Math Resources Algebra Formulas

Algebraic Formula Sheet
Arithmetic Operations
!
ac + bc = c(a + b)
ab
b
=
a
c
c
!
a
a
ac
!=
b
b
a
b
=
c
bc
c
a c
ad + bc
+ =
b d
bd
a c
ad bc
=
c d
bd
ba
ab
=
cd
dc
a+b
a b
= +
c
c c
!
a
b
ad
!=
bc
c
d
ab + ac
= b + c, a 6= 0
a
Properties of Exponents
n m
x x =x
n+m
x = 1, x 6= 0
(xn )m = xnm
x
y
(xy)n = xn y n
n
1
xm = xm
x
y
!n
=
= xn
y
x
!n
=
!n
=
Properties of Inequalities
If a < b then a + c < b + c and a c < b c
b
a
<
c
c
a
b
If a < b and c < 0 then ac > bc and >
c
c
If a < b and c > 0 then ac < bc and
Properties of Absolute Value

(
x if x 0
|x| =
x if x < 0
xn
yn
xn =
q
m
n
x = mn x
(x2 x1 )2 + (y2 y1 )2
Number Classifications
Natural Numbers : N={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . .}
1
xn
Whole Numbers :
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . .}
Integers : Z={... ,-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, .. .}
xn = x, if n is odd

Rationals : Q= All numbers that can be written as a fraction with an integer numerator and a
a
nonzero integer denominator,
b
xn = |x|, if n is even
Irrationals : {All numbers that cannot be expressed

as the ratio of two integers, for example
5, 27, and }
x |x|

=
y
|y|
d(PA , PB ) =
Properties of Radicals
1
n
n
x
x
x = xn
n
=
n y
y

n
xy = n x n y
|xy| = |x||y|
Distance Formula
Given two points, PA = (x1 , y1 ) and PB = (x2 , y2 ),
the distance between the two can be found by:
xn
= xnm
m
x
yn
xn
| x| = |x|
|x + y| |x| + |y| Triangle Inequality

|x y| |x| |y| Reverse Triangle Inequality
1
= xn
xn
m1
|x| 0
Real Numbers : R={All numbers that are either a

rational or an irrational number}
Logarithms and Log Properties
Definition
Logarithm Properties
y = logb x is equivalent to x = by
logb b = 1
logb 1 = 0
Example
logb bx = x
blogb x = x
log2 16 = 4 because 24 = 16
ln ex = x
eln x = x
Special Logarithms
logb (xk ) = k logb x
ln x = loge x
natural log
where e=2.718281828...
logb (xy) = logb x + logb y

!
x
= logb x logb y
logb
y
log x = log10 x common log
Factoring
xa + xb = x(a + b)
x3 + y 3 = (x + y) x2 xy + y 2
x2 y 2 = (x + y)(x y)
x3 y 3 = (x y) x2 + xy + y 2
x2 + 2xy + y 2 = (x + y)2
x2n y 2n = (xn y n ) (xn + y n )
x2 2xy + y 2 = (x y)2
If n is odd then,
x3 + 3x2 y + 3xy 2 + y 3 = (x + y)3
xn y n = (x y) xn1 + xn2 y + ... + y n1
x3 3x2 y + 3xy 2 y 3 = (x y)3
xn + y n = (x + y) xn1 xn2 y + xn3 y 2 ... y n1
Linear Functions and Formulas

Examples of Linear Functions
y
y=x
y=1
x
linear f unction
constant f unction

Constant Function
Linear Function/Slope-intercept form
This graph is a horizontal line passing

through the points (x, c) with slope m = 0 :
This graph is a line with slope m

and y intercept(0, b) :
y = c or
f (x) = c
y = mx + b or
f (x) = mx + b
Slope (a.k.a Rate of Change)
Point-Slope form
The slope m of the line passing through

the points (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) is :
The equation of the line passing through

the point (x1 , y1 ) with slope m is :
m=
y2 y1
rise
y
=
=
x
x 2 x1
run
y = m(x x1 ) + y1
Quadratic Functions and Formulas

