Building A Better Beta

Building a Better Beta:
Combining Fundamentals Weighting, Low Volatility, and Momentum Strategies
ARI POLYCHRONOPOULOS , CFA
WHITE PAPER | October 2014
About the Author
ARI POLYCHRONOPOULOS, CFA

Vice President Client Strategies
Ari Polychronopoulos is a relationship manager and product specialist for RAFI
Fundamental Index strategies. In this role, Ari manages multiple relationships with firms
to license and distribute RAFI strategies. Ari is also responsible for developing marketing
and educational content to support RAFI Fundamental Index strategies and for meetings
with institutional and retail investors to educate them on the firms strategies and research.
Previously, Ari worked as a senior analyst for IndyMac Bank, where he was responsible for
portfolio hedging and risk management. He also has served as a corporate retirement plan
consultant for Precept, an employee benefits firm.
Ari is a member of CFA Institute and the CFA Society of Orange County.
Ari has a BS in mathematical economics from Pitzer College and an MS in financial
engineering from Claremont Graduate University.
Research Affiliates launched the RAFI Fundamental Index methodology in 2005. Since then, smart
beta1 or alternative index assets have grown to a total of nearly $300 billion.2 The rising acceptance
of smart beta strategies reflects two facts: (1) traditional passive investing offers no more than the
market return,3 and (2) most active managers underperform the market after fees (Malkiel, 2005).
Simulated smart beta strategies have generally earned long-term returns that are approximately 2%
per annum higher than the returns of traditional capitalization-weighted indices (Chow et al., 2011).
In addition, smart beta investments have substantially lower costs than active management.
In this paper, we will discuss three distinct smart beta strategies: the fundamentals weighting
approach, low volatility investing, and momentum. In each case, the index construction methodology
employed will affect short-term performance patterns as well as portfolio characteristics, including
turnover, liquidity, capacity, sector allocations, and exposures to return factors. Thanks to these
differing characteristics, smart beta strategies can contribute meaningfully to a diversified investment
program with a core-satellite structure.
A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE STRATEGIES

This white paper presents U.S. equity strategies and analyzes their performance and characteristics
over the period from 1967 through 2013. Readers who are not very familiar with smart beta investing,
or want a refresher, may find the following descriptions of fundamentally weighted, low volatility,
and momentum investing helpful. Others may wish to skip ahead to the next section.
Fundamentals Weighting
Fundamentals weighting is an index construction methodology that uses indicators of company size
(such as sales, cash flow, dividends, and book value) to select index holdings and set their weights.
The goal of fundamentals weighting is to break the link between stock prices and portfolio weights
while maintaining reasonably low tracking error against cap-weighted benchmarks and retaining
important benefits of traditional passive indexing: high capacity and low implementation costs
relative to active management. Fundamentals weighting is a contrarian strategy that methodically
increases weights in stocks which have fallen in price (thus buying low) and reduces weights in
stocks that have gone up in price (selling high). Long-term simulations show that, on an annualized
basis, fundamentally weighted strategies outperform cap-weighted indices by approximately 2%,
and much of the excess return results from trading against market price movements by periodically
rebalancing to fundamental weights. This paper will use a simulated fundamentals-weighted
strategy similar to the Fundamental Index methodology pioneered by Research Affiliates. (Arnott,
Hsu, and Moore, 2005). The strategy will select and weight the top 1,000 U.S. securities by sales,
cash flow, dividends, and book value, and rebalance annually on January 1.
Low Volatility
As the name implies, low volatility investing is simply investing in a portfolio of securities that exhibit
less price variability than the overall market. While there are many theories about the causes of the
low volatility effect, its existence has been well documented.4 Similar to fundamentally weighted
indexing, low volatility strategies are contrarian and have been shown to outperform cap-weighted
indices by about 2%. (Low volatility strategies have lower volatility of returns than fundamentally
weighted indices, but they also have higher tracking error against cap-weighted benchmarks.) There
are several ways to construct a low volatility index, but the different methodologies yield comparable

