Maths Concepts and Formulae

1

01 Functions


Absolute Value Function Inverse Function



If
( ) y f x =
, then
1
( ) f y x

=


Remember:
Object = the value of x
Image = the value of y or f(x)
f(x) map onto itself means f(x) = x


02 Quadratic Equations


General Form

ax
2
+ bx + c = 0

where a, b, and c are constants and a 0.

*Note that the highest power of an unknown of a
quadratic equation is 2.

Quadratic Formula


x =
b b
2
4ac
2a


When the equation can not be factorized.
Forming Quadratic Equation From its Roots:

If and are the roots of a quadratic equation
b
a
+ =

c
a
=


The Quadratic Equation
2
( ) 0 x x + + =

or
2
( ) ( ) 0 x SoR x PoR + =
SoR = Sum of Roots
PoR = Product of Roots
Nature of Roots



b
2
4ac > 0 two real and different roots
b
2
4ac = 0 two real and equal roots
b
2
4ac < 0 no real roots
b
2
4ac 0 the roots are real









( ) f x
( ), if ( ) 0 f x f x
( ), if ( ) 0 f x f x <

2
03 Quadratic Functions


General Form

2
( ) f x ax bx c = + +

where a, b, and c are constants and a 0.

*Note that the highest power of an unknown of a
quadratic function is 2.



0 a > minimum (smiling face)

0 a < maximum (sad face)
Completing the square:

2
( ) ( ) f x a x p q = + +

(i) the value of x, x p =
(ii) min./max. value = q
(iii) min./max. point = ( , ) p q
(iv) equation of axis of symmetry, x p =

Alternative method:

2
( ) f x ax bx c = + +

(i) the value of x,
2
b
x
a
=
(ii) min./max. value = ( )
2
b
f
a

(iii) equation of axis of symmetry,
2
b
x
a
=

Quadratic Inequalities

0 a > and ( ) 0 f x > 0 a > and ( ) 0 f x <






or x a x b < > a x b < <
Nature of Roots


2
4 0 b ac > intersects two different points
at x-axis
2
4 0 b ac = touch one point at x-axis
2
4 0 b ac < does not meet x-axis



04 Simultaneous Equations

To find the intersection point solves simultaneous equation.

Remember: substitute linear equation into non- linear equation.




b
a b
a

3
05 Indices and Logarithm

Fundamental if Indices

Zero Index,
0
1 a =

Negative Index,
1
1
a
a

=


1
( )
a b
b a

=

Fractional Index
1
n
n
a a =


n m
m
n
a a =

Laws of Indices

m n m n
a a a
+
=


m n m n
a a a

=


( )
m n m n
a a

=


( )
n n n
ab a b =


( )
n
n
n
a a
b b
=


Fundamental of Logarithm

log
x
a
y x a y = =

log 1
a
a =

log
x
a
a x =

log 1 0
a
=


Law of Logarithm

log log log
a a a
mn m n = +

log log log
a a a
m
m n
n
=

log
a
m
n
= n log
a
m

Changing the Base

log
log
log
c
a
c
b
b
a
=

1
log
log
a
b
b
a
=




4
06 Coordinate Geometry

Distance and Gradient


Distance Between Point A and C =
( ) ( )
2
2 1
2
2 1
x x x x +

Gradient of line AC,
2 1
2 1
y y
m
x x

Or
Gradient of a line,
int
int
y ercept
m
x ercept

=

Parallel Lines

Perpendicular Lines

When 2 lines are parallel,

2 1
m m = .
When 2 lines are perpendicular to each other,

1 2
1 m m =

m
1
= gradient of line 1
m
2
= gradient of line 2


Midpoint

A point dividing a segment of a line


Midpoint,
1 2 1 2
,
2 2
x x y y
M
+ +
=





A point dividing a segment of a line
1 2 1 2
,
nx mx ny my
P
m n m n
+ +
=

+ +




5
Area of triangle:


Area of Triangle

=
2
1


( ) ( ) 3
1 2 2 3 1 2 1 3 2 1 3
1
2
A x y x y x y x y x y x y = + + + +






Equation of Straight Line
Gradient (m) and 1 point (x
1
, y
1
)
given
1 1
( ) y y m x x =

2 points, (x
1
, y
1
) and (x
2
, y
2
) given

1 2 1
1 2 1
y y y y
x x x x

=



x-intercept and y-intercept given

1
x y
a b
+ =

Equation of perpendicular bisector gets midpoint and gradient of perpendicular line.