Examples of Quadratic Functions
y
y = x2
y = x2
x
parabola opening up
parabola opening down

Forms of Quadratic Functions
Standard Form
Vertex Form
y = ax2 + bx + c
or
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c
y = a(x h)2 + k
or
f (x) = a(x h)2 + k
This graph is a parabola that

opens up if a > 0 or down if
a < 0 and has a vertex at

b
b
,f
.
2a
2a
This graph is a parabola that

opens up if a > 0 or down if
a < 0 and has a vertex at (h, k).
Quadratics and Solving for x

Quadratic Formula
To solve ax2 + bx + c = 0, a 6= 0,
use :
b b2 4ac
x=
.
2a
Square Root Property

Let k be a nonnegative number. Then the
solutions to the equation
x2 = k
The Discriminant
The discriminant is the part of the quadratic
equation under the radical, b2 4ac. We use
the discriminant to determine the number of
real solutions of ax2 + bx + c = 0 as such :
are given by x = k.
1. If b2 4ac > 0, there are two real solutions.

2. If b2 4ac = 0, there is one real solution.
3. If b2 4ac < 0, there are no real solutions.
Other Useful Formulas

Compound Interest

r nt
A=P 1+
n
Hyperbola
(x h)2 (y k)2
=1
a2
b2
where:
P= principal of P dollars
r= Interest rate (expressed in decimal form)
n= number of times compounded per year
t= time
This graph is a hyperbola that opens

left and right, has center (h, k), vertices
(h a, k); foci (h c, k), where
c comes from c2 = a2 + b2 and
asymptotes that pass through the center
b
y = (x h) + k.
a
Continuously Compounded Interest

A = P ert
(y k)2 (x h)2
=1
a2
b2
where:
P= principal of P dollars
r= Interest rate (expressed in decimal form)
t= time
This graph is a hyperbola that opens

up and down, has center (h, k), vertices
(h, k a); foci (h, k c), where
c comes from c2 = a2 + b2 and
asymptotes that pass through the center
a
y = (x h) + k.
b
Circle
(x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2
Pythagorean Theorem
This graph is a circle with radius r

and center (h, k).
A triangle with legs a and b and

hypotenuse c is a right triangle
if and only if
Ellipse
(x h)2 (y k)2
+
=1
a2
b2
a2 + b 2 = c 2
This graph is an ellipse with center

(h, k) with vertices a units right/left
from the center and vertices b units
up/down from the center.
4

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Algebraic Formula Sheet

Properties of Absolute Value

Integers : Z={... ,-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, .. .}

Irrationals : {All numbers that cannot be expressed

|x + y| |x| + |y| Triangle Inequality

Real Numbers : R={All numbers that are either a

Logarithms and Log Properties

logb (xy) = logb x + logb y

log x = log10 x common log

x2n y 2n = (xn y n ) (xn + y n )

x3 + 3x2 y + 3xy 2 + y 3 = (x + y)3

xn y n = (x y) xn1 + xn2 y + ... + y n1

x3 3x2 y + 3xy 2 y 3 = (x y)3

xn + y n = (x + y) xn1 xn2 y + xn3 y 2 ... y n1

Linear Functions and Formulas

Linear Function/Slope-intercept form

This graph is a horizontal line passing

This graph is a line with slope m

Slope (a.k.a Rate of Change)

The slope m of the line passing through

The equation of the line passing through

Quadratic Functions and Formulas

parabola opening down

This graph is a parabola that

This graph is a parabola that

Quadratics and Solving for x

Square Root Property

1. If b2 4ac > 0, there are two real solutions.

Other Useful Formulas

This graph is a hyperbola that opens

Continuously Compounded Interest

This graph is a hyperbola that opens

This graph is a circle with radius r

A triangle with legs a and b and

This graph is an ellipse with center

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