DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

Functions:
A function is the totality of ordered pairs (x, y) such that to each value of the variable x there
corresponds a unique value of the variable y. The value of the function at x is denoted by f(x).
The variable x is called the independent variable and the variable y is called the dependent
variable. The permissible values of the independent variable is called the domain and the set
of values taken of the dependent variable is called the range.
Examples:
.
!f f(x, y) "
2 2
2 2
2
y x
y xy x

+
, then f(#x, #y) "
a.
y x +
1
b.
y x
y x
+
+
c.
x y
y x

+
d.
y x
y x
+

$olution:
f(#x, #y) "
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
) ( ) (
) ( ) )( ( 2 ) (
y x
y xy x
y x
y y x x

+
=

+
"
y x
y x
y x y x
y x
+

=
+

) )( (
) (
2
%.
&iven: f(x) "
x x x
x
2 3
1
2 3
+

'ind x so that f(x) is undefined.

a. (, # and #% b. (, and % c. ( and % d. and %
$olution:
A function f(x) is undefined if its value approaches infinity. )ence, if a function is an
al*ebraic rational fraction (i.e. a ratio of t+o polynomials) such as
) (
) (
) (
x Q
x P
x f =
, then
for it to approach infinity, the denominator ,(x) must be equal to -ero, i.e.
0 2 3
2 3
= + x x x
0 ) 2 3 (
2
= + x x x
0 ) 2 )( 1 ( = x x x
0 = x 0 1 = x 0 2 = x
2 1 , 0 and x =
..
&iven: f(x) " .x # /, *(f(x)) " x. 'ind *(x).
a.
3
5 2 + x
b.
4
5 3 x
c.
3
5 + x
d.
3
5 x
$olution:
!f a function *(x) is the inverse of the function f(x), then f(*(x) " *(f(x)) " x. )ence, *(x) is
the inverse of f(x). To find the inverse of a function y " f(x), solve the equation for x, then
interchan*e x and y.
0et y " .x # /. $olvin* the equation for x, +e have
3
5 +
=
y
x .
3
5
) (
+
=
x
x g
1.
&iven:
x
x
x f
cos 1
sin
) (
+
= . 'ind the first derivative of f(x).
a. x cos 1+ b.
x cos 1
1
+
c.
x cos 1
1

d. x cos 1
$olution:
2
2 2
2
) cos 1 (
sin cos cos
) cos 1 (
) sin ( sin cos ) cos 1 (
) ( '
x
x x x
x
x x x x
x f
+
+ +
=
+
+
=
but 1 sin cos
2 2
= + x x
x x
x
x f
cos 1
1
) cos 1 (
cos 1
) ( '
2
+
=
+
+
=
Limits:
2efinition: The limit of f(x) as x approaches c is equal to 0, or in symbols
L x f
c x
=

) ( lim
if, for
any positive number , ho+ever small, there exists a positive number such that if
( 3
c x
3 then
L x f ) (
3 . This definition says precisely that if f(x)
approaches the limit 0 as x approaches c, then the difference bet+een f(x) and 0 can be
made arbitrarily small by takin* x sufficiently close to c.
The function f(x) is said to become infinite as x approaches c if f(x) can be made
numerically arbitrarily lar*e by takin* x sufficiently close to c. 4ote carefully that if
=

) ( lim x f
c x
the limit does not exist.
LHpitals Rule:
!f
) ( lim x f
a x
is indeterminate of the form

or
0
0
and if
) ( '
) ( '
lim
x g
x f
a x
exists, then
) (
) (
lim
x g
x f
a x
"
) ( '
) ( '
lim
x g
x f
a x
Indeterminate Forms:

1 , , 0 , , 0 , ,
0
0
0 0
Examples: Evaluate the follo+in* limits.
.
3
9
lim
2
3

x
x
x
"
0
0
6
1
) 3 ( 2
1
2
lim
3
9
lim
3
2
3
= = =

x
x
x
x x
%.