Form of Equation of Straight Line
General form Gradient form Intercept form

0 ax by c + + =

y mx c = +

m = gradient
c = y-intercept

1
x y
a b
+ =

a = x-intercept
b = y-intercept

Information in a rhombus:










(i) same length AB BC CD AD = = =
(ii) parallel lines
AB CD
m m = or
AD BC
m m =
(iii) diagonals (perpendicular) 1
AC BD
m m =
(iv) share same midpoint midpoint AC = midpoint
BD
(v) any point solve the simultaneous equations
b
m
a
=
A B
C
D

6


Equation of Locus
( use the formula of
distance)
The equation of the locus of a
moving point ) , ( y x P which
is always at a constant
distance (r) from a fixed point
A ) , (
1 1
y x is

PA r =
2 2
1
2
1
) ( ) ( r y y x x = +

The equation of the locus of a
moving point ) , ( y x P which is
always at a constant distance
from two fixed points
A ) , (
1 1
y x and B ) , (
2 2
y x with
a ratio n m: is

PA m
PB n
=
2
2
2
2 2
2
1
2
1
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
n
m
y y x x
y y x x
=
+
+

The equation of the locus of a moving
point ) , ( y x P which is always
equidistant from two fixed points A and B
is the perpendicular bisector of the
straight line AB.

PA PB =
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x x y y x x y y + = +



Remember:

y-intercept 0 x =
cut y-axis 0 x =
x-intercept 0 y =
cut x-axis 0 y =
**point lies on the line satisfy the equation substitute the value of x and of y of the point into the
equation.










7
07 Statistics
Measure of Central Tendency

Grouped Data
Ungrouped Data
Without Class Interval With Class Interval
Mean

N
x
x

=

mean x =
sum of x x =
value of the data x =
N = total number of the
data


f
fx
x

=

mean x =
sum of x x =
frequency f =
value of the data x =


f
fx
x

=

mean x =
frequency f =
class mark
(lower limit+upper limit)
=
2
x =

Median


1
2
N
m T
+
=
When N is an odd number.


1
2 2
2
N N
T T
m
+
+
=
When N is an even
number.



1
2
N
m T
+
=
When N is an odd number.


1
2 2
2
N N
T T
m
+
+
=
When N is an even number.


C
f
F N
L m
m

+ =
2
1


m = median
L = Lower boundary of median class
N = Number of data
F = Total frequency before median class
f
m
= Total frequency in median class
c = Size class
= (Upper boundary lower boundary)


Measure of Dispersion

Grouped Data
Ungrouped Data
Without Class Interval With Class Interval
variance

2
2
2
x
N
x
=



2
2
2
x
f
fx
=

2
2
2
x
f
fx
=

Standard
Deviation

variance =

( )
2
x x
N

=
2
2
x
x
N

=

variance =

( )
2
x x
N

=
2
2
x
x
N

=

variance =

( )
2
f x x
f

2
2
fx
x
f

8

Effects of data changes on Measures of Central Tendency and Measures of dispersion

08 Circular Measures
Terminology


Convert degree to radian:
Convert radian to degree:


180

radians degrees



180

( )radians
180
o
x x

=
180
radians ( ) degrees x x

=
Remember:

180 rad =

360 2 rad =

Data are changed uniformly with
+ k k k k
Measures of
Central Tendency
Mean, median, mode + k k k k
Range , Interquartile Range No changes
k k
Standard Deviation No changes
k k
Measures of
dispersion
Variance No changes
k
2
k
2
The variance is a measure of the mean for the square of the deviations from the mean.

The standard deviation refers to the square root for the variance.
0.7 rad
???
O
1.2 rad
???

9
Length and Area



r = radius
A = area
s = arc length
= angle
l = length of chord

Arc Length:

s r =

Length of chord:

2 sin
2
l r

=
Area of Sector:

2
1
2
A r =
Area of Triangle:

2
1
sin
2
A r =
Area of Segment:

2
1
( sin )
2
A r =

09 Differentiation



Differentiation of Algebraic Function
Differentiation of a Constant


Differentiation of a Function I


Differentiation of a Function II

1 1 0
y ax
dy
ax ax a
dx

=
= = =


Example
3
3
y x
dy
dx
=
=

1
n
n
y x
dy
nx
dx

=
=


Example
3
2
3
y x
dy
x
dx
=
=

is a constant
0
y a a
dy
dx
=
=


Example
2
0
y
dy
dx
=
=

Gradient of a tangent of a line (curve or
straight)

0
lim( )
x
dy y
dx x

=

10
Differentiation of a Function III


Differentiation of a Fractional Function


Law of Differentiation

Sum and Difference Rule


Chain Rule












and are functions in
n
y u u v x
dy dy du
dx du dx
=
=


Example
2 5
2
5 4
4
2 4 2 4
(2 3)
2 3, therefore 4
, therefore 5
5 4
5(2 3) 4 20 (2 3)
y x
du
u x x
dx
dy
y u u
du
dy dy du
dx du dx
u x
x x x x
= +
= + =
= =
=
=
= + = +