risk/return profiles (Chow et al., 2014). This paper will use a straightforward methodology of
selecting the top 1,000 U.S. securities by market capitalization, choosing the 200 securities with the
lowest volatility from that opportunity set,5 and weighting each security by 1/volatility, giving the
largest allocations to the stocks with the lowest volatilities. Like the fundamentally weighted
portfolio, this simulated strategy is rebalanced annually on January 1.
Momentum
Unlike fundamentals weighting and low volatility investing, momentum strategies are not contrarian.
They can be characterized by purchasing stocks that have recently risen in price, holding them for a
period, and then rebalancing into more recent winners. The momentum effect has also been well
documented, and several theories have been advanced to explain its cause (Larson, 2013). Although
momentum strategies have been shown to provide excess returns in line with those of other smart
beta strategies, they tend to exhibit higher volatility than the overall market.6 This paper will use the
returns of a Big [Size], High [Momentum] portfolio published by Kenneth French, a widely accepted
source.7
PERFORMANCE AND CORRELATIONS

The three smart beta strategies under consideration produce results with very different
characteristics. Table 1 compares the performance, volatility, tracking error, Sharpe ratio, and
information ratio of the simulated strategies over the 47-year period from 1967 through 2013.8 All
three outperformed a cap-weighted benchmark, the S&P 500 Index, by approximately 2% to 3%
per annum over the measurement period. As one would expect, low volatility has the lowest
standard deviation of returns, and momentum has the highest. Because the percentage reduction
in volatility is much greater than the percentage decline in return, low volatility yields the highest
Sharpe ratio; but it also has the lowest information ratio due to its high tracking error vis--vis the
cap-weighted index. The fundamentally weighted strategy most resembles the cap-weighted
index in that its volatility is closest to the overall market and it has the lowest tracking error.
Relatedly, fundamentals weighting also yields the highest information ratio.
TABLE 1: SIMULATED SMART BETA STRATEGIES, 19672013

ANNUALIZED
RETURN
ANNUALIZED
VOLATILITY
TRACKING
ERROR
SHARPE
RATIO
INFORMATION
RATIO
Fundamentals Weight
12.4%
15.7%
4.5%
0.46
0.47
Low Volatility Strategy
12.0%
12.5%
8.5%
0.55
0.21
Momentum Strategy
13.3%
17.2%
7.3%
0.47
0.42
S&P 500 Index
10.3%
15.3%
0.33
Source: Research Affiliates, based on data from CRSP/Compustat, Factset, and Kenneth French Data Library.
Comparing the strategies from another perspective also yields some noteworthy differences. Table 2
uses a five-factor regression model to decompose the strategies sources of return.9 The fundamentally
weighted portfolio loads heavily on value and has a negative momentum exposure. Intuitively, this
makes sense; a portfolio that reverts to fundamental weights at each rebalance reduces the allocation
to upward-trending stocks and increases the allocation to securities whose prices have fallen. This
TABLE 2: FACTOR EXPOSURES OF FUNDAMENTALS WEIGHTING, LOW VOLATILITY, AND MOMENTUM

