Done By: Celena Douglas.

I would like to thank my brother for helping me with my assignment.

Physics is the study of matter and energy and how they interact with
each other. Physics plays a very important part I our everyday life.
Physics is all around us theres no means of getting away from it
without physics we be like vegetables. In this project you will find
some great contributors to physics and how the contributed to
physics.

1.

Introduction..
Aristotle..
Galileo..
Isaac Newton..
Einstein..
Thomas Edinson..
Bibliography..

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Aristotle
Early Life
Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and scientist born in the Macedonian city of Stagirus, in 384 BCE. His father,
Nicomachus, died when Aristotle was a child, where after Proxenus of Atarneus became his guardian. At
eighteen, he joined Plato's Academy in Athens and remained there until the age of thirty-seven (c. 347 BCE). His
writings cover many subjects including physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry,
theater, music, rhetoric, linguistics, politics and government and constitute the first comprehensive system of
Western philosophy. Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle left Athens and, at the request of Philip of Macedon,
tutored Alexander the Great between 356 and 323 BCE.
Teaching Alexander the Great gave Aristotle many opportunities and an abundance of supplies. He established a
library in the Lyceum which aided in the production of many of his hundreds of books. The fact that Aristotle was
a pupil of Plato contributed to his former views of Platonism, but, following Plato's death, Aristotle immersed
himself in empirical studies and shifted from Platonism to empiricism. He believed all peoples' concepts and all
of their knowledge was ultimately based on perception. Aristotle's views on natural sciences represent the
groundwork underlying many of his works.
Aristotle's views on physical science profoundly shaped medieval scholarship. Their influence extended into the
Renaissance and was not replaced systematically until the Enlightenment and theories such as classical
mechanics. Some of Aristotle's zoological observations were not confirmed or refuted until the 19th
century.[examples needed] His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, which was incorporated
in the late 19th century into modern formal logic.
In metaphysics, Aristotelianism profoundly influenced Judeo-Islamic philosophical and theological thought
during the Middle Ages and continues to influence Christian theology, especially the scholastic tradition of the
Catholic Church. Aristotle was well known among medieval Muslim intellectuals and revered as "The First
Teacher" (Arabic: ) .
His ethics, though always influential, gained renewed interest with the modern advent of virtue ethics. All
aspects of Aristotle's philosophy continue to be the object of active academic study today. Though Aristotle
wrote many elegant treatises and dialogues Cicero described his literary style as "a river of gold"- it is thought
that only around a third of his original output has survived.

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Galileo
Early Life
Galileo Galilei was born on February 15, 1564, in Pisa in the Duchy of Florence, Italy. He was the first of six
children born to Vincenzo Galilei, a well-known musician and music theorist, and Giulia Ammannati. In 1574, the
family moved to Florence, where Galileo started his formal education at the Camaldolese monastery in
Vallombrosa.
In 1583, Galileo entered the University of Pisa to study medicine. Armed with high intelligence and talent, he
soon became fascinated with many subjects, particularly mathematics and physics. While at Pisa, Galileo was
exposed to the Aristotelian view of the world, then the leading scientific authority and the only one sanctioned
by the Roman Catholic Church. At first, Galileo supported this view, like any other intellectual of his time, and
was on track to be a university professor. However, due to financial difficulties, Galileo left the university in 1585
before earning his degree.
His contributions to observational astronomy include the telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus, the
discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter (named the Galilean moons in his honour), and the observation
and analysis of sunspots. Galileo also worked in applied science and technology, inventing an improved military
compass and other instruments.
Galileo's championing of heliocentrism was controversial within his lifetime, a time when most subscribed to
either geocentrism or the Tychonic system. He met with opposition from astronomers, who doubted
heliocentrism due to the absence of an observed stellar parallax. The matter was investigated by the Roman
Inquisition in 1615, which concluded that heliocentrism was false and contrary to scripture, placing works
advocating the Copernican system on the index of banned books and forbidding Galileo from advocating
heliocentrism. Galileo later defended his views in Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, which
appeared to attack Pope Urban VIII, thus alienating not only the Pope but also the Jesuits, both of whom had
supported Galileo up until this point. He was tried by the Holy Office, then found "vehemently suspect of heresy",
was forced to recant, and spent the rest of his life under house arrest. It was while Galileo was under house
arrest that he wrote one of his finest works, Two New Sciences, in which he summarised the work he had done
some forty years earlier, on the two sciences now called kinematics and strength of materials.

