GREETINGS

English

,
,

English

English

(Greetings)
: 1) Formal
2) Informal.
,

- Informal .

.
Informal Greetings:

: Hello

Kumar: Hello Rajesh, What are you doing?

Hello
/
Hello
.
Rajesh: Hello Kumar, I'm (I am) on my way to college.
American English

, 'Hi' (

'Hi'

Ramesh: Hi Naresh, How are you?

Naresh: Hi Ramesh, I'm fine. Thank you. How are you.
Ramesh: Fine too. Thank you.
!
, Bye/ Good bye/ bye bye/ Have a nice day

Good Morning,
.

Formal greeting:
a)

Priya: Hi Madhavi, How are you?

Madhavi: Fine, thank you; How are you?/ and you?/ How about you?/
what about you?
(

. Thank you.

Priya: Fine too. Thank you. (

thank you.
b)

?/

?) OK/ All righ

. Thanks)/ OK too/ Same here,

.

Karim: How are you? How's everybody at home? (

ldren
) How are your brother and sister?
Kiran: Everybody's OK. Thank you. How is it
(
. Thank you.

?) -

?) / How a

Mukesh: Hi Suman, How are you getting on? How's (How is) everybody getting on at
home?
(
?/
?)
Suman: Quiet all right/ fine/ Thankyou. What about you?
Mukesh: Fine too/ Ok too/ All right too, Thank you.
Introductions
1)
2)

. (

I. Self introduction (

):

a) Formal (

'Excuse me, I am Narayana, May I know/ have your name please

.
'I am....'
-

? (My name is

:
) speaking to Mr/ Sri Ragh

Excuse me. I am Narayana. Am I (by any chance

(

1) I am Achyuth. What can I do for you? (

2) Yes, I am (Am I speaking to Raghav?

). Anything I can do for

b) Informal: (
) I am Srinivas, Your name please?
:
I am Anand. What's the matter? (
/
?
: Myself Srinivas
.
My name is/
II. Introducing two of our friends to each other (
You are introducing Jagdish to Satish
a) You (

): Hi Satish, This (he

/ (What

I am Srinivas

) is my classmate Jagdish and.....

Satish: Hi Jagdish, how do you do?/ Glad to meet you/ Pleased to meet you/ (so)
nice to meet you./ Happy to meet you.
(
: How do you do
How do you do . I am fine
. 'How do you do ?' for
You: Jagdish, this is, Satish, my playmate/ neighbour, etc.
Jagdish: Hi Satish, How do you do?/ Equally glad/ pleased/ (so) nice to meet you
/ happy to meet you.
,

(Shakehand)

Glad to/ nice to meet you

, Glad/ nice/ pleasure meeting you
, Hi, Hi
.
.
Sekhar: Praksh, meet my friend Bhanu. Bhanu, this is Prakash, my cousin.
Prakash: Hi
Bhanu: Hi
:
Rama: Hi

Sheriff, you haven't met Sasikanth, have you?

(

Sheriff: Oh, no, I haven't had the pleasure. Hi Sasikanth.

Rama: (Pointing to Sheriff) Sasikath, Sheriff, my friend.
Sasikanth: What a pleasure meeting you! (

!)

--------------------------Who do I see here?

,
,
(
- practice is important)
Pradeep: Hi Jagdish, how are you?
(
?)
Jagdish: Fine, Pradeep. Thank you. How are you?/ How about you?
(
. Thank you.
?/
?)
.
Anjana: Hi Sujee, how goes life?/ How's life? (
?)
Students
, How are your studies?/ How about your studies?
(
?/
?)
Sujee: Fine. Thanks. How about you?/ How are your studies?/ How about your studi
es?
(
. Thanks.
?/
?)
Anjana: Fine too/ Same here/ Thank you.
(
/
. Thank you.)

.
Subodh: Hi Pranav, how are you?
Pranav: Fine/ OK. (
Subodh: Same here.
(

) Can't complain (

)/ No regrets (

.) Thanks
.

Pranav: Hi Subodh, How are you and how is every body? (

.
How are you getting on? (
?)/ How are things going? (
How's (How is) life? (
?)
Subodh: Everybody/ everything is fine/ very well.

?)/
?)/

:
How are/ How about your parents?/ your brother (s) and sister (s)/ your kids (
)/ your
arents?/ How is your wife?, etc.

,
,
,
,
Susmitha: Hi Neeraja, long since We met/ ages (
) since we met/ long time, no see (
n all these days? (
?); is everybody OK? (
?)
Neeraja: It's a real pleasure meeting you after such a long time/ How nice meeti
ng you after all these days! How goes life?
(
!
?)

,
.
Sritej: Hei, Who do I see here? Srikar?
(
,
?
What a Surprise!
(
! Hope I am not mistaken (
(
)
Srikar: Make no mistake. I am Srikar of course. Enough.
(
.
.

?)
?)
.)

Where do you come from?

,

/
.

?
?
?
Shaiz: Hi Arshad, how are you?
(
?)
Arshad: Fine, how about you?
(
,
?)
Shaiz: Fine too, thank you. (
)
Arshad: How is your hostel life going?
(
?)
Shaiz: Ok, though I can't say everything is all right, for one thing, the food c
an't be as good as home food, you know.
(
.
.
,
Arshad: I can see that. Where are you from?
(
.
?)
Shaiz: We are from Vissannapeta. We own some property there. Dad is a professor
in a Vijayawada college.
(
.
.
Where do you come from?
(
?)
Arshad: We belong here/ we are of this place.
(
)
Belong =
.
? Where are you from?/ where do you come from?
(
?/
?)

, May I know where you are from?

.
I am from AP/ I come from AP. (
/
.)
Where do you come from?
(
?
?/
)
I am from/ I come from Nellor =
. (
,
:
Where do you come from? =
?
Where are you coming from? =
(
)

.
1. Where are you/ do you come from?
(
?/
?)
A. I am from Ongole/ AP/ Nizamabad, (
/
2. Where are you coming from? (
A. (I am coming) from home/ college/ the cinema, etc.
(
/
/
.)

AP/

, etc)
?)

May I know what you are?

,
?
? (
Pavithra: Where did you say you're (You are) from? (
?)
Pankaja: I come from Vizag, I told you; but I've (I have) been here for quite a
long time. I can almost say that I am from Hyderabad.
(
Vizag
.
.
Pavithra: May I Know what you are?
(
?)
Pankaja: I teach in a high school.
I've been a teacher for seven years now. What do you do for a job?
(
school teacher
.
school teacher
.
?)

Pavithra: Just a home maker. I've (I have) a school-going son and an infant daug
hter. I've (I have) my handsful looking after the two.
(
. School
,
.
Pankaja: What's your husband, if I may know.
(
?
).
Pavithra: Oh by all means. He is a Engineer in Govt. service. (
?
a) What are you? =
?
b) May I know what you are? =
?
c) What do you do for a job?/ a living? =
(
)
?
Where are you working?
.
Narmada: Where do you live?
(
?)
Sourabha: (I live) in Jeedimetla. What about you?
(
?
?)
Narmada: Gandhi Nagar.
Sourabha: Your son doing B.Tech. He lives in the hostel, doesn't he?
(B.Tech
,
?)
Narmada: He hasn't yet moved into the hostel. He will be, soon. Right now he is
living in my cousin's. House
(
hostel
.
.
cousin
: Cousin =
,
/
/
.
1) What are you? =
?/
?(What are you doing? =
2)
?/
? = Where do you live?/ Where's (Where is) your home/ place?
(Where do you stay?
.
. Stay =
(
Chandana: Where do you live?
(
?)
Vandana: Next to the Post Office in Governorpet.
(
)
(Am living/ is living/ are living
For the present I am living with my cousin. Soon I am moving to a house near my
office.
(
cousin
.
Office

.)

How kind of you!

It is good manners to express your appreciation of the help you get
from others. The usual way of doing it is to thank the person who has helped you
. Look at the following conversation
(
a) Sravanthi: How kind
If you hadn't lent me your
Thank you.
(
!
Akshaya: No problem. Don't say
(
! Direct
Thank
(
(
b) Sravan: Could you give me a
Varun: Oh! with pleasure. (
b) Sravan: Thanks a lot.
Varun: That's all right (

. Thanks
of you, Akshaya!
books, I couldn't have done so well in the exams.
!
that.
.
)
, How kind of you! / that's very kind of you!
, 'kind'
'
'
.
)
lift up to my home, please? (
)

you

c) Pradhan: I've (have) been able to finish my work in time. I could't have done
it without your help.
(
.

Vooha: Oh, it's my pleasure (

/
)
d) Sneha: Please give me your pen.
Nethra: Here you are (
,
)
Sneha: Thanks.
Nethra: It's ok.
e) Santosh: This is the road to the museum, isn't it? (
Vinay: Yes, it is. (
)
Santosh: Thankyou
Vinay: You're (are) welcome/ It's a pleasure
f) Prasad: Thank you for the delicious dinner (
Thanks)
Sukumar: Not at all. We enjoyed having you too. (
.
g) Bhoomika: Many happy returns of the day. Here's your birth day gift.
(
.
Chandrika: Oh, how lovely! Thank you very much. (
!
thanks)
Bhoomika: Oh, it's my pleasure/ It's OK.
/
)
,
,
a) You are welcome.
b) It's all right
and
c) It's my pleasure.
You're welcome
welcome
.

?)

)
.)

-------------------

Pardon/ Beg your pardon

Santan: May I know where you are from?
(
?)
Dushyanth: Oh, sure. I am from Nizamabad.
(
)
Santan: Pardon?
(
.
)
Dushyanth: I said Nizamabad.
(

Santan: Where exactly do you live in Nizamabad. I have a few friends there.
(
?
)
Dushyanth: Very close to the bus stand.
Prasanthi Apartments, 402.
(
, 402)
Santan: Prasanna Apartments did you say? (
Dushyanth: No, it is Prasanthi Apartments. (
?

,
,
Rahim: (Over Phone) Hello, is it Mr. Johnson
please. ( ,
?)
Johnson: Yes it is, and who is this please?
(
.
?)
Rahim: I am Rahim, Mr. Johnson.
Johnson: Yes, Mr. Rahim, What can I do for you?
(
,
?)
Rahim: Could you give me the phone no. of your friend Jagdeesh?

?)
)

(
?)
Johnson: Oh, sure. Here it is 9440035545.
Rahim: Sorry, I couldn't get you. Could you repeat it please.
Johnson: 9-4-4-0-0-3-5-5-4-5. Is it ok?
(9440035545,
?).
Rahim: Oh, Thank you. Sorry for troubling you/ sorry for the trouble.
.
,
a) Sorry, I couldn't get you. Could you repeat it please?
b) Sorry, I'm afraid I couldn't hear you. Once again please.
c) Could you repeat it/ Could you repeat yourself please?
Polite behaviour (
)

Could you
Sukrita: Could you please lend me your pen?
(
?)
Sunanda: By all means, here you are.
(
,
)
Sukrita: Thank you.
Sunanda: It's all right.
: 'Could'
.
Politest form of request.
.
Ram: Excuse me, could I have a glass of water, please?
(
?)
Laxman: Oh, certainly. would you have it cool or normal?
(
,
,
?)
Ram: I'd rather have it cool.
(
)
Laxman: Have it
Ram: Thank you
Laxman: You're welcome.
Could
request
response (
)
.
By all means =
/ Oh, certainly/
Oh, sure

.
Look at the following.
Suman: Could you let me use your phone?
( Phone
?)
Sunil: I am afraid, no. (
)
Phone
afraid

?
,

,
. 'sorry'

expression
.

I am terrible sorry...
Srikar: You've done something that has hurt my feelings. I am upset. (
Sritej: What have I done? I am not aware what I've done to hurt you

(
?
)
Srikar: Oh, you aren't aware, arent you? Your joking at me with Sreyas - that re
ally hurt me
(
?
.
jokes
,

Sritej: Oh, you mean that? I am really sorry. I just thought I could have some f
un. I didn't really mean to hurt you. I'm sorry
(
.
.
.
Srikar: This wasn't the first time. You had done it on quite a few occasions.
(
.
)
Sritej: Oh, I didn't know you took it so much to heart. I really didn't mean to
hurt you. I thought you enjoyed the jokes too.. (
Srikar: If you were me, what would you do?- join others and laugh at yourself ?
(
,
?
?)
Sritej: If you look it so, I am terribly sorry. I do apologize. Let's forget it
and be friends.
(
,
.
,
Sritej: That's being decent about it.
(
)
,

Apology

sorry

a) Pranav: I'm sorry I kept you waiting. I couldn't get the bus. (

wait

Prasanna: Oh, it's all right.

).
b) Sugandha: I am sorry I couldn't take you home yesterday. I clean forgot ab
out it in my hurry. (
sorry.
).
Supushpa: Oh, it doesn't matter, Just forget it..
(
.
)
(

Sugandha: How good of you!/ So good of you. (

!)
sorry
, our
response:
Oh, it's all right/ that's all right/ It's OK/ just forget it/ never mind, it is
OK.
,
.
So good/ kind of you, very kind/ good of you.
I'm afraid, no
1) Susmitha: Can I have your book for a day, please? (
Subodh: Oh, sure. (
)
Susmitha: Thanks a lot.
Subodh: That's all right. But be sure to return it the day after. (
Susmitha: Certainly (
).

?)
.

2) Sahil: Can you lend me your bike for an hour.

( bike
?)
Manas: I'm afraid, no. I have a lot of things to do today. Without the b
ike I can't just manage.
(
.
.
. Bike
Sahil: Oh, I can understand. Thanks just the same.
(
.
Thanks)
Manas: That's OK.
'can'
.
questions form
requests (
Request (

''can' question form

,
request
Can you...?/ can I ...? request
a)
b)
c)
d)

.
, requests

Oh sure/ certainly/ why not/ By all means/ of course. (

I'm afraid, no
Sorry/ I'm sorry, no
I am afraid I can't, sorry
I regret, no (
formal)

3) Prabodh: Can you give me a lift upto my place?

(
lift
?)
Prasanth: That'd be a pleasure; come along. (

?) -

---------------------------------------------------------------------

HOW
Sreyas: Excuse me, I am a stranger in the town. Could you tell me how I can go t
o Premier Institute of Technology please ?
(
. Premier Institute of Technology
Anusha: It's (It is) a bit far off from here. If you want to go by bus, you have
to change bus, and then walk a little. Why don't you take an auto?
(
.
,
Sreyas: I'd rather go by bus. The auto may charge too much. Let me know the buse
s I've to take please.
(
.
.
Anusha: OK. Take bus No.13 here. Get off at the Govt. College bus stop and there
take bus No.15A. Get down at Tristar Hotel Stop. Walk 100 meters further. Turn
left and then take the right turn again. You will find the college.
(
13
. Govt. College bus stop
a) How can I/ do I go to place 'X' from here, please? (
b) How do I get to that place please? (
?)
c) Could you guide me / direct me to that place, please?
(
direct, guide (
)
).
:
,
.
= Take/ catch bus number, .... catch
'take'
Bus
= Get off/ get down from the bus.
/
Turn right/ left; Take the right/ left turn.

1
)

. 'Get into' bus number ....'

= Get off the bus and walk a little further/ walk furth
(

)
/

/ 6

= The 5th / 6th building on the left/ the right.

LEAD / LEAD OFF

Kiran: Excuse me, does this road lead to the railway station?
(
?)
Kranthi: Yes, it does. Go straight along. You'll (You will) find the station.
(

Kiran: How far is it from here?

(
?)
Kranthi: Not very far. Just a Kilometer. It shouldn't take more than 10 to 15 mi
nutes.
(
.
. 10, 15
Kiran: Oh, Thank you.
Kranthi: You're (you are) welcome.
, 'excuse me'
(Excuse me =

?
,
expressions
Jagadish: Excuse me, Where does this road go?/ Where does this road lead to?
(
?)
Ramesh: Oh, straight to the Collector's Office. (
Collector's Office
.)
Jagadish: Is the Govt. Guest House also on this road?
(
?)
Ramesh: Oh, no. This road leads off to the right at 'Famous Book Centre'. The
Govt. Guest House is on that road.
(
. Famous Book Centre
Jagadish: Is it walking distance?/ Walkable distance? (
?)
Ramesh: No. I suggest that you take an auto. (
.
.)
.
go/ lead/ takes someone to. This is Grand Trunk R
lkata.
(
Grand Trunk Road/ N.H.5.
.)
? = How far.
= Far off/ very far.
Syam: How far is this college of yours from the bus stand?
( college, Bus stand
?)
Ram: Quite far off, I should say.
(
.)
far off/ very far/ quite
closeby =

ft, etc =

Far off =
/

/
/ (

10

X
Near/ close, very near/ close, nearby
. Quite near = Quite close =
.

= Lead off/ take off. About 10 km. along this road, another
. .
/
.

Vijay: How do I go to the Jolly land Park? (Jolly land

Amruth: Drive along this road for 5 km. A street takes off/ leads off to the lef
t. Take the street and go straight for a kilometer. You'll find the place. (
Vijay: Thank you.

?)
5

YOU LOOK
Prakash: You look tired. Aren't you well?
(
.
(Tired =
)
Sekhar: I'm afraid so. I think I've (I have) a fever. (

?
.

.)

Prakash: Haven't you checked your temperature?

(Temperature
?)
Sekhar: It started last night. I thought I would be well by the morning after a
good sleep. I didn't sleep well either.
(
.
Prakash: Why don't you see a doctor?
(Doctor
?)
Sekhar: I am going to in half an hour. Waiting for my brother to go with me.

(
.
Prakash: The earlier, the better. (
Sekhar: Of course. (
.)

.)
.)

.
expressi
Aren't you well?
(
?/
?) You look tired/ you look ill/ you look dull/ you look o
(
/
/
.
?
Eswar: You look ill. Anything wrong?
(
.
?)
Gopal: Oh, nothing of the sort. I am OK.
(
.
.)
,
'
'?
expressions
Do I look ill? No. I am all right.
?
.
:
Madam: You look off colour today. Any thing wrong.
(
.

.)
?)

Mohan: No such thing. In fact, today, I feel very fit.

(
.
.)
Be fit/ feel fit =
= Be all right/ feel all right.
...
Srinivas: Yea, I haven't been well since last night. Should see my doctor.
(
.
.)
Krishna: You appear quite weak. Not well, I suppose?
(
.
.)
Mukund: You are right. I am as ill as I appear.
(
,
Krishna: See a doctor, then.
Mukund: I am on my way. (

.)

.)

I'M AFRAID / I CAN'T

Anirudh: You look tired.
(
Susanth: Not in the best
(
Anirudh: What's wrong? (
Susanth: I am running at
I don't know any doctor
(

(Are) you OK?

.
?)
of health, I'm afraid.
.)
?
)
temperature, that I am sure of. Being new to the place,
here. Could you take me to one.
.
.

Anirudh: I haven't been much longer here either, but I do know two or three doct
ors here. (I) wonder who I should take you to.
(
.
,
Susanth: Do take one to the best. I'm afraid, I'm getting worse by the hour.
(
.
Anirudh: That's what I am unable to decide. I just wonder who among them is the
best. My cousin is a safe best. Let me call him.
(
.
Susanth: The earlier the better. (
)
English conversation (
)
afraid ( I'm afraid), I wonder
expressions
Puneeth: I need some money urgently. Can you help me?
(
.
?)\
Snehith: I am afraid, I can't, though I wish very much to.

Pranab: Can't you call off your fast?

(
?)
Hazare: I'am afraid I can't.
(
I am afraid = I am sorry.
Praveen: Shall I be getting the scholarship?
(
Priyanka: I'm afraid no. (
wonder

.)

?)

Govind: Shall we go ahead and buy the car?

(

.)
Conversation/ Spoken English-

.
?)

Krishna: I wonder if the money we have is enough.

(
?
.
Santhosh: Has Harika passed? (
?)
Samyuktha: I wonder (
).
conversation

.)

----------------------------------It's half past nine

Ganesh: What time is it now?/ What's the time now?
(Time
?)
Kumar: It's 8.15 by my watch, but why do you want to know?
(
8.15;
time
?)
Ganesh: You know, my sister and brother-inlaw are coming by Howrah Mail at 9.00.
I've to receive them at the station. (

Kumar: It's usually late. You had better find out the exact time of arrival of t
he train.
(
.
Ganesh: It's late by half an hour. That means its due at 9.30. But you can't be
sure of these trains. You know, sometimes they do make up and arrive on schedule
. So I want to be there at 9.
(
.
9.30
.
trains
.
Kumar: Yea. That's better.
Ganesh: I'm (I am) off. Bye. (
. Bye.)
Time
,
:
a) What's the time now?/ What time is it now?
: What's the time? The time
, time
: The time =
,
: Past =
. It is past 10 already. I feel sleepy =
Students: When should we be here tomorrow, sir, for starting for the excursion?
(
, excursion
Lecturer: (I have) told you. Be here by 7 sharp in the morning.
(
?
Correct
.)
Sharp = Exactly.
The meeting began at 6 sharp in the evening.

