an American navigation
satellite launched in 1984 as part of the Global Positioning System development programme. It
was the ninth of eleven Block I GPS satellites to be launched,[1] and the first satellite to receive a
USA designation.
USA-1 was launched at 11:37 UTC on 13 June 1984, atop an Atlas E/F carrier rocket with an
SGS-2 upper stage. The Atlas used had the serial number 42E, and was originally built as an
Atlas E.[2] The launch took place from Space Launch Complex 3W at Vandenberg Air Force
Base,[4] and placed USA-1 into a transfer orbit. The satellite raised itself into medium Earth orbit
using a Star-27 apogee motor.[1]
By 14 July 1984, USA-1 had been raised to an orbit with a perigee of 20,009
kilometres (12,433 mi), an apogee of 20,354 kilometres (12,647 mi), a period of
717.94 minutes, and 62.5 degrees of inclination to the equator.[3] The satellite had a
design life of 5 years and a mass of 758 kilograms (1,671 lb).[1] It broadcast the PRN
13 signal in the GPS demonstration

constellation, and was retir

ed fro m service on 20 June 1994.

Mission type

Navigation
Technology

Operator

US Air Force

COSPAR ID

1984-059A

SATCAT

15039

Mission duration

5 years (planned)
10 years (achieved)

Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft type

GPS Block I

Manufacturer

Rockwell[1]

Launch mass

759 kilograms (1,673 lb)[1]

ACRIMSAT
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encyclopedia

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The Active Cavity Radiometer
Irradiance Monitor Satellite, or
ACRIMSAT is a dedicated
satellite and instrument that is one
of the 21 primary observational
components of NASA's Earth
Observing System program.
ACRIMSAT was launched on 20
December 1999 from Vandenberg
Air Force Base as the secondary
payload on a Taurus rocket along
with KOMPSAT and placed into
a high inclination, 700 km. sunsynchronous orbit from which the
ACRIM3 instrument monitors the
total solar irradiance (TSI).

Start of mission
Launch date

13 June 1984, 11:37 UTC

Rocket

Atlas E/F SGS-2, 42E[2]

Launch site

Vandenberg SLC-3W[2]

End of mission

The ACRIM3 instrument has

made state of the art
measurements of the TSI since
the start of its Science Mission in
April 2000. It extends the TSI
measurement database begun by
earlier ACRIM instruments on the
NASA Solar Maximum Mission
(ACRIM1: 1980-1989) and
Upper Atmosphere Research
Satellite (ACRIM2: 1991-2001).
[citation needed]

Deactivated

20 June 1994

Orbital parameters
Reference system
Regime

Geocentric
Medium Earth

Richard C. Willson is the

principal investigator for the
experiment and leads the
ACRIM3 Science Team. Willson

designed the active cavity radiometer type of sensor used by self-calibrating satellite TSI
monitoring experiments today. The implementation of the ACRIM3 instrument was a
collaboration between Willson, the original JPL/ACRIMSAT Project Manager Ronald Zenone
and ACRIM3 Instrument Scientist Roger Helizon. The Mission is controlled using the
ACRIMSAT tracking station at the JPL Table Mountain Observatory in Southern California. CoInvestigators are: Nicola Scafetta (climate impact of solar variability), Hugh Hudson (solar
physics)and Alexander Mordvinov (solar physics).
ACRIMSAT (international designator 1999-070B) is a spin-stabilized, single-purpose satellite
constructed by Orbital Sciences Corporation. The end-to-end cost of the ACRIMSAT satellite,
the ACRIM3 instrument, launch, ground station, operations and the science team activities
during its 13 1/2 year mission to date has been less than $50 million - a good example of the
efficacy of NASA's 'Better, Faster, Cheaper' initiative and ample evidence that inexpensive
instrumentation and small dedicated satellites are the cost-effective approach for providing stateof-the-art TSI monitoring.[citation needed]
ACRIMSAT/ACRIM3 tracked the TSI during a 2004 transit of Venus, and measured the 0.1%
reduction in the solar intensity caused by the shadow of the planet.[2] It also recorded data for the
2012 Transit of Venus.[3]
At 09:43 and at 11:21 on 5 April 2014 ACRIMSAT was rated as having a high risk of
collision (<20m) with th
e newly launched Sentinel-1A. A 39 second burn of Sentinel-1A during LEOP

Sputnik 2
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Sputnik 2 (Russian pronunciation: [sputnk], Russian: -2, Satellite 2), or Prosteyshiy
Sputnik 2 (PS-2, Russian: 2 Elementary Satellite 2)) was the second
spacecraft launched into Earth orbit, on November 3, 1957, and the first to carry a living animal,
a dog named Laika. Sputnik 2 was a 4-metre (13 foot) high cone-shaped capsule with a base
diameter of 2 metres (6.6 feet) that weighed around 500 kg, though it was not designed to
separate from the rocket core that brought it to orbit, bringing the total mass in orbit to 7.79 tons.
[2]
It contained several compartments for radio transmitters, a telemetry system, a programming
unit, a regeneration and temperature control system for the cabin, and scientific instruments. A
separate sealed cabin contained the dog Laika.
Engineering and biological data were transmitted using the Tral D telemetry system, which
would transmit data to Earth for a 15 minute period during each orbit. Two photometers were on

board for measuring solar radiation (ultraviolet and x-ray emissions) and cosmic rays. Sputnik 2
did not contain a television camera; TV images of dogs on Korabl-Sputnik 2 are commonly
misidentified as Laika.[3]

Mission profile[edit]
Postage stamp of the USSR, -2
Sputnik 2, known to Korolev's design bureau as""Prosteyshiy Sputnik-2" means "Simple
Satellite 2,"[4] was launched into a 212 1660 km (132 1031 mi) orbit with a period of 103.7
minutes on a modified ICBM R-7, similar to the one used to launch Sputnik 1. The R-7 was also
known by its GURVO designation 8K71[5] as well as the "T-3, and M-104,[6] and Type A.[7] The
R-7 modified for the PS-2 satellite launch was designated 8k71PS.[8] Unlike Sputnik 1, Sputnik 2
was not designed to detach from the R-7 sustainer core, since Sputnik 1's core stage had
demonstrated an acceptable orbital lifespan. This allowed the core's Tral D telemetry system to
be used to transmit data, but would lead to speculation that Sputnik 2 had failed to separate.[9]