=

+

3
2 3
2 6 3
7 4
lim
x x
x x
x

=

+

2
2
3
2 3
6 6
8 3
lim
2 6 3
7 4
lim
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
Applyin* LHpitals Rule t+ice,


2
1
12
6
lim
12
8 6
lim
2 6 3
7 4
lim
3
2 3
=

=

+
x x x
x
x
x x
x x
..
=

0 2 sec ) tan 1 ( lim

4 /
x x
x

1
2
2
2
sin 2
4
sec
2 sin 2
sec
lim
2 cos
tan 1
lim 2 sec ) tan 1 ( lim
2
2
4 / 4 / 4 /
= = =

x
x
x
x
x x
x x x

1. =

1
1 1
lim
0
x
x
e x

2
1
2 ) ( 0 2
lim
1
1
lim
) 1 (
1
lim
1
1 1
lim
0 0
0
0 0 0 0
=
+
=
+
=
+

e e
e
e xe
e
e xe
e
e x
x e
e x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
5ther indeterminate forms, such as
0 0
1 , 0

and , are handled by takin* the natural

lo*arithm and then applyin* LHpitals Rule.
Example:
Evaluate:
x
x
x
0
lim

a. ( b. c. 6 d. indeterminate
$olution:

x
x
x
0
lim

"
0
0

0et
x
x y = x x x y
x
ln ln ln = =

( ) 0 lim
1
1
lim
1
ln
lim ln lim ln lim
0
2
0 0 0 0
= =

= = =

x
x
x
x
x
x x y
x x x x x
$ince
1 , 0 0 ln y x as y
. Thus the required limit is .
Differentiation Formulas :
0et u 7 v be functions of x, n # any inte*er and c #constant.
Al*ebraic 'unctions:
1.
0 =
dx
dc
4.
2
v
dx
dv
u
dx
du
v
v
u
dx
d

=

2.
( )
dx
dv
dx
du
v u
dx
d
+ = +
5.
( )
dx
du
nu u
dx
d
n n 1
=
3.
( )
dx
du
v
dx
dv
u uv
dx
d
+ =
Tri*onometric 'unctions:
1.
( )
dx
du
u u
dx
d
cos sin =
4.
( )
dx
du
u u
dx
d
2
csc cot =
2.
( )
dx
du
u u
dx
d
sin cos =
5.
( )
dx
du
u u u
dx
d
tan sec sec =
3.
( )
dx
du
u u
dx
d
2
sec tan =
6.
( )
dx
du
u u u
dx
d
cot csc csc =
!nverse Tri*onometric 'unctions:
1.
( )
dx
du
u
u Arc
dx
d
2
1
1
sin

