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    Air Pollution Dispersion Modeling PDF

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    Air pollution dispersion modeling involves using computer programs to simulate how air pollutants disperse in the atmosphere. Key models include: - Gaussian plume models, which assume pollutants disperse according to a Gaussian distribution. - Briggs equations, which predict plume rise based on factors like source temperature, velocity, and wind conditions. - Current regulatory models like AERMOD in the US, used to assess compliance with air quality standards and inform emission control strategies.

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    Air Pollution Dispersion Modeling PDF

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    adca
    461 views6 pages
    Air pollution dispersion modeling involves using computer programs to simulate how air pollutants disperse in the atmosphere. Key models include: - Gaussian plume models, which assume pollutants disperse according to a Gaussian distribution. - Briggs equations, which predict plume rise based on factors like source temperature, velocity, and wind conditions. - Current regulatory models like AERMOD in the US, used to assess compliance with air quality standards and inform emission control strategies.

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    Air pollution dispersion modeling involves using computer programs to simulate how air pollutants disperse in the atmosphere. Key models include: - Gaussian plume models, which assume pollutants disperse according to a Gaussian distribution. - Briggs equations, which predict plume rise based on factors like source temperature, velocity, and wind conditions. - Current regulatory models like AERMOD in the US, used to assess compliance with air quality standards and inform emission control strategies.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    461 views6 pages

    Air Pollution Dispersion Modeling PDF

    Uploaded by

    adca
    Air pollution dispersion modeling involves using computer programs to simulate how air pollutants disperse in the atmosphere. Key models include: - Gaussian plume models, which assume pollutants disperse according to a Gaussian distribution. - Briggs equations, which predict plume rise based on factors like source temperature, velocity, and wind conditions. - Current regulatory models like AERMOD in the US, used to assess compliance with air quality standards and inform emission control strategies.

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    of 6

    AIR POLLUTION DISPERSION MODELING

    Air pollution dispersion modeling is the


    mathematical simulation of how air pollutants disperse
    in the ambient atmosphere. It is per-formed with
    computer programs, called dispersion models, that solve
    the mathematical equations and algorithms which
    simulate the pollutant dispersion. The dispersion models
    are used to estimate or to predict the downwind
    concentration of air pollutants emitted from emission
    sources such as industrial plants and vehicular traffic.
    Such models are important to governmental agencies
    tasked with protecting and managing ambient air
    quality. The models are typically employed to determine
    whether exist-ing or proposed new industrial facilities
    are or will be in compliance with the ational !mbient
    !ir "uality Standards #!!"S$ in the %nited States and
    similar standards in other nations. The models also serve to assist in the design of
    effective control strategies to reduce emissions of harmful air pollutants.
    The dispersion models require the input of data which includes&
    'eteorological data such as wind speed and direction, atmospheric
    turbulence #characteri(ed by what is known as the stability class$, the
    ambient air temperature and the height to the bottom of any temperature
    inversion that may be present aloft.
    )missions parameters such as source location and height, source vent stack
    diameter and exit velocity, exit temperature and mass flow rate.
    Terrain elevations at the source location and at the receptor location.
    The location, height and width of any obstructions #such as buildings or other
    structures$ in the path of the gaseous emission plume.
    'any modern, advanced dispersion modeling programs include pre-processor
    modules for the input of meteorological and other data, and many also include a
    post-processor module for graphing the output data and*or plotting the area
    impacted by the air pollutants on maps. +urrently, the !),'-. air pollution
    dispersion model is the preferred regulatory model of the %.S. )nvironmental
    /rotection !gency.
    The air pollution dispersion models are also known as atmospheric dispersion
    models, atmospheric diffusion models, air dispersion models and air quality models.
    Gaussian air pollution dispersion equation
    The technical literature on air pollution dispersion is quite extensive and dates back
    to the 01234s and earlier. -ne of the early air pollutant plume dispersion equations
    was derived by 5osanquet and /earson.
    607
    Their equation did not assume 8aussian
    distribution nor did it include the effect of ground reflection of the pollutant plume.
    Sir 8raham Sutton derived an air pollutant plume dispersion equation in 019:
    6;7
    which did include the assumption of 8aussian distribution for the vertical and
    crosswind dispersion of the plume and also included the effect of ground reflection
    of the plume.
    There was an immense growth in the utili(ation of air pollutant plume dispersion
    calculations between the late 01<3s and today. Since personal computers also came
    into existence during that period, a great many computer programs for calculating
    the dispersion of air pollutant emissions were developed in that same period. The
    basis for most of those models was the Complete Equation or Gaussian
    Dispersion Modeling O! Continuous" #uo$ant Air Pollution Plumes shown
    below&
    627697

    The above equation includes upward reflection of the pollution plume from the
    ground, as well as downward reflection from the bottom of any temperature
    inversion lid present in the atmosphere.
    The sum of the four exponential terms in g
    %
    converges to a final value quite rapidly.
    =or most cases, the summation of the series with m > 0, m > ; and m > 2 will
    provide an adequate solution.
    It should be noted that
    z
    and
    y
    are functions of the atmospheric stability class
    #i.e., a measure of the turbulence in the ambient atmosphere$ and of the downwind
    distance to the receptor. The two most important variables affecting the degree of
    pollutant emission dispersion obtained are the height of the emission source point
    and the degree of atmospheric turbulence. The more turbulence, the better the
    degree of dispersion.
    The resulting calculations for air pollutant concentrations are often expressed as an
    air pollutant concentration contour map in order to show the spatial variation in
    pollutant levels over a wide area under study. In this way the contour lines can
    overlay sensitive receptor locations and reveal the spatial relationship of air
    pollutants to areas of interest.
    T&e #riggs plume rise equations
    The 8aussian air pollutant dispersion equation #discussed above$ requires the input
    of H #also known as the effective plume height, H
    e
    $ which is the pollutant plume4s
    centerline height above ground level. H
    e
    at any distance from the pollutant plume4s
    source is the sum of H
    s
    #the actual physical height of the pollutant plume4s source
    point$ plus '

