UBC ASHRAE Competition Report PDF

2013 ASHRAE Competition
HVAC Design Calculations
[Type text]
The Team:
Jayson Bursill
Senior Mechanical Engineering Student
University of British Columbia Graduate,
May 2013
Present and Permanent Information:
3040 Southern Place
Abbotsford, B.C. V2T 5H6
[email protected] / 604-556-6973
Natasha Palmer
May 2014
2765 West 33rd Ave
Vancouver, B.C. V6N 2E9
Angela Walton
May 2013
#112-175 West 1st. Street
North Vancouver, B.C. V7M 3N9
Gavin Wong
May 2013
#23-5988 Lancing Road
Richmond, B.C. V7C 3A8
Sponsoring Chapter
British Columbia Chapter
111-3790 Canada Way

Burnaby, B.C. V5G 4S2
School
University of British Columbia
Department of Mechanical Engineering
2054-6250 Applied Science Lane

Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z4
Advisory Panel:
Faculty Advisor:
Dr. Nima Atabaki
Mechanical Engineering Instructor
Present and Permanent
Information:
Faculty Advisor:
Dr. Steven Rogak
Mechanical Engineering Professor
Present and Permanent
Information:
Industry Advisor:
Geoff McDonell
Associate Principal
Integral Group
Suite 180-200 Granville St
Vancouver, B.C. V6C 1S4
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Table of Contents
Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................................ 1
Location and Environmental Conditions ................................................................................................................................ 2
Design Criteria ........................................................................................................................................................................ 2
System Sizing.......................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Heating and Cooling Load Calculations ............................................................................................................................. 3
Zoning ............................................................................................................................................................................. 3
Modeling ......................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Alternative Energy Conservation Measures.................................................................................................................... 7
Illustrated Cooling and Heating Sample Calculations ........................................................................................................ 8
Summary of Ventilation and Duct Sizing Calculations ...................................................................................................... 8
Summary of Pipe Sizing Calculations................................................................................................................................. 8
Design and Analysis ............................................................................................................................................................... 9
System Selection ................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Equipment Selection ......................................................................................................................................................... 10
Energy Analysis ................................................................................................................................................................ 11
Economic Analysis ........................................................................................................................................................... 12
ASHRAE Standard Compliance ........................................................................................................................................... 13
ASHRAE 55...................................................................................................................................................................... 13
ASHRAE 62.1................................................................................................................................................................... 15
ASHRAE 90.1................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................................ 15
Acknowledgments................................................................................................................................................................. 16
References ............................................................................................................................................................................. 16
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Executive Summary
The contents of this report provide a summary of the process that we used to design the HVAC system for the Dallas
Power and Light building using Ottawa, Ontario's weather conditions. Ottawa's climate conditions were used because it
facilitates the design of an HVAC system with significant heating and cooling, rather than primarily cooling in the
climate of Dallas, Texas. The main factors in the design were Location and Environmental Conditions, Design Criteria,
System Sizing, and ASHRAE Standard Compliance. The Location and Environmental Conditions and Design Criteria
sections of the report outline the framework that we used for our design given our choice of climate and the competition
requirements from both the judging criteria and Owner's Project Requirements (OPR). The System Sizing section
provides insight into the heating and cooling load calculations, our sample hand calculations used to verify the validity of
the software, and the piping and ducting transit calculations. The Design and Analysis section details our final plant
system type selection, major equipment selection, energy analysis of the building, and economic analysis of equipment
choices. The ASHRAE Standard Compliance section elaborates on how we met ASHRAE 55-2010, ASHRAE 62.1-2010,
and ASHRAE 90.1-2010. Mechanical drawings have also been provided to illustrate the final design.
Trane's software package with TRACE 700, Trane Pipe Designer, and VariTrane Duct Designer was used. TRACE 700
was used to determine the heating, cooling, and ventilation loads. The pipe and duct design software (verified with hand
calculations) was used to determine the losses from transit for sizing and pressure loss calculations. AutoCAD was used to
generate mechanical drawings detailing all of the HVAC related mechanical equipment within the building.
ASHRAE 90.1-2010 Zone 6A R-values were assumed for all constructions because there was not enough information
given in the OPR to simulate the construction on a layer by layer basis, and a baseline model using the prescribed
minimum efficiencies was used to determine the efficiency of the design. ASHRAE 62.1-2010 ventilation calculations
were applied to the software to ensure minimum flow rates were maintained, and diffuser and grille placements were done
with care to avoid discomfort and air contamination. ASHRAE 55-2010 compliance was demonstrated using an operative
temperature calculation for the southern zone of the retail space that is heated with radiant panels.
Preliminary modelling using eQuest suggested that ground-source heat pumps would provide significant energy savings
over a traditional boiler and chiller system, but further analysis demonstrated that the payback would be over 15 years for
a vertical well system. Additionally, a horizontal well system would not be practical given the building's lack of
underground parking and location in a downtown core. This led to the choice of a boiler and chiller based hydronic plant.
The biggest design challenge for this building was the limited mechanical space available for large plant equipment and
exhaust ducting. As a result, an air-cooled chiller was selected to be placed on the roof, and high efficiency, small
footprint boilers were to be placed in Maintenance 113. Air-cooled chillers typically have lower Energy Efficiency
Ratings (EERs) than the water-cooled variety, but in the case of the Dallas Power and Light building, there was little
space for a cooling tower.
The results of our load calculations yielded building cooling and heating loads of 26 Btu/hr-ft2 and 28 Btu/hr-ft2
respectively. We applied these values when selecting the final design. The final design for the building was an air-cooled
heat recovery chiller for cooling, and high efficiency condensing boilers for heating. Heat recovery was implemented via
heat pipes to allow for washroom exhaust recovery. Hydronic radiant panels were used for skin heating in the first floor
retail space to lower the room air temperature and maintain occupant comfort. When compared to the ASHRAE 90.12010 baseline our design was 8% more efficient. This is a considerable amount of savings given the constraints we had on
mechanical space and terminal unit selection for the Ottawa climate.
Location and Environmental Conditions