=
4. ( )
dx
du
u
u Arc
dx
d
2
1
1
cot
+
=
2.
( )
dx
du
u
u Arc
dx
d
2
1
1
cos

=
5.
( )
dx
du
u u
u Arc
dx
d
1
1
sec
2

=
3. ( )
dx
du
u
u Arc
dx
d
2
1
1
tan
+
= 6.
( )
dx
du
u u
u Arc
dx
d
1
1
csc
2

=
0o*arithmic 'unctions:
1.
( )
dx
du
u
u
dx
d 1
ln =
2.
( )
dx
du
u
e
u
dx
d log
log =
Exponential 'ormulas:
1.
( )
dx
du
e e
dx
d
u u
=
2.
( )
dx
du
a a a
dx
d
u u
ln =
)yperbolic 'unctions:
1.
( )
dx
du
u u
dx
d
cosh sinh =
4.
( )
dx
du
u h u
dx
d
2
csc coth =
2.
( )
dx
du
u u
dx
d
sinh cosh =
5.
( )
dx
du
u u h u h
dx
d
tanh sec sec =
3.
( )
dx
du
u h u
dx
d
2
sec tanh =
6.
( )
dx
du
u u h u h
dx
d
coth csc csc =
Applications of the Derivative :
Derivative as Slope:
!f the derivative of y " f(x) exists at 8(x, y), then the slope of the curve at 8 (+hich is
defined to be the slope of the tan*ent to the curve at 8) is f 9(x), i.e. the derivative of f(x) at
x " x.
Example:
'ind the coordinates of any point on the curve of y
%
# 1xy " x
%
: / for +hich the tan*ent is
hori-ontal.
$olution:
;hen the tan*ent to a curve is hori-ontal, its slope is equal to -ero. $ince the slope at
any point
dx
dy
to equal is m , +e can take the derivative of the *iven equation and equate it to
-ero. )ence,
x y xy yy 2 ) ' ( 4 ' 2 = +
x y xy yy 2 4 ' 4 ' 2 =
y x x y y 4 2 ) 4 2 ( ' + =
x y
y x
x y
y x
y
2
2
4 2
4 2
'

+
=

+
=
= 0
y x y x 2 0 2 = = +
$ubstitutin* into the ori*inal equation and solvin* for y, +e have
5 4 8 5 ) 2 ( ) 2 ( 4
2 2 2 2 2
+ = + + = y y y y y y y
1 1 5 5
2 2
= = = y y y
2 ) 1 ( 2 = = x
)ence, the required points are (%, #) and (#%, ).
Derivative as Rate of Change:
!f y " f(x) and if, as x varies from x to x : <x, y varies from y to y : <y, then
x
x f x x f
x
y

+
=

) ( ) (
is called the average rate of hange of y (or f) over the interval <x.
The instantaneous rate of chan*e (or =ust rate of chan*e) of y (or f) +ith respect to x is
the derivative y9 (or f9), i.e.
x
y
dx
dy
x

=
0
lim
!f 0 >
dx
dy
, it means that as x increases, y increases>
!f 0 <
dx
dy
, it means that as x increases, y decreases.
Examples:
. 0et &(t) " 1(((/ # t)
%
be the number of *allons of +ater in a tank t minutes after
an outlet pipe is opened. 'ind the avera*e rate of chan*e of draina*e durin* the first /
minutes and the rate at +hich the +ater is runnin* out at the end of / minutes.

$olution:
The avera*e rate of chan*e durin* the first / minutes equals

( ) ( )
5
225 400 100 400
5
0 15 400 5 15 400
5
) 0 ( ) 5 (
2 2

=

=

G G
t
G
" # (,((( *al?min (The si*n is ne*ative since as time increases, the
volume in *allons is decreasin*)

The instantaneous rate of chan*e at t " / min is &9(/).
&9(t) " # @(((/ # t)
&9(/) " # @(((/ # /) " # @((( *al?min
$o the avera*e rate of chan*e durin* the first / minutes is (,((( *al?min
And the rate of draina*e at the end of / seconds is @,((( *al?min.
%. $and is pourin* from a spout formin* a conical pile +hose altitude is al+ays t+ice the
radius of the base. 'ind the rate of chan*e of the volume +ith respect to the altitude
+hen the latter is 1 ft.
$olution:
2
2
3
1
2
h
r or r h but h r V = = =
3
2
12
1
2 3
1
h h
h
V =