    H #the plume rise due the plume4s buoyancy$ at that distance.
    To determine '

    H, most air dispersion models developed between the late 01<3s
    and the early ;333s used what are known as ?the 5riggs equations.? 8.!. 5riggs
    first published his plume rise observations and comparisons in 01<@.
    6@7
    In 01<A, at a
    symposium sponsored by +-+!B) #a .utch organi(ation$, he compared many of
    the plume rise models then available in the literature
    6<7
    and also wrote a section of
    the publication edited by Slade
    6:7
    dealing with the comparative analyses of plume
    rise models. That was followed in 01<1 by his classical critique of the entire plume
    rise literature,
    6A7
    in which he proposed the plume rise equations which have became
    widely known as ?the 5riggs equationsC. Subsequently 5riggs modified those plume
    rise equations in 01:0 and in 01:;.
    6176037
    5riggs divided air pollution plumes into these four general categories&
    +old Det plumes in calm ambient air conditions
    +old Det plumes in calm ambient air conditions
    +old Det plumes in windy ambient air conditions
    Eot, buoyant plumes in calm ambient air conditions
    Eot, buoyant plumes in windy ambient air conditions
    5riggs considered the traDectory of cold Det plumes to be dominated by their initial
    velocity momentum, and the traDectory of hot, buoyant plumes to be dominated by
    their buoyant momentum to the extent that their initial velocity momentum was
    relatively unimportant. !lthough he proposed plume rise equations for each of the
    above plume categories, the Briggs equations" which become widely used
    are those that he proposed for bent-over, hot buoyant plumes (as depicted
    in the above diagram of a plume.
    In general, 5riggs4s equations for bent-over, hot buoyant plumes are based on
    observations and data involving plumes from typical combustion sources such as
    the flue gas stacks from steam-generating boilers burning fossil fuels in large power
    plants. Therefore, the stack exit velocities were probably in the range of ;3 to 033
    ft*s #< to 23 m*s$ with exit temperatures ranging from ;@3 to @33 F= #0;3 to ;<3 F+$.
    ! logic diagram for using the 5riggs equations
    697
    to obtain the plume rise traDectory
    of bent-over buoyant plumes is presented below&

    where&
    ' & > plume rise, in m


    > buoyancy factor, in m
    9
    *s
    2

    ( > downwind distance from plume source, in m
    (
    !

    > downwind distance from plume source to point of maximum plume rise,
    in m
    u > windspeed at actual stack height, in m*s
    s

    > stability parameter, in s
    -;


    The parameters shown in the above logic diagram of 5riggs4 equations are
    discussed in much more detail by 5eychok.
    697
    Ma)or air pollution dispersion models in *urrent
    use
    These are some of the maDor air pollution dispersion models currently being used.
    There are literally do(ens of other models as well&
    !.'S 2& .eveloped in the %nited Gingdom
    !),'-.& .eveloped in the %nited States
    !%S/H%')& .eveloped in !ustralia
    +!H/%==& .eveloped in the %nited States
    .IS/),SI-;&.eveloped in Sweden
    IS+2& .eveloped in the %nited States
    H!.'& .eveloped in !ustralia
    !')& .eveloped in the %nited Gingdom
    '),+%,)& .eveloped in =rance
    ,I'/%==& .eveloped in .enmark
    The )uropean Topic +entre on !ir and +limate +hange, which is part of the
    )uropean )nvironment !gency #))!$, maintains an online 'odel .ocumentation
    System #'.S$that includes descriptions and other information for almost all of the
    dispersion models developed by the countries of )urope. The '.S currently
    contains 039 models developed in )urope #excluding the %nited Gingdom$.
    6007

    Re!eren*es
    0. 5osanquet, +.E. and /earson, I.H., ?The spread of smoke and gases from
    chimneys?, Trans. =araday Soc., 2;&0;91, 012<
    ;. Sutton, -.8., ?The problem of diffusion in the lower atmosphere?, "I,'S,
    :2&;@:, 019: and ?The theoretical distribution of airborne pollution from
    factory chimneys?, "I,'S, :2&9;<, 019:
    2. Turner, ..5. #0119$. Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates, ;nd
    )dition. +,+ /ress. IS5 0-@<<:3-3;2-J. http&**www.crcpress.com
    9. 5eychok, 'ilton ,. #;33@$. Fundamentals of Stack Gas Dispersion, 9th )dition.
    author-published. IS5 3-1<99@AA-3-;. www.air-dispersion.com
    @. 5riggs, 8.!., ?! plume rise model compared with observations?, I!/+!,
    0@&922-92A, 01<@
    <. 5riggs, 8.!., ?+-+!B) meeting& discussion of the comparative
    consequences of different plume rise formulas?, !tmos. )nvir., ;&;;A-;2;,
    01<A
    :. Slade, ..E. #)ditor$ #01<A$. Meteorology and atomic energy, !ir ,esources
    Haboratory, %.S. .ept. of +ommerce.
    A. 5riggs, 8.!., ?/lume ,ise?, %S!)+ +ritical ,eview Series, 01<1
    1. 5riggs, 8.!., ?Some recent analyses of plume rise observation?, /roc. Second
    Internat4l. +lean !ir +ongress, !cademic /ress, ew Kork, 01:0
    03. 5riggs, 8.!., ?.iscussion& chimney plumes in neutral and stable
    surroundings?,
    !tmos. )nvir., <&@3:-@03, 01:;
    00. The 'odel .ocumentation System #'.S$

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