This year's competition gave us the option of relocating the Dallas Power and Light building to the capital city of our
country for weather conditions, which allowed us to relocate to the climate of Ottawa, Ontario Canada. Ottawa is situated
in Zone 6A (as per ASHRAE 90.1-2010) and sees both humid summers and sub-arctic winters. This comparatively
adverse climate offered our design team a chance to showcase a greater knowledge of HVAC equipment than if the
building were located in cooling dominated Dallas, Texas. 2% Design
criteria was used for the summer (as per the Owner's Project
Requirements), and 99% criteria for the winter as outlined in Table 1.
The choice of using 99% criteria for winter was to provide an additional
safety factor for the cold winter that can reach -6F. For the purposes of
software and hand calculations, Typical Meteorological Year (TMY)
data from Ottawa International Airport was used.
Table 1: Design Temperatures for Ottawa, Ontario
Season Degree Days Design Temperatures

Winter
8571 HDD
-6F @99%
Summer 2045 CDD
81F DB @2%
67F WB @2%
Figure 1: Canadian Climate Zones
Design Criteria
The Judging criteria outlines how the final design will be evaluated, but the Owner's Project Requirements (OPR) gives
the framework for how the design should be implemented. In order to win the competition both sets of requirements must
be satisfied. The Owner's Project Requirements are as follows:
HVAC equipment must have low impact on energy and water consumption.
Strict acoustic criteria must be met (less than NC 30 for the suites and NC 40 for the retail space).
Ventilation must provide excellent air quality.
Mechanical equipment must be "near invisible", but accessible for good maintenance.
Each apartment must have individual comfort control.
Ceiling height must be maximized.
Mechanical space must be minimized.
Retail space HVAC equipment must have a flexible design to account for changes in use and occupancy.
The judging criteria is shown in Table 2. As

implied by the rubric, half of the total points are
allocated to sound technical design (System
Sizing, ASHRAE Standards), and the other half
is allocated to creativity and presentation. The
sections that follow will describe how our design
fulfills these objectives.
Table 2: ASHRAE HVAC Design Calculations Competition Judging Criteria
Category
System Sizing
ASHRAE Standards
Creativity
Communication of Results
TOTAL
Maximum
Points
300
200
200
300
1000
System Sizing
Heating and Cooling Load Calculations
Correct modeling of the building's heating and cooling loads is critical to producing a good design. Proper equipment
sizing is important in keeping capital costs as low as possible while ensuring the majority of the building's occupants are
comfortable.
Trane's TRACE 700 software and its accompanying pipe and duct designer software was selected to execute the heating
and cooling equipment, pipe, and duct sizing for the Dallas Power and Light Building. Understanding the methodology
behind the software's calculations is essential to good design. As such, TRACE 700's calculated loads were cross-checked
with hand calculations as outlined in the Illustrated Cooling and Heating Sample Calculations section.
Terminal equipment was sized using peak loads, while the plant equipment was sized to meet the maximum block load of
the building and to account for load diversity and setback conditions. This accounts for the fact that different faces of the
building will see their respective peak loads at different hours of the day. The ratio of the block load to the peak load gives
a diversity factor that can be applied to other portions of the HVAC system (pumping, fans, etc.).
Zoning
The figures below show the zone division of characteristic floors of the building. The first floor Variable Air Volume
(VAV) system is divided based primarily on tenant and exterior wall orientation, while the other floors that contain suites
are divided based on suite (with some bedrooms solely occupying a control zone to provide better granularity in cases
where the exterior wall orientations of the main suite and bedroom are not concurrent).
Figure 2: Retail Zoning Diagram
Figure 3: Residential Zoning Diagram
Zoning on the multi-floor suites (Level 17/18 and 19/20) was broken down into one zone per floor, unless high glazing
loads required further zone breakdown (i.e. Suite 1903).
Modeling
The first step to creating a good energy model is to verify the information that has been given by the project stakeholders,
assemble the local climate conditions, and to state and validate design goals. Table 3 illustrates those values and
assumptions.
Table 3: Input Summary Table
Design Model Characteristics

General
Location
Simulation Weather File
Climate Zone
Modeling Software
Hours of Operation
Utility Rates
Floor Area
Ottawa, Ontario
Ottawa, Ontario
ASHRAE Climate Zone 6
TRACE 700
Residential: 24 hours (with reduced occupancy in working hours)
Retail: 8am-9pm
Electrical:
Gas:
On-peak Consumption - $0.085/kWh
Consumption - $0.75/Therm
Off-peak Consumption - $0.045/kWh
On-peak Demand - $5.75/kW
108,000 ft2
Envelope Performance
Overall Roof U-value
(Btu/hroKft)
Overall Wall U-value (Btu/hroKft)
Percentage Glazing
Overall Glass U-value including
frame (Btu/hroKft), and Solar Heat
Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
U-0.048 (R-20)
U-0.071 (R-15.2)
Overall: 27%
U-0.478
SHGCall-0.4
Double low-e air filled
Internal Loads
Occupancy Density
Lighting Power Density (LPD)
Plug-Loads (EPD)
Domestic Hot Water Usage
Bedroom/Living: 100 ft2/person