=
ft per ft h h
dh
dV
3 2 2 2
4 ) 4 (
4 4 12
3

= = =

=
!ol"nomial Curves:
Aonsider the polynomial curve sho+n.
Aritical points # points +here the first derivative y9 " ( such as points A, A and E in the
curve sho+n above. These can be classified further into
a). maximum point such as point A above
b) minimum point such as point A above
c) point of inflection +ith a hori-ontal tan*ent such as point E
8oint of inflection # a point +here a curve chan*es concavity from bein* concave up+ard
to concave do+n+ard or viceBversa such as points C, 2 and E in the curve sho+n
above. !t is also a point +here the second derivative yD " (.
$econd 2erivative Test for EaximaBEinima:
At a critical point
a) if yD 3 (, then the point is a maximum point
b) if yD F (, then the point is a minimum point
c) if yD " (, then the point is a point of inflection +ith a hori-ontal tan*ent.
Example: 'ind the maximum, minimum and point of inflection for the curve
1 6
2
3
2 3
+ = x x x y
$olution: To find the critical points, find y9 and set it equal to -ero.
2 & 1 0 ) 2 )( 1 ( 0 2 0 6 3 3 '
2 2
= = + = = = x x x x x x x y
;hen
2
9
1 ) 1 ( 6 ) 1 (
2
3
) 1 ( , 1
2 3
= + = = y x >
+hen 9 1 ) 2 ( 6 ) 2 (
2
3
2 , 2
2 3
= + = = y x .
)ence, the critical points are
( ) 9 , 2 &
2
9
, 1

.
3 6 " = x y
At

2
9
, 1
, yD " G(#) # . " #H 3 (

2
9
, 1
is a maximum point.
At ( ) ) 9 , 2 ( 0 9 3 ) 2 ( 6 " , 9 , 2 > = = y
is a minimum point.
To find the point of inflection, set yD equal to -ero.
2
1
6
3
0 3 6 " = = = = x x y
;hen
4
9
1
2
1
6
2
1
2
3
2
1
,
2
1
2 3
= +

= = y x
Thus,

4
9
,
2
1
is a point of inflection.
Reie! "#e$cises in DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
1% "al&ate'
x
x
x
2
2
lim


a% ( 1 )% 1 c% 0 *% +
2%
"al&ate'
x
x
x
4 sin
3 sin
lim
0
a% 1 )% 4/3 c% , *% 0
3%
"al&ate'
x x
x
x
3
sin
lim
2
0
+

a% 1 )% 1/3 c% 3 *% +
4%
"al&ate'
x
x
x
1
sin lim
2

a% 1 )% 0 c% + *% none o- these
5% "al&ate'
( ) ( ) x x
x
x
+
+

2 2
1 2
lim
2
a% ( 4 )% ( 2 c% 1 *% 2

6% .in* the *e$iatie *//*# o- the -&nction / 0 (4# 1 1)
2
(1 ( #)
3
%
a% (4# 1 1)
2
(1 ( #)
2
(5 ( 20#) )% (4# 1 1)(1 ( #)
2
(4# 1 11)
c% 5(4# 1 1)(1 ( #)
2
(1 ( 4#) *% (4# 1 1)(1 ( #)
2
(11 ( 20#)
7% .in* the *e$iatie *//*# o- the -&nction
2
1 x
x
y

=
%
a%
( )
2 / 3
2
2
1
2 1
x
x

)%
2
1
1
x
c%
2
1
1
x
*%
( )
2 / 3
2
1
1
x
8% .in* the *e$iatie *//*# o- the -&nction / 0 sin
2
3# 1 cos
2
3#%
a% ( 6 sin 6# )% 6(sin 3# 1 cos 3#) c% 12 sin 3# cos 3# *% 0
9% .in* the *e$iatie *//*# o- the -&nction
1
ln