STRATEGIES, 19672013
MARKET
BETA
SIZE
(SMB)
VALUE
(HML)
MOMENTUM
(WML)
LOW
VOLATILITY
(BAB)
0.05
Fundamentals Weight
1.01
-0.05
0.34
-0.10
0.74
-0.03
0.16
-0.08
0.41
Momentum Strategy
1.06
-0.01
0.05
0.39
-0.05
S&P 500 Index
0.99
-0.18
0.02
-0.02
0.00
creates a strong value tilt that is entirely consistent with negative momentum. The low volatility
strategy also has some exposure to value because it trades against market price movements, just
as fundamentals weighting does, but it uses a volatility measure as the rebalancing anchor. The
market beta of the low volatility strategy is significantly lower than that of the other strategies; this
analysis indicates that low volatility investing redistributes factor exposures from market beta to
value and, especially, low volatility. The momentum strategy, which is pro-cyclical in nature, has
very little value and low volatility factor exposure and significant loading on momentum.
Given that these three smart beta strategies have different sources of return, one would expect
strikingly different patterns of short-term performance. In an environment where stock prices have
reversed direction and are heading back to their long-term average, a fundamentally weighted
strategy would probably add the greatest value. In a strong growth-driven environment, where
stock prices are trending higher, a momentum strategy would likely outperform. To illustrate these
patterns, Figure 1 and Figure 2 display the time-varying performance of the smart beta strategies
during two extreme market events: the technology bubble and global financial crisis.
FIGURE 1: SMART BETA PERFORMANCE IN THE TECHNOLOGY BUBBLE (CUMULATIVE RETURNS)
76.4%
80.0%
44.6%
39.7%
40.0%
39.5%
34.9%
31.0%
20.9%
15.4%
9.7%
0.0%
-6.7%
-25.7%
-40.0%
Tech Bubble
(4/1998 - 3/2000)
Fundamentals Weight
-21.5%
Tech Bubble Crash

(4/2000 - 3/2002)
Momentum Strategy
Full Period
(4/1998 -3/2002)
Source: Research Affiliates using data from Russell Indexes. Returns prior to March 2011 are simulated. S&P 500 Index

Over the entire boom-and-bust period of the tech bubble, all three smart beta strategies produced
cumulative excess returns in the range of 20% to 30% over cap-weighting. Breaking down the
performance into two separate periods, however, reveals some interesting results. During the runup to the tech bubble, the S&P 500 posted a cumulative return of 39.7%. This was an overheated
period exemplified by rapid price appreciation in the stocks of several technology companies. Cisco
rose 569%, Yahoo!, 770%, and Sun Microsystems, 784%.10 With plenty of willing buyers to push
the technology stock prices higher and higher, the momentum strategy outstripped the cumulative
performance of the S&P 500 by almost 37%. The fundamentally weighted and low volatility
strategies did not fare well in this heady environment. Their cumulative returns trailed the capweighted benchmark by 24.3% and 46.4%, respectively. Both strategies have a value tilt and
rebalance against market price movements, resulting in significantly lower-than-benchmark
allocations to technology stocks. In periods when stock prices are trending upward, rebalancing
away from recent winners is not a successful strategy.
The two years after the bursting of the tech bubble yielded the opposite results. The fundamentally
weighted strategy outperformed by 42.4%, cumulatively, and the low volatility strategy by 66.1%.
And again, intuitively, this is understandable. Any strategy that rebalances against price movements
will perform relatively well during market corrections. Both of these strategies had significantly
underweight positions in the technology sector and were therefore well positioned to lose less than
the benchmark when tech stock prices fell back toward their long-term mean. Conversely, the
momentum strategy underperformed the market during this period when the prices of many recent
winners reversed direction and headed down.
The smart beta strategies results were sharply different in the global financial crisis. Figure 2 displays their performance during this period. All three strategies recorded negative returns in the
midst of the crisis and positive returns in the aftermath. Despite its underperformance against the
FIGURE 2: SMART BETA PERFORMANCE IN THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS (CUMULATIVE RETURNS)
160.0%
121.8%
120.0%
88.3%
73.5% 82.4%
80.0%
40.0%
10.2%
0.0%
-40.0%
-80.0%
15.1%
0.9%
-2.5%
-33.7%
-46.6% -46.4%
-50.3%
GFC
(6/2008 - 2/2009)
Fundamentals Weight
Post-GFC
(3/2009 - 2/2011)
Full Period
(6/2008 -2/2011)
Momentum Strategy
S&P 500 Index
broad market in the two years following the crisis, the low volatility strategy delivered the highest
return for the full period because it had earlier provided substantial downside protection This pattern is not unusual; low volatility stocks tend to lose less in a bear market and gain less in a bull
market. (We mentioned previously that the market beta of the simulated low volatility strategy was
less than unity in the 19672013 period.) The fundamentally weighted strategy also outperformed
the market during the full period surrounding the crisis. Its strong performance was driven by a
large positive active position in deep value stocks, most notably including financial stocks, which
were big losers prior to the crisis but rebounded smartly after the crash. It is interesting that the
momentum strategy significantly underperformed the market over the full period. Its return in the
run-up period nearly matched the overall market return, but the momentum strategy fell about
5.9% short of the benchmark return in the post-crisis period.
Our purpose in revisiting these extreme market events is not to discern which smart beta strategy
is the best on the basis of short-term performance. It is to illustrate how unalike the strategies
short-term performance patterns can be in different market environments (even though they have
all generated excess returns of roughly 2% to 3% per year in long-term simulations). The divergent
return patterns imply that combining these smart beta strategies might provide a risk-dampening
benefit in the form of factor diversification. Figure 3 shows the correlation of benchmark-relative
excess returns for all three smart beta strategies. The fundamentally weighted and low volatility
strategies have the highest correlation with one another (0.53). As we have seen, they are both
contrarian strategies that trade against market prices. A positive correlation of excess returns is,
therefore, to be expected, even if it is far from perfect. By contrast, the excess returns of the
momentum strategy versus both the fundamentally weighted and low volatility strategies is
negative. In other words, momentum investing typically outperforms when the two contrarian
strategies underperform, and vice versa.
FIGURE 3: CORRELATION OF RETURNS IN EXCESS OF S&P 500 INDEX RETURNS, 19672013
0.60
0.53
0.40
0.20
0.00
-0.10
-0.20
-0.22
-0.40
Fundamentals Weight vs.