,
10
?)

: AM, PM

. Formal communication
.

morning, no

'What's the time now?

' 'It's half past nine (9.30)/ Quarter past nine (9.15)/ Quarter to 10 (9.45).
Half fast . Quarter past . Quarter to , O' clock
'What time is it now?'
'It's 9 O' clock/ 10 O' clock, etc.
9
10
It's 9 now. It's 9 to the minute (

.
.
)

Nikil: When did he come yesterday? (

?)
Kapil: I didn't notice exactly, but it was beyond 10 in the night.
(
,
10
.)
(Beyond 10 = Past 10) By the time we went to bed, it was past midnight.
(
,
.)
,
,
,
,
,
.
9.10, 9.25, 9.40 etc.
.
8.55 = 5 to 9; 8.50 = 10 to 9.
The early/ the small/ the wee hours of the morning =
Sandeep: (Are you) preparing to go any where?
(
?)
Prabhat: Don't you see that I am packed?
Didn't I tell you? My brother and I are leaving for Hyderabad
in a few hours.
(
?
?
,

Sandeep: Oh, are you? you haven't told me of it at all. By bus or by train?
(
...
. Train
bus
?)
Prabhat: By train. The train arrives here at 9.10 and the time of departure is 9
.20.
It arrives in Hyderabad tomorrow morning by 5.15.
(Train
.
9.10
. 9.20
.
Sandeep: Those may be scheduled times of arrival and departure I know. This trai
n is always late, but it makes up and reaches Hyderabad on time.
(
,
,
.
Prabhat: Hope so. (
.) Let me first catch the train. (
Look at the following expressions:
a) The train arrives/ departs
b) Catch a train/ bus
c) Leaves, reaches
d) Scheduled times of arrival/ departure
.
Arrival =
Departure =
Arrive = Reach
'Arrive'
trains/ planes/ buses
.
Venkat: When does the train arrive there?
( train
Kranthi: At 5.00 in the morning.
Venkat: (Is) anyone coming to receive you?
(
Kranthi: Yes, my brother is.
(
.
.)

.)
?)

.)

Venkat: When is the train due here?

(
train
Kranthi: Evening 5.

?)

a) 'When is the train due here?/When is the train due to arrive here? /
What is the scheduled arrival time here?
Train
?
b) The train is due in an hour and you are yet to pack
train
.
ready
.
To be due =
; My luggage is packed =
Due
.
a) They are due
b) The programme is due
Departure =
formal.
we travel by train / by
Train / Bus
/ Car

= I'm (I am) packe

in an hour =
.
to start in five minutes =
5
.
leave =
,
conversational.
Bus/ by Plain =
''by''
= On the Train / on the Bus / on the Car (in
.)
.

/
.

How about/What about/Would you mind

Balaram: can you do me a favour?
(
?)
Krishna: Oh, sure. How can I help you?
(
,
?)
Balaram: I want some details about your cousin in the states - his address, his
phone number and an introduction to him over phone.
(US
cousin
.
address, phone number,
Krishna: Is that all? No problem at all. But I don't have the details on me. Jus
t wait till I get home. I'll call you and let you know.
(
!
.
.
. Phone
Balaram: Thanks a lot.
Krishna: Oh. not at all.
Formal
(
) Permission (
)
,

informal (
) Permissions
, request (
'Can' with I and we is used for seeking permission informally.
Permission - informal (
/
/
)
Surendra: Can I use your bike for a day?
(
bike
?)
Nagaraj: Wait. Let me see how busy I am today? um... No, not so busy. Yes, you c
an have it.
(
.
,
. ...
.
Ramesh: How about lending me your bike for an hour or two?
(
,
bike
?/
?/
Tarun: By all means. Have it. Here's the key. But it is short of oil.
(
.
.
.
oil
.)

.)
?)

Ramesh: I'll take care of it. Thank you.

(
. Thank you.)
Tarun: It's all right.
How about...?
What about...?
'How about something to eat? Have you any?'
practice
,
English
/
/
/
(
/
)
'Will you recommend my case to the Minister?
'Oh, by all means. Don't worry'

.
?
.

- Buy

(
(

recommend
.

?)

Will/Would
Ekambar: Mind passing that book here?
(
?)
Dinakar: Oh, not all. Here you are.
(
.
.)
Ekambar: I have a little difficulty understanding this part of the lesson. Will
you explain it, please?
(
.
?)
Dinakar: That'd (That would) be a pleasure. Don't worry. Let me have a look at i
t first.
(
.
.)
English

Look at
1) Mind
2) Will

manners
. Please, Thank you
Polite expressions
.
the following expressions from the conversation above:
passing the book to me?
you explain this, please?

Mind ....?/ Would you mind ....?

a) Would you mind/ Mind explaining it once again? =
(Request - very formal and polite)
b) Would you mind/ mind helping me with the luggage?
(
?)
c) Would you mind/ mind dropping me home?
?
(Very polite request.)
requests
:
Oh, not at all/ certainly not.
(
.
)/ That'd be a pleasure (

,
?

).

Mind/ would you mind ....? (Question form),

permission
a) Would you mind/ mind my using your phone?
(
?)

(permission)
Response:
Oh, not at all, please go ahead/ suit yourself/ please do.
(Go ahead =
) suit your self =
.
b) Would you mind/ mind if I go with you?
(
?
?) (Permission)
response:
Oh, not at all/ certainly not/ you are welcome.
------------------------------------

Would you like/ Would you have

A)
Dharmendra: Would you like/ would you have/ would you like to have/ would you mi
nd some coffee?
(
coffee
? =
coffee
)
Devendra: Oh, that'd be fine. Thank you.
.
. (That'd = That would)
Would you like/ would you have/ would you like to have/ would you mind ..... ?
,
,

B)
Pran: Would you care for some coffee?
(
coffee
?)
Prem: That'd be welcome. Thank you. (That'd = That would) (
: Would you care for some coffee?(
care for = like
'Do have some coffee' =
offer
.
formal expressions

coffee
.

Thank you).
)

.
offer

C)
Dhanush: Shall I get you some coffee? (
coffee
?)
Ramesh: Oh, thank you. I could certainly do with some good coffee. (Thank you, c
offee
)
Response
could do with
?
positive response.
Offer
response.
Ramana: (Would you like to have) some coffee please?
Sajjan: Oh Yes, I could certainly use some hot coffee.
(
.
coffee
)
expressions
Western (
) etiquette (
=

.
)

How good of you!

Surendra: What's keeping you so busy that you couldn't even answer my calls?
( Phone
?)
Venkat: I am really busy. Would you run to the shop and get me some tags?
(
.
shop
tags
?)
Surendra: Sure. Anything else?
(
,
?)
Venkat: How good of you! Can you order tea for both of us at the tea stall?
(
.
Tea stall
Surendra: Hope
(
Venkat: That's
(

that's (this is) all.

?)
all, for the present.
.)

Formal requests (

Would you mind/ Mind my using your phone? =

Mind=
;
not
Would you mind?/ Mind? =
?
I don't mind =
.
'would'
?
Can you lend me your book for a day? =

Phone

?
.

: Would you run...?

...

? ? -

Informal re

Ram: Can you give me a lift to the college? My bike is out of order =
Syam: No problem. Come along.
(
. .)

College

Bik

Can/Can't
Brinda: Can you help me solve the problem?
I've (I have) been trying hard for an hour now, but I haven't been able to get t
he car started.
(
.

?)

Balaram: Let me have a look at it. In the mean time, can you get me a glass of w
ater? I am rather thirsty.
(
.
.
.)
Brinda: Here you are. I can not understand the problem at all, let alone solve i
t.
(
.
,
.)
Balaram: I'm afraid you've been trying the wrong method. If you think in a diffe
rent manner, it can be easy. See, here lies the fault. It's quite simple.
(
.
,
.
Brinda: I see now. There can always be some
aspects of the problem we overlook. The nut, I see, has given way.
(
.
.)
,
'can'
.
Can you help me ...? =
? (
Can you tell me how to go to the Govt. College? =
... Can you get me a glass of water? (
can
' '

?) -

request (

).

? (

Can you sing? =

/
( )?
I Can sing? =
. He can understand English =
Can't you understand this simple thing? (can't = can not) =
Can
not
(prohibition a) You can not smoke here . (
b) You can not build a house without proper permission =
Services Exam =

, can
?
informa

.
?
)

,'you'
,

) Collector

Would
Nithin: I think there'll (there will) be a good gathering for the match tomorrow
.
(
)
Vignan: Not just a good gathering. I am sure that the stands will be full.
(
.
)
Nithin: The manager of the team was very sure that the match would draw huge cro
wds.
(
.)
Vignan: I wish it would. I wish that the crowds would not be disappointed number
of people bought their ticket in advance. So that they would not be disappointe
d.
(
.
.
Nithin: Would my brother were here.
(
.)

.
can
(
/

'would'
.
1. The manager of the team was sure that the match would draw huge crowds.
would
.
a) He promised to me that he would help me.
(
, (
past),
b) I knew he would score a century.
(
century
2.

past

future)

.)

''would''

I wish you'd (you would) be quite for some time.

(
.)
She wishes that her husband would be the captain of the team.
3. 'would'

a) They ran so that they would not miss the train.

(
b) He stayed there so that he would meet Sachin.
(
.)

.
.)

-----------------------------------------------------

COULD
Anjan: I see only you. What about Naresh?
(
.
?)
Gowtham: He said he could not come, as he has an exam tomorrow.
(

.)

Anjan: But he told me that he could study the whole of yesterday and be here t
oday.
(
,
Gowtham: He couldn't. He had guests.
(
.
.)
Anjan: I understand. How about other friends?
(
.
?)
Gowtham: They could be on their way... just a matter of time.
(
.
.)
'could'
:
I. Could is the past form of 'can''could'.
a) He could pass the exam b) Could you get the tickets? c) She could not pass the exam. d) Could the police find the thief? -

'can'

(past)

?
?

II. Could
'
/
(in the present)
a) The minister could be involved in the scam.
(
) (Possibility)
b) He could be buying the car now. (
car
.)
Sunitha: Don't play with fire. You could be burnt.
(
.
.)
Wilson: Don't I know? I wanted you to cook, but you wouldn't. (would not). At
least you could help me in cooking, couldn't you?
(
?
,
.
?)

Sunitha: If I could help you, I could myself cook, couldn't I? Wait. You'll s
poil everything. Let me do it.
(
,
!
.
Wilson: Thank you.
'could'
.
lesson
could
1) denotes a past ability
(
A man of your abilities could easily do it =
,
conversation
.
You could help me, couldn't you?
(
)
? (

. 'could'

(pres

If I could help you, (

- past ability) I could myself cook could

, present
actions
.
Practice
.
Sanjana: Could you take me to the police officer? You know her well.
(
Police officer
?
Vineela: Oh, Certainly. What do you want from her?
(
.
?)
Sanjana: Not me. My brother wants some help from her. Could you wait for
a few seconds?
I'll just call my brother and ask him when he wants to see h
er.
(
.
.
?
Phone
,
Vineela: Go ahead. Could you make it fast? The Police officer may get busy.
(
.
.
)
Look at the use of could in the conversation above:
a) Could you take me to the Police Officer?
b) Could you wait for a few seconds?
c) Could you make it fast?
:
could
you
Question form
a) Could you lend me your bike for an hour? =
b) Could you show me how to do it? =
Can/ will/ would
requests
a) Can you... - informal
(
request
b) will you... - formal
(
request
.)
c) Would you...? (most formal)
(
,
,

request
bike

? ?
.

.)

--------------------------------

Shall
Harish: Shall I meet you tomorrow for the book? (
Kamal: Oh, by all means. I'll keep the book ready for you? (
.
Harish: How long can I have the book? When do you want it back?
(
?
)?
Kamal: You can have it, may be, for two or three days. Can you return it say, by
Monday next? (
.
Harish: Shall I meet you tomorrow for the book? (
r letting me have the book for so long. (
,
Kamal: Oh, not at all. Anyway, I won't be needing the book till then, because I

?)

?)
?) Oh yes,
Thank

will be out of town for the next few days. (

.
Harish: I wouldn't trouble you if the book were available in the market. Even
e library hasn't a copy of it.. (
Kamal: Why the library can't acquire the book, I can't see. They can write to
e publishers and get some copies of the book. It is such a useful book and we
e not able to get it easily. (
.
Harish: I think I'll suggest it to the librarian tomorrow. (
Librarian
Kamal: By then, (
.)
(Conversation) Shall I .... ?
I/ we
shall, questions
...
1) Permission
.
a) Shall I go now? (
?)
b) Shall we come tomorrow (
?)
c) When shall we see you again? (
?)
2)
? (Advice)
a) Shall I buy that Car? (
?)
b) Shall I put my daughter in that school?
(
?)
c) Shan't we leave these books here then?
(
?)
d)
Shall with I and we
shall we
I ...? offers
.
a) Shall I make you some coffee? =
? (offer)
b) Shall we buy you tickets for the Matinee?
(
Matinee tickets
? - offer.)
:
Shall I/ We ... ?
informal (
,
)
(
: Will I/ We ... ?
I/ We
will
questions
)

th

. Lib
th
ar
.)
...

permisions/ off

Can
'Can' with I and We in questions (can I/ We ...?) can also be
used for informal permissions/ requests) a) Can I wait here until your brother comes? =

/
? (Permi

b) Can we call you again tomorrow morning?

(
phone
?) (Permission)
c) Can we have your Car for a day?
(
?) (Request)
d) Can I have your advice on his matter?
(
)
Informal request:
You can ...
you
can statements
, informal permission
a) You can use my computer.
Go ahead =
Computer
(Informal permission b) You can repay the money next month =
can
not
.
a) You cannot enter the class now.
(
class
b) They cannot stay here any longer.
(
: Can,
She can sing well =
.

.
,

.)
.)
, (

.
Look at this sentence: Why the Library can't (cannot) acquire the book, I can't

see = Library

(can't acquire) I can't see(

Should
Kiran: You should hurry. The train starts at 10, and you are still here.
(
.
,
.)
Mithra: I am waiting for the money and I haven't got it yet. I should have the m
oney to travel, you know.
(
,
.
?)
Kiran: Then you Should take the next train which is two hours later. Are you sur
e you'll get the money at least by then?
(
,
.
Mithra: I Should, if Tarun keeps his word. I am sure he will. He should be on hi
s way now.
(
,
.
Kiran: Whatever it is, you should not miss office tomorrow, as there will be an
inspection. In fact you should be half an hour earlier than usual, to be ready w
ith all the records. (
office
, Inspection
Mithra: Thats right. I should be there, of course. (
. correct,
,
Look at the use of "Should" in the conversation above
''Should"
.
correct
Now look at this:
a) You should hurry.
.
?
b) You should not miss the office tomorrow =
Office
.
c) In fact you should be half an hour earlier =
.
: Should, I, We, you, he, she, it and they
I Should take the book to Class =
class
.
They should pay the money by next week =
(
Now look at these Sentences:
He Should be on his way now =
a) The car looks fine. It should be very expensive =
.
b) They should be worrying a lot about the result =
c) They should be repenting now =
.
should
.
(
)
should
, must/ have to/ has to
You should be here by 10 = You must be here by 10 = You have to be here by
10 =
/
. (He/ she/ it
, has to
)

.
.

duty/

).

(Probabil

isn't it? / was it? / don't you?/ haven't you?/ 'and' .. is it?
Salim: This is the book you want, isn't it?
(
,
?)
Harish: Yes, It wasn't there this morning, was it?
(
?)
Salim: No. I saw it in the evening. You need it very much, don't you?
(
.
.
?)

Harish: I do, of course. You have finished reading it, haven't you?
(
,
?)
Salim: I have, It is not available in the shops, is it? The whole trouble is bec
ause of it.
(
.
shop
?
.)
Harish: Now that I have it, let me make use of it.
(
.)
, ... isn't it?, ....was it?, ....don't you? ,'...haven't you? a
sentences
Question tags
. Question tags sentences
,
He is clever, ...
Question tag form
.

1) He is Clever
Comma
2) Sentence
Verb
He is Clever, is
3) Sentence
not

.
.
Verb

not

tag

not'

1) Verb was'
, Sentence
, comma
, was
. Mrs. Indira Gandhi was the
2) Sentence
not'
wasn't
.
3) Indira Gandhi
she'
.
Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister of India, was
Sentence
not
, Q.Tag
not
.
He is not tall, is he?
Snehitha is not short, is she?
Verb come, comes
1st Doing word, 2nd Doing word
They know you verb know = do know.
Question tag, do
.
You know him, don't (not) you?
She sings well
sentences
, Verb sings = does sing.
: She sings well, doe
Past tense
, did
.
Sang = did sing.
She sang well, didn't she?
-------------------------------------------------

I'm afraid so
Sampada: Is there time for us to have a cup of tea?
(
?)
Akshaya: I don't think so. The train may arrive any minute.
(
. Train
.)
Sampada: Will there be tea on the train at least?
(
?)
Akshaya: I hope so. The minute the train starts you will have the hawkers moving
about and selling tea and coffee.
(
.
,
.) (Hawkers =
Sampada: What about the taste? Generally it isn't good, is it?
(
?
!)
Akshaya: I am afraid, no.
(
.)
Sampada: We should have taken some before starting at home.
(
)
Akshaya: No use regretting now.
(
!)
English conversation I think, I believe/ I hope/ I am afraid etc.,
I think so =
.
I believe so =
.
I hope so =
.
I am afraid so =
(
English
, sentence
Bhargav: Can we get the money today atleast?
(
? (
Kapil: I don't think so.(
.)
Bhargav: (Do) you mean it will be further delayed?
(
?)
Kapil: I'm (I am) afraid so. (
.)
responses

.)
,
)

?)

I'm afraid no(

)
I'm afraid so(
)
responses
afraid
. '
Rohini: Is the Doctor coming?
(
?)
Suhasini: I'm (I am) afraid no.
(
)
Rohini: Are her fees/ is her fee very high? (
Suhasini: I'm afraid so - (
)

'/

fees

?)

Do you go swimming regularly?

Santhanu: I can swim even in deep waters. I like it very much.
(
.
.)

Arjun: So can I. But for liking it, I rather don't like it.
(
.
,
.)
Santhanu: Did you go swimming last week? How was it?
(
?
?)
Arjun: I did. And it was really good. I enjoyed it because the day was warm. Do
you go swimming regularly?
(
.
.
.
Santhanu: I do, atleast once a week. Do you?
(
.
.
?)
Arjun: I don't. I go only when the mood takes me.
(
.
.)
Santhanu: Did Ranjan go with you last time?
(
?)
Arjun: Yes, he did. Will you go this weekend?
(
.
?)
Santhanu: Yes, I will. Would you mind joining me?
(
.
?)
Arjun: I'm afraid, no. Can you swim fast?
(
.
?)
Santhanu: Yes, I can. but I don't. I enjoy slow swimming.
(
,
.
.)
Arjun: That's what I do too. (
.)
English conversation
,
(Natural and Simple )
should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, need, ought, dare, do, does,
did etc.,
responses
,
helping verb
e.g.: Kiran: Is he your friend? (
?)
Krishna: Yes, he is (
.
)/ No. he isn't (
)
:
responses
not
n't
.
Sukumar: Is she a good singer?
Subodh: Yes. She is/ No, she isn't.
...
English
Yes/ No, answer
.
, yes, she is; No, she isn't
short response
.
Question / statement
, short response, question/ statement
a) 'Did you go swimming last week?'
Yes, I did.
b) 'Do you go swimming regularly?'
No, I don't.

verb

c) 'Did Ranjan go with you?'

'Yes, he did'.
, short responses
Auxiliary verb, question/ statement

Auxiliary verb

Jaidev: I am tired after all that work at office.

(
.)
Anand: So am I, having walked all the distance from the station.
(
.)
Jaidev: My colleagues do help me in the work. That reduces my work.
(
.)
Anand: oh, do they? That's very good of them. You certainly are lucky.
(
!
.
.)
Jaidev: So are you. Your brother shares your work, doesn't he?
(
!)
Anand: No, he doesn't. Not that he doesn't like to, but he hasn't the time. He h
as his own work to attend to.
(
.
.)
Jaidev: You know, I don't take others' help if I can avoid it.
(
.
.)
Anand: Nor do I. I always try to do without it.
(
.
.)
Jaidev: OK, then. Shall we go then?
(
?)
Anand: Where to? You haven't told me.
(
?
.)
Jaidev: Oh, sorry. To some restaurant where we can have some coffee.
(
?
.
.)
Anand: But I don't want to. I have work at home.
(
.
.)
Conversational English
short responses (
)
1)
,
?
English
,
Jaidev: I am tired ........
Anand: So am I. (I am also tired
, Functional/ Conversational English
)
short
, were, shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, have, has, had
.
sentence
. Do, does, did
.
Jaidev: My Colleagues help me.
Anand: Oh, do they?
(
) (
- help = do help.)
,
short forms
.
Jaidev: Your brother helps you, doesn't he?
Anand: No, he doesn't (he does not). No
. No, he doesn't help me
Jaidev: You are Lucky.
Anand: So are you- (
.) (You are also lucky
Standard Conversatio
Exercise:
short responses
1) Sanjai: Are you an Indian?
Sugun: ------ (
,
2) Ram: Does he sing well?
Sugun: ------ (
,
)
3) Venkat: Do you like Telugu movies?
Kumar: ------ (
,
)
4) Neelima: Sujana is tall
Nirmala: ------ (

.
)

.)