Kitchen: 50 ft2/person
Lobby: 33 ft2/person
Mechanical: 200 ft2/person
Office: 200 ft2/person
Retail: 67 ft2/person
Storage: 500 ft2/person
Restrooms: 1 person/fixture
Bedroom/Living: 1.11 W/ft2
Corridor: 0.66 W/ft2
Kitchen: 0.99 W/ft2
Lobby: 0.90 W/ft2
Mechanical: 0.95 W/ft2
Office: 1.11 W/ft2
Restrooms: 0.98 W/ft2
Retail: 1.68 W/ft2
Storage: 0.63 W/ft2
Office: 0.50 W/ft2
2100 Btu/h.Person
Mechanical Systems
Indoor Design Temperature
Humidity Control
System Description
Fan Power & Control
Occupied: 70F/75F
Unoccupied: 64F/81F
Humidification: Electric
High-limit: 60%
Low-limit: 30%
Residential: Rooftop Dedicated Outdoor Air System (DOAS) with fan coil terminal
Retail: Air Handling Unit (AHU) with reheat
Fans run continuously during occupied hours and cycle on/off to meet the heating/cooling
loads during unoccupied hours.
Design air flows are based on a supply-air-to-room-air temperature difference of 20F
AHU-1 (Suites)
Fan total static pressure:
Supply: 1.88 in.wg
HR Return: 1.97 in.wg
AHU-2 (1st Floor Retail)

Fan total static pressure:
Supply: 1.98 in.wg
HR Return: 1.54 in.wg
Design Model Characteristics

Fan total power:
Supply: 7.5 HP
HR Return: 7.5 HP
Fan total air flow:
Supply: 12650 cfm
HR Return: 9500 cfm
Ventilation Controls
Heat Recovery
Fan total power:

Supply: 5 HP
HR Return: 5 HP
Fan total air flow:
Supply: 6100 cfm (+1700 cfm relief)
HR Return: 7800 cfm
Zone level thermostat
Air-to air heat recovery with 56.2% sensible effectiveness.
Central Plant
Heating Type
Hot Water Loop
Cooling Type
Chilled Water Loop
Domestic Water Heater

Pumps
Natural gas condensing boilers with 91% efficiency

Temperature:
Design supply: 160F
Design loop DT: 20F
Hot water supply temperature is reset based on load.
Air cooled heat recovery chiller: 9.93 EER
Temperature:
Design supply: 44F
Design loop DT: 10F
Chilled water supply temperature is reset based on outdoor air temperature.
Gas-fired domestic water heater with 96% efficiency
Primary/Secondary pumps are modeled with Premium-efficiency motors and Variable-Speed
drives.
In addition to meeting all of the relevant ASHRAE standards (55-2010, 62.1-2010, and 90.1-2010), physical features of
the building must be considered. The combination of punched windows and thick mass wall has left the majority of the
building's windows with some usable shading represented as "overhangs" and "fins". The model accounts for the shading
that is generated by these features on a face-by-face and floor-by-floor basis to provide the most accurate estimation of
load reduction. An illustration of the
effective portions of the overhangs
Depth of punched window
can be seen in Figure 4.
recession from envelope edge is
measured (b), along with window
The heavy construction of the Dallas
width (a).
Power and Light building that was
Measurement is repeated in the
common in the 1930's also provides a
vertical plane.
"thermal mass effect" that delays and
Shading scheme is used to
reduces the peak cooling load from
generate shading coefficients that
the peak envelope load. This effect
reduce direct solar loads.
allows the building to store radiant
heat that is projected into the building
Figure 4: Typical 1st Floor Punched Window Indentation (Plan View)
at peak solar angle times (noon for
South faces, morning for East faces,
evening for West faces, and sunrise/sunset for North faces), and use convection to release it later. The walls of the
building act as "thermal masses" and store energy. As a result, the peak load for the HVAC system can be lower than the
peak load of the space. The time-variant properties for various materials are documented in the ASHRAE Fundamentals
handbook, and are the basis for Radiant Time Series (RTS) cooling load calculations used in the TRACE 700 software.
We used the RTS method for this project because of its accuracy and popularity in industry.
In addition to standard infiltration caused by wind and pressure differences between both sides of the envelope, tall and
relatively narrow buildings such as the Dallas Power and Light building tend to exhibit symptoms of the stack effect. The
stack effect is a phenomenon where excessive infiltration combining with warm air rising causes the shafts of the building
to draw air upward and generate a negative pressure in the lower portion of the building, and higher pressure at the top. It
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can be particularly prevalent in cold climates such as Ottawa. We used the stack effect calculation from ASHRAE
Fundamentals 1997 to find the flow rate at design conditions. The equation we used is as follows:
With the following variables:
Table 4: Stack Effect Inputs
Variable
Meaning
Assumed
Value
Q
Stack
flow
rate
2450
CFM
Cd
Drag
coefficient
0.65
A
Opening
area
(air
gap)
2 ft2
Ti
Indoor
temp
To
Outdoor
temp
68F
-6F
Hn
Height
"neutral
plane"
110 ft
Hb
g
of Height of Gravity
base
opening
0 ft
32.2
ft/s2
As Observed in Table 4, we found the stack effect flow rate to be just below 2500 CFM at heating design conditions.
When compared with the general infiltration flow rate of 14,500 CFM obtained from the TRACE 700 model (also at
heating design conditions), the stack effect can be neglected. Additionally, fan coils with corridor service were slightly
oversized for ventilation to pressurize the corridors in an effort to reduce infiltration.
The monthly heating and cooling equipment loads follow the energy usage profile shown in Figure 5. The building's end
use breakdown of energy consumption is shown in Figure 6. Note the high heating load in both figures. This was
considered in the choice of high efficiency condensing boilers.
Heating and Cooling Equipment

Energy Consumption
Energy Consumption (kWh)
350,000
300,000
Cooling Energy
Consumption (kWh)
250,000
200,000
Heating Energy
Consumption
(ekWh)
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Month
Figure 5: Monthly Breakdown of Heating and Cooling Equipment Energy Consumption
Due to the cold/dry winter climate

and hot/humid summer climate of
Ottawa, Ontario, it was found that
there was both a significant heating
and cooling season. The heating
season's intensity initially brought
the relative humidity of the supply
air down to 20%, but the addition of
domestic hot water line supplied
humidifiers to the air handling units
brought the Relative Humidity (RH)
back to a reasonable level (30-60%).
Energy Breakdown by End Use