Low Volatility
Fundamentals Weight vs.

Momentum
Low Volatility vs. Momentum

CONSTRUCTING A PORTFOLIO OF SMART BETA STRATEGIES

Institutional investors such as pension plans, university endowment funds, and charitable
foundations usually develop investment policy statements that set forth their financial objectives,
risk tolerance, target asset mix, and investment guidelines. They typically engage consultants to
recommend the target asset mix, or desired combination of asset classes and investment
strategies, on the basis of an asset-liability study which produces a customized model portfolio
with a mathematically optimized risk/return profile. The scope of this white paper is much more
limited. Our objective is merely to illustrate a few ways of combining a small set of smart beta
strategies which, taken together, have the potential to provide attractive excess returns with less
volatility than the individual strategies exhibit in isolation from one another. In each example, we
will designate one of them as the core strategy and the others as satellite strategies.
An important question to consider in developing an overall investment program is: What is the
appropriate measure of risk-adjusted return? Many institutional and individual investors evaluate
their investment results in comparison with a benchmark index. For example, the rate of return
earned by a U.S. equity portfolio might be compared with the return of the S&P 500 in the same
period. In consequence, the investors may be more or less benchmark-constrained (i.e., unable
or unwilling to stray very far from the investment strategy or style that the index represents).
Institutional investors often have specific tracking error budgets, relative to the benchmark, that
they cannot exceed. Individual investors may not have formal investment policy statements in
place, but they do tend to measure their investment performance against the overall market, and
the likelihood that they will eventually terminate an underperforming advisor or portfolio manager
might be seen as an implicit tracking error constraint.
Investors for whom tracking error is the preferred risk measure should seek to maximize the
information ratio. We saw in Table 1 that the fundamentally weighted strategy had the highest
information ratio and lowest tracking error; accordingly, fundamentals weighting would be a
reasonable core strategy for a benchmark-constrained investor.11
In addition to deciding how to evaluate investment results, investors should take into account
other considerations influencing the selection of a core strategy. Desirable characteristics in a
core portfolio include high capacity, broad diversification across economic sectors, low turnover,
and low fees. Arnott, Hsu, Kalesnik, and Tindall (2013) demonstrate that any alternative index
strategy that severs the link between stock price and portfolio weight outperforms cap-weighting
in long-term simulations; but fundamentals weighting results in the highest weighted average
market capitalization, highest average daily trading volume, and lowest turnover. A fundamentally
weighted strategy that reflects the macro-economy and operates efficiently resembles a capweighted index without the return drag that results from systematically overweighting high-price
securities and underweighting low-price securities.
A smart beta portfolio that uses the fundamentally weighted strategy as the core holding can be
enhanced with complementary positions in low volatility and/or momentum strategies. The
combinations shown in Table 3 are examples of core-satellite portfolios with multiple smart beta
strategies.
TABLE 3: SIMULATED CORE-SATELLITE SMART BETA STRATEGIES, 19672013