5) Ramesh: I always help others

Naresh: ------ (
, So
.)
Answers: 1) Yes, I am 2) Yes, he does 3) Yes, I do 4) So is her sister 5) So do
I.

Why don't you visit me once?

Charan: Will you show me how to do it?
(
?)
Subhash: I shall be glad to
(
. (
)

Charan: You know very well how to do it, don't you?

(
!)
Subhash: Yes, I do. I have done it quite often
(
.
.)
Charan: Oh, have you! (
!)
Subhash: You haven't tried this so far, have you? (
!)
Charan: No, I haven't. I am new to this. (
.
.)
Subhash: So was it to me a year ago. Don't worry. You will be able to pick it up
in no time.
(
.
.
)
Charan: I hope so, with the help of people like you.
(
. )
Subhash: Usually practice matters a lot in these things.
(
practice
)
Charan: Yes, it does, of course (
.
)
English Conversation
,
,
short responses (
Look at the following responses from the conversation above:
1) I shall be glad to English
impressive
.
: '
'.
a) Vinod: Why don't you visit me once?
(
?)
Suhrid: I shall be (very) glad to.
: I shall be glad to come/ to visit you
sentence
conversation
responses
....
b) Yes, I do,
c) Oh, have you?
d) No, I haven't,
e) I hope so,
f) Yes, it does, of course.
1)
response
questions
.
sentence
sentence
verb, 1st Regular doing Word, (come, take, go etc.)
, respons
oes, takes
verbs
, response
'does'
Past doing word (came, went, sang,
e.g.: a) 'Do you go there often?'/ 'You go there often, don't you?"
response: Yes, I do (go = do + go
!)
b) Kumar: She sings well
Karim: Oh, yes, she does.
(sings = does sing)
c) Bhaskar: He scored a century, I was told.
Shankar: Yes, he did (scored = did score)
practice
.
Srinu: You will practice this, won't you?
Venkatesh: Yes, I will.
------------------------------------------------------

I Love India
Chandana: I am happy about the way the game has gone.
(

.)

Vasanthi: So am I. Sanjana was the best in the team.

(
.
.)
Chandana: So she was. In fact, she always is.
(
.
.)
Vasanthi: I was not impressed by the game of Sampada. She talks more and plays l
ess.
(
.
.)
Chandana: Nor was I. Yea, she does talk more and play less.
(
.
.)
Vasanthi: I haven't seen her being silent for a minute. She keeps talking all th
e time.
(
(
)
Chandana: Nor have I.
(
.)
Vasanthi: Sanjana, on the other hand, is her exact opposite. She plays very well
, but talks little about her game.
(
.
,
Chandana: That is the kind of players we want.
(
.)
Short responses
!.
Spoken English
Chandana: I am happy. (
)
I am also happy
,
Conversational Engl
I love India' (
)
So do I?'. (
)
I also love India
.
Statement
verb
Response
.
I love India
, love = do love
!
response
, So do I?
.

So what? / So have I
Prakrithi: Most people find Rishi's yoga lessons quite interesting.
(
.)
Pankaja: So do I. Pity you are not attending those classes.
(
.
.)
Prakrithi: I have plenty of work at home. (
).
Pankaja: So have I, but I still find the time to attend the classes. Perhaps you
don't have the will. (
,
.
Prakrithi: Don't say that. I tried my best to find some time, but that was no us
e.
(
.
.)
Pankaja: Oh, you tried, did you? Then what went wrong?
(
?
?
)
Prakrithi: I can't explain. Sunitha attends the classes, doesn't she?
(
.
?
!)
Pankaja: Yes, she does, and so does Sasya.
(
,
.)
Prakrithi: They all started from day one, didn't they? So did you too, perhaps.
(
!
.)
Pankaja: Yes, I did, I already notice a lot of improvement in my fitness. You ca
n improve your fitness too, if you make it to the classes.
(
.
.
Prakrithi: So I can, of course, but I don't find the time, I told you.
(
.
, time
.)
Pankaja: Of course you can. Where there is a will there is always a way.
(
.
.)
Looking at the responses from the dialoges, above... So do I; So have I; Yes, sh
e does and so does Sasya; So did you, perhaps.
Short responses
sentence
verb
.
Prabhat: I can speak English well (
English
.)
response
most people find yoga lessons interesting;
response
? verb- find' (=
1) A: He comes here every day (verb, comes = does come)

B: So does his brother.

2) A: He passed the exam (passed = did pass)
B: So did I (
)
3) Pankaja: I have a lot of work to do.
Prakrithi: So have I (
)
4) A: He has an imported car.
(
foreign car
)
B: So what? So have I
(
?
)
5) A: Why am I alone punished? (
B: Because you have taken bribes(
A: So have many others, punish them too (

)
)
,

.)

Either/ Neither
Harini: Aren't you going to the movie? You said you would.
(
?
?)
Hiranya: I thought I would, but I changed my mind. What about you? (
Harini: I am not going either. I have work at home. (
.
.)
Hiranya: Almost all Indian movies have fights, dances and songs. I don't find mu
ch to entertain us in them.
(
,
,
.
Harini: I don't either. How right you are! I can't see our movies improving in t
he near future. The story is the same, the situations, unrealistic and the movie
s on the whole very noisy. Nothing to entertain us really.
(
.
correct
.
.
,
Hiranya: The pity is they are getting worse by the day. OK. Telugu movies are no
t good. Nor are the Hindi movies. An occasional good movie, that is all.
(
.
,
.
Harini: But English movies is different. You find a strong story base in them an
d a variety in the subjects they treat. Better technical values too. Will our pe
ople ever learn?
(
English
.
.
.
Spoken English
also (=
)
.
China is a large Country' (
Now look at the following responses from the conversation between Harini and Hir
anya.
1) I am not going either, 2) I don't either,
3) Telugu movies are not good. Nor are Hindi movies.
Important: English
not
also
,
for example, '
,
.
a) Pradhan: I am not short (
.)
Anant: I am not either (
)
(I am not also short
)
Not either'
neither'
nor'
.
, neither... nor'
b) Sudha: Vijayawada is not a small city (
.)
Amritha: Nor is Vizag/ Neither is Vizag (
)
Vizag is not also a sma
s Vizag or c) Vizag isn't either.
Neither, nor, n't (not) either
,
sentence verb
.
Khasim: I can not walk the distance
(
).
Khadir: Nor can I/ Neither can I/ I can't either.
!
sentence
verb, ca
------------------------------

Can't/ Wasn't/ didn't

Likhith: So you attended the programme after all, yesterday. Was it that interes
ting?

(
Programme
.
?)
Sanketh: It wasn't. But was the class which I had bunked, to attend the programm
e. So I had to choose between two equally dull things, and for a change, I opted
for the programme.
(
.
Class
.
Likhith: But I couldn't do it, and I am sorry I didn't. I am sure the programme
was better than the class.
(
. Class
Programme
Sanketh: Hemanth didn't go to class either. Neither did he attend the programme.
I think what did was the best. He went home and slept.
(
class
. Programme
.
.
Likhith: But Hemanth is a sincere student. If bunked the class the class it must
have been really boring.
(
.
class
.)
Sanketh: So it was. Why doubt it? The teacher talks about all things but the sub
ject. I doubt in the first instance how he was selected for the post. I get bore
d in every class of his.
(
.
?
.
Likhith: So does every body. Let's represent the matter to the principal.
.
.
Look at these short responses from the conversation above.
1) Nor was the class which I bunked, 2) But I couldn't, 3) I am sorry I didn't,
4) Hemanth didn't (go to class) either, 5) So it was, 6) So does everybody.
Let's recall the principle for making short responses. The most important thing
is the verb in the sentence which we respond to.
verb
.
...
Pramod: I have seen the movie.
(
)
Vinod: So have I.
English
.
questions
Short responses
.
a) Likhith: Was it interesting?
Sanketh: Yes, it was/ No, it wasn't,
b) Hari: I know English
Kumar: But I don't.
Short negative response.
c) A: America is a rich country.
B: But India isn't.
Negative response but
.
Responses
.
1) Bhaskar: He is tall (
)
Sasidhar: So is his brother.
Positive response . (
sentences Positive)
2) Kaladhar: I can't understand Hindi (
)

Prasanth: Nor can I/ Neither can I / I can't either

(
).
Sentences
Negative
3) Manogna: He doesn't Know English/
English
Rasagna: But his brother does (

.)

Do / Did /Don't
Achyuth: Jayaram came for you yesterday. Did he see you?
(
.
?)
Manas: Yes, he did. Was he with you for a long time?
(
.
.
?)
Achyuth: No, he wasn't. Do you know he is soon leaving for the America?

positive,

.)

(
.
.
?)
Manas: No, I don't. Has he got all the papers ready?
(
.
?)
Achyuth: I think he has. Otherwise he couldn't be leaving so soon.
(
.
?)

Manas: I understand. His uncle works in the passport office.

(
.
passport office
.)
Achyuth: Oh, does he? I didn't know that.
(
.
.)
Manas: You didn't/ didn't you? That's strange.
(
?
.)
Achyuth: What is strange about it? We haven't had an occasion to talk about it.
(
?
.)
responses
.
1) Yes, he did, 2) No, he wasn't, 3) No, I don't, 4) I think he has, 5) Oh, does
he?,
do, does, did, is, was, has
Helping verbs
.
A: Do you speak Telugu?
B: Yes, I do./ No, I don't.
B
..
'Do you speak Telugu?'
question
-Yes, I speak Telugu
, No, I don't (do n
'
Spoken English form
.
:
a) Prasad: Who will know I am here? (
?)
Sankar: Everyone will. If isn't such a big secret.(
.
b) Yamuna: You have the time for it? (
?)
(
do you have the time?
).
,
helping verb 'Do'.
Ganga: Yes, I do/ No, I don't. (Yes, I have the time/ No, I don't have the time
- conversational
)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)

e.g.: Give short responses to the following, both positive and negative.
Can you drive a car?
Have you met the Officer?
You met him yesterday, didn't you?
Must you go now? Yes, I ........../ No, I .......... (must need not)
Does he play chess?
Will you come tomorrow? No, ..........
Do you think he will help me? No, .........
Who shut the door? .........

Answers: 1) Yes, I can/ No, I can't

2) Yes, I have/ No, I haven't
3) Yes, I did/ No, I didn't
4) Yes, I must/ No, I needn't
5) Yes, he does/ No, he doesn't.
6) I won't 7) I don't 8) I did.
Himaja: Need I get up soon tomorrow morning? It's already twelve now and I'm yet
to go to bed.
(
?
12
,
Vanaja: I'm afraid you must. That is, if you don't want to miss the train.
(
.
.)
Himaja: Miss the train? Oh, no, We're going on a job and we can't afford to miss
the train. Won't you come with me?
(
?
.
,
Vanaja: I will, of course. But can you assure me that we can be back by the day
after?
(
.
.)

.)

Himaja: Yes, I can. By tomorrow evening the function at my uncle's home will be
over, and we can start tomorrow night itself.
(
.
.
Vanaja: Oh, can we? That suits me fine.
(
?
.)
Himaja: This picture shows his new house; it's fine, isn't it?
(
photo
.
?)
Vanaja: Yes, it is. Any way we're going to see it tomorrow.
(
.
?)
Himaja: So we are.(
)
Look at the following expressions from the conversation above.
1) I'm (I am) afraid you must, 2) I will, of course, 3) Yes, I can, 4) Oh, can w
e?, 5) So we are.
Spoken English Short Responses
?
Short Responses
1) 'Must'
? Commands (
)
, Obligations (
)
You must go now You needn't (need not) go
(
) (
)
Must
opposite 'need not (needn't)
? (Needn't=
) Must not (= am/ is/ are no
o/ are not to - prohibitions
(
)
.
a) You must not smoke here = You are not to smoke here =
b) He must not drive/ He is not to drive at that speed =
Need not ( must) = don't have to/ doesn't have to (
)
Karim: Must he/ has he to/ Does he have to/ Has he got to go now? (
Salim: Yes, he must/ he has to/ he has got to go now (
No, he need not/ doesn't have to/ hasn't got to go now.
Spoken English
,

.
.
?)

).
.

I am/ I don't / Won't

Prabhas: (Do) You mean that she won't help us?
(
?)
Vikas: I'm afraid so.
(
)
Prabhas: Will she at least tell us how to do it? (
Vikas: I don't think so.(
.)
Prabhas: She won't obstruct us, will she?
(
!)

?)

Vikas: I hope not. At least till now she has'nt indicated any such thing.
(
.
.)
Prabhas: So far, so good.(
.)
Spoken English
short expressions
practice
1) I'm afraid so. 2) I don't think so. 3) I hope not
clipped expressions practice
.
English
,
,
,

Kumar: Will it rain today? (

?)
Krishna: I'm afraid so. (
Afraid
' '
,
.
Sampath: Will this money last us till the month end? (
Virat: I'm (I am) afraid not (
)
'afraid'
Pranav: Will the police come to know of it, do you think?
(
?)
Vikas: I hope not (
).

:
expressions

)/ I don't think so (
?)
.

(I hope not) (I hope so)

(I'm afraid not) (I am afraid so) .
---------------------------------

I'd like to go there

Wesley: Why don't you wait till he goes?
(
?)
Santhanam: I'd (I would) like to, but I don't have the time.
(
,
)
Wesley: Do you have to go now itself?
(
?)
Santhanam: I have to. That's the problem.
(
.
)
Wesley: By the way, did you bring my book?
(
,
?)
Santhanam: I forgot to. (
)
Look at these expressions from the conversation above.
1) I'd like to ...;
2) I have to...;
3) I forgot to ....
expressions
'to'
. to go, to come, to sing, to take etc.
infinitives
.
1) '
'
He wants to go =
.
2)
/
/
.
a) To go there is difficult .
To eat too much is bad for health
(
).
3) Purpose - ' '/' '
.
,
.
I went there to see him.
(
.)
She was here to meet her friend.
(
.)
I like to go =
/
.
I don't have the time to do it
(
time
.)
Wesley: Why don't you go through the book?
(
?/
?)
Santhanam: I'd like to. (
)
I'd like to = I'd like to go through the book.
, Spoken English
,
I'd like to go through the book
I'd like to
. (To go through
inf
Wesley: Why don't you settle the account?
(
/
)
Santhanam: I'd like to, but I'm unable to find the time.
(
,
time
)
Who were you speaking to ?
Harsha: Hi Siddhu, who were you speaking to over the phone this morning?
(
,
?)
Siddhu: Sanath. He had taken my book yesterday and I was asking him to return it
.
(
.
.
Harsha: Which book are you talking of? Hope it isn't the one you bought recently
.
(
.
Siddhu: Yea, that's the one. Where are you coming from now?

(
.
.
?)
Harsha: Where else? From home. OK. Tomorrow we've to talk about something in the
class. What will you talk about?
(
?
.
.
Class
Siddhu: I haven't made up my mind yet. What do you suggest I talk about?
(
.
?)
Harsha: What are you thinking about? What may be your topic?
(
?
?)
Siddhu: I haven't decided yet too. We've time till tomorrow.
(
.
time
.)
Look at the following expressions from the conversation above:
1. Who were you speaking to?
2. Which book are you talking of?
3. Where are you coming from?
4. What will you talk about?
5. What are you thinking about?
6. What do you suggest I talk about?
Sentence 'Wh' word
, of, to, about, from
prepositions
English
Prepositions
verb
questions
,
questions
Keshav: I was speaking to kumar (
)
.
a) Who were you speaking to?
(With whom/ to whom you were speaking? - Wrong English)
b) Which year were you born in?
(
?)
In which year were you born? /
English
?
c) A: 'He was born to her (
)
B: Who was he born to? (
?)
d) A: Here, take this money? (
)
B:What's (What is) this money for? (
?)
Try it!
Sentence
'Wh' word
Prepositions
1) .... was she playing with?
2) What are you worried ...?
3) .... are you listening ....?
4) .... did you give my book ....
5) ..... what is he busy ....?
6) Where are you ....?
?
7) .... are you cutting that paper for?
8) ... knife did you cut it ...?
9) .... are you talking....?
10) .... did you say, the table is made of ?

1) Who was she playing with?

(
?)
2) What are you worried about?
3) What are you listening to?
(
?)
4) Who did you give my book to?
(
5) What is he busy with?
(
?)
6) Where are you from?
7) What are you cutting that paper for?
(
8) What knife did you cut it with?
(
?)

?)

?)

.
,

9) Who are you talking to?

(
?)
10) What did you say the table is made of?
(
?)
Something else I want!
Nestha: This is not what I wanted.
.
Snehith: What other thing did you want? Wasn't a cell phone of this make and kin
d that you asked for?
?
,
?
Nestha: Exactly, of course, but excuse me, this isn't the colour.
.
.
,
.
Snehith: You said black and orange combination. What else is this?
,
.
?
Nestha: Who did you get it from?
?
Snehith: Who else? Mithra.
.
.
Nestha: Mithra of all? Could you think of no one else?
(
?
?)
Snehith: I could not find any other person who could get it so soon.
.
Nestha: OK, leave it at that. Give it here, I will have it exchanged.
,
.
.
.
else, or else
:
Else =
, or else =
Spoken English
.
A: This is not what I wanted.
B: What other thing did you want?
= 'what other thing'
...
(
,
)
.
, English
a) Yama: I've granted all that you've asked for. What else do you want?
(
!
?)
Savithri: Oh, Lord Yama, Thank you, but there is something else I want..
(
,
.
,
/
.)
What else? (What other thing); Something else (
/
)conversation
b) Nithin: Who is the cricketer that has scored a hundred Centuries?
(
?)
Subhash: Who else? Sachin.
(
?
/
?
)
c) Sobhan: Why did he come here?
(
?)
Mohan: Why else? He wants money.
(
?
.)
d) Habib: Where can you get the best mangoes?
(
?)
Irfan: Where else? Vijayawada.
(
?/
.
.)
e) David: Is taking this book there the only way to have our doubts cleared?
(
Nelson: How else? (
?)
What else? Who else? Why else? Where else? practise
conversation
,
Who were you writing to ?
Dolly: I gave the book to Wesley.
(
Danny: Who did you give the book to?
? (
Dolly: To Wesley, I said.
(
?)
Danny: What does he want the book for?

.)
?)

(
?)
Dolly: For some paper he wants to write.
(
.)
Danny: Who is the book written by? Who is the author?
(
? (
:
?)
Dolly: Some author who I don't know. But it's a wonderful book. It's for enginee
ring drawing students. I bought it in Chennai, when I was there last time.
(
.
,
. Engineering Drawing Students
Danny: As soon as he returns it, let me have a look at it.
(
.)
Dolly: OK. It could be useful to you too.
( ,
.)
Short Interrogative responses (
)
.
.
Effective
Dolly: I gave the book to Wesley.
Danny: Who did you give the book to?
(
:
?)
,
, Who to? (
)
.
, To Whom?
.
a) Puran: I told him to go (
).
response: Who did you tell to go?
(
?)
(Whom did you tell to go? )
b) Pranav: This book is for Ramesh.
(
)
Srinivas: Who is the book for? (
?)
Short form: Who for?
(Who for, did you say? =
?)
c) Kundan: I was writing to Naresh
Ganesh: Who were you writing to?
(
?)
Short form:
Who to? (
?)
d) Syamala: She bought a shirt for her brother?
Vimala: Who did she buy it for?
(
shirt
?)
short form: Who for? (
?)
-------------------------------

CAN, COULD
Amar: What do you think he can do?
(
?)
Anup: Instead, ask me what he can't do. He can simply tell your boss that you ar
e not able to do the job well.
(
.
boss
Amar: Do you think my boss will go by his word? She has her own way of knowing w
ho is competent and who isn't.
(
boss
?
,
Anup: Oh, does she? Then how could he manage to have his candidate selec
ted by her?
(
?
Amar: Don't say his word alone got his candidate the job. The candidate is adept
at the job too.
(
.
Anup: He knows his job all right, but there are others who are as good and perha
ps even better.
(
.
,

?)
.)