Or differentiate directly
1
( )
. .( )
n
n
y ax b
dy
n a ax b
dx

= +
= +


2 5
2 4 2 4
(2 3)
5(2 3) 4 20 (2 3)
y x
dy
x x x x
dx
= +
= + = +

and are functions in y u v u v x
dy du dv
dx dx dx
=
=


Example
3 2
2 2
2 5
2(3) 5(2) 6 10
y x x
dy
x x x x
dx
= +
= + = +

1
1
1
Rewrite
n
n
n
n
y
x
y x
dy n
nx
dx x

+
=
=

= =


Example
1
2
2
1
1
1
y
x
y x
dy
x
dx x

=
=

= =

1
n
n
y ax
dy
anx
dx

=
=


Example
3
2 2
2
2(3) 6
y x
dy
x x
dx
=
= =


11
Product Rule

Quotient Rule


2
and are functions in
u
y u v x
v
du dv
v u
dy
dx dx
dx v
=

=


Example
2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2
2 2
2 1
2 1
2 2
(2 1)(2 ) (2)
(2 1)
4 2 2 2 2
=
(2 1) (2 1)
x
y
x
u x v x
du dv
x
dx dx
du dv
v u
dy
dx dx
dx v
dy x x x
dx x
x x x x x
x x
=
+
= = +
= =

=
+
=
+
+ +
=
+ +


Or differentiate directly
2
2
2
2 2 2
2 2
2 1
(2 1)(2 ) (2)
(2 1)
4 2 2 2 2
=
(2 1) (2 1)
x
y
x
dy x x x
dx x
x x x x x
x x
=
+
+
=
+
+ +
=
+ +
and are functions in y uv u v x
dy du dv
v u
dx dx dx
=
= +


Example
3 2
3 2
2
3 2 2
(2 3)(3 2 )
2 3 3 2
2 9 4 1
=(3 2 )(2) (2 3)(9 4 1)
y x x x x
u x v x x x
du dv
x x
dx dx
dy du dv
v u
dx dx dx
x x x x x x
= +
= + =
= =
= +
+ +


Or differentiate directly
3 2
3 2 2
(2 3)(3 2 )
(3 2 )(2) (2 3)(9 4 1)
y x x x x
dy
x x x x x x
dx
= +
= + +


12
Gradients of tangents, Equation of tangent and Normal



If A(x
1
, y
1
) is a point on a line y = f(x), the gradient
of the line (for a straight line) or the gradient of the
tangent of the line (for a curve) is the value of
dy
dx

when x = x
1
.

Gradient of tangent at A(x
1
, y
1
):

gradient of tangent
dy
dx
=

Equation of tangent:
1 1
( ) y y m x x =

Gradient of normal at A(x
1
, y
1
):

normal
tangent
1
m
m
=
1
gradient of normal
dy
dx
=

Equation of normal :
1 1
( ) y y m x x =


Maximum and Minimum Point



Turning point 0
dy
dx
=

At maximum point,
0
dy
dx
=
2
2
0
d y
dx
<
At minimum point ,
0
dy
dx
=
2
2
0
d y
dx
>


13
Rates of Change Small Changes and Approximation

Chain rule
dA dA dr
dt dr dt
=

If x changes at the rate of 5 cms
-1
5
dx
dt
=
Decreases/leaks/reduces NEGATIVES values!!!
Small Change:

y dy dy
y x
x dx dx

Approximation:
new original
original
y y y
dy
y x
dx

= +
= +


small changes in
small changes in
x x
y y

=
=

If x becomes smaller x NEGATIVE =





14
10 Solution of Triangle



Sine Rule:

C
c
B
b
A
a
sin sin sin
= =

Use, when given
2 sides and 1 non included
angle
2 angles and 1 side


Cosine Rule:

a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
2bc cosA
b
2
= a
2
+ c
2
2ac cosB
c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
2ab cosC

bc
a c b
A
2
cos
2 2 2
+
=

Use, when given
2 sides and 1 included angle
3 sides






Area of triangle:







1
sin
2
A a b C =


C is the included angle of sides a
and b.


A
B
a
180 (A+B)
a
b
A
b
A
a
b
c
a
C
a
b

15

Case of AMBIGUITY






If C, the length AC and length AB remain unchanged,
the point B can also be at point B where ABC = acute
and A B C = obtuse.
If ABC = , thus ABC = 180 .

Remember : sin = sin (180 )

Case 1: When sin a b A <
CB is too short to reach the side opposite to C.

Outcome:
No solution
Case 2: When sin a b A =
CB just touch the side opposite to C

Outcome:
1 solution
Case 3: When sin a b A > but a < b.
CB cuts the side opposite to C at 2 points


Outcome:
2 solution
Case 4: When sin a b A > and a > b.
CB cuts the side opposite to C at 1 points


Outcome:
1 solution

Useful information:
In a right angled triangle, you may use the following to solve the
problems.









a
b
c

(i) Phythagoras Theorem:
2 2
c a b = +
(ii)
Trigonometry ratio:
sin , cos , tan
b a b
c c a
= = =

(iii) Area = (base)(height)






C
B
B

180 -
A

16
11 Index Number

Price Index Composite index

1
0
100
P
I
P
=

Price index I = / Index number
P
0
= Price at the base time
P
1
= Price at a specific time

i
i i
W
I W
I

=

Composite Index I =
Weightage W =
Price index I =
, , ,
100
A B B C A C
I I I =