=
x
x
e
e
y %
a%
1

x
x
e
e
x )%
1
1

x
e
c%
x
e 1
1
*%
1
2

x
x
e
e

10% .in* the *e$iatie *//*# o- the -&nction #
3
( #/ 1 /
3
0 1%
a%
2
2
3
3
y x
x

)%
2
2
3 1
1 3
y
x

c%
x y
x y

2
2
3
3
*%
x
y x
2 2
3 3 +
11% 2oints on the c&$e / 0 -(#) !he$e the secon* *e$iatie /3 is e4&al to 5e$o a$e
a% 6oints o- tangenc/ )% 6oints o- no$malc/
c% c$itical 6oints *% 6oints o- in-lection
12% 7he slo6e o- the c&$e /
3
( #/
2
0 4 at the 6oint !he$e / 0 2 is
a% ( 2 )% 8 c% ( 9 *% 9
13% .in* the 6oints on the g$a6h o- the -&nction / 0 #
3
( 2 !he$e the slo6e is 3%
a% (1, :1) & (:1, :3) )% (1, 1) & (1, 2) c% (2, 1) & (2, 3) *% (1, 1) & (1, 3)
14% ; -&nction -(#) is *ec$easing at # 0 a !hen - <(a), that is, the al&e o- the -i$st
*e$iatie o- -(#) at # 0 a, is
a% 6ositie )% negatie c% 5e$o *% one
15% 7he e4&ation o- the tangent to the h/6e$)ola #
2
( /
2
0 12 at the 6oint (4, 2) on the c&$e is
a% # ( 2/ 1 6 0 0 )% / 0 2# c% / 0 2# ( 6 *% # 1 2/ 0 6
16% 7he 6oint on the c&$e !he$e the -&nction / 0 -(#) changes -$om *ec$easing to inc$easing is
calle*
a% minim&m 6oint )% ma#im&m 6oint c% in-lection 6oint *% 6oint o- tangenc/
17% .in* the in-lection 6oint o- the c&$e / 0 #
3
( 3#
2
( # 1 7%
a% (1, 4) )% (1, 2) c% (2, 1) *% (3, 1)
18% ;t the minim&m 6oint o- the c&$e / 0 -(#), the al&e o- /3 is
a% 5e$o )% 6ositie c% negatie *% in-init/
19% 7he 6oint on the c&$e 1 2 + = x y at !hich the no$mal is 6a$allel to the line / 0 ( 3# 1 6 is
a% (4, 3) )% (0, 1) c% (4, :3) *% (0, (1)
20% 7he 6oint on the g$a6h o- / 0 -(#) !he$e the tangent line is ho$i5ontal is calle*
a% c$itical 6oint )% $elatie minima c% $elatie ma#ima *% in-lection 6oint

21% ;t the in-lection 6oint o- the c&$e / 0 #
3
( 3#
2
1 6, the slo6e is
a% 3 )% :3 c% 4 *% 0
%22% ; 6oint on a c&$e !he$e the -i$st *e$iatie o- the -&nction is 5e$o an* the secon* *e$iatie
is negatie is a
a% ma#im&m 6oint )% minim&m 6oint
c% 6oint o- in-lection *% 6oint o- inte$section
23% ;t !hat 6oint on the c&$e / 0 #
3
1 3# a$e the al&es o- /< an* /3 e4&al=
a% (:1, :4) )% (2,14) c% (1,4) *% (0,0)
24% >- -(#) 0 ln #, then ( ) x f
iv
is
a%
3
2
x
)%
5
24
x
c%
4
6
x
*%
4
1
x