Amar: I am not able to understand why you think so high of him. I'm afraid you
are poor at judging people. (
Anup: If you think so, why are you asking me?
(
,
?)
Amar: Because I thought you knew better.
(
)
Note: In the conversation above, observe the use of expressions, which show 'ab
ility'.
Look at the following expressions:
1) ....... he can do?
2) Ask me what he can't do? (can not do)
3) He can simply tell your boss ........
4) ...knowing who is competent (
)
5) How could he manage to have his candidate .......?
6) The candidate is adept at his job too.
7) There are others who are as good at it.
8) You are poor at judging people.
underline
,
Spoken English
1) Can =
/
; Can not = Can't (Spoken English) a) Prabhas: He can sing well
(
)
Subhash: Oh, can he? But my brother says he can't (can not)
(
?/
?
,
)
b) Sumeeth: Can you read and understand Tamil? If you can, please translate this
for me.
(
?
?
,
Ganesh: I can, but I doubt if I can translate it well.
(
,
.
.)
Note: can ( )
, 'able'
.
a) Anand: Will he be able to help us?
(
? = Can he help us?)
Bhaskar: I'm (I am) sure he will be able to. We are very close
(
.
.)
b) Try as I might, I am not able (Unable) to meet him
(
)
' '
(
) 'know' (
)
.
She knows English =
English
= She can understand English =
English
' '
good at
.
a) Kiran: Why do people admire him so much?
(
?)
Admire =
/
Kamal: Because he is good at acting any role
(
)
He is good at acting any role = He can act any role well.
b) Damodar: What is he good at?
(
?)
Dhanush: He is very good at imitating any actor.
(
)
Good at = Adept at
c) She is an adept at any thing needing patience
(
/
.)
(Good at) (Poor at) (
)
He is good at speaking English but poor at writing
(
,
.)
d) Lavanya: Why do you keep arguing all the time?
(
?)
Suvarna: I am doing what I am an adept at and you are poor at
(Poor at),
(Adept at)
.
'Could' is the past form of 'can':

Could =
.
a) Manoj: We can't see actors like NT Ramarao (Senior) any more
( . .
)
Madan: Yea. He was very competent as an actor. He could act any role with ease.
(
.

b) Nagesh: Why is he so dull?

(
?)
Omkar: Because he couldn't (could not) get a class in the exam, though he tried
his best
(
class
)
SHALL/WILL
Madhukar: You were talking of buying a bike. When are you going to buy it?
(
.
Pradyumna: I think it will take some time. I will buy it in the coming month.
(
.
Madhukar: Why wait till then?
(
?)
Pradyumna: My cousin, who will be taking over as the branch manager here, tells
me that the prices are likely to come down by then. (
Madhukar: Shall I wait till then as well?
(
?)
Pradyumna: Why? (Do) you intend buying a bike too?
(
?
?)
Madhukar: Yes, I'm tired of my present bike. I wish to dispose it of.
(
.
.
Pradyumna: Shall I then tell my cousin to make it two?
(
?)
Madhukar: Please. That will be of help to me.
(
.
.)
Pradyumna: I'd rather wait for the concession than pay the actual price. What ab
out you?
(
Madhukar: Same here. (
)
Look at the following expressions:
1) When are you going to buy it?
2) It will take some time.
3) ...... who will be taking over ......
4) Shall I wait till then too? / shall I tell .....
5) I wish to .....
6) I'd rather wait
You observe that all the words underlined are future indicators.
.
Shall/Will indicates future
.
I/we shall, you/he/she/it/they will
indefinite future
sts, permissions
I/We
shall
.
Vinod: I'm (I am) very hungry. Shall we have something to eat?
(
.
?)
Vikram: I feel like eating too. Where shall we go?
(
.
?)
Vinod: Shall we go to the restaurant and eat something?
(
?)
I/We
shall
requests, permissions
.
a) Kanchan: Shall I see you tomorrow about the money I need?
(
b) Midhun: Shall we have your car for a day tomorrow?

?)
.)

.)

modern usage

?) - Permis

(
?) - Request
Future
will, am/ is/are + ... ing to (am going/is going/are g
end to
.
.
'Will' often indicates indefinite future.
a) Puran: Will he help me?
(
?)- Indefinite
(
Future)
Bhagath: He will (help you), if you ask him.
(
,
)
b) Chakradhar: Will we have time enough to catch the train?
(
?)
Himakar: We will, of course, if we start immediately.
(
)
, 'Will we .....?' (we
question
'will '
.
Future
'will'
am/is/are going to + 1st RDW (am/is/are going to do)
'Will'
future
.
am/is/are going to .....
(Decision), intention (
), wish (
Bhaskar: So, what will you do?
(
?)
Sudheer: I will tidy up the house (
). (Tidy up =
)
Bhaskar: So, what are you going to do?
(
?/
?)
Sudheer: I am going to tidy up the house
(
)
I will tidy up the house (
) .
I am going to tidy up the house
(
/
)
Am/is/are ..... ing + 1st RDW/
future
Am/is/are + ..... ing + 1st RDW
am/is/are + ..... ing
a) He will open his new office in a few days.
(
)
b) He is going to open his new office in a few days.
(
)
c) He is opening his new office in a few days.
(
)
Spoken/Functional English
.
...
I intend/wish/want to see the minister /
/
.
---------------------------HOW LONG/HOW FAR
Deepika: How long are you going to be in Delhi
(
/
?)
Darsika: For about a month. My work there will take me at least as long as that.
I will be happy if it gets over by then.
(
.
.

Deepika: I think I'll be there for a week too, from the fifteenth of this month.
Shall we meet there?
(
15
.
Darsika: That'd be a real pleasure, wouldn't it? How are we going to meet, then?
(
,
?
?)
Deepika: Where exactly are you going to be during your stay there?
(
?)
Darsika: In Karol Bagh. That's where my uncle lives. Where are you going to be?
(
.
.

?)

Deepika: Aurobindo Nagar.. (

)
Darsika: How far is it from the place from where I'm going to stay? Any idea?
(
?
?)
Deepika: Quite far, but I am not sure. Long since I had been there. But we're go
ing there in summer you know. It's going to be very bad.
(
,
.
Look at the following expressions
1) How long are you going to be there?
2) For about a month, for a week
3) How far is it from here?
4) Long since I had been there
?
?
?
English
Distance
Look at the following again

Conversational English
long
.
'far'
.

Sumanth: For how long will your meeting go on?

(
Surendra: Pretty long, I'm afraid
(
(Pretty
'
', '
'

.
,

?)
) (
.

afraid =
Conversation

)
'

a) Prem: How much did the trip cost you? (

?)
Sriman: Around forty thousand
(
)
Prem: Pretty Expensive, isn't it?
(
!)
Sriman: I'm afraid, so.
b) Preethi: Are you going to be there for long?
(
?)
Santhi: Not at all, it's going to be a rather short stay?
(
long =
short =
.)
Their friendship did not last long =
.
Expression
:
The Pandavas had to be in the forests for as long as twelve years.
(
.)
As long as
= If
As long as you waste time, you suffer = If you waste time, You Suffer.
c) Bheem: How long do you want me to wait?
Arjun: For an hour.
Bheem: Sorry. I can't wait that long
(
.
)
'distance', 'distant'
a) Bhanu: How far is your college from home?
(
?)
Balu: It's a long way off.
The city bus takes at least half an hour? (
.
).
Warangal is not far off from Hyderabad.
Delhi is a long way off from Hyderabad.
Questions
far
How far is Delhi from Hyderabad?
(
?)
How far are you going?
(
/
/
?)
English
.
CAN/COULD
Nirupama: Can you cook? If you can, how well, and what items? What is your speci
ality?

'

not

Champaka: I can. I can manage a day's cooking, as I have been able to, today. My
knowledge of cooking is limited to the daily meal. My mother can cook a wide ra
nge of dishes and she does cook them, when the mood takes her. She hasn't cooked
for some time now because of, her ill health.
(
.
,
.
,
.
Nirupama: Why couldn't you learn more?
(
?)
Champaka: I haven't felt the need. We have very few guests. Even if there are we
eat out. What about you? How well can you cook?
(
.
.
Nirupama: Not bad. I find real pleasure in cooking. My mother, like your mother
could cook very well. I think I take after her. Even when she was old she was ab
le to cook.
(
.
.
,
.
Champaka: I wish to learn making Biryani. Can you show me how to do it?
(
.
Nirupama: Why not? Could you visit me tomorrow? I'll show you the recipe and the
making of Biryani.
(
?
?
,
Champaka: I will. Time I returned home. My husband will be home in a short while
.
(
.
.
Nirupama: Thank you for your isit. Hope it wouldn't be your last visit.
(
thanks.
)
Look at the following sentences:
1) Can you cook?
2) I can, as I have been able to, today.
3) My mother can cook, and she does cook.
4) How well can you cook?
5) Can you show me how to do it?
Functional English 'can'
.
1) Can =
,
= be able to
Can you cook =
?
Kabir: Can you speak Hindi?
?)
Saibaba: I can, but not so well. (
,
)
Sunanda: Can you sing? (
?)
Supriya: Me, I can not (I can't) (
,
)
Can
,
"be able to" / "Have the ability to"
The baby can walk now = The baby is able to walk now =
.
a) Pranav: I can see him coming, can you?
(
,
?)
Sankar: Oh, Yes. I am able to
( ,
)
b) Ramana: Don't worry. I can get the money.
(
.
)
Prakash: Can you? I doubt. (
?
)
Can , Be able to
,
. Can
,
.
Be able =
,
.
a) He can sing =
.
He is able to sing b) They can understand what you say =
They are able to understand what you say =
Could, was able:
Could is the past tense of 'can'

?
.

.
.
. (
,

Could = able to do something in the past.

She could sing well =
.
a) Indira: In my childhood I could run very fast =
Yamuna: I could too, but never had I need to run =
.
Indira: I was able to run the distance between school and home in ten minute
s. (
,
10
)
Can, Could
.
Gokul: How much will be the cost of the flat you're building?
(
?)

.
,

Badri: No idea as yet. It will take some time for me before I can give a rough i
dea. We're in the initial stages of the building you know.
(
.
.
Gokul: Can I see the plan? Can I have your calculator too, please?
(
.
?)
Badri: Oh, certainly. Here you are. In the mean time can I have your card, so I
may have your phone number?
(
.
,
Gokul: By all means. Here's the card. According to my calculations the cost of e
ach flat can be around Rs. 60 Lakh.
(
,
.
,
.60
Badri: Yea, that's for the present. It can go up depending on the availability a
nd changes in the prices of cement and sand.
(
.
.
,
,
Gokul: Depends on the kind of interiors you wish to have too, doesn't it?
(
.)
Badri: It does, of course. Can I have an idea when you can pay the advance for t
he booking?
(
.
?)
Gokul: Not more than a week. Bye then.
(
.
.)
Look at the following expressions..
1) It will take some time before I can give a rough idea
2) Can I see the plan?
3) Can I have your card?
4) .... the cost of each flat can be around Rs. 60 lakh
5) If can go up
6) Can I have an idea when you can pay the advance
We have seen some uses of 'can' in the last lesson:
1) It expresses a person's ability
.
2) It expresses what is possible
.
Lesson can
pastfor
1) Can I see the plan?
'Can' here is used in the question form.
can
(permission)
a) Subba Rao: Can I use your phone (Please)?
(
.)
Kishore: Please do (
)
b) Deepika: Can I attend the celebrations too?
If so how can I have a ticket? (
?/
?
Darsika: I'm afraid you can't (cannot). They are only for a small circle of frie
nds
(
.)
- No per
! Can
permission
.
Question form :
3) Can I have your calculator too, please?
(
?)
, can, question
Request
(
) (permission
)
.
Can I have your card?

(
visiting card
?)
a) Nataraj: Can you lend me your book for a few days?
(can, question
? Niranjan:Oh, by all means . But can you return it the day after tomorrow?
(
.
b) Mahima: Can't you help me finish my record? (Record
?
for request)
Sahithi: Oh sure, if only you can help me do this sum.
(
.
.)
Can
: 1) ability (
The cost of each flat can be Rs.60 lakh.
.60
(Possibility .)
a) Rahamatulla: Can't we walk the distance? We have to wait along time for the
us and the auto may cost us a lot.
(
? Bus
Nazeer: It can be very tiring - walking such a distance
(
.)
It can be tiring possibility.
b) Kamalakanth: Suppose we discuss the matter with Sreedhar (
Tanmai: Don't breathe a word about it to him. That can be dangerous.
(
.

Request.)

? - 'can' in q
- 'can't' (can

'
b
. Auto

.)

. (Possib

Gopika: I thought I could meet the minister today, but he was too busy.
Inspite of the appointment he had given me I could not make it.
(
,
Vasanthi: How come? He had given you the appointment, but did not see you. So, w
hat are you going to do?
(
?
,
.
?)
Gopika: I just don't know. The matter is urgent. Could you suggest any alternati
ve, Vasanthi?
(
.
.
,
Vasanthi: You could ask the Secretary to the minister, couldn't you? If you want
dad can talk to him. Dad knows him well.
(
!
,
Gopika: Could you tell your dad to help me in the matter?
(
?)
Vasanthi: Oh, certainly. But I have to watch his moods. If he is out of the mood
, he could refuse. But don't worry. I'll talk to him to night itself.
(
,
.
,
.
Gopika: That's very nice of you. By the bye, I haven't seen Raashi for some time
now. The last I've heard of her was that she was ill. Something could be seriou
sly wrong. Or she wouldn't be silent so long.
(
.
,
.
Vasanthi: Shall we call her?
(
?)
Gopika: We'd better (
)
I thought I could meet the minister today.
Could you suggest an alternative?
You could ask the Secretary to the minister, couldn't you?
Could you tell your dad to help me in the matter?
If he is out of the mood, he could refuse.
Something could be seriously wrong.
Look at the use of 'could' in the expressions above...
1) I thought I could meet the minister
(
.)
Can
.
: Present
Future
'could'
..
Could is the past form of 'can'.
could =
(a past ability).

?)

a) He could walk 10 kms an hour those days.

(
10
. .

b) Krishna: What games did you play at school?

(
?)
Lakshman: I could play many games, but I liked Football most
(
.
,
c) Mahesh: Why couldn't (could not) you came earlier?
(
?)
Madhu: Because I couldn't (could not) catch the 8 'O' clock bus.
(8
).
'Could'.
"Could not".
: Could =
,
,
.
He could play Football.
(
He could sing well =

).

).
(

He was able to sing well =

)
,

---------------------

MAY/MIGHT
Ashray: May I borrow your book for a few days? It can be very useful for me for
the coming interview. I will certainly return it promptly.
(
.
interview
Amrutha: Why not? I may not be in town for the coming four days, and you can h
ave it during the time. May I have it back on Friday?
(
?
.
Ashray: Oh, certainly and thank you very much. Where may we get the book? I li
ke to have a copy of it for myself.
(
.
thanks.
?
Amrutha: May be it is available in Knowledge Book Centre. But I am not sure. I
bought this in a book store in Kurnool, and there too, I found only this copy.
You might find it in Chennai or in Hyderabad..
(
.
,
.
Ashray: I thought I might get a copy of it in Vizag when I went there last wee
k, but I was disappointed.
(
Amrutha: Wait. I remember now. My cousin is in Chennai. He might help us get i
t..
(
.
.
cousin
.
Look at the following sentences from the conversation above:
1) May I borrow your book?
2) I may not be in town for the coming few days
3) May I have it back on friday?
4) Where may We get the book?
5) You might find it in Chennai
6) I thought I might get a copy of it
7) He might help us
Let's study the uses of may and might
'may'
...
I may not be in town =
.
1) 'May' expresses probability
/
. May,
(present)
,
(future)
Dhanush: When may he be here? (
?)

Kiran: He may be on the way. We may see him here in a few minutes. (
.
Sukumar: When may you start?
(
?)
Sowrabh: May be in ten minutes (10
)
'May'
.
may not (be) =
/
.
Priyanka: What are the chances of his success?
(
?)
Anusha: He may not be successful
(
)
Charith: Where may we find him at this time of the day?
(
)
Harindra: You may find him at office or at some client's place
(
Offic
Clients
)
first use of 'May'.
Sreya: May I come in, Ma'am?
(
?)
Sowbhagya: Do. What is the matter?
( .
?)
Sreya: The sky is cloudy and it may start raining any moment. The signs are ther
e may be a down pour. May I leave a little earlier today, Ma'am?
(
.
.
Sowbhagya: You may, but make sure that you finish the work at least by Monda
y next. Where is Murthy? Let
him at least stay till the closing time.
(
.
,
.
?
Sreya: He has gone out on office work, Ma'am. He may be back in fifteen minute
s.
(
.
.)
Sowbhagya: He may be good at work, but once he goes out on any work, he takes
his own time to return.
(
.
,
Sreya: Ma'am, tomorrow is my wedding anniversary. I am going to be on leave.
(
.
.)
Sowbhagya: May you have many happy returns of the day. Wish you all happiness.
Bye.
(
.
Look at the following sentences from the conversation above:
1) May I come in, Ma'am?
2) .... it may start raining any moment.
3) You may.
4) He may be good at work, ...
5) May you have many happy returns of the day.
'May'
:
1) May I come in? ?
'May'
- asking for formal permission. Formal
.
.
, Sir/ Madam
,
formal.
, friends
informal
.
formal permission
(Teacher etc.,)
, 'May' (Question
Bhargav: May I have a few minutes of your time, sir?
(
)
Bhagavan: You may, but what's it about?
(
.
,
?)
Bhargav: About the irregular workers, sir.
(
).
Bhagavan: Go ahead (
).
'May'
Question form
formal
.
Santhan: I'll make the call immediately after going to my seat, sir.
(
seat
phone
)
Sanjai: Why, you may make the call from here. Use this phone here. (
?

'May'
'Can'

Question form
formal
, Statement
Question form
.
Statement
Conversation
.
Sreenu: When may I see you again, sir?
(
?)
Prahlad: The day after (tomorrow). You may give a ring before you come
(
.
phone
).
Kumar: May I know your name, please? Are you also a candidate for the intervie
w?
(
?
interview
?)
Chandra: Yes, I am. I am Chandra.
(
.
.)
-----------------------------------------------------

Maybe
Wahab: Maybe we are late. We might miss the first ten minutes of the movie.
(
?
10
.)
Vincent: Doesn't matter. We can follow Indian movies and Indian serials very wel
l, even if we miss portions of them. Didn't Bharani tell you that he might be jo
ining us?
(
,
,
.
Wahab: He did. But I doubt very much. He might be quite busy with the arrangemen
ts for his sister's marriage.
(
.
.
Vincent: May the marriage go off very well! I remember his telling me how diffic
ult it was for them to get a suitable bridegroom.
(
.
Wahab: He wanted us to help him in making arrangements for the wedding. We shoul
d, shouldn't we?
(
?)
Vincent: We should, of course. But the day of the weddings, happens to be the da
y of inspection at the office as well. Boss told us we should be at office
(
,
.
,
Wahab: Yea. We may not leave office before 5. But the marriage is late in the ev
ening. So the inspection need not come in the way.
(
5
.
Vincent: That's right. We can make it to the wedding without difficulty.
(
.
.)
Look at the following expressions from the conversation above
Maybe we are late
May the marriage go off well
We may not leave office before 5
May
.
...
Maybe we are late Maybe .
Perhaps =
.
Maybe India will win at least ten gold medals in the Olympics (
a) Venkat: Rani is not to be seen nowadays at all. How is she so busy.
(
.
?)
Sravani: Maybe she is busy looking after the construction of her house.
(
.)
b) Devnath: How much may the car cost?
(
?)
Surendra: Maybe anything above Rs.10 Lakh.
(
10
)

.)

 'May'
,
. "May the marriage go off well''
a) Yaswanth: This is my invitation to you to my house warming function.
(
)
Subhakar: May your life in your new home be very happy. May you build Many more
houses
(
,
b) Dayakar: Sir, today is my birth day.
( ,
.)
Teacher: Many happy returns of the day and may God bless you with long life.
(
,
.)
You may not leave office before five.
Formal situations ,
may not
prohibition (
a) Nelson: May I speak to my friend komal in your office, please?
(
?)
Nancy: you may not disturb the staff at work, please sorry.
(
...
.)
b) Sampath: Could you leave your footwear out side please?
(
?)
Madhav: Why? (
?)
Sampath: you may not enter the place with your slippers on
(
).
--------------------------------

MIGHT
Srimukha: Mihir is disappointed. He thought he might get the job, but he didn't.
(
.
,
Nagaraja: The competition might have been tough. He had hardly the time to prepa
re.
(
.
Srimukha: He might be here any time from now, and we'll know what has exactly ha
ppened.
(
.
Nagaraja: You know one of the selectors. You might try to find out from her what
has exactly happened.
(
!
Srimukha: How might finding that out help us? They can't reverse the selection,
can they? How about one of us meeting Mihir and finding out?
(
?
Nagaraja: By the time we go there, he might be here.
(
.)
Look at the following expressions from the dialogue above:
He might be here any time from now
He thought he might get the job
You might try to find out from her what has happened
How might finding that out help us? Observe the use of 'might' in the sentences
above:
1) He might be here any moment from now
'may'
present/ future
/

1) 'Might'

Present/ future

.)

