APA Format–5th Edition

OVERVIEW–The American Psychological Association (APA) style, as

presented in this handout, is widely accepted in the Social Sciences and
Education. The APA citation format requires parenthetical citations
within the text rather than endnotes or footnotes. Citations in the text
provide brief information, usually the name of the author and the date of
publication, to lead the reader to the source of information in the
reference list at the end of the paper.

Please note that although the examples in this guide are shown in
single space, APA style requires double spacing throughout the
document (e.g., title page, text, references, etc.)

APA RULES FOR THE REFERENCE LIST – The following four sections show some
of the more commonly used APA citation rules.

Please note that all citations must be in the hanging indent format with the
first line flush to the left margin and all other lines indented. Single spaces
are placed after all punctuation (periods, commas, colons, semicolons) in a
reference citation and at the end of sentences in the text.

JOURNALS, MAGAZINES, NEWSPAPERS, ETC. – The following are examples of

reference citations for print-format articles published in journals, magazines, newspapers,
and other periodicals:

General Form – Journals, Magazines, Newspapers, Etc. [Published in Print Format]

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (1999). Title of

article. Title of Journal, xx, xxx-xxx.

Please note that the journal title and the volume number are in italics.

One Author

Paivio, A. (1975). Perceptual comparisons through the mind's eye.

Memory & Cognition, 3, 635-647.

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Two to Six Authors + Journal Paginated by Issue

Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process
in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and
Research, 45(2), 10-36.

(NOTE: Only use the issue number if each issue of the journal starts with
page one. If the issues in the volume are paged continuously, do not use the
issue number).

Six or More Authors

Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworth,

D., Lengua, L., et al. (2000). An experimental evaluation of
theory-based mother and mother-child programs for children of
divorce. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68,
843-856.

Magazine Article

Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Beyond the melting pot. Time,
135, 28-31.

Review of a Book

Carmody, T. P. (1982). A new look at medicine from the social

perspective [Review of the book Social contexts of health,
illness, and patient care]. Contemporary Psychology, 27, 208-
209.

Daily Newspaper Article + No Author + Discontinuous Pages

Generic Prozac debuts. (2001, August 3). The Washington Post, pp.
E1, E4.

Newspaper Editorial

Stress, cops and suicide [Editorial]. (1993, December 1). New York
Times, p. A22.

Editor + Entire Issue or Special Section

Barlow, D. H. (Ed.). (1991). Diagnoses, dimensions, and DSM-IV: The

science of classification [Special issue]. Journal of Abnormal
Psychology, 100(3).

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BOOKS, REPORTS, AV MEDIA, ETC. – Below are examples of reference citations for
[printed] sources published separately as books, reports, etc., and for audiovisual media:

General Form – Books, Reports [Published in Print Format], AV Media, Etc.

Author, A. A. (1999). Title of work. Location: Publisher.

By a Single Author

Nagel, P. C. (1992). The Lees of Virginia: Seven generations of an

American family. New York: Oxford University Press.

By a Corporate Author + Published by Author + Edition

American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and

statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington,
DC: Author.

By Anonymous Author

Guidelines and application form for directors, 1990 summer seminar

for school teachers. (1988). Washington, DC: National
Endowment for the Humanities.

Chapter in a Book

Burghardt, G. M. (1984). On the origins of play. In P. K. Smith

(Ed.), Play in animals and humans (pp. 5-42). Oxford, England:
Basil Blackwell.

ERIC Document

Mead, J. V. (1992). Looking at old photographs: Investigating the

teacher tales that novice teachers bring with them (Report No.
NCRTL-RTR-92-4). East Lansing, MI: National Center for
Research on Teaching Learning. (ERIC Document Reproduction
Service No. ED346082)

Report + Government Printing Office (GPO)

National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in

serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679).
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

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Videotape

National Geographic Society (Producer). (1987). In the shadow of

Vesuvius. [Videotape]. Washington, DC: Author.

ONLINE JOURNALS, MAGAZINES, NEWSPAPERS, ETC. – The following are examples

of reference citations for journal, magazine or newspaper articles retrieved from online
databases (e.g., EBSCOHost Academic Search Premier, ABI/INFORM, JSTOR, etc.) and
from other electronic sources.

NOTE: APA protocols for citing electronic information are evolving. For the
latest information on APA style, please consult the official APA Web site
http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html .

General Form – Articles from Online Journals, Magazines, Newspapers, Etc.

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (1999). Title of

article. Title of Journal, xx, xxx-xxx. Retrieved month day,
year, from database name.

Full-Text Article Retrieved from an Online Database

(NOTE: Full URL ( Uniform Resource Locator, [the web address that usually
starts with http://]), is usually not given when the source is an online
database since they often do not function in subsequent online sessions;
instead, use the full database name.)

Senior, B. (1997). Team roles and team performance: Is there really

a link? Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,
70, 241-258. Retrieved June 6, 2005, from EBSCOhost Business
Source Premier database.

Dykeman, B. F. (1994). The effects of motivational orientation,

self-efficacy, and feedback condition on test anxiety. Journal
of Instructional Psychology, 21(2), 114-120. Retrieved June 4,
2005, from EBSCOHost Academic Search Premier database.

Garza, A. (1999, March 17). Siesta put to rest: Mexican tradition

under siege. Boston Globe, p. A2. Retrieved June 3, 2005, from
ProQuest Newsstand database.

Stevenson, W., Maton, K. I., & Teti, D. M. (1999). Social support,

relationship quality, and well-being among pregnant
adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 22(1), 109-121. Retrieved
July 29, 2005, from Elsevier Science Direct database.

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Article from E-journal website

(Please note that the Full URL is given with e-journal websites where the
URL will function in subsequent online sessions to retrieve the same article.
There is no period at the end of a reference citation ending with a URL.)

Lodewijkx, H. F. M. (2001, May 23). Individual-group continuity