3.

Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton was an English physicist and mathematician (described in his own day as a "natural
philosopher") who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a key figure in
the scientific revolution. His book Philosophi Naturalis Principia Mathematica ("Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy"), first published in 1687, laid the foundations for classical mechanics. Newton also made
seminal contributions to optics and shares credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the invention of calculus.
Newton's Principia formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation, which dominated scientists' view of
the physical universe for the next three centuries. By deriving Kepler's laws of planetary motion from his
mathematical description of gravity, and then using the same principles to account for the trajectories of
comets, the tides, the precession of the equinoxes, and other phenomena, Newton removed the last doubts
about the validity of the heliocentric model of the cosmos. This work also demonstrated that the motion of
objects on Earth and of celestial bodies could be described by the same principles. His prediction that the Earth
should be shaped as an oblate spheroid was later vindicated by the measurements of Maupertuis, La
Condamine, and others, which helped convince most Continental European scientists of the superiority of
Newtonian mechanics over the earlier system of Descartes.
Newton also built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a theory of colour based on the
observation that a prism decomposes white light into the many colours of the visible spectrum. He formulated
an empirical law of cooling, studied the speed of sound, and introduced the notion of a Newtonian fluid. In
addition to his work on calculus, as a mathematician Newton contributed to the study of power series,
generalised the binomial theorem to non-integer exponents, developed Newton's method for approximating the
roots of a function, and classified most of the cubic plane curves.
Newton was a fellow of Trinity College and the second Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of
Cambridge. He was a devout but unorthodox Christian and, unusually for a member of the Cambridge faculty of
the day, he refused to take holy orders in the Church of England, perhaps because he privately rejected the
doctrine of the Trinity. Beyond his work on the mathematical sciences, Newton dedicated much of his time to the
study of biblical chronology and alchemy, but most of his work in those areas remained unpublished until long
after his death. In his later life, Newton became president of the Royal Society. He also served the British
government as Warden and Master of the Royal Mint.

4.

Albert Einstein
Early Life
Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist and philosopher of science.[3] He developed the general
theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). He is best known in
popular culture for his massenergy equivalence formula E = mc2 (which has been dubbed "the world's most
famous equation"). He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and
especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". The latter was pivotal in establishing quantum
theory.
Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile
the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led to the development of his
special theory of relativity. He realized, however, that the principle of relativity could also be extended to
gravitational fields, and with his subsequent theory of gravitation in 1916, he published a paper on the general
theory of relativity. He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led
to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties
of light which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In 1917, Einstein applied the general theory of
relativity to model the large-scale structure of the universe.
He was visiting the United States when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 and, being Jewish, did not go back to
Germany, where he had been a professor at the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He settled in the U.S., becoming an
American citizen in 1940.On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt
alerting him to the potential development of "extremely powerful bombs of a new type" and recommending
that the U.S. begin similar research. This eventually led to what would become the Manhattan Project. Einstein
supported defending the Allied forces, but largely denounced the idea of using the newly discovered nuclear
fission as a weapon. Later, with the British philosopher Bertrand Russell, Einstein signed the RussellEinstein
Manifesto, which highlighted the danger of nuclear weapons. Einstein was affiliated with the Institute for
Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, until his death in 1955.
Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers along with over 150 non-scientific works. His intellectual
achievements and originality have made the word "Einstein" synonymous with genius.

5.

Thomas Edinson
Early Life
Thomas Alva Edison was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices that greatly
influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting,
practical electric light bulb. Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park", he was one of the first inventors to apply the
principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention, and because of that, he is
often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.
Edison was a prolific inventor, holding 1,093 US patents in his name, as well as many patents in the United
Kingdom, France, and Germany. More significant than the number of Edison's patents was the widespread
impact of his inventions: electric light and power utilities, sound recording, and motion pictures all established
major new industries world-wide. Edison's inventions contributed to mass communication and, in particular,
telecommunications. These included a stock ticker, a mechanical vote recorder, a battery for an electric car,
electrical power, recorded music and motion pictures.
His advanced work in these fields was an outgrowth of his early career as a telegraph operator. Edison
developed a system of electric-power generation and distribution[5] to homes, businesses, and factories a
crucial development in the modern industrialized world. His first power station was on Pearl Street in
Manhattan, New York.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison

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