.)

probability

a) He may pass (
b) He might pass (
c) It may rain (

/
-

)
)

It might rain (
).
This is the first use of 'Might'
2) 'Might' is the past form of 'May' (Present/ future
/
/
Devanand: Prakash says he may buy a flat in this area.
(
flat
)
Damodar: But he told me that he might buy one in Hyderabad.
(
,
flat
- Past)
Sashank: She may know what exactly happened that day.
(
)
Abhiram: I doubt. Somebody told me that she might not know anything because she
was not there
(
.
(Past)
, might, may
past form.
3) 'Might present
Polite suggestions(
- Presen
)
If you cannot find the book in that shop, you might try in Hyderabad.
( shop
,
.)
Sameer: What are we to do next? (
?)
Tarun: That beats me, sir. You might consult some expert, sir. (
Kesav: How do we know the results, boy?
What were you suggesting? (
?
Narayan: I was saying you might phone the Deputy Registrar, and ask him at least
about the date, sir) (
Deputy Registrar
phone

?)

HAVE TO/HAS TO
Mihir: You have to the work by tomorrow evening. No more delay.
(
.
Varun: Is the time enough? I have to take care of certain other things too. Why
don't you ask Charan to do it?
(
?
.
Mihir: He has to go to Hyderabad tomorrow. By the time he returns it will be too
late.
(
.
Varun: Then, I think I have to make do with whatever assistance. I can get from
Nikhil. Hope I will be able to finish it on time.
(
,
.
Mihir: We have to get the money for it. The earlier we finish is the better.
(
.
.)
Varun: Nikhil has to arrive here by the evening. Hope he will.
(
.
!)
Mihir: He has to bring along the mechanic too. Hope he won't forget.
(
.
.)
Varun: He doesn't usually.
(
.)
Look at the following expressions from the conversation above:
You have to finish the work by tomorrow evening.
I have to take care of certain other things too.
He has to go to Hyderabad.
Then I think I have to make do with ....
We have to get the money.
Mihir has to arrive by the evening.
He has to bring along the mechanic too.

.)

.)

sentence
have to + 1st regular doing word (have to + finish, have
to + take care of etc.), has to + 1st regular doing word (has to go, has to arri
ve, has to bring)
.
Have to + 1st Regular Doing Word (RDW), I, we, you and they
. Has to + 1st RDW, He,
, it
.
English conversation
. Have to/ has to + 1st RDW (V
1) Obligation:
,
.
e.g.: a) You have to finish the work by tomorrow evening (
b) She has to be at office by 10. (
office
- Order/ Command/ Obligati
Deepika: I cannot wait any longer. Please let me go.
(
.
Rajeev: Your brother has to come to take you home, hasn't he?
(
He has to take you home
Has to/ have to
(Necessity)
Madan: Why are you so impatient? (

.)
!)

(necessity).
.
?)

Srikar: I have to catch a train. If I miss it, I have to waste a whole day here.
(
train
.
,
have to/ has to
Necessity
So, we use "have to/ has to" for obligation (

.)

NEED TO/NEED NOT

Rohit: Have I to go all the way now and get the files for you?
(
?)
Mallik: Don't worry. Who said you have to? You don't have to get them. J
ust turn on the net and download them.
(
.
?
.
Rohit: Wait for a while. I need to get my laptop. Once I get it, there will be n
o stopping me. I'll fire away.
(
.
.
Mallik: You need not get it. I have got one with me. You can use it.
(
.
.
Rohit: Don't we have to get some paper for taking the print-outs?
(
?)
Mallik: Just don't worry. I have my pen drive. We can take all the files and dow
nload them when we need them.
(
.
.
,
Rohit: I don't know how to use the pen drive. You should do it yourself.
(
.
.)
Mallik: I understand. I'll do it. Hurry up. We must leave before 6.30.
(
.
.
. 6.30
.)
Rohit: OK.
Note: 1) Download 2) No stopping 3) Fire away lesson
1) Obligation (

2) Duty -

and

Have to/ Has to

)/Order (

.
).

.
.)

3) Necessity (
)
Have to/ Has to
.
Sumanth: When do you want me to be here, sir? (
?)
Rama Rao: You have to be here by 9. You have to pay the money into the bank by 1
0.
(
.
He has to be at office from 10 to 6.
(
10
6
- Duty).
She has to go home. Her old mother is alone. (
.
- N
Now look at the following from the conversation above:
1) You don't have to go (.... do not have to go)
2) I need to get my laptop.
3) You need not get
4) Don't we have to get some paper?
Have to be/ Have to + 1st RDW, (Have to go/ have to work) has to be/ has
to + 1st RDW (Has to go, has to work) -- Don't have to/ need not/ don't n
need to. (
)
Praneeth: He has to pay the amount.
(
.)
Sunanda: Why has he to? No, he has not taken it, so he doesn't have to/ he need
not/ he doesn't need to pay it.
(
?
.
.
(don't = do not; doesn't = does not)
Need not = Doesn't/ don't need to =
.
Look at the following
Has he to do it? = Does he have to do it? (
?) He need not do it/ He do
) need to it (
.)

? = Need he do it?/ Does he need to do it?

Need I tell you again? =
?/ Have I to tell you again
Need to, need not
, Have to/ has to
opposite
.
MUST
Sarathi: When are they expected here?
(
?)
Venkat: They must be here by six. That's the order.
(
.
.)
Sarathi: If they are late?
(
?)
Venkat: They must not be late and if they are, they have to miss a good opportun
ity).
(
.
Sarathi: It's raining heavily. They can't (can not) but be late.
(
.
.) can't but =
Venkat: Let's (let us) see if we can help them. I'll (I
r and see if she can make some allowance for their late
in.
(
.
officer
Make allowance for =
.
Sarathi: Must you do it at once? Wait. There's still an
stops, they must be able to make it.
(
?
.
Venkat: Shall I call them and remind them of the time?
(
phone
Sarathi: Do it if you must. (
Venkat: OK.
Look at the following expressions from the conversation

.)
. He can't but

will) talk to the office

coming because of the ra
,
hour to go. If the rain
.
?)
.)
above:

1) They must be here by six

(
2) They must not be late (
3) Must you do it at once? (
4) Well, do it if you must. (

.)
.)
?)
.)

I/ We/ You/ They have to be/have to + 1st RDW (go, do, work, etc), and
He/ she/ it has to be/has to + 1st RDW (has to go, has to do, has to work, etc.)
orders (
)/ obligation (
), duty (
), necessity
s, 2) Duty and 3) Necessity

- the use of 'must'- as in 'must be'/ must + 1st RDW

.

1) They must be here by six =

. (order )
Sadanand: When are the files to be ready?
( files
?)
Vijai: They must be ready by 10 tomorrow.
(
.)
Sadanand: Can I have a little more time (
?)
Vijai: I'm (I am) afraid no. You must finish them by tomorrow.
(
.
.)
must
,
order)/ obligation )
must not be/ must not go/ do/ work etc(prohibition)
Gopal: This place is vacant. I think we can park our car here. (
park
Eswar: Look at the 'No parking' board there. It means you must not park the car
here.
(
'
board
,
car
- Prohibition
must
not
Sunanda: Can you wait for five more minutes?
(
?)
Haritha: No, I must be at office in five minutes. I am going. (

)
5
-

--------------Must/ Have to/ Has to

Prathap: One thing you must know. It's not possible unless we try hard.
(
.
Santosh: Who denies it? You need not say it again and again.
(
?
)
OK. The second thing. You must not breathe a word about this to anyone.
.
)
That's OK. When have we to start it? Tomorrow itself?
?)
We need not hurry. We must wait till we get an assurance about the mone
.
That's OK.

.)
.

I must be at office office

.
'must'
duty (
She must work from 10 to 5 to earn her pay =
10
Keerthana: If I file a request to the RTI (Right to Information) Officer, will h
e give me the information? (
,
Vanitha: He must give it. You can proceed against him, if he doesn't. (

Prathap:
( ,
Santosh:
( .
Prathap:
y.
(
Santosh:

?)
(du

Look at the following expressions from the dialogue above:

1) One thing you must know
2) You need not say it again and again
3) You must not breathe a word about it to any one - (breathe a word about somet
hing =
)
4) When have we to start it?
Must/ (I, we, you and they) have to/ (He, she, it) has to used for
i) Obligations
(
) & Orders
ii) Duties iii) necessity
Must/ have to/ has to need not
must
, have to/ has to
opposite, need not (
You must/ have to go now you need not go now
(
)
(
)
Sunil: must I submit the certificates now?
certificates
Ganesh: You need not, now, but you must by next weekend.
(
,
.)
Ramana: I have told them they have to pay the money now.
(
)
Kumar: No, they need not.(
.
)
Need not = Don't/ Doesn't need.
forms
.

)
?)

Gunavanth: Have I to take these medicines?

(
?)
Doctor: You need not/ don't have to, if you give up smoking.
(
)
Srinath: Has he to carry all these things?
(
?)
Jagannath: He need not/ doesn't have to, if we can get a taxi. (

taxi

SHOULD
Jayakar: Look here, you should not sit here. You should wait outside. There's a
visitors' room too.
(
.
.
.
.)
Dayanand: I know that. But the visitors' room should be open by 9. But it isn't.
(
,
.)
Jayakar: Oh, that's true. The attender should have opened it at 8.30 itself. I s
ee he hasn't. He should be present even at 8. I don't know why he hasn't come ye
t.
(
,
. Attender 8.30
,
.
Dayanand: When should the officer be here? Shouldn't she be here by 10?
(
?
!)
Jayakar: Yes. She is punctual. I expect her any moment.
(
.
.
.)
Dayanand: I'll wait outside now.
Look at the following sentences from the conversation above:
1) You should not sit here.
2) You should wait outside.
3) The visitor's room should be open by 9.
4) He should be present even at 8.
5) When should the officer be here?
6) Shouldn't she be here by 10?
!
should be, should + 1st Regular Doing Word (RD
'should'
.

Should,

must, have/ has to

must, have to/ has to

.
'You should do it' (
/
/
), You must/ have t
Dinakar: When should I report for duty? (
?) - Duty.
Eswar: In a week from today. You should submit all your certificates with the jo
ining report.
(
. Joining report
certificates
) - Order.
Farid: Do you expect Mukund to be here at ten tomorrow? (
Indra: Of course, I do. He should. It is his duty. (
.
.
Should
.
Madhu: Am I to go now? (
?)
Nagaraj: Yes. You should leave now, and be back in an hour. (
,
Prabodh: Sir, what are my duties? (
?)
Bhavan: You should attend to all correspondence and supervise the working of oth
ers
(
.
- Order)
Sudarsan: Would you mind waiting for half an hour? (
?)
Nityanand: I'm afraid no. I should rush to office. I can manage it only if I sta
rt now.
(
.
,
office
) Jeevan: You shouldn't (should not) drive so fast. What's the hurry?
(
.
?)
Kishore: But you should see the police officer immediately you know. He may leav
e before we reach his office.
(
!
Jeevan: But we should be safe too. safety first, shouldn't we observe it?
(
.
,
!)
Kishore: We should be there before ten O' clock or else, he will get busy and we
should wait for hours on end to meet him.
(
10
.
.
Jeevan: Even if you drive at ordinary pace, we should be able to reach there bef
ore ten. At this pace, we should be reaching there too early.
(
.
Kishore: OK. I'll try to reduce the speed. Will 35 kmph do?
(
.
35
. .
?)
Jeevan: That should (
).
Look at the following expressions from the conversation above:
You should not drive so fast
But you should see the police officer immediately
But we should be safe too
... we should wait for hours on end
We should be able to reach before 10
must, have to/ has to
a) Orders/ obligations (
,
)
b) Duty (
), and
c) Necessity (
)
'should'
.
Must,
have to/ has to,
.
Let's now see some more uses of 'should'.
You should not drive so fast =
.
'should'
.
Bhanu: What should I do now to get back my money? (
to do? =
?)
Charan: You should immediately take the matter to the police. (
Dhanunjay: How can I get the job? I need a job now, you know that. (

Damodar: You should start preparing for the test. You should not depend on anybo
dy to help you. You should be on your own.
(
.
.
)
,
,
;
'Should'
.
Varun: Why are you in such a hurry? (
?)
Tharun: I should hurry up or I will have to pay a fine. Moreover I have a train
to catch.
(
.
.
Farid: What are you warning me against?(
?)
Farhan: I am just trying to tell you, you should be careful with strangers. You
should understand them well before you get close to them
(
.
,
'should'
,
. (What is the ri
----------------------------

SHOULD
Ranjan: It should be a nice day tomorrow. Number 1, it's a holiday and number 2,
we all plan to go to the nearby picnic spot - Kondapalli.
(
.
,
.

Sravan: Phone Pavan. He should be home by now. He said he'd join us.
(Pavan
.
.
).
Ranjan: You should know; he is nearer your home, and he meets you more often tha
n me.
(
.
,
,
Sravan: We should plan for a longer holiday next time - a more distant place, wh
ere we could all be together for at least two days or more.
(
.
Ranjan: I suggest that we should have an outing around the New year day.
(
).
Sravan: That should be fine.
(
,
).
"Should"
Order (
), Obligation (
),
Look at the following sentences from the dialogue above:
1) It should be a nice day tomorrow
2) He should be home by now
3) You should know
4) We should plan for a longer holiday next time.
5) I suggest that we should have an outing.
Order, duty and necessity
, expectations (
/
1) He should be home by now = We expect him to be home by now =
. (
Unnath: The sky is overcast. If it rains, we should get drenched - no shelter an
ywhere around.
(
.
(
).
Varun: It should be raining somewhere around. (
- Expectati
Tulasi: Look at her dress. It should cost anywhere around Rs.6000/- / (
dre
ss
.
- Expectation).
Taruni: She should be quite rich. (
- Expectation).
"You should know"
sentence English
Ex
Venkat: What do you think of Robert Vadra's case?
(
?)
Raghav: Only Priyanka and Sonia Gandhi should know
(
,
).
2)
'should'
!
We should plan for a longer holiday =
plan
.

Yamuna: We should get ourselves good winter clothing before we start for our Kas
hmir trip.
(
,
Saraswathi: We'd (we had) better. That's important.
(
.
.
)

CAN
Subhankar: How good are you at English?
(
English
?)
Priya: Why, I can speak and write well.
( ?
?
English
;
.)
Subhankar: Can you follow the dialogues in English movies made in the US? I mean
, American pronunciation.
(
English
?
Priya: To a great extent, yes. I cannot if they speak very fast.
(
.
.
Subhankar: I regret I can't (cannot), try as I might. The movies can be boring i
f you can't follow the dialogues.
(
.
Priya: Yea. They can, certainly. For example, I can't (cannot) follow Hindi movi
es. I see them only for the songs. They can entertain you.
(
,
.
.
Subhankar: You can be of some help for me.
(
.)
Look at the following expressions from the conversations above.
1) I can write and speak well.
2) Can you follow the dialogues?
3) I cannot, if they speak very fast.
4) The movie can be very boring if you cannot follow the dialogues.
5) They can entertain you.
can
.
1) I can write and speak English well =
English
,
.
, Can, ability
/
.
Can
Prasanth: How fast can you walk? (
?)
Suresh: I can walk 7 to 8 Kms an hour.
(
7 - 8
. .
.)
Ganesh: Can you be here at 8 tomorrow morning?
(
,
?)
Keshav: I am afraid. I can't (cannot) be. It's a bit too early.
(
,
!)
Ganesh: Then, when is the earliest you can be here?
(
?)
Keshav: I can certainly be here at 9.00
(
).
Suseela: Other than Telugu, what languages can you speak?
(
?)
Jyothi: I can speak English and Hindi too.
(
English,
.)
Suseela: How about Tamil? (
?)
Jyothi: I cannot (
.)
, 'Can'
(ability)
.
Can = Be able
'Can'
, 'able'
.
, can,
. 'able'
She can sing =
.
She is able to sing =
,
.
(
,
can
.)
Munaf: You doubted her ability to speak Tamil
(
)
Manoj: So what now?
(
?)

Munaf: Look. Listen well and tell me how well she can speak.
(
,

.)

Sudham: Can I take this book home? I'll (I will) return it in two days.
(
?
.)
Pradhan: You can, of course. But please make sure you return it on time.
(
.
.)
Sudham: I have ordered the book, but there can be some delay in my getting it. T
hat's why I am taking the book.
(
order
.
.
Pradhan: No problem. I am going to the market. Can I have your bike for an hour?
(
.
.
bike
?)
Sudham: Oh. Certainly. You can have it even longer. I am not going out until 4 O
' Clock.
(
.
.)
Pradhan: Thank you.
Look at the following expressions from the conversation above.
1) Can I take the book home?
2) You can, of course.
3) ... but there can be some delay in my getting the book.
4) Can I have your bike for an hour?
5) You can have it even longer
Can
' '
.
1) He can sing =
.
2) This Train can haul 21 bogies =
21
.
3) Can you sing? =
?
.
1) Can I take this book home? =
?
permission (
)
?
can
question form (
)
permiss
Rama Rao: Can I come in the evening? (
?) - Permission
.
Sunil: You can, of course (
) Giving permission
.
Sudhansu: Can I speak to you for a few minutes?
(
?)
permission
?
Kiran: You can, but not now. Come in the evening (
,
.
Abhijith: A very attractive thing - this new bike from the makers of famous bike
s. Customers can queue for it.
(
Bhavan: I expect it to be certainly more than Rs. 60000/(
.)
Abhijith: It can even be more than Rs. 70000/(
).
Bhavan: Shall I ask for a test ride? Not that I want to buy, but we can have fun

(Test ride =
). Test ride
Abhijith: Don't do that. They can mistake you for a possible buyer. They can no
end pester you to buy it.
(
.
.
Bhavan: That's a point too. Let's not give them a false impression.
,
'Can'
?
Can
. Present (
), Future (
She can sing very well =
- Present ability.
They can complete it tomorrow =
- Future ability.
Can ( )
, able (
,
)
,
,
'can'
.
Look at the following sentences from the conversation above between Abhijith and
Bhavan:

).
?

1.
2.
3.
4.

Customers can queue for it.

It can be even more than Rs. 70000.
They can mistake you for a possible buyer.
They can no end pester you (Pester =
)
In all the sentences above, 'can' expresses a possibility (
So 'can' expresses a Present / Future Possibility (
)
Sudheer: Shall I take Sumanth also into the team? (
Gajanan: He can certainly strengthen the team. Take him. (
Chakori: How long have we to wait here for Vineetha?
(
).
Jayanthi: She promised to be here on time. She can be very close. Her car can br
ing her here in another few minutes.
(
.
.
i) can be very close .
ii) can bring her... a few minutes(
).
'can'
possibility in the present or future
.
--------------------------------

'can'
?)

I could swim very well

Pragna: Those were the days when I could buy a pure Kanchi Silk Sari for just tw
o thousand rupees.
(
)
Naipunya: But how much could your dad earn then?
(
?)
Pragna: Of course, he was getting Rs.3000/- P.M. (Per mensem = per month).
Which only a few could earn those days
(
.
.
Naipunya: Not many could afford a car those days. Even a bike or a scooter which
one could get for Rs.5000/- was considered a luxury.
(
. 5000
Pragna: By the way, could you get any information about the house site? (
,
Naipunya: Sorry. I could not, because my husband was away till last night.
(Sorry.
.
.)
Pragna: Couldn't you call him? (
phone
?)
Naipunya: All I heard over the phone was, 'out of coverage area'.
(
,
coverage area
.)
Now look at the following expressions from the conversation above.
1) Those were the days when I could buy a silk sari for just Rs.2000/2) How much could your dad earn?
3) Only a few could earn those days.
4) Not many could afford a car.
5) Could you get any information?
'could'
? 'could', English
.
'Could' is the past form of 'can' /
(
/
'could', 'can'
past form .
I can do it =
/
I could do it =
(
).
Anup: By the time I was eight, I could swim very well, I thanks to my dad's trai
ning .
(
.
.)
Swaroop: I could too, though my father could not. My friend taught me swimming.
(
,
.
.)
Balaram: How could you score so many runs in that match?
( match
?)
Sahadev: Most often, it's a matter of luck, you know. I could score so high beca
use I was dropped twice.
(
,
.
Could not - Couldn't (
) =
.
Suphala: Couldn't you meet the officer?

(Officer
?)
Seethal: I couldn't (could not). He was too busy. (
'could'
.
Prasanth: Hi Sumanth, could you take the trouble of bringing me your
(
computer
?)
Sumanth: No problem. When do you want it and for how long?
(
.
,
?)
Prasanth: Could I have it for a couple of days?
Mine takes two or three days to be set right.
(
?
Sumanth: Who knows? It could take even longer. But don't worry. I am
the coming two days. It could be even three days. So have it.
(
?
.
.
Prasanth: Could you leave it at home? I'll come and pick it up.
(
?
Look at the following expressions from the conversation above:
1) Could you take the trouble of bringing me your computer?
2) Could I have it for a couple of days?
3) It could take even longer.