1%
0%
2%
5%
0%
1%
15%
Lighting
Space Heating
Space Cooling
Pumps
Heat Rejection
Fans
Receptacles
76%
Service Water Heating
Figure 6: Breakdown End Use Energy Consumption
Alternative Energy Conservation Measures

Two alternative Energy Conservation Measure (ECM) models were run
to demonstrate opportunities where significant lifetime savings could be
obtained based on Dallas Power and Light management decisions.
These alternatives included consideration of shading from the 37-storey
Whitacre Tower located less than 50 feet West of the Dallas Power and
Light tower, as well as the selection of triple-paned windows in
response to the cold winters of Ottawa.
The building's block loads and

engineering checks from TRACE
700 are summarized in Table 5 and
Table 6 respectively. Note that a
safety factor of 10% was used on
heating equipment, and the 2 boilers
were sized so that each could provide
55% of the building load to prevent
equipment damage in the case of a
malfunction. The cooling equipment
was not oversized because cooling is
a less critical function in Ottawa.
Table 5: Building Block Loads
End Use
Heating
Cooling
Ventilation (Total Supply)
Ventilation (Outdoor Air)
Shading from the Whitacre Tower could provide considerable reduction in cooling
loads for the West exterior wall. This would affect roughly one third of the building's
suites, and could reduce the capital cost of the HVAC system. The drawback would
be that if the Whitacre Tower was unforeseeably removed, the equipment would no
longer be adequate for the building's loads. If accounted for, the shading from the
Whitacre Tower could have reduced our cooling equipment size by 8%.
Block Load
3,100 MBh
200 Tons
110,000 CFM
16,200 CFM
Table 6: Engineering Checks for a

West Facing Suite (Suite 1001)
Check
CFM/ft2 (Cooling)
Btu/hr-ft2 (Cooling)
CFM/ft2 (Heating)
Btu/hr-ft2 (Heating)
Value
0.91
26.32
0.91
28.05
Triple-paned windows are seeing frequent use in arctic and sub-arctic climates such as
the Yukon Territory and Ontario. The energy savings from adding an additional inert space between the environment and
the conditioned space are undeniable, but higher capital costs could give this ECM a negative Net Present Value (NPV).
We found that the use of moderately tinted Triple-paned windows would reduce our heating and cooling equipment size
by 14% and 25% respectively.
Illustrated Cooling and Heating Sample Calculations

Accurately evaluating heating and cooling loads is imperative as it governs whether equipment is sized adequately. As
such, the Trace 700 software used to assess heating and cooling loads must be validated. The east-facing bedroom of suite
306 was chosen for a simple analysis for which calculations were performed.
Before cooling loads are calculated, the sol-air temperature must be determined for the hottest month using Ottawas
design conditions at 2% criteria. The Radiant Time Series (RTS) and Conductive Time Series (CTS) methods were
applied to find the heating and cooling loads in both the model and the hand calculations. In the comprehensive analysis,
infiltration, lighting, and occupant heat gains were also considered for cooling loads. Alternately for heating, solar and
internal heat gains are neglected as building structures and contents are considered to have zero thermal inertia. The
following table outlines the heating and cooling loads from manual calculation, Trace 700, and the difference.
As observed in the calculations, the
differences are relatively small, and any
deviation is likely caused by small
rounding errors propagating throughout
the computation. For a summary of the
block loads please refer to Table 5 in
Modeling.
Table 7: Comparison of TRACE 700 Loads and Hand Calculated Loads
Cooling Load
Wall (Btu/hr)
Window (Btu/hr)
Heating Load
Wall (Btu/hr)
Window (Btu/hr)
Trace 700
190
2077
Manual Calculation
198
2273
Difference (%)
4.1
8.6
501
1008
495
1126
1.1
10.5
Summary of Ventilation and Duct Sizing Calculations

The ducting layouts were drawn keeping in mind the requirements of maximized ceiling height, almost invisible
mechanical equipment, and low noise criterion. For the most part, the ducting was run through areas where a dropped
ceiling would be acceptable, in the kitchens, bathrooms, closets and entry corridors. The maximum ceiling height for the
residential space is 12 ft. In the areas where the ceiling was dropped, it reaches a height of 8 ft.
The duct sizing was done with the VariTRANE Duct Designer software, which allows the user to dictate the maximum
section velocity, section elevation, inline fittings, duct roughness and many other important parameters. The resulting duct
sizes were randomly checked using a hand calculator where the required air quantity was set with the desired velocity.
When the duct sizes were compared using both the software and hand calculator they often differed by only half a size.
Summary of Pipe Sizing Calculations

The hydronic system is designed to minimize the number of branches into individual suites. As such, the main pipes run
along the corridor and branch off into suites as smaller networks when necessary. Pipe sizing was performed using Trane
Pipe Designer. The software optimizes the required size based on flow rates, frictional losses, and material cost.
Additionally, it provides the critical path of the network with information on pressure drop and flow rates. A simple
closed-loop system was implemented to verify the validity of the software. The Darcy-Weisbach equation and the
methods outlined in Chapter 22 of ASHRAE Fundamentals 2009 were used to derive the head loss and pipe diameter.
Overall, the results had a difference of approximately 10%. This mostly originates from the assumptions made (e.g. fitting
losses, steel pipe surface roughness). However, the findings did indeed show expected behavior when pipe diameter was
changed, and prove that the software utilizes similar theories in determining pressure losses. To reduce pressure drop,
pipes have been upsized to the next largest size wherever reasonable. Doing so will help reduce flow velocity and noise,
and ultimately the lifetime energy consumption. This method of pipe upsizing is common practice in Europe where
energy costs hold more weight in equipment sizing.
The head loss and flow rate were used as the primary factors in pump sizing. Due to the boiler rooms location on the
ground floor, the additional hydrostatic pressure from the riser column needs to be accounted for. This approximates to an
additional 235 ft w.g.
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Additionally, Variable Speed Drive (VSD) pumps were chosen to reduce pumping utility costs. Sizing of VSD pumps is a
greater challenge than sizing single speed pumps because there are several different systems curves. As such, the VSDs
were optimally sized for the most common loads. This provides less than ideal efficiencies at peak loads, but in the most
common operating band greater savings will be observed. Analysis of shoulder season pumping loads is the simplest way
to locate this "sweet spot", and therefore the method we used.
Design and Analysis