25% >- / 0 a sin ct 1 ) cos ct, !he$e a, ) an* c a$e constants, then /3 is
a% ac
2
(sin t 1 cos t) )% ( c
2
/ c% ( a/ *% ( /
26% .in* the $a*i&s o- c&$at&$e o- 2#/ 1 # 1 / 0 4 at the 6oint (1, 1)%
a%
2
2 3
)%
2
3 2
c%
3
2 2
*%
2
3 3
27% ?hat n&m)e$ e#cee*s its s4&a$e )/ the ma#im&m amo&nt=
a% 1 )% 1/2 c% 1/3 *% 1/4
28% ; 6$inte* 6age m&st contain 60 s4% cm% o- 6$inte* mate$ial% 7he$e a$e to )e ma$gins o- 5 cm on
eithe$ si*e an* ma$gins o- 3 cm on to6 an* )ottom% @o! long sho&l* the 6$inte* lines )e in o$*e$
to minimi5e the amo&nt o- 6a6e$ &se*=
a% 8 cm )% 10 cm c% 12 cm *% 15 cm
29% ; $ectang&la$ )o# !ith a s4&a$e )ase an* o6en to6 is ma*e% .in* the ol&me o- the la$gest
)o# in m
3
that can )e ma*e -$om 432 s4% m% o- mate$ial%
a% 686 )% 848 c% 864 *% 886
30% ; close* c/lin*$ical containe$ has a ca6acit/ o- 128A c&% m% Bete$mine the minim&m s&$-ace
a$ea in s4% m%%
a% 96A )% 135A c% 150A *% 120A
31% ;n o6en to6 $ectang&la$ tanC !ith s4&a$e )ases is to hae a ol&me o- 10 c&% m% 7he mate$ial
-o$ its )ottom is to cost 15 cents 6e$ s4&a$e mete$ an* that -o$ the si*es 6 cents 6e$ s4&a$e mete$%
.in* the most economical *imensions -o$ the tanC%
a% 2 # 5 # 2%5 )% 2 # 4 # 2%5 c% 2 # 3 # 2%5 *% 2 # 2 # 2%5
32% Bii*e the n&m)e$ 60 into t!o 6a$ts so that the 6$o*&ct 2 o- one 6a$t an* the s4&a$e o- the
othe$ is ma#im&m% .in* the smallest 6a$t%
a% 10 )% 20 c% 30 *% 40
33% ; !in*o! com6ose* o- a $ectangle s&$mo&nte* )/ an e4&ilate$al t$iangle has a total 6e$imete$
o- 15 mete$s% .in* its !i*th in mete$s i- it a*mits the ma#im&m amo&nt o- light%
a% 2%6 )% 2%91 c% 3%51 *% 3%8
34% ; man&-act&$e$ estimates that the cost o- 6$o*&ction o- D#3 &nits o- a ce$tain item is
E 0 40# ( 0%02#
2
( 600% @o! man/ &nits sho&l* )e 6$o*&ce* -o$ minim&m cost=
a% 100 &nits )% 10 &nits c% 10,000 &nits *% 1000 &nits
35% ; $ectang&la$ lot has an a$ea o- 800 s4% m% >t is to )e -ence* on th$ee si*es onl/ since the$e is
an e#isting -ence on one o- the si*es% .in* the length o- the -ence i- it is to )e the least%
a% 80 m )% 60 m c% 100 m *% 120 m
36% 7he h/6oten&se o- a $ight t$iangle is 20 cm% ?hat is the ma#im&m 6ossi)le a$ea o- the
t$iangle in s4% cm%=
a% 170 )% 160 c% 120 *% 100
37% ?hat is the a$ea in s4% m% o- the $ectangle o- ma#im&m 6e$imete$ insc$i)e* in a ci$cle haing a
*iamete$ o- 20 m%=
a% 200 )% 220 c% 210 *% 230
38% ; !all 2%245 m high is D#3 mete$s a!a/ -$om a )&il*ing% 7he sho$test la**e$ that can $each
the )&il*ing !ith one en* $esting on the g$o&n* o&tsi*e the !all is 6 m% ?hat is the al&e o-
D#3=
a% 2 m% )% 2%6 m% c% 3%0 m% *% 4%0 m%
39% ; t$a6e5oi*al g&tte$ is to )e ma*e -$om a long sheet o- tin that is 15 cm !i*e )/ t&$ning
&6 one:thi$* o- its !i*th on each si*e% ?hat !i*th ac$oss the to6 gies ma#im&m ca6acit/=