.
computer?

.)
out of town

.)

I thought he could win the match =

.
'could'
(Present )
(Very polite request)
Mohan: Could you lend me your bike for an hour?
(
/
bike
/
?) English
request.
Subhash: Have it by all means, but check the fuel.
(
,
.)
Madhu: Well, what a pleasure seeing you after such a long time.
(
.)
Vishnu: So is it with me. There's something you can do for me. Could you put in
a word for my son with your neighbour? He happens to be the MD of my son's compa
ny.
(
.
.
Could
question form
.
Could you lend me a hundred rupees, please? =
?)
Could I have some information from you about my job application please? (
Pravallika: Note it down in a book. We could forget.
(
.
).
Vennela: I will, of course.
Pravallika: Who is that there? Chandrika, isn't it? What could be wrong? She is
bandaged.
(
?
?
?
?)
Vennela: Could be an accident. She drives rashly. The bandages could indicate a
fracture.
(
.
.
.).
Pravallika: Shall we ask her?
(
?)
Vennela: She could get angry. She isn't the one to take friendly advice.
(
.
).
'Could'
1) Past form of can, to express a past ability (
,
2) 'Could' in the question form for requests. (could
question form
Could
possibility (
)
Look at the following expressions:
1) We could forget. (
/
).
2) What could be wrong? (
?)
3) (It) could be an accident (
).
4) She could get angry =
.
Vineeth: Deal with them carefully. They could be dangerous.
(
.

).
.

).

Suseel: Inspite of it, they could offer me something in return for what I give t
hem.
(
,
,
Inspite of her lack of preparation, she could still pass, you know. She is good
at the subject.
(
pass
.
.)
Prasad: Hi Prasanth, I may be late today to office. Could you tell the boss abou
t it?
(
.
boss
?)
Prasanth: That may make the boss unpleasant. She may not very much like it.
(
boss
.
.)
Prasad: I may be late, I said. I may not be as well. Incase, I am late,
ask her to make some other arrangement.
(
.
.
Prasanth: She may understand. Let's hope so, at least. Why may you be late, if I
may know?
(
.
,
?)
Prasad: My Sister, who I haven't seen for long, may arrive just at our office ti
me. That's the reason.
(
,
.
).
Look at the following expressions from the dialogue above.
1) I may be late to office.
2) This may make the boss unpleasant.
3) She may not very much like it.
4) She may understand.
5) My sister ... may arrive just at office time.
sentences
may
. May - May be - 'be' form; May + 1st DW (May + V1) = M
y, etc.
Important:
Verbs 'may' expresses probability (
.
Sumant: Where is Vinod? He hasn't yet come.
(
?
).
Surendra: He may be on the way. (
.) (Probability in the present)
Keerthi: Where may we get some nice Gagra ware?
(
(
)
?
Sravya: You may find a very good collection of these at Suvasthra. The prices ma
y also be reasonable (
.)
'May' expresses probability in the present (
Krishna: He may be here tomorrow. That makes me happy.
(
).
Subhani: Who else may come?
(
?)
Krishna: Not many may (Come). (
.)
'May'
/
. - May be,
- - May + Action Word (May
--------------------------------

You may not, unless you are....

Ujwal: May I borrow some books from the library?
(
?)
Kanchan: You may not, unless you become a member.
(
.
).
Ujwal: If I become a member, may I borrow even the reference books?
(
Reference books
?)
Reference books = Dictionaries, directories,
,
/
Kanchan: You may, for only overnight study.
(
,
.)
Ujwal: How many books may I borrow at a time? (
?)
Kanchan: You may not borrow more than three books at a time, for a period of fif
teen days.

(
.
15
.)
Ujwal: What is the membership fee?
(
?)
Kanchan: A refundable deposit of Rs.500/- plus an annual membership fee of Rs.30
0/(
,
).
Ujwal: Thank you.
Look at the following expressions from the dialogues above:
1) You may not, unless you are a member.
2) You may borrow, but for only overnight study.
3) You may not borrow more than three books at a time.
'May'
,
question form
, may
(
- sentences
)
.
1) May, with you, he, she, and they has the force of 'shall' indicating prohibit
ion in a polite manner.
:
sentences
1) You may not, unless you are a member =
.
Sunanda: Sir, may I leave office half an hour early today?
(
?)
Officer: You may not, as there is an inspection today. (
Important: You, he, she, it and they
may not

)
(polite prohibit

Candidates may not leave the exam hall without the permission of the supervisor
(
,
/ prohibition).
Visitor: Why are you stopping me? (
?)
Security Person: Excuse me, sir, you may not enter, without being scanned. (
Clerk: You have submitted all your certificates but not your fee receipt. (
icates
,
fee receipt
).
Student: Is that necessary? (
?)
Clerk: You may not attend classes without submitting it.(
,

.
certif

May
not
politely expressed prohibition (
, must
,
should,
, have to, has to.
May
, not
,
. Observe the foll
He may not come today (
- probability).
You may not leave before five. (
-

May you have a prosperous career!

Chetan: I hear it's your birthday today? Wish you a happy birthday and may you c
elebrate many more birthdays.
(
?
Sampath: Thank you. May you live long enough to wish me happy happy birthdays.
(
.
,
Chetan: Yesterday I happened to meet Satish. He is such a big bore. Talking to h
im is the most unpleasant thing. May I never meet him again.
(
.
,
.
Sampath: I have the same feeling too. But his cousin Likhit is a nice type. He h
as a business and it is doing well. May it continue long so.
(
.
cousin
.
Chetan: Why did you meet him? (
?)
Sampath: I meet him often so that I may learn some business tips. I may start my
own business soon.
(
,
.
Chetan: May you prosper in business. (
.)
'May'
:
May 1) for probability (
)
. It may rain (It's likely to rain)
2) In the question form for asking for formal permission
(
/
May I / we, etc...?
), and,

3) 'May' is also used for prohibitions

(
/
)
)
'May'
:
Look at the following sentences from the conversation above:
1) May you celebrate many more birthdays.
(

2) May you live long enough to wish me many more birthdays.

(

3) May I never meet him again (

4) May it continue long so.

5) I meet him often so that I may learn some business tricks (
Sentences (1) to (4) above express wishes, don't they?
1
4
/
'May'
formal
,
a) Lilith: I've (I have) got the appointment orders. I've been
to join duty in 15 days.
(
orders
. MRO
, 15
Bhanu: Oh Congrats! May you have a prosperous career! (
b) Sunanda: The results of the admission test are out. I've (I
t.
.
)
Chandrika: Congrats! May you study well and come out in flying
(
.
: May
blessings (
) ,
e.g.: May you live long (
)
May
purpose (
)
.
Prabhas: Why are you here?
(
?)
Pradeep: I came here so that I may buy some books (

?
posted MRO and am
)
.
have) got the sea
colours
)
sentence, 'May'

b) Chandan: We bought the books for the library so that students may benefit fro
m them
(
Madan: Display them so that the students may see them (
---------------

)
,

Might I use your phone...

Ayush: I have talked to him. He might agree to our proposal
(
.
.)
Santosh: We might as well tell him that we might consider any other proposal he
has, if he thinks it might be better than ours.
(
Ayush: That might be troublesome for us. In the circumstances he might not have
a better proposal than ours.
(
.
Santosh: OK. Might I tell him to see you tomorrow? I am not going to be in town.
(
,
,
)
Ayush: He might mistake us for being in a hurry. Let's wait for some time.
(
.
)
Santosh: OK.
Look at the following sentences from the conversation above:
1) He might agree to our proposal
2) He might as well tell him that he might consider any other...

3) Might I tell him to see you tomorrow?

'Might'
:
Might is the past form of 'may' - Past probability (
'
'
)
'Might'
.
'May'
Present / future
probability (
) Present / future
Might
.
a) Prasad: (Do) You think it will rain? I feel it may, because the sky is a bit
cloudy.
(
?
,
.)
Sarath: It might, I don't see the chance of it getting colder
(
.
.)
It may rain =
(
) .
It might rain =
.
b) Krupakar: You said he would come, but he hasn't
(
,
)
Jagdish: He might cancel his trip if his brother-in-law comes
(
)
lesson
: May, question form
,
Might
Question form
permission
.
, might
, may
May I come in?? .
Might I come in? ? May I come in
.
a) Visitor: Might I come in, hon'ble Chief Minister Sir? (
,
CM: Oh, Do come in, but kindly be brief (
,
.)
b) Vineeth: Excuse me. I've lost my cell somewhere. Might I use your phone to ma
ke a brief call?
(
.
.
Short call
phone
?)
Stranger: (
): By all means (
).

?)

Mother has to catch a train...

Saketh: I have to go now. The boss will be angry even if I am late by a few minu
tes.
(
.
boss
).
Balaram: I must go too. My mother has to catch a train for Nellore. I sh
ould drop her at the station.
(
.
.
station
).
Saketh: When is the train? (Train
)
Balaram: It's at 10.30. God! It's already 10. Mom must be worrying a lot, lookin
g for me. I ought to have left earlier.
(
10.30 . ,
.
,
.
Saketh: Yea. You should have. Get going then. (
.
.
Look at the following sentences from the conversation above.
1) I have to go now.
2) I must go too.
3) Mother has to catch a train.
4) Mom must be worrying a lot now.
functional English
, have to/ has to, should, and must
Have to + 1st RDW (Have to go, have to do, have to meet, etc);/ has to + 1st RDW
(Has to go, has to do, has to meet, etc), must and should Command (order), duty
(
), necessity
(
)
.
have to / has to, should, must
commands / duties / necessities
(
:
,
/
Have / has
,
: I / We / You / They / have to; He / She / It has to.
a) Laxman: How much time do I have to pay this amount?
(
?/
?)
Mohan: You have to pay it by the end of this week (
) - Ob
Giridhar: What are the orders from above? (
?)
Narahari: We have to report for duty at 9.30 sharp in the morning and the work h
as to start at 10 exactly.
(
9.30
,
).
have to / has to
must, should
.
.

You must not be late

Pradhan: You must post the application immediately. The last date is just a few
days off.
(
application
post
.
.)
Sudhama: We should draw money from the ATM. I am short of cash. We need the mone
y for the application fee.
(
.
. Application fee
Pradhan: Hurry up. I have to catch a bus.
(
.
bus
.)
Sudhama: I am in a hurry too. My boss said, 'must be back in an hour.' If the bo
ss says something, it is an order.
(
.
boss
.
boss
Pradhan: I remember his saying too, 'You must not be late'.
(
).
Sudhama: We shouldn't waste any more time. Let's draw the money from the ATM and
get back to the bank.
(
. ATM
bank
.)
lesson
Have to/ has to use
:
Like must and should, have to / has to expresses duty/ obligation, command, and
necessity
.
Look at the following sentences from the conversation above:
1) You must post the application immediately.
2) We should draw money from the ATM.
3) You must be back in an hour.
4) You must not be late.
5) We shouldn't waste any more time.
a) You must post the application immediately - necessity .
post
b) We should draw money from the ATM - necessity.
c) You must be back in an hour - order.
d) You must not be late - order.
e) We shouldn't waste any more time - necessity.
Have to/ has to, should, mustobligation (
)/ necessity (
)
I.
, should, have to/ has to
, must
- Must 'for command, duty an
ould/ have to/ has to'.
You must do it (
) - most powerful order).
You have to do it (must
- less powerful than must do.)
You should do it (least powerful of all ).
, official language
, should
- Have to/ ha

You need not come here...

Sankar: You must not be seen here any more. That'll cause only suspicion.
(
- (
)
Prakash: But I should not delay my reports either. I have to come here for atlea
st the information for the reports.
(
reports
.
Sankar: You need not come here for the information.
You will get it tomorrow itself if you must. I'll mail it to you. (
Prakash: It's OK then. You should not delay it. You must send it tomorrow itself
. (
,
.
.)
Sankar: You don't have to worry. Get along then. I have to do work now. (
Uses of 'must', 'have to', 'has to', 'should'
?
obligation
Look at the following sentences from the conversation above.
1) You must not be seen here any more
2) I should not delay the reports either.
3) You need not come here anymore
?
sentences
must/ should/ have to/ has to are followed by '
Let us study now the meaning and use of must not/ should not/ don't have to
(do not have to). Have not to, has not to
):
'Must not', and 'should not' as the opposites of 'must' and 'should' command you

not to do something (
You must not/ should not use the
a) Geetha: Mustn't (must not) you be here
(
?
,
Mohan: I know I should not be late but
(
,
,

/
office car = office car
at 10? See, it is already 10.30.
10.30
).
I missed the bus.
bus
).

.)
(order).

Have to / has to do =
.
Don't / Doesn't have to do
'Not'
, Must/ should/ have to/ has to
.
Must not/ should not
don't have to/ doesn't have to (have to/ has to + not)
Pradeep: I must see a doctor. I am putting on weight. (
doctor
.
Aditya: You don't have to see a doctor. Only, you must not eat so much, and imme
diately start doing exercise.
(
doctor
.
,
,
b) Venkat: Has she to come now? (
?)
Dr. Ramana: She doesn't have to. Let her send somebody and I will give her some
medicine (
.
,
.)
Dont / doesn't have to = need not
Don't /Doesn't have to
Need not

-------------------

You ought to respect elders

Praveen: You didn't attend the meeting yesterday, why? (
meeting
?)
Ravi: I had to attend to some important work at home (
Praveen: These meetings are important you see. You ought not to miss them (
Ravi: I know. I had to take mom to hospital. That was more important for
me than this meeting, Wasn't it? (
.
Praveen: You are right, of course. Such things ought to be given priority, no do
ubt. Any way, how is mother?
(
.
.
,
?)
Ravi: Much better today. The whole of last week she had neither rest nor good sl
eep.
That was the reason I think.
(
.
,
.
Praveen: You ought not to allow her to do any work at her age
(
).
Ravi: You are right. But it couldn't be avoided.
I had to go out of town for a few days to attend to our property matters. My wif
e had to be out on office work. So mom was alone and had to take care of the chi
ldren too.
(
.
.
.
Praveen: I'm happy she is better now. (
,
.
).
Look at the following expressions from the dialogue above.
1) I had to attend to some important work.
2) You ought not to miss them.
3) I had to take mom to hospital.
4) Such things ought to be given priority.
5) You ought not allow her to do any work at home.
should/ have to/ has to/ must
? We use these help
1) Obligations (
)
2) Commands (Orders )
3) Necessity (
)
(present) /
(future)
/
(Obligations)/
(Duties)/ Orders (
)
, should/ have to/ has to/ must,
past form - had to.
a) Raghu: You were not seen at the party yesterday (
).
Naveen: I had to stay at office till seven. (
Office
7
- Duty in the past)
b) Gopal: You were in a great hurry yesterday (
?)

Harsha: I had to draw money from the bank before 4 = Bank

,
c) The officer passed orders that Chandu had to make files ready in an hour (
files
.
:
should/ must/ have to/ has topast form had to.
'ought to'
. Ought to
.
a) You ought to respect elders (
).
Order/ duty/ necessity
?
b) Suman: Though I did not have to spend that money, I did (
Janaki: You ought to be careful about money (
- Moral obliga
c) Prabodh: I think I hurt Suseela (
).
Subodh: You did, of course. You ought not have talked to her so. (
.
You ought to respect elders (
. (
,
.
'ought to'
.
All that you need to do is...
Tulasi: Do you need any money? If you do, please let me know.
(
?
.)
Sanjana: I don't need any, right now. What I need most now is a steady job. (
Tulasi: Is there anything I can do? (
?)
Sanjana: Yea.
All that you need to do is just introduce me to your cousin in Softech Company.
Don't worry. You need not recommend me. (
.
Softech company
Tulasi: What need I to recommend you? I know you deserve any job they can offer.
(
?
Sanjana: Thank you for the high opinion of me. Do that and I don't ask for anyth
ing more. (
thanks.
.
.)

.)

'need'
.
Look at the following sentences from the conversation above:
1) Do you need any money?
2) I don't need any, right now.
3) All that you need to do is, just introduce me to your cousin.
We study here the uses of need as a verb ('need' verb
).
Need =
. (Need
, main verb ,
, helpi
a) Lalith: Why do you need anybody's help?
You can do it yourself. (
?
?)
Lakshman: If I can do it on my own, why do I need others' help? Only because I n
eed it, I am looking for it.
(
?
'Need'
.
b) Mahitha: We should not have allowed him to go. We can't find him again. (
Snehitha: Regretting the past is not what is needed now. What is needed now
is a clear idea of what we should do.
(
.
,
.)
: Example (b)
need passive form
'be' form + past participle form
.
'Need'
,
need main verb
, Helping verb (Auxiliary verb/ modal)
I know him fairly well...
Jaideep: (Would you) mind joining us for breakfast? (
break fast
Pramod: Where are you going? (
?)
Jaideep: A place where you get the best of breakfasts.
Every thing to your choice and taste (
.
Pramod: I'd certainly go with you. Where is it? (
.
?)
Jaideep: Fairly near, just a kilometre off.
Walking that distance will do us good, especially in the morning. (
,
Pramod: I'd (I would) rather not then. I am in no position to walk any more. I'v
e (I have) walked enough for the day this morning on my morning walk. (
Jaideep: Yea. You do look rather tired but fairly hungry too. But join us for br
eakfast you must. Go to the place on bike and wait for us there. (
.

Pramod: How long might you take? (

?)
Jaideep: Pretty soon. We are quite fast walkers you know. (

Note: 1) to somebody's choice and taste =

,
/
.
e.g.: You didn't like that movie, I know. But this is to your taste =
.
2) Place =
.
:
/
(One's place), Hotel/ restaur
3) How long =
? 4) How far =
? 5) How good? =
?/
? (useful)
Now look at the following sentences from the conversation above:
1) Fairly near
2) I'd (I would) rather not then
3) You do look rather tired but fairly hungry too
4) We are quite fast walkers
5) Pretty soon
conversation (
)
fairly, quite and rather
.
: fairly and rather.
,
.
e.g.: He is fairly tall He is rather short (
,
) (
)
a) Prajval: How did he do in the exam yesterday? (
?)
Udai: Fairly well. (
.
).
b) Ahmed: You know him, don't you? (
?)
Devanand: I know him fairly well but I can't say we are close. (
.
fairly
.
His chances of winning are fairly good =
.
fairly - some
, very
.
Rather - fairly
, rather
,
'fairly' refers to a positive or pleasant idea; 'rather' for a negative or unple
asant idea.
a) Peter: I hope the exam will be fairly easy (
).
Bhaskar: No, I am sure it's going to be rather tough (
.
b) Vinod: How is your father now? (
?)
Rafi: Still rather ill. (
).
c) Irfan: What are you complaining about? (
?)
Zaheer: The food in the restaurant you took me to was rather badly cooked. M
y stomach is upset. (
.
Need I do it now itself?
Uma: Nagaraj needed some money and I gave it to him (
,
Jagadish: Why did he need the money? Just the other day he drew some money from
the bank. (
?
bank
Uma: You need not worry. He will repay it promptly. (
.
Jagadish: I am not worried. My point is, need he borrow at all? His dad sends hi
m plenty of money. (
.
,
Uma: He is prompt, I told you.
You don't need to remind him at all (
.
Jagadish: Uma, you need to understand the point that the more the money he has,
the more will he waste it. You need not have lent him the money if only not to l
et him waste it (
Uma: OK. I will make a note of it ( .
).
'Need' has two uses- 1) as a main verb, and 2) as a helping verb.
We have seen the uses of need as a main verb in one of our last lessons. Some ex
amples are:
a) I need your help (
)
b) He needed some books, and I told him where he could get them (
In all the sentences above, need is a 'main verb'.
Look at the following sentences from the conversation above:
1) You need not worry.
2) Need he borrow at all?
3) You don't need to remind him

?)
.

4) You need to understand the point...

5) You need not have lent him the money
Now study the difference between the following sentences.
a) I need your help (
)
b) I need not take any body's help (
)
In sentence (a), the verb is need.
'need' main verb.
In (b), the verb is, 'need take' and 'need' here is a helping verb/ Auxiliary ve
rb / modal verb.
It is important for us to know the uses of 'need' as a main verb, and also as a
helping verb. We have already seen the uses of 'need' as a main verb. Let's now
know the uses of 'need' as a helping/ auxiliary verb/ modal.
a) Sankar: Please stay for some more time here. We need your help (
.
Sekhar: I need to go home immediately.
People are waiting for me. (
.
).
We need your help 'need'
verb.
finite verb.
I need to go home'need'
verb
. need to go
verb - need, have
a) Sagar: You must do it. (
)
Krishna: Need I do it now itself? (
?/
?)
need
helping verb
must
.
b) Prakash: Need I (= must I) do it now itself? (
?/
?)
Ganesh: You need not, now itself. (
).
.
Must need not.
I must go (
) opposite (
) I need not/ do not need to go (
-----------------

Should I see the secretary?