ANNUALIZED
RETURN
ANNUALIZED
VOLATILITY
TRACKING
ERROR
SHARPE
RATIO
INFORMATION
RATIO
Fundamentals Weight
12.4%
15.7%
4.5%
0.46
0.47
12.0%
12.5%
8.5%
0.55
0.21
Momentum Strategy
13.3%
17.2%
7.3%
0.47
0.42
S&P 500 Index
10.3%
15.3%
0.33
12.6%
14.7%
3.9%
0.51
0.62
12.8%
15.6%
3.4%
0.49
0.74
12.3%
14.4%
5.0%
0.50
0.42
60% Fundamentals Weight

20% Low Volatility Strategy
20% Momentum Weight
30% Momentum Strategy
All three core-satellite mixes preserve the individual smart beta strategies long-term return advantage
of 2% to 3% over cap-weighting. The portfolio with a 60% allocation to fundamentals weighting,
20% to low volatility, and 20% to momentum (the 60/20/20 portfolio) produces a tracking error
that is lower than the lowest tracking error of the constituent strategies. This is a powerful result. It
stems largely from the negative correlation of the pro-cyclical momentum strategys excess returns
with the excess returns of the contrarian fundamentally weighted and low volatility strategies.
In addition to reducing the tracking error, combining the three strategies creates a portfolio whose
simulated volatility is lower than that of the overall market, as represented by the S&P 500. Thus the
60/20/20 portfolio has an attractive Sharpe ratio (reflecting total risk) as well as an appealing
information ratio (reflecting benchmark risk).
The other two core-satellite portfolios illustrate the trade-offs investors face. Complementing a 70%
commitment to the fundamentally weighted strategy with a 30% allocation to momentum generates
the highest information ratio (0.74)a key measure for benchmark-constrained investors. However,
it results in higher-than-market volatility. Conversely, the portfolio with 70% of assets in the
fundamentals-weighted strategy and 30% in the low volatility strategy has lower-than-market
volatility but a higher tracking error.
All three core-satellite portfolios distribute factor exposures a little more evenly than any of the
individual strategies. In comparison with the fundamentally weighted strategy, the 60/20/20
portfolio has somewhat less value exposure and modestly more low volatility exposure (Table 4).
Additionally, the negative momentum that naturally results from trading against market price
movements is offset by the portfolios allocation to the momentum strategy.
It is also instructive to see how a core-satellite smart beta approach performed in the same extreme
environments we examined earlier: the technology bubble and the global financial crisis. The
10

TABLE 4: FACTOR EXPOSURES OF CORE-SATELLITE SMART BETA STRATEGIES, 19672013

MARKET
BETA
SIZE
(SMB)
VALUE
(HML)
MOMENTUM
(WML)
LOW
VOLATILITY
(BAB)
Fundamentals Weight
1.01
-0.05
0.34
-0.10
0.05
0.74
-0.03
0.16
-0.08
0.41
Momentum Strategy
1.06
-0.01
0.05
0.39
-0.05
S&P 500 Index
0.99
-0.18
0.02
-0.02
0.00
0.97
-0.04
0.24
0.00
0.10
1.02
-0.04
0.25
0.05
0.02
0.93
-0.04
0.28
-0.09
0.15

20% Momentum Weight
30% Momentum Strategy
60/20/20 strategy posted a positive return both in the run-up to the tech bubble and in the two
years following the crash, and cumulatively outperformed cap-weighting over the full period by
approximately 30% (Figure 4). Allocating 80% of the portfolio to contrarian strategies led to
underperformance during the run-up to the tech bubble, but the portfolio outperformed by 36.2% in
the two-year period after the market correction.
FIGURE 4: 60/20/20 CORE-SATELLITE PERFORMANCE IN THE TECHNOLOGY BUBBLE (CUMULATIVE RETURNS)
80.0%
39.5%
39.7%
40.0%
21.6%
9.7%
14.7%
0.0%
-21.5%
-40.0%
Tech Bubble
(4/1998 - 3/2000)
Tech Bubble Crash

(4/2000 - 3/2002)
Fundamentals Weight
Full Period
(4/1998 -3/2002)
S&P 500 Index
11
FIGURE 5: 60/20/20 CORE-SATELLITE PERFORMANCE IN THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS (CUMULATIVE RETURNS)
120.0%
103.4%
88.3%
60.0%
9.2%
0.9%
0.0%
-60.0%
-46.3%
-46.4%
GFC
(6/2008 - 2/2009)
Post-GFC
(3/2009 - 2/2011)
Fundamentals Weight
Full Period
(6/2008 -2/2011)
S&P 500 Index
During the global financial crisis, the 60/20/20 strategy exceeded the benchmark return by 8.3%
cumulatively over the entire period (see Figure 5). The core-satellite smart beta strategy and the capweighted benchmark posted virtually identical returns while the crisis was in progress. Although the
fundamentally weighted strategy and momentum both underperformed cap-weighting during this
period, the downside protection provided by incorporating the low volatility strategy helped to keep
overall returns in line with the market. In the two years following the crisis, the 60/20/20 strategy
outperfomed by approximately 15%, largely driven by superior performance from fundamentals
weighting.
CONCLUSION
Although research shows that smart beta investing can add long-term value over cap-weighted
approaches, the methodology employed by any specific smart beta strategy has distinctive effects on
the resulting portfolios risk/return profile as well as its short-term performance in various market
environments. Different smart beta strategies access different sources of excess return; consequently,
they can be combined in ways that preserve the expected value-added return while reducing aggregate
ex ante risk. However, the effect on total risk and benchmark risk depends on which strategies are
selected and the proportions in which assets are allocated to each strategy in a core-satellite portfolio
structure. In this paper, we examined three smart beta asset allocation policies using a fundamentally
weighted strategy as the core, and low volatility and momentum strategies as satellites. These sample
portfolios illustrate how a mix of smart beta strategies can potentially help investors achieve their
long-term financial objectives.
12