a% 16 cm )% 10 cm c% 15 cm *% 13 cm
40% ; st&*ent cl&) on a college cam6&s cha$ges ann&al mem)e$shi6 *&es o- 210, less 5 centaos
-o$ each mem)e$ oe$ 60% @o! man/ mem)e$s !o&l* gie the cl&) the most $een&e -$om
ann&al *&es=
a% 120 )% 134 c% 130 *% 150
41% ; steel gi$*e$ 16 m% long is moe* on $olle$s along a 6assage!a/ 8 m% !i*e an* into a co$$i*o$
at $ight angles !ith the 6assage!a/% Feglecting the !i*th o- the gi$*e$, ho! !i*e m&st the
co$$i*o$ )e=
a% 1%4 m% )% 1%8 m% c% 2%8 m% *% 3%6 m%
42% ;n ai$6lane, -l/ing ho$i5ontall/ at an altit&*e o- 1 Cm, 6asses *i$ectl/ oe$ an o)se$e$% >- the
constant s6ee* o- the 6lane is 240 C6h, ho! -ast is its *istance -$om the o)se$e$ inc$easing 30
secon*s late$=
a% 214%66 C6h )% 256%34 C6h c% 324%57 C6h *% 137%78 C6h
43% ; metal *isC e#6an*s *&$ing heating% >- its $a*i&s inc$eases at the $ate o- 20 mm 6e$ secon*,
ho! -ast in m
2
/s is the a$ea o- one o- its -aces inc$easing !hen its $a*i&s is 8%1 m=
a% 1%632 )% 0%846 c% 1%337 *% 1%018
44% ; 6ool is 40 m long, 20 m !i*e, 8 m *ee6 at the *ee6 en* an* 3 m at the shallo! en*G the
)ottom is $ectang&la$% >- the 6ool is -ille* )/ 6&m6ing !ate$ into it at the $ate o- 40 m
3
6e$ min&te,
ho! -ast is the !ate$ leel $ising !hen it is 3 m *ee6 at the *ee6 en*=
a% 80%4 mm/min )% 83%3 mm/min c% 95%2 mm/min *% 75%8 mm/min
45% ; la**e$ 5 m long leans against a e$tical !all o- a ho&se% >- the )ottom o- a la**e$ is 6&lle*
ho$i5ontall/ a!a/ -$om the ho&se at 4 m/s, ho! -ast is the to6 o- the la**e$ sli*ing *o!n !hen the
)ottom is 3 m -$om the !all=
a% :2 m/s )% :6 m/s c% :3 m/s *% :4 m/s
46% ; -&nnel in the -o$m o- a cone is 10 cm ac$oss the to6 an* 8 cm *ee6% ?ate$ is -lo!ing into
the -&nnel at the $ate o- 12 cm
3
/s an* o&t at the $ate o- 4 cm
3
/s% @o! -ast is the s&$-ace o- the !ate$
$ising !hen it is 5 cm *ee6=
a% 0%26 cm/s )% 0%32 cm/s c% 0%14 cm/s *% 0%40 cm/s
47% ; c&)e has a ol&me o- 1728 mm
3
% >- the allo!a)le e$$o$ in the e*ge o- a c&)e is 0%04 mm,
com6&te the allo!a)le e$$o$ in the ol&me o- the c&)e=
a% 20%59 mm
3
)% 17%28 mm
3
c% 16%88 mm
3
*% 15%22 mm
3

48% .in* a66$o#imatel/ the ol&me o- !oo* $e4&i$e* to maCe a c&)ical )o#, o- e*ge length 6 -t%, &sing
)oa$*s 9 in% thicC%
a% 3%5 -t
3
)% 4%0 -t
3
c% 4%5 -t
3
*% 5%0 -t
3
49% 7he *iamete$ o- a s6he$e is meas&$e* an* -o&n* to )e 3 -t% !ith a ma#im&m e$$o$ o- 0%1 in% .in*
the a66$o#imate ma#im&m e$$o$ in the com6&te* ol&me in c&)ic inches%
a% 204 )% 205 c% 206 *% 208
;FH?"R I"J'
1% c 11% * 21% ) 31% * 41% *
2% c 12% * 22% a 32% ) 42% a
3% ) 13% a 23% c 33% c 43% *
4% c 14% ) 24% c 34% * 44% )
5% ) 15% c 25% ) 35% a 45% c
6% c 16% a 26% a 36% * 46% a
7% * 17% a 27% ) 37% a 47% )
8% * 18% ) 28% ) 38% a 48% c
9% c 19% a 29% c 39% ) 49% a
10% c 20% a 30% a 40% c