Divakar: I didn't go there yesterday because I thought I didn't need to. (
.)
Bhaskar: Yea. You did the right thing. Ramesh needed to go there, and he did. (
.
,
.)
Divakar: But I need to find out when I must be there. Otherwise the boss may ge
t angry.
(
.
boss
Bhaskar: Do you have to go there now itself to find that out? (
Divakar: Of course I need not. But go there I must, sooner or later. Better soo
ner than later. (
.
.
?
?)
Look at the following sentences from the conversation above:
1) I didn't go there yesterday because I didn't need to.
2) Ramesh needed to go there, and he did.
3) I need to find out when I must be there.
4) Of course I needed not, but go there I must.
We are now going to know some more uses of 'need'.
We have so far seen that 'need' is both a main verb, and a helping verb.
eg: He needs money ('need' here is a main verb).
she needs to earn money ('need' here is a helping verb, because it forms a part
of the verb, 'need to earn').
Hasith: When must/ should/ have I to go there? (
?)
Giri: You need not go there at all. (
.)
- must/ should/ have to/ has to duty (
)/ command
opposite, need not/ not have to =
.
must = should = have to/ has to
must not = should not .
command =
.
Yaswanth: Should I see the secretary? (
secretary
?)
Jaisankar: No, you should not =
.
.
:

a) You must do it/ should do it/ have to do it =

. (Duty/ command) X you must
ot do it (
- negative command.)
b) Prasanth: You have to send it now (= You must/ should send it now)
Sudhakar: I think I don't have to/ I need not =
).
Don't/ Doesn't have to = need not/ do not (don't) need to/ don't have to/ doe
sn't have to (
).
'Not'
need = must = should = have to/ has to.
You must go = You should go = You have to go = You need to go.
Need I finish it before tomorrow? = Must I finish it before tomorrow =
'need'
.

Why don't we make a trip..?

Ekambar: You've (you have) been complaining of a headache since morning. Why do
n't you see a doctor? (
?
?)
Ganesh: I don't want to for a simple headache they prescribe umpteen drugs. Tha
t's worse than the headache. (
.
,
.
.)
Ekambar: Then how about trying some home remedy? (
?)
Ganesh: I think I'd (I had) better go out and have some fresh air. That might b
e of help. (
.)
Ekambar: You ought to have a rest instead I feel. (
?)
Ganesh: Haven't (Have not) I had enough rest? Let me go out. How about going ou
t with me? (
?
.
?)
Ekambar: No problem. Let's go. (
.
.)
Now look at the following expressions from the conversation above:
1) Why don't you see a doctor?
2) How about trying some home remedy?
3) You ought to have a rest instead, I feel.
underline
expressions
(suggestions)
, English conversa
a) Hrithik: It's getting hotter by the minute. I'm (I am) afraid I can't
walk any more. (
/
.
Divya: Yes. I feel so too. How about having some chilled drink? (
.
b) Indraneel: I find it difficult to talk to him.
He simply wouldn't let me say anything. (
.
.)
Jagannadh: How about taking the help of/ what about taking the help of Sumanth?
He can do the job for you. (
?/
?/
?)
Suggestions
expression, Why don't we?/ Why don't you? etc.
a) Kantharao: A sunday at last followed by a holiday on Monday. We have two ful
l days. I feel like going somewhere. (
.
.
Krishna Rao: Why don't we make a trip to Araku? That'd be really enjoyable. (
?
b) Lakshman: Why don't you go to Ooty this summer? You haven't been there at al
l. (
?
).
Lavanya: Why don't you accompany me? (
?)
practice
.
We went to school together
Kishore: How do you know Yashwin? (
?)
Wesley: What do you mean? We went to school together. We have been very close s
ince then. (
?
.
.)
Kishore: Did you go to the same college too? (
college
?)
Wesley: No, dad got transferred and we had to move from Vijayawada; ofcourse, t
hat was after I took the X class exams. (
.
,
Kishore: What about your younger brother?
What's he now? (
?
?)

Wesley: He is doing Intermediate now.

Coming April he is taking his exams. (
.
Kishore: Which college will you put him in next? Which course will he do? (
Wesley: I'd prefer a college where the classes get over by 4.30 or 5.00 in the
evening. I don't want these jail-like residential
junior colleges. (
4.30 / 5.00
.
.)
Kishore: I am there with you. (
.)
Functional English
informal
(
, grammar
)
,
Functional English expressions
.
Look at the following expressions from the conversation above:
1) We went to school together.
2) Did you go to the same college?
3) We had to move from Vijayawada to Hyderabad.
4) He is doing Intermediate now.
5) Which college will you put him in next?
6) Which course will he do?
?
study, learning, pursuing
!
spoken English
.
Vali: Hi, what a surprise! You visiting us after such a long time? (
!
Tarun: I've been busy. How is every body? How about the kids? (
.
Vali: They are at school. They will be back home only at 5.
(School
.
.)
School, the school
:
He goes to school =
.
He goes to the school =
.
My children are at school school
'the'
:
:
school
.
1) Prasad: How long have you known her? (
?)
Jyothi: Oh, since our school days. We went to school together / We went to the
same school. (
.
school
.)
we were classmates / schoolmates
. We attended the same school
We were classmates
.
2) 'Doing' instead of studying / pursuing.
a) Rahim: Which class are you in? (
class?)
Sunil: I am doing second year Inter. (
.)
In which class are you studying? I am studying.....,
studying
:
a) I am in Inter second year / I am doing Inter second year , conversation
What is your father?
Siva: Where are you from, Ganesh? (
?)
Ganesh: I came from Nellore. That's where my parents belong too. Dad looks afte
r our fields. Mom is a homemaker. And what
are you? (
.
.
.
Siva: I have a business (
)
Ganesh: What's the line? (
?)
Siva: We deal in stationery (
)
Ganesh: How long have you been in the business? (
business ?)
Siva: Since Dad's time (
)
Ganesh: Good. Do you like the business? (
?)
Siva: I wouldn't be doing it, if I didn't like it. (
Look at the following:
1) Where are you from?
2) I came from Nellore.
3) That's where my parents belong too.
4) What's (what is) the line?

?)

5) We deal in stationery
spoken English
,
.
practice
?
, What is your native place?
.
,
'native
am/ is/ are/ was/ were a native/ natives of
.
from,
come/ comes from
.
am/ is/ are coming from
,
/
a) Keerthi: Where is your wife from?/ Where does your wife come from? (
?)
Surendra: She is / comes from Kakinada (
).
b) Suguna: Where is your mom from? (
?)
Bahuguna: She belongs to Kurnool. (
- belong, conversational English
(
TV Reality shows
participants, '
)
Landlord / agriculturist/ cultivator
, look after/ mind fields/ lands
'
?
, 'What are you?/ he?/ they?
simple question.
What are you doing
. What do you do?
.
'What is your father?'/ What does your father do?
. Simplest: 'What is your father?'
practice
conversation
.
-----------------------------------

Do you know English ?

Sagar: Does your sister sing? (

?)

Peter: Yes, she does, mostly for movies. (

Sagar: What about your cousin ? (

?)

cousin

.)

Peter: She does too, but not for movies. She does concerts.(
Sagar: Do they act too? (

?)

Peter: Neither does. They are averse to performing on the stage. (

Averse = Unwilling
Sagar: But they have the talent. (

?)

Peter: So have you, but you don't act, either (

Sagar: But I am doing a job that assures me security, and a good salary. (
Peter: So is my cousin. She has a plum job too (

cousin

Sagar: But your younger sister isn't. Perhaps she has no interest in film acting
. (
.
!)
* * *
/
/
short responses (
Look at the following exchanges from the conversation above.
1) Sagar: Does your sister sing?
Peter: Yes, she does.
2) Sagar: What about your cousin?
Peter: She does too, but for concerts.

3) Sagar: Do they act too?

Peter: Neither does.
4) Sagar: They have the talent.
Peter: So have you.
Spoken English

questions

S: Does your sister sing?

P: Yes, she does.
'Does your sister sing?' (
you/ they don't
.
a) Prathap: Do you know English?

?)

Surendra: Yes, I do./ No, I don't.

? Surendra response. Yes, I do

, Yes, I spe

b) Naresh: Will you see me tomorrow?

Neeraj: Yes, I will/ No, I won't

helping verbs (do, does, did, shall, shoul
uld, can, could, may, might, must, have to, has to, and had to, need and ought)
.
short responses

1) Are you happy? (Both Yes/ No)

2) Hope you won't do it again
3) Do you like Telugu movies (Yes/ No)
4) Should he come again? (Yes)
5) You like milk, don't you? (Yes/ No)
6) Will you be there tomorrow? (Yes/ No)
7) Were you at the meeting yesterday? (Yes/ No)
8) Need we attend the meeting? (Yes/ No)
9) Do you know the answer? (Yes/ No)
10) Doesn't he help you? (Yes/ No)
A correction: In the functional English part of lesson No. 732 (28.04.2013), in
the first column, read 'I come from Nellore', instead of, 'I come from Nellore',
both in the conversation part and explanation part.
I come from Nellore = I am a native of/I belong to Nellore. (
I came from Nellore = I arrived from Nellore (
Answers:
1) Yes, I am/ No, I am not

)
).

2) No, I won't
3) Yes, I do/ No, I don't
4) Yes, he should
5) Yes, I do/ No, I don't
6) Yes, I will/ No, I won't
7) Yes, I was/ No, I wasn't
8) Yes, we need to/ No, we needn't
9) Yes, I do/ No I don't
10) Yes, he does/ No, he doesn't
They don't want any more
Remember the following contractions. English
ontractions and practise them:
1) Do not = Don't
2) Does not = Doesn't
3) Did not = Didn't
4) Cannot = Can't
5) Could not = Couldn't
6) Will not = Won't
7) Shall not = Shan't
8) Would not = Wouldn't
9) Should not = Shouldn't
10) May not = Mayn't
11) Might not = Mightn't
12) Must not = Mustn't
13) Need not = Needn't
14) Have not = Haven't
15) Has not = Hasn't
16) Had not = Hadn't
high frequency expressions(
t, Hasn't, Hadn't.

, not

, Do, do

): Don't, Doesn't, Didn't (

),

: amn't (am not), isn't (is not), aren't (are not), wasn't (was not), w
,

, short responses

(
, spoken English

.
.

Look at the following conversation:

Ajay: Have you any novels you can lend me? I want to read some during this vacat
ion. (
?
Sunil: I am sorry. I haven't/ don't have any. In fact I was about to ask you for
some. (Sorry..
.
.)
Ajay: We are sailing in the same boat then. (Do you) know any of our friends who
can help us in the matter? (
.
Sunil: There aren't any, I am afraid. (

.)

.)

Ajay: I tried at the library. There had been some, but they have all been taken
away. There weren't any left. (
.
,
Sunil: That's bad. Let me see if I can get any from my cousin. She might have so
me. (
.
cousin
.
Ajay: If you get any from her pass them on to me too. (

.)

.)

Look at the following expressions from the conversation above:

1) Have you/ Do you have any novels? I want to read some.
2) I don't have any. I was about to ask you for some.
3) There aren't any.
4) There had been some, but there weren't any.
Spoken English

, some, any

a) Suseela: Please give me some more samosas (

Mother: Sorry, child. There aren't any left. (
, There are no samosas left

?)

,
.

.)
'There aren't any more left'

b) Janaki: Ask Mayuri for some nail polish. I haven't any more with me. (
Sarala: I am sure she will give us some. (
sentences
'no'
Eg: 1) I have no money to lend you (

'not.... any'

.)
. (

'No'
.)

Ans: I haven't any money to lend you.

Exercise:
1) The teacher likes no boy to be irregular.
2) She has no more patience with people like you. (patience =
3) There is no money left in his bank account.
4) He brought home no money.
5) I will see no more movies of that actor.
6) There was no more food left.
7) She has no new dress for the function.
8) We have seen no new movies this month.
9) I want no more; thank you.
10) I have no more work to do.
Answers:
1) The teacher doesn't like any boy to be irregular.

).

2) She hasn't anymore patience with people like you.

3) There isn't any more money left in his bank account.
4) He didn't bring home any money.
5) I won't (will not) see any more movies of that actor.
6) There wasn't any more food left.
7) She hasn't any new dress for the function.
8) We haven't seen any new movies this month.
9) I don't want any more; Thank you.
10) I haven't/ don't have any more work to do.
..... either side of the road
Sekhar: See if either of these books is yours (
Ravikanth: Neither (

?)

).

Sekhar: It isn't anywhere here. Perhaps it is in your desk. Check. (

Ravikanth: It isn't there either. I've checked. (

.)

Sekhar: Did anyone borrow it from you? Try to remember. (

Ravikanth: None, I am sure. (

Sekhar: Does it bear your name on it?

Ravikanth: No, it doesn't. (

?
).

? (English

Sekhar: Any other marks on the book that can help you to know it is yours? (
Ravikanth: None, I'm afraid. Wait. There's an oil mark on the face of the book.
I remember now. (
.
.
.
Sekhar: Yes, so do I. I haven't lost a single book so far, you know?
(
.
.

)
?)

Ravikanth: Neither had I, till I lost the book. I haven't given up yet. I think
I'll find it when I search for some other thing. (
,
* * * *
a number of contractions (
)
, not
1. 's = is/ has .
It's here = It is here.
He's done it = He has done it.
2. 're = are.
We're sure he will be there = We are sure he will be there.
3. 'll = will.
I'll go tomorrow = I will go tomorrow.
4. 'd = would.

, n't

I'd do it if I were you = I would do it if I were you.

5. 've = have. I've seen it = I have seen it.
contractions
formal written English
:

. Spoken English

contractions

Englis

. It's n't (It is not)

Look at the following expressions from the conversation above:

1) See if either of these books is yours/ Neither.
2) It isn't there either
3) None, I am sure
4) Yes, so do I
5) Neither had I.
Study the above. Understand the use of 'either' / Neither / either of / Neithe
r of / any of / none of.
expressions

English

Spoken English

Either/ either of = One of only two =

(Any / Any of =

a) Prasen: Which do you want? The one with the button down collars or the one wi
th full sleeves?
(
- collar
button
,
Dilip = Either/ either (of them) is OK for me. (

full shirt )

b) Subba Rao: You can keep one of the two books. Which one do you want? (
Ramana: Either (of them) is OK. (
Either

).

a) There are trees on either side of the road =

b) Arjun: Which way could the thief have escaped (

?)

Bharath: Can't say. There is a door on either side of the building (

Any = One of more than two =

.
/

building
.

a) Charumathi: Did any movie that you saw last year interest you? (
Saritha: Any of the movie that we saw last year was OK.
Either/ either of/ any/ any of -

singular

. verb

b) Sravani: Which of these saris (more than two) do you want? (

Vatsala: Any three of them (

c) Charumathi: These are all the candidates who have made the grade. Who do you
want among them.

singular.
)

Saritha: Any five of them (

Either/ either of/ any/ any of -

verb

singular.

Neither of us will be...

Narayana: Which of the two ... Mallik and Prasanth .. is here? (
Roy: Neither is. ((

.)

Narayana: Then when are you going to tell them of this? Will you meet them or ca
ll them? (
?
,
Roy: Neither. I'll send my brother with the message. If they respond, it's OK. I
f they don't respond it's OK too. (

Narayana: That's being irresponsible. That they get the message is important. Yo
u may not be in trouble, but I will be. (
.
Roy: Neither of us will be, don't worry. My brother will ensure that they get t
he message. (
(
)
,
.
Narayana: The trouble with you is, you don't make things clear. Nor do you act i
n time. Why don't you yourself go to them or call them? Is it that you don't lik
e them? Which of the two don't you like? (
.
.
Roy: I like neither of them. In fact none of our friends like them except you.
And neither do you always. (
.
Narayana: But I do, of course. You don't understand people properly, nor do you
try to. (
.
.
Note: Ensure = make sure = (

).

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above:

1) Neither is.
2) Neither. I'll send my brother with the message.
3) Neither of us will be.
4) I like neither.
5) Nor do you act in time.
6) And neither do you always.
7) ... nor do you.
In the last lesson, we've seen the importance of 'either' which means one of
only two. Now we are going to see how to use 'neither' which means 'not one of
only two'.
lesson
'either'
,
Neither / Neither of =
Neither is here =

? 'either'
/
/

/
/

None is here =

)/

None of the books is interesting =

None of our students failed =

)
)

1. a) Prasanna: Where do you come from, Vijayawada or Hyderabad? (

Rajeswari: From neither. I come from Nellore. (

.)

b) Abhijith: Which of your two uncles is an MP? (

Venkat: Neither is. (

MP?)

.)

2. a) Prabhakar: Which one of the two shirts do you want?

Sudheer: Neither suits me, I am afraid. (

b) Srikanth: Which team has a better chance of winning, yours or theirs? (

Chandra: I don't have an idea. (

.)

Srikanth: Nor do I (

.)

Important: 'Neither/ Neither of/ nor' always takes a singular verb.

a) Neither (of them) is here.
b) Neither (of them) knows the answer.
c) Neither (of them) has been selected.
sentences

Neither (of) ..

None (of): Not even one of more than two (

a) Sana: Did any policemen come to the scene of the accident? (

, Any = One of more than two.
Ranganath: None (

.)

Compare: a) Neither is here (

None is here =
None of them = Same as above -

/
/

a) Either (of) = one of only two

Any (of) = One of more than two.
b) Neither (of) = Not even one of only two.
None (of) = Not even one of more than two.
--------------------------------

Janaki can sing well ....

.)
,
)

/
(

Vinay: I always find Pavan interfering in others' affairs. (

Sankar: So do I. He doesn't just mind his business but he must butt in matters t
hat don't concern him. (
.
Vinay: That can be a big nuisance. I don't like such people. (
.
Sankar: Nor do I. We are one in this respect. I'm not so nosy nor are you. (
Vinay: He is a nuisance, all right, but his brother isn't so. He is much better
behaved. I find him quite likable. (
.
Sankar: So do I. In fact he is the nicest guy among our friends. OK, talking to
other things, I didn't buy that book we need for the exam.
(
.
.
,
,
Vinay: I didn't either. How about buying in this evening? I think we can find co
pies of it in the second hand market. (
.
?
Sankar: We can, of course. (
.)
English
,
English
short responses
:
1) So do I 2) Nor do I 3) I didn't either 4) We can, of course.
Important: Spoken English
'also'
.
, too,
Karim: I play cricket (
cricket
).
Salim: So do I (
).
:
,
cricket
, I also play cricket
, 's
I Doing Words - go, come, sing, walk etc. = do go, do come, do sing, do walk etc
. (
forms
'not'
, questions
).
, He, she, it
II Doing Wo
, does come, does sing, does walk, etc. (
'not'
, questions
).
Went, came, sang, walked = did go, did come, did sing, did walk (
'not'
t form responses (
)
.
, shall, will, should,
Look at the following.........
a) Pramod: I like the mango.
Vinod: So do I (
). (

I also like the mango

Vinod: So does everybody. Who does not? (

.
?) Everybody =
Look at the following short responses when you agree with somebody (
a) Madhu: Chandan is quite clever unlike his brothers (
brothers
Santhi: Yes, he is./ So is his cousin Meena. (
/
cousin
).
b) Ramana: Our college insists on uniform (
.)
Krishna: So does our college, though we protested (
,
college
c) Kalyan: Kiran played well yesterday (
) (played = did play).
Madhav: So did Prakash. (
.) Prakash also
, spoken form
.
'also' (=
)
.
d) Charan: Janaki can sing well (
).
David: So can Chitra (
- Chitra can also,
)
e) Wesley: I will buy a house soon (
).
Sasikanth: So will I, if you can help me with some money. (
,
So
'also'
.
Spoken English
.
Some more spoken forms in the next lesson.
He did, of course...
Sharif: I joined this college hoping this would be a good college, but I don't f
ind it so. (
,
.)
Jayanth: Nor do I. I am not very happy the way things are going on in this colle
ge. (
.
.)
Sharif: I am not either. Isn't it too late now to think of another college? (
Jayanth: So it is certainly. We have to make do with it. Even if it were possibl
e dad wouldn't agree to it. (
.
.
Sharif: My dad wouldn't either, and he has good reason too. In almost all colleg
es once we pay the fees, they won't be refunded. (
,
Jayanth: So is it with this college too. Dad won't be prepared to forgo such a h
uge amount I have paid. (
.
Sharif: Neither would my dad be. Who would be, for that matter? (
.
Jayanth: Did you speak to your father about it? (
?)