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ENDNOTES
1.
Arnott and Kose (2014) define equity smart beta as a category of valuation-indifferent strategies that consciously and
deliberately break the link between the price of an asset and its weight in the portfolio, seeking to earn excess returns
over the cap-weighted benchmark by no longer weighting assets proportional to their popularity, while retaining most of
the positive attributes of passive indexing. They further expand on their definition of smart beta as index strategies with
the following traits: they are transparent, rules-based, low cost relative to active management, high capacity and liquidity,
and well-diversified.
2.
http://www.etftrends.com/2014/04/flows-show-investors-favoring-smart-beta-em-etfs/
3.
Market cap-weighted indices, while representative of the overall investment opportunity set, have an inherent flaw. The
weights of individual securities are linked to their prices, and cap-weighted indices systematically overweight overvalued
securities and underweight undervalued securities. As the price of a security increases, the cap-weighted index favors
that security by assigning it an increasingly higher weight in the index. As the price of a security falls, and it becomes more
attractive from a valuation perspective, its index weight declines. This results in a return drag of approximately 2% per
annum in developed markets, (Arnott, Hsu, and Moore, 2005).
4. Several proposed explanations of the low volatility effect are summarized by Hsu and Li (2013) and Li and Lawton (2014).
5.
Volatility is calculated by using daily volatility for the previous five years.
13
6. While momentum strategies take advantage of a well-known return factor, they do have some drawbacks as investment
strategies delivered in a smart beta index construct. The large drawdowns and frequent rebalancing they entail lead to
high turnover and transaction costs. Particular attention should be paid to these characteristics when evaluating a smart
beta momentum strategy versus active management.
7.
http://mba.tuck.dartmouth.edu/pages/faculty/ken.french/data_library.html
8. The Sharpe ratio is a measure of performance per unit of risk taken. It is defined as the portfolio return in excess of the
risk-free rate divided by the portfolios standard deviation. This paper uses the 1-month T-bill return from Ken Frenchs
data library as the risk-free rate. The information ratio is a measure of performance per unit of tracking error. The information ratio is calculated as the portfolio return in excess of the benchmark return, divided by the portfolios tracking error
against the benchmark.
9. The market beta, size, and value factors were defined by Fama and French (1992, 1993); momentum by Carhart (1997);
and low volatility by Frazzini and Pedersen (2014).
10. Cumulative returns for the period April 1, 1998, to March 31, 2000. Source: FactSet.
11. For investors who seek to maximize their total return with the lowest possible volatility, the Sharpe ratio is an appropriate
measure, and the low volatility strategy would serve well as the core strategy (see Table 1).
The material contained in this document is for general information purposes only. It is not intended as an offer or a solicitation for the purchase and/or sale of any security or financial instrument, nor is it advice or a recommendation to enter into any transaction. Research results
relate only to a hypothetical model of past performance (i.e., a simulation) and not to an asset management product. No allowance has been
made for trading costs or management fees, which would reduce investment performance. Actual results may differ. Index returns represent
back-tested performance based on rules used in the creation of the index, are not a guarantee of future performance, and are not indicative
of any specific investment. Indexes are not managed investment products and cannot be invested in directly. This material is based on information that is considered to be reliable, but Research Affiliates and its related entities (collectively Research Affiliates) make this information available on an as is basis without a duty to update, make warranties, express or implied, regarding the accuracy of the information
contained herein. Research Affiliates is not responsible for any errors or omissions or for results obtained from the use of this information.
Nothing contained in this material is intended to constitute legal, tax, securities, financial or investment advice, nor an opinion regarding the
appropriateness of any investment. The information contained in this material should not be acted upon without obtaining advice from a licensed professional. Research Affiliates, LLC, is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisors Act of 1940 with the U.S.
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Our registration as an investment adviser does not imply a certain level of skill or training.
Russell Investments is the source and owner of the Russell Index data contained or reflected in this material and copyrights related thereto.
Russell Investments and Research Affiliates have entered into a strategic alliance with respect to the Russell Fundamental Index Series.
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Errors may exist in data acquired from third party vendors, the construction of model portfolios, and in coding related to the index and portfolio construction process. While Research Affiliates takes steps to identify data and process errors so as to minimize the potential impact of
such errors on index and portfolio performance, we cannot guarantee that such errors will not occur.
Research Affiliates is the owner of the trademarks, service marks, patents and copyrights related to the Fundamental Index methodology. The
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Various features of the Fundamental Index methodology, including an accounting data-based non-capitalization data processing system
and method for creating and weighting an index of securities, are protected by various patents, and patent-pending intellectual property of
Research Affiliates, LLC. (See all applicable US Patents, Patent Publications, and Patent Pending intellectual property located at http://www.
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The views and opinions expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of Research Affiliates, LLC. The opinions are subject to
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Building a Better Beta:

Combining Fundamentals Weighting, Low Volatility, and Momentum Strategies

ARI POLYCHRONOPOULOS , CFA

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About the Author

ARI POLYCHRONOPOULOS, CFA

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A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE STRATEGIES

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