After taking into account the building loads a system was selected to best fit the needs of the owner, while considering
environmental impacts. Aside from the terminal fan coil and VAV units required by the OPR, the main distinguishing
features of our HVAC system design are as follows:
(x2) Viessmann Vitocrossal 1700 Mbh natural gas condensing boilers with 91% efficiency to reduce fossil fuel use.
(x1) Airmec 200 ton air-cooled heat recovery chiller with 9.93 EER for reduced electrical consumption footprint.
(x2) Air handling units with heat pipe air to air heat recovery at 56.2% sensible efficiency to reduce overall heating
energy consumption.
Hydronic radiant heating panels ceiling mounted in ground floor retail space along the perimeter to reduce heating
consumption and improve occupant comfort.
Retained "bonus bedroom" to increase saleable space by locating mechanical equipment in Maint. 113 and on Roof.
The following sections outline the methods behind design choices, energy analysis, and the economic impact analysis.
System Selection
To arrive at the conclusion that a gas-fired boiler and air-cooled chiller plant system is the best choice for the Dallas
Power and Light building in the Ottawa climate some preliminary assessments of applicable systems were run. Some
systems that are applicable for residential and retail plants in climate Zone 6 that had been considered were:
Gas-fired boiler and air-cooled or water-cooled chiller

Gas-fired boiler and absorption chiller
Ground-source heat pump
Water-source heat pump
Air-source heat pump
To determine the most suitable candidate, preliminary energy models were run using eQuest. The early models did not
have the room by room detail of the final model, so the zoning was instead broken into percentages of total building area
by space type. Different plant equipment was interchanged for the same ASHRAE 90.1-2010 Zone 6 compliant building
envelope to limit the variables in the model.
The air-source heat pump would not function at a higher Coefficient of Performance (COP) than 1 in the winter at the
design condition (acting as an electric heater), and the water-source heat pump system had higher utility costs than a
traditional hydronic boiler and chiller system with higher initial costs. Additionally, the absorption chiller did not pay
back when compared to the hydronic boiler and chiller baseline. This narrowed the selection down to either a Groundsource Heat Pump (GSHP) or boiler and chiller system. It was found that due to the requirement of vertical ground wells
for the Dallas Power and Light building's cityscape, the payback on the GSHP system over 15 years when compared to a
boiler and chiller, which is not a reasonable payback for individually owned residential buildings. When selecting a chiller
the limited space for HVAC equipment inside the building (and on the roof) necessitated the use of an air-cooled chiller to
save the space that would be required by a cooling tower.
The decision to use a gas-fired boiler and rooftop air-cooled chiller combination was justified by both economics and
space constraints. The largest challenge was meeting the needs of the building in the Ottawa climate under the space
constraints of a building architecturally designed for Dallas, Texas.
Equipment Selection
As a result of the clients mandate of Fan Coil Units for the suites and VAV Units for the first floor retail, the hydronic
plant equipment selection is one of the most critical choices. In the case of Ottawa, Canada, the choice of moving a
building designed architecturally for a cooling dominated climate to a heating dominated climate with significant cooling
loads presented additional challenges. One of the most prudent was fitting large hydronic equipment within small spaces.
This was the motivation behind the choice of a rooftop air-cooled chiller. The limited roof space necessitated using an aircooled system over a water-cooled one that required an additional cooling tower. In order to make up for our chiller's 9.93
EER, a heat recovery model was implemented to contribute to the heating loads in the shoulder seasons. Analysis of the
cost of installing the necessary equipment for the heat recovery chiller gave us a payback period of 13 years and an NPV
of $3,358 over the life of the building. This is with the consideration of additional piping costs and the fuel (natural gas)
savings for when the chiller waste heat production was equal or greater than the building heating load so the boiler could
be turned down.
Locating the chiller on the roof left room to locate the heating equipment (two Viessmann 1700 Mbtuh boilers) within the
ground floor maintenance room. Using the suggested clearances provided by the Viessmann data sheets left little room for
other equipment in the space. Additionally, the requirement of heat exchangers to protect the boiler loop from the
hydronic loop pressure further pushed the limits of the space. The temperature output of the boilers was chosen to be
167F (162F off the heat exchanger) to accommodate both the four pipe fan coil units and the 1st floor radiant panels. As
a result, the heating coils of the four pipe fan coil units were oversized to increase the volume of hot water in
compensation for the lower temperature and to satisfy the first law of thermodynamics. Fortunately, the cooling coils were
the dominant sizing factor in most of the fan coil units, so few had to be upsized from the standard 180F assumption.
Despite optimal performance of the fan coil units and radiant panels being designed at 180F or higher, a lower
temperature condensing boiler outputting water at 167F was selected because it could observe up to 91% heating
efficiency at lower loads (<50%). This is justified by the fact that the building's loads are heating dominated, so high
efficiency heating equipment would provide the largest opportunity for savings. Each boiler (of the 2 boilers) was sized
for ~55% of the design block load to allow for simultaneous operation to maintain higher efficiency at lower output, and
provide minimum heating if one of the units were to go down.
The largest challenge of the heating equipment design was the ground floor hydronic radiant panels. This subsystem was
chosen to complement the ground floor VAV because of the high skin loads from the floor-to-ceiling glazing. Running a
lifecycle cost assessment between electric and hydronic radiant panels, it was found that even with combustion losses the
hydronic panels were less than half the cost largely due to the higher cost of electricity. Due to the fact that radiant heating
can maintain occupant comfort with lower ambient air temperatures, the bulk of the heating load can be moved from the
convective VAV system to the higher efficiency radiant panel system. Note that the compromise of a boiler output
temperature of 167F required a larger effective area of radiant panel than at traditional boiler output temperatures
(~180F). In response to the flexibility concerns stated in the OPR, we divided the radiant panels into 3 separate "blocks"
for each face of the building (PI-001). This would allow for multiple division scenarios for the Future Tenant Space and
allow for sprinkler and light fixture installation. A detailed comfort analysis that conveys compliance to ASHRAE 55 is
outlined for the south-facing portion of Future Tenant 104 in the ASHRAE 55 compliance section.
For air handling, Engineered Air custom air handling units were chosen. They are equipped with heat pipe sensible heat
recovery coils that have 56.2% sensible efficiency for air to air heat recovery supplying both the suite fan coil makeup air
and first floor VAV systems. This "zero contamination" heat recovery system allowed us to harvest the waste heat from
both the kitchen and the washroom exhaust for preheat, despite the Class 4 Air designation of washroom exhaust, by
10
mixing the airstreams at the rooftop plenum. This doubled the amount of exhaust air that could be recovered, which more
than makes up for the loss of latent heat and lower efficiency compared to an enthalpy wheel. Additionally, the passive
nature of heat pipes reduces their maintenance and control costs when compared to active heat recovery systems such as
heat wheels. Due to the lower size of the first floor VAV system, the same style of air handling unit was used to reduce
design costs and ease maintenance.
The cold Ottawa winters caused the water content of the outdoor air to be quite low. This brought the indoor Relative
Humidity down to 20%. To mitigate the air dryness, and increase occupant comfort, an electric air handling unit
humidifier was installed in the Dedicated Outdoor Air Supply (DOAS) unit supplying the suites to humidify the air
between 30% and 60% RH. The hot water is supplied from the service water line. The first floor air handling unit was not
equipped with a humidifier because of space constraints. This is generally acceptable because the retail spaces will see
more infiltration than the suites and will have shorter periods of occupancy.
Seven different models of Trane fan coil units were selected to condition the suites. All of these units operate at or below
Noise Criteria (NC) 30 at 8000 Hz. Six custom VAV units were selected for the first floor that operate below NC 45.
On the delivery side of the system, high efficiency VSD pumps and fans were selected to allow modulation and save
energy over the lifetime of the building. VSDs will also allow lower operating pressures in the piping and ducting, which
will decrease the amount of noise and increase their usable life. The selection of the optimal efficiency band was based on
the shoulder seasons and most common loads, since that is where the pump and fan curves will most likely reside. Peak
loads will experience lower efficiencies, but their occurrence is significantly lower in comparison.
Energy Analysis
Comparison of Annual Energy

Consumption for Alternatives
Total Annual
Energy Consumption (kWh/year)
With
all
end
uses
considered, the HVAC
design's total (gas and
electric)
Energy
Use
Intensity (EUI) was 181
kWh/m2
and
the
Greenhouse Gas (GHG)
intensity was 0.0028 tons
CO2e/ft2. Total energy
consumption
comparison
and GHG breakdowns
against our two alternatives
can be seen in Figure 7 and
Figure 8 respectively. For
monthly
heating
and
cooling breakdowns, as well
as end use breakdown,
please refer to Figure 5 and
Figure 6 in the Modeling
section on Page 3.
2,500,000
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
0
Our Design
ASHRAE 90.1-2010
Baseline
Our Design with Triple

Glazed Windows
Alternatives
Figure 7: Comparison of Annual Energy Consumption for Our Design and Two Alternatives
11
As can be seen in Figure

7, 9.0% energy savings
was achieved from the
ASHRAE
90.1-2010
baseline. These savings
400
can
be
entirely
350
attributed to the HVAC
300
system
equipment
choices because we
250
used the assumption of
200
Gas
ASHRAE
90.1-2010
(tCO2e/Year)
150
minimum
envelope
100
construction. Our choice
Electricity
of a high efficiency
(tCO2e/Year)
50
boiler is the driving
force
behind
these
Our Design
ASHRAE 90.1-2010 Our Design with Triple
savings due to the
Baseline
Glazed Windows
building being located
Alternatives
in a climate with large
heating requirements.
Additionally, the use of
Figure 8: Comparison of Annual GHG Emissions for Our Design and Two Alternatives
triple paned windows
(in place of double paned) would see 17.5% energy savings from ASHRAE 90.1-2010, which could justify Leadership in
Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) points if certification is desired by the owner.
GHG Emmissions (Tons CO2 Equivalent/year)
Comparison of GHG Emissions for

Alternatives
The design also reduced GHG emissions by 9.5% when compared to the ASHRAE 90.1-2010 baseline. Adding triple
paned windows to the design would bring the GHG emissions down by 18.0% when compared to the baseline. The bulk
of these reductions are seen by either increasing boiler combustion efficiency or reducing heating loads because the
emission factor for natural gas combustion is significantly higher than for Ontario Hydro electrical consumption.
Economic Analysis
When the utility rates provided in the Utility and Service Life Overview (see Input Summary Table in Modeling on Page
3) were applied, our design saved $4,800 (7.4%) annually from the ASHRAE baseline. While this currently doesn't meet
LEED prerequisite requirements using ASHRAE 90.1 minimum envelope conditions, the addition of triple paned
windows would yield 16.2% energy cost savings which would enable LEED NC 2009 credits. Using the guidelines in the
OPR we saw significant savings, but in the sub-arctic climate of Zone 6, triple paned windows would be a worthwhile
investment. Comparisons of the annual utility costs between our design and our two ECMs can be seen in Figure 9.
The two hydronic gas-fired boilers and rooftop air cooled chiller had capital costs of $106,000 and $222,000 respectively.
The boilers were the more reasonably priced component given the capacity that we required and the heating savings. The
air cooled chiller was a necessity to fit all of the mechanical equipment within the space given by the architectural
drawings. Rooftop enclosures were not an option without significant architectural and structural changes to the building
that were beyond the scope of this project. Part of the cost of the chiller was to add the heat recovery option. To confirm
the validity of this design choice, we ran a net present value calculation using a lifetime of 25 years and the interest rates
given in the Utility and Service Life Overview. Considering the heating savings and capital costs of the equipment
required for an additional loop, we found the addition of the heat recovery chiller line to have a net present value of
$3,350. A positive net present value justifies this design choice.
12
Annual Operating Costs ($/year)
Comparison of Annual Utility Costs for

Alternatives
$68,000
$66,000
$64,000
$62,000
$60,000
$58,000
$56,000
$54,000
$52,000
$50,000
$48,000
Our Design
ASHRAE 90.1-2010
Baseline
Our Design with Triple

Glazed Windows
Alternatives
Figure 9: Comparison of Annual Utility Costs for Our Design and Two Alternatives
Economic
analysis
was also run for the
1st floor radiant panels
to compare electric
with
hydronic
versions. We found
when
maintenance,
operating costs, and
capital costs were
considered, the electric
panels had a lifetime
cost of $180,500, and
the hydronic panels
had a lifetime cost of
$83,700.
This
provided
the
justification
for
choosing
hydronic
panels, since they
were less than half the
cost of electric.
Addressing the building owner's desire for apartment owners to be responsible for individual energy usage, it is proposed
that the utilities costs for the central plant be collected through a "maintenance fee". This fee would include the tenant's
portion of the electrical and gas consumption determined by a ratio of suite square feet to the building total. This would
then be applied to the building's total energy cost from the utility provider. The fee would account primarily for heating,
cooling, and common area lighting utility costs, and would be administered monthly. This route was chosen to save the
cost of installing hydronic energy meters, and avoid the requirement of the strata to be a Regulated Utility Provider. The
electrical energy for the individual suite fan coils would be routed through the suite's electrical meter, so the tenant will
pay for their own fan coils operation.
All economical choices were based on either lifetime costs, or in the case of the chiller, selecting a product that meets the
unique needs of our project. If the Dallas Power and Light building were designed for the Ottawa climate, it is very likely
that the mechanical space would have been larger than for Dallas. As a result, our choice to use the climate of our nation's
capital provided an additional challenge that pushed the physical and economical feasibility of this project.
ASHRAE Standard Compliance

ASHRAE 55
To demonstrate our knowledge of ASHRAE 55-2010, a thermal comfort calculation was performed that demonstrates the
first floor retail's radiant panel effectiveness. The temperature assumptions, and the governing equations are as follows:
The angle factors (Fx) and temperatures (Tx) we assumed are:
Exterior Wall Exterior Window Radiant Panel Surface Imaginary Surfaces

Angle Factor
0.147
0.027
0.176
0.650
Temperature (F) 63.5
42.5
132.0
64.0
13
The geometries for the angle factor calculation were taken from Figure 10 and the elevation drawings under the
assumption that the occupant is located in the center of the zone, and their center of mass is 2 feet above the floor (sitting
position). The "imaginary surfaces" are a representation of the distant walls and roof that would be at roughly ambient air
temperature which allows splitting of the space along the lines in Figure 10. The geometries were then used with the
tables in Figure 11 to find the angle factors for the mean radiant temperature (Tmean radiant) calculation. The temperatures
used were calculated using a combination of model output data and hand calculations to account for re-radiated heat and
radiant panel thermal resistance. Note that the temperature gains of the floor from re-radiated heat were negligible due to
the heavy thermal mass (similar to the walls), so it was assumed to be part of the ambient temperature surface (64F).
Figure 10: First Floor Retail South Zone Geometry Relative to Occupant
Figure 11: Angle Factor Tables from ASHRAE Fundamentals 2009
Applying the figures and calculations yielded an Operative Temperature (Toperative) of 71.5F at design conditions where
the RH is 20% in the retail space. The resulting Toperative and RH are represented by a red dot in Figure 12. This
demonstrates that our design meets the criteria of ASHRAE 55-2010 for the heating season under the assumption of mild
activity and winter clothing accumulating to 1.0 clo for the retail space.
14
ASHRAE 62.1
In order to verify the model's compliance with ASHRAE
62.1-2010, a spreadsheet was used to compare the model
outdoor air flow rates with the rates prescribed by the
standard. A summary of the outdoor air calculation
results can be seen in Table 8. The 25% difference can
be attributed to safety factors within the software, and
infiltration losses. Additionally, having higher than
minimum outdoor air is acceptable because the building
needs to be positively pressurized.
Table 8: Comparison of Outdoor Air Requirement Between
Model and Hand Calculation
Calculated
Model
% Difference
OA (cfm)
9383
12500
25%
Figure 12: Acceptable Range of Operating Conditions for Spaces

that Meet ASHRAE 55-2010 Section 5.2.1.1
ASHRAE 90.1
ASHRAE 90.1-2010 was used as a baseline standard for assumption about the building envelope and lighting loads, and
for equipment efficiencies to compare performance. All of the hydronic and air handling equipment meet the minimum
requirements of ASHRAE 90.1-2010 as per the OPR. The assumptions for lighting power density can be seen in Table 3.
A brief comparison of equipment efficiencies and ASHRAE minima are outlined in Table 9.
Table 9: ASHRAE 90.1-2010 Equipment Efficiency Comparison
Heating
Cooling
Heat Recovery
Domestic Water
Heater
Type
Gas-fired hot water boiler
Air cooled chiller
Heat pipe air-to air
Gas-fired storage tank heater
Design Efficiency
91%
9.93 EER
56.2%
96%
ASHRAE 90.1-2010 Minimum

80%
9.562 EER
50%
80%
Conclusion
The UBC ASHRAE Student Design Team put the utmost care into designing a HVAC system that meets the needs of the
Dallas Power and Light Building owner and the judging committee, and complies to ASHRAE 55-2010, ASHRAE 62.12010, and ASHRAE 90.1-2010. Energy efficiency and economics were also significant considerations. Where possible,
payback and net present value analysis was applied to justify design decisions that could reduce operating and
maintenance costs. The largest challenge of this project was retooling the HVAC system of a building architecturally
designed for a cooling dominant climate to operate efficiently in a heating dominant climate. Mechanical spaces were
clearly designed for much smaller heating equipment, which limited the space we had for cooling equipment. As a result,
a rooftop air-cooled chiller was used to conserve the mechanical space on the first floor that houses the boilers and their
support equipment. Air to air heat pipes were used for heat recovery because they provide minimal leakage and are a
passive technology. These features allow energy recovery from washroom exhaust, and reduce maintenance costs. High
efficiency boilers were also implemented to save energy on the building's largest energy load. With the annual energy
savings from the boilers, they could pay for themselves within the lifetime of the building.
15
The condensing gas-fired boiler and air-cooled heat recovery chiller system provides a very energy efficient plant
equipment solution given the limited mechanical space available and terminal unit requirements. When compared to heat
pump based systems, its installation cost is significantly less because cooling towers are not required (water-source) and
there is no need for ground well installation and geotechnical analysis (ground-source). The chiller selection did not result
in a particularly high EER, but its rooftop placement allowed more significant savings from the high efficiency boilers.
Some additional justification for the chiller selection is the heat recovery functionality that provides essentially free
heating during the shoulder seasons.
In closing, the UBC ASHRAE Design Team learned a great deal about HVAC design from this project. The opportunity
of working with different people in industry and within the team proved to be as valuable an experience as the technical
learning aspect. In the world of HVAC design consulting, being skilled at all three of those aspects is essential to both the
success of yourself and the industry as a whole.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Dr. Nima Atabaki, Dr. Steven Rogak, and Geoff McDonell for their help that led to the success of
this project. Dr. Nima Atabaki is an instructor at UBC who provided in-depth technical insight and recommendations for
our design. Dr. Steven Rogak is a professor at UBC who provided us guidance with respect to major milestones and
general presentation. Geoff McDonell is an Associate Principle at Integral Group that provided valuable industry
knowledge and regular technical review. Without their help this project would not have been possible.
References
2011 ASHRAE Handbook - Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning Applications (I-P Edition). (2011). American
Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
2009 ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (I-P Edition.) (2009). American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AirConditioning Engineers, Inc.
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). (2006). ASHRAE Green Guide,
second edition.
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). (2012).
The 2013 design competition instructions. Retrieved Sept/10, 2012, from https://www.ashrae.org/membership-conferences/student-zone/design-competition
ASHRAE 55-2010. (2010). Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
ASHRAE 62.1-2010. (2010). Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating
and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
ASHRAE 90.1-2010. (2010). Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
British Columbia Ministry of Environment. (2012). Methodology for Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions.
Trane . (2012). Varitrane duct designer.
Retrieved Jan/22, 2013, from Product Help Menu
Trane. (2012). TRACE 700 Users Manual
Trane. (2012). Trane Pipe Designer.
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2013 ASHRAE Competition

HVAC Design Calculations

111-3790 Canada Way

2054-6250 Applied Science Lane

Location and Environmental Conditions

Season Degree Days Design Temperatures

The judging criteria is shown in Table 2. As

Table 2: ASHRAE HVAC Design Calculations Competition Judging Criteria

Figure 2: Retail Zoning Diagram

Figure 3: Residential Zoning Diagram

Table 3: Input Summary Table

Design Model Characteristics

Lighting Power Density (LPD)

Bedroom/Living: 100 ft2/person

AHU-2 (1st Floor Retail)

Design Model Characteristics

Fan total power:

Domestic Water Heater

Natural gas condensing boilers with 91% efficiency

Heating and Cooling Equipment

Figure 5: Monthly Breakdown of Heating and Cooling Equipment Energy Consumption

Due to the cold/dry winter climate

Energy Breakdown by End Use

Service Water Heating

Figure 6: Breakdown End Use Energy Consumption

Alternative Energy Conservation Measures

The building's block loads and

Table 5: Building Block Loads

Table 6: Engineering Checks for a

Illustrated Cooling and Heating Sample Calculations

Table 7: Comparison of TRACE 700 Loads and Hand Calculated Loads

Summary of Ventilation and Duct Sizing Calculations

Summary of Pipe Sizing Calculations

Design and Analysis

Gas-fired boiler and air-cooled or water-cooled chiller

Comparison of Annual Energy

Our Design with Triple

As can be seen in Figure

Comparison of GHG Emissions for

Annual Operating Costs ($/year)

Comparison of Annual Utility Costs for

Our Design with Triple

ASHRAE Standard Compliance

The angle factors (Fx) and temperatures (Tx) we assumed are:

Exterior Wall Exterior Window Radiant Panel Surface Imaginary Surfaces

Figure 11: Angle Factor Tables from ASHRAE Fundamentals 2009

Figure 12: Acceptable Range of Operating Conditions for Spaces

ASHRAE 90.1-2010 Minimum

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

ISSUED TO ASHRAE COMPETITION

UBC ASHRAE TEAM

PIPING SYSTEMS - GROUND FLOOR

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

ISSUED TO ASHRAE COMPETITION

UBC ASHRAE TEAM