Sharif: Yes, I did. What did your father say about it? (
.
Jayanth: He would have none of it. Either I study here or don't study at all. (
Sharif: Your dad said that? (
?!)
Jayanth: He did, of course. (
.)
Notes: 1. Make do - (
expression) =
.
When we can't get the best, we have to make do with what we have =
2. refund = return (money paid)
3. forgo = be prepared to lose =
.
4. for that matter =
5. Would have none of it = refuse to hear/ accept =
.
Look at the following from the conversation:
1) Sharif: .... I don't find it so.
Jayanth: Nor do I.
2) My dad wouldn't either. 3) So it is
4) Neither would my dad be
5) He did, of course.
In the past few lessons we have discussed short responses to questions.
Positive responses:
do, does, did, all be forms
e.g.: a) A: I am at home (
)
B: So am I, and so is dad. (
,
).
b) Pramod: Sudha knows the subject thoroughly. (Sudha
.)
Subodh: So does everyone in the class. The teacher has taught the subject so wel
l. ( class
.
teacher
.)
practice
.
do, does, did, shall, should, etc

?)

Sarada: If you do that, his parents may get a bad opinion on you. (
Eswar: So may any one who hears about it. (
.)
positive responses.
negative statement
response
:
Gopal: I do not like such things. (
.)
, '
'
, I do not also like it
. Not
also
,
Kesav: Nor do I,/ Neither do I/ I don't either
.
Spoken English
,
correct Spo
lesson
:
a) Sharif: ....... but I don't find it so./ .... but I do not find it so. (
Jayanth: Nor do I (
.)
: I do not (don't) also find it so,
.
? Not
also
.
b) Jayanth: Dad won't be prepared to forgo such a huge amount. (
Sharif: Neither will my dad be. (
) (My dad will also not be - Wrong) N
c) Jayanth: ...... my dad wouldn't agree to it (
.)
Sharif: My dad wouldn't (would not) either. (
/
).
short responses
,
a) Anand:
party
. (I may not attend the party)
Bhargav:
.(Neither may I/ Nor may I/ I mayn't (I may not) either).
: Anand sentence
Helping verb, 'may'
, response
'may'
.

b) Farid:
Govind:

. (

(Sneha can not sing well)

helping verb, 'can'
?
).(Nor can Preethi/ Neither can Preethi/ Preeth

c) Lavanya: Dilip hasn't seen the movie, but comments on it. (

Sameera: We haven't seen it either, but we don't comment. (
,
d) Rajasri: Suseela is not interested. (
) (Suseela she
Vinaya: Nor are we/ Neither are we/ we aren't either. (
.)
Response ,'we' plural
, 'are'
.

.)
, verb, is)

I don't think so ....

Sampath: Is there time for one more game? (
?)
Prem: I'm afraid not. (
.)
Sampath: Your game is better than mine. Will my practising with you improve my g
ame? (
.
practise
?)

Prem: I believe so. Well, you can give it a try. (

.
.)
Sampath: Will it be possible for you to play atleast two sets with me every even
ing? (
sets
?)
Prem: I don't think so (
).
Sampath: Then what do you suggest (that) we do?
Prem: We can play longer during the weekends, when I have plenty of leisure. It
must suit you, if I am not wrong. (
,
Sampath: I hope so. (
.)
Prem: Can't you get your friend Sekhar to join us? He is a good player too and s
ome practice with him will be of help to me, won't it? (
Sampath: I hope not. He isn't a steady player. (
.
.)
Prem: OK, then. I believe we are going to have a steady practise from the weeken
d. (
,
practise
.)
Sampath: I believe so too.
Look at the following expressions from the conversation above:
1) I'm (I am) afraid not
2) I believe so
3) I don't think so
4) I hope so
5) I hope not
6) I believe so too.
: think, believe, hope, afraid, wonde
responses
spoken English
,
.
Look at the following:
1. a) Bharadvaj: Is there enough time for us to finish this work? (
Sulekha: I think so. (
.)
b) Charan: Will he help us in the matter? (
?)
Ekambar: I don't think so (
.)
c) Gangadhar: Is there time for another cup of tea? (
?)
Sudheer: I think so (
.)
,
(I don't think so.
2. a) Sunayana: We are going to have holidays from 5th June, aren't we? (
June 5
Praveena: I believe so (
.)
b) Prakash: He is the same guy who cheated us last time, isn't he? (
Praveena: I believe so. (
.)
3. a) Naresh: Perhaps Jagdish will help us in the matter. (
Ramesh: I hope so (
.)
b) Divakar: We will be able to meet him, shan't we? (
?)
Suman: I hope not. (
.)
4. a) Damodar: Perhaps he will be behind the bars soon. (
Vinay: I am afraid so (
.)
Afraid ,
I'm afraid
:
/
b) Anand: Is your father coming?
Bhaskar: I'm afraid not (
.)
c) Chandra: Do you think it will rain? (
Surya: I'm afraid so (
) (
d) Leela: Is there enough money for the bike? (
Manohar: I hope not (
).
: Positive responses
'so'
I think / believe / suppose / hope / afraid so.
Negative response: Hope, afraid
I don't think / believe / suppose so.
Hope, afraid
negative response

?)
/

).
?)
.
'so'
,

: I'm afraid not / I hope not.

Do you konw..? I do
Jaideep: Can you speak English? (
English
?)
Sudhakar: I can, of course. (
. of course =
?/
Jaideep: Who taught you English? (
English
?)
Sudhakar: My grandfather did. I grew up at my grandfather's, as my parents were
abroad when I went to school. (
.
.
Jaideep: We are starting tomorrow morning. Can you get up early? (

Sudhakar: Have I to get up very early? (

?)
Jaideep: I'm afraid you have to. (
?)
Sudhakar: I am alone, you know. Who will put me up so early? (
,
.
Jaideep: I will, don't worry. I'll call you as soon as I get up. (
.
.
Short form responses (
)
1) auxiliary verb forms
Look at the following:
Puneet: Who wrote the Bharatam? (
?)
Sankar: Vyasa did (
).
question, 'who wrote ....?'
! Wrote = did + write.
auxiliary, 'did'
rica?
response:
Columbus did.
a) Teacher: Who can answer my question?
Anand: I can, sir.
Teacher: Do you know who wrote this book? (
Anand: I do sir, it's Sri Chalapathi Rao. (

?)
).

: 1st question
auxiliary / helping verb 'can'. Response
can.
,2nd questi
se
'do'.
b) Aravind: How many of you need these book? (
?)
Bosu: Atleast four of us do. (
)
question
question words 1) How many
word)
auxiliary / helping verb - do (remember: need = do need)
, respon
Mahit: Do you go there every day? (
?)
Sanjai: I do, most of the days. (
,
).
c) Sarala: Bindu wants to go to a movie.
Sarada: But I don't want to. They are so boring.

I don't think she meant to

Subhash: Why can't you come to the movie with me? (
?)
Mangesh: I would like to, but I'm (I am) not allowed to. (I) have to report at t
he hostel by 6. (
,
;
Subhash: You didn't get the book I had wanted you to. Will you give it to me tom
orrow, at least? (
.
,
?)
Mangesh: I meant to, but I forgot. Sorry. (
,
. Sorry.)
Subhash: You are going home this week-end, aren't you? (
?)
Mangesh: I plan to, but don't know. Depends on the warden. (
,
.
Subhash: You have to get his permission, don't you? (
?)
Mangesh: I have to, of course.
Subhash: Bye then.
Observe Mangesh's responses to Subhash's questions in the conversation.
Some of them are:
1) I'd (I would) like to, but I am not allowed to.
2) I meant to
3) I plan to
4) I have to, of course.
Infinitive
: + 1st Doing Word. e.g.: to go, to come, to see, to do, etc.
a) Vijay: Why didn't you go to Golconda when you were in Hyderabad?
(
,
?)
Sunayana: I didn't have the time to (
.)
:I didn't have the time to go there
, 'I didn't have the time
b) Gangadhar: Why didn't you go with him? (
?)
Narasimham: He didn't ask me to. (
.Short form for: He didn't ask me to go w
c) Neeraja: Your friend Sujana was very rude to me (
Sarada: I don't think she meant to. (+ be rude) (
.)
--------------

Anything else / more?

Aditya:
(
Sarath:
Aditya:
Sarath:
Aditya:
Sarath:
Aditya:
Sarath:
Aditya:

Have you anything else to say?

?)
Nothing else (
).
Who else did you say this to? (
?)
To Kiran and Kapil. (
,
)
Does anyone else know this? Did you tell them? (
?
No, I didn't (
).
How else did they come to know of it? (
?)
They must have got it from someone else. (
OK. I'll find it ( ,
).
Dear Readers, You must have observed the use of 'else' in the conve
rsation above.
'else'
.
.
else =
.
'else'
independent
. '
?' '
?' '
?' '
?'
.
Anything else =
Have you anything else? =
? = Have you any thing more? = Have you any
correct.
- Anything else.
Sukhram: Have you anything more to say? (
?)
Narayana: Nothing more.
'more'
'else'
.
Sukhram: Have you anything else to say?
Narayana: Nothing else.
Observe the use of 'else' in the following sentences:
a) Madan: Have you anything more to say?
Kishan: I have little more to say
Compare:
Madan: Have you anything else to say?
Kishan: I have little else to say.
b) You can take the help of some other person =

= You can

Which address to?

Sudheer: I was speaking to him just a few minutes ago. (
Amith: Who to? (
?)
Sudheer: Jairam. We had a discussion that lasted ten minutes. (
.
Amith: Oh, you are annoying. What about? (
,
.
?)
Sudheer: About our trip north. (
)
Amith: When? Why didn't you be clearer? (
?
?)
Sudheer: He said he would be bringing his cousin Parasuram. (
Amith: Who did he say he would bring along with him? (
?)
Sudheer: His cousin Parasuram, I said. (
,
cousin
).
.
,
English
(in spoken
Look at the following too:
Bhanu: My brother is as strong as Bhima. (
.)
, '
'
, '
,
'
Seenu: As strong as who? (
,
? - '
'
)
: 'As strong as who?' is not a question sentence, but a question (Interrogative) res
. It makes our conversation natural.
Look at some more examples:
Ashish: Listen! (
)
Akash: Who to? / What to? (
/
Ashish: Listen to me. Send it at once. (
Akash: Send what and who to? (
?
Ashish: The book, to my brother (

?)
.
?

.)

)
,

Akash: Which address to? (

?)
Ashish: Here it is. (
)
responses - Interrogative / question responses-

practice

I'm afraid so..

In this lesson we are going to study the peculiar use of two expressions wh
ich are quite frequent in spoken English and which makes our English sound natur
al. (
English
Pavan: I wonder where Aswin now is and what he is doing? (
,
Diwakar: I am sure he is still in Chennai, searching for a job. I'm afraid he ha
sn't been able to land a job. (
Pavan: The last time he called me he told me that he had had an offer of a Rs.30
000 a month job, but I'm (I am) afraid he wasn't happy about it. (
Diwakar: But do you think he can get more than that? (
Pavan: I wonder if he can, considering the fact he has no experience. (
Diwakar: I'm afraid he isn't being realistic. I wonder when he will take a prope
r view of the situation. (
.
Afraid =
; Wonder =
.
English conversation
1) I'm afraid
,
,
,
a) Vinod: What is that you are prepared to offer for the bike? ( bike
Vikram: Say Rs.30,000/( . 30,000
).
Vinod: I'm afraid it is too low.
, (
).
b) Janaki: Hi Vasantha, I'm surprised to see you here. What are you doing here?
(
!
?
?)
Vasantha: This is where I live. See. That's my home there. What bring you here?
(
.
.
?)
Janaki: I've come for Priyanka. (
.)
Vasantha: I'm afraid you have come to the wrong address. (
c) Nishanth: I haven't seen Mukund for quite some time. Is he in town at all? (
Nischal: I'm afraid not. He must have left for Delhi for some interview. (
d) Pramod: Do you think the boss will give me a rise in the salary? (
Srikanth: I'm afraid not. (
.)
e) Vinay: Will the police come now? (
?)
Charan: I'm afraid so. (
.)
.
I wonder what he is..
'Afraid'
/
.
'afraid'
/
Lakshmi: Where are our guests - I mean your uncle and aunt? They left in the mor
ning and haven't returned so far. I wonder where they are. (
,
Kishore: I wonder too mom. It is raining heavily. They must have got caught in t
he rain and are perhaps waiting for it to stop. (
.
Lakshmi: I'm (I am) afraid she may catch a cold. She is of delicate health you k
now. (
.
.)
Kishore: I wonder when this rain will stop, and if it will stop at all. (
Lakshmi: Do they know their way back home at all. I wonder if you could reach th
em on the mobile. (
.
phone
?)
Kishore: I wonder whether he hasn't changed his number. I remember vaguely his t
elling me so. (
phone number
?
Lakshmi: Ah! Here they are, soaked to the bone. They have come at last. What a r
elief? ( ,
,
.
.

Look at the following sentences from the conversation:
1) I wonder where they are.
2) I wonder too.
3) I'm afraid she may catch cold.

?)

/
,

4) I wonder when this rain will stop.

5) I wonder if you could reach them on the mobile.
6) I wonder whether he hasn't changed his number.
a) Bhanu: Hope he hasn't failed the exam. (
Vidur: I'm afraid he has. (Fail
b) Suneeta: Has she married that good for nothing fellow, after all? (
Sasi: I'm afraid so (
.)
'afraid'
.
'wonder'
(
/
lesson
'wonder'
,

.)
.)

/
,

1. a) Ashok: Will he be at home now? (

?)
Maneesh: I wonder (
).
b) Bahadur: Hello, is it Mukund? (
,
.)
Mukund: Yes, it is. (
.)
Bahadur: Thank God. I was just wondering if I could get you over the phone. I am
happy. (
.
phone
.
.
2. 'Wonder'
,
(think seriously)
a) Prasad: You appear absent minded. Why? (
.
?)
Sravan: I have been searching for my bike key since morning. I was wondering whe
re I could have put it. (
bike key
.
b) Jayaram: So you are going to meet Sai today, are you? (
Mahesh: So I am, but I wonder if I can recognize him after all these years. (
.
3. Wonder
guess (
)
.
a) Bharat: The tax people are after Nataraj for non payment of tax. I've been wa
rning him again and again. He is in real trouble. (
Chakri: I wonder what he is going to do now? (
b) Nischal: Do you think he will pay you back the money before this month end? (
Chari: I wonder where he can get the money from. (
4. 'Wonder'
(Request)
.
a) Anand: What brings you here Raju? Long time no see. (
?
Raju: I wonder if I might borrow some money from you. (
b) Pratap: I wonder if I could borrow your book for a few days. (
Venkat: I'm afraid I can't just now. (
.)
One more example:
Ram: I was wondering if I could borrow your car for a day? (
Rahim: Have it by all means. (
.)
----------------------------

It has started raining..

'There'
.
'It'
/
.
There / it
, sentence
Satish: There is a nice restaurant near the temple. The meals and snacks are rea
lly delicious. (
'
'
.
,
Pramod: It is funny to hear you talk of a restaurant. Since when have you starte
d eating out? (
.
Satish: Funny or not, I find the food good there. Oh, It's (it has) started rain
ing. Let's find some cover. (
,
. ,
Pramod: There is a tea stall next to the tree. Let's stand there for some time.
(
,
tea stall
.
).
Satish: There are already a number of people there. I'm (I am) afraid it is diff
icult to find room there. (
.
Pramod: The rain is getting heavy. Let's hurry. There is no time to waste. (

)
/

.)
.

.)

Now look at the following expressions:

1) There is a nice restaurant near the temple.
2) It is funny to hear you talk about a restaurant.
3) It has started raining.
4) There is a tea stall next to the tree there.
5) There are already a number of people there.
6) It is difficult to find room there.
7) There is no time to waste.
sentences
, 'There' / 'It '
?
There, it
''There'
.
'It'
/
.
sentences
There/ it
, sentence
... '
table
'
, English
: Tw
There are two books on the table.
. sentence
'There'
There are thirty students there.
'there'
.
'there'
30 Engineering Colleges
.Thirty Engineering Colleges are in Hyder
The usual and correct form: There are Thirty Engineering colleges in Hyder
abad. (there
'
,
sentence
:
'
30
'
.
'there'
s
'There'
,
'Introductory there'
.
,
Look at the following too:
a) Prasad: Are there good schools in the town?
(
schools
?)
Subba Rao: Plenty (
).
Question
'there'
.
sentence
.
interesting .
b) Suman: Are there any good theatres here? (
theatres
?)
Lasya: Very few (
).
'There', 'here' (
,
)
.
Correct: There aren't any good theatres here.(
theatres
).
sentence
'there', 'here'
sentence
?
Note: 1) Restaurant =
,
.
Restaurant
Hotel
. Hotel
, Lodge (
)
.
Restaurant:
, lodge
.
restaurant
'eatery'
2. Delicious = tasting very good =
.
3. Funny =
; fun =
.
4. Cover =
,
;
.
Exercise
sentences
'there'
.
1.
23
.
2.
?
3.
.
4.
15
.
5.
?
sentence
'there'
.
Answers to the Exercises
1. There are twenty three districts in Andhra Pradesh.
2. Why are there so many police persons here?
3. There are twenty students here.
4. There are fifteen questions in the question paper.
5. Are there interesting books in the library?
It is believed
that he knows a lot
Ramakrishna: It is generally believed that he is responsible for all the trouble
in the company. (
Gopal: It is hoped that he will soon leave the company and all will be well. (
Ramakrishna: It is supposed that once he leaves the company, Virat will take con
trol. (
).
Gopal: The company will be back on rails. (
).

Look at the following expressions:

1) It is generally believed that he is responsible for all the trouble.
2) It is hoped that he will soon leave the company.
3) It is supposed that once he leaves, Virat will take control.
You see that the sentences above begin with it' - the introductory it'. The
verbs are all in the passive voice.
(be' + Past Participle).
It is believed (is + Past Participle of believe'); It is hoped (is + pp) and It i
s supposed (is + pp) Passive voice
.
It is believed =
(
it'
,
Introductory
it' is believed that he knows a lot
it is hoped' =
=
.
It is supposed :
=
.
expressions English
.
,
It is said that he is the greatest cricketer = People say that he is the greates
t cricketer. (Is said - Passive =
/
).
a) Sagar: It is expected that all staff should be at office by 10. (
10
b) Kumar: We have been told we can be an hour late once a week. (
=
It was believed that she was the greatest dancer of her time (
Exercise
, It + Passive voice
.
1.
.
2.
. (
= consider).
3.
.
4.
,
batsman
.
5.
.
6.
Columbus, India
,
,
West Indie
Answers to the Exercises
1. It used to be said/ It was said that she was a great singer.
2. It is considered that Sri Rama is the greatest king of all time.
3. It has so far been thought that she has invented it.
4. It is said that no other batsman of the past three generations is as great as
Sachin.
5. It was found that he had committed the murder.
6. It was believed that Columbus had discovered India, but what he discovered is
the West Indies.
It isn't far off
We have seen earlier that 'much' (= a large amount of) and many (a large n
umber of) are used, only with not, in questions and in comparatives.
degree
, affirmative sentences
.
'
'
Basheer: How far are you going? (
?- How far
?)
Chakri: Not very far. But why are you asking? (
.
? -Why are you asking?
Basheer: If it is somewhere a long way off, I can give you a lift. I am going th
e same way. (
,
lift
.
Chakri: So good of you. It isn't far off. Just walking distance. I prefer to wal
k. (Thanks.
.
.)
Basheer: What happened to your bike? ( bike
?)
Chakri: On my way back from a camp, it broke down on the way. It is at the mecha
nic's.
It's a major trouble. (Camp
.
Basheer: When was this? (
?)
Chakri: Not so long ago - the day before yesterday. (
.
.)
Basheer: It's an old bike, time you changed it, isn't it? (
bike.
Chakri: It isn't as old as you seem to think. Still I think I had better change
it. The day isn't far off when you will see me on a new one (
Basheer: The sooner you do it the better. You can save on the repairs. (

Look at the following expressions from the conversation above:

,
.)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Not very far.

If it somewhere a long way off....
It isn't far off (It is not far off)
Not so long ago
The day isn't far off.
Spoken English
far (
= distant) 'not'
(
nt' (
)
a long way/ a long way off/ a long way away
a) Hemanth: How far is the railway station? Have I to go a long way?
Krishna: Not far off. It's just a kilometer from here, a little farther off from
the Post Office there. (
.
.
b) Kolkata is a long way off from Hyderabad (
.)
c) Dinesh: Excuse me. Which bus should I take to Ameerpet crossroads? (
Ganesh: No need to take a bus. It isn't far off. You can walk the distance. Go s
traight for half a kilometer and you are there. (
.
.
Important points: far/ far off/ far from ,
.
not
Whoever told you so?
Spoken English
,
Kumar sells books (
force than you say the other words.
Kumar sells books (
Kumar sells books (
Kumar sells books (
Who will do this? (
Who will do this? (
?) (

,
). Suppose you want to give importance to Kuma
-

).
)
-

Compare: a) Who told you so? (

b) Whoever told you so?
? :
a) He does anything badly. (
.)
b) Whatever he does, he does badly
,
Spoken English
---------------------------------------------

)
,
,

Questions
.
? The stress is
(
?)
,
English .

?)
,

,
-

/
.

.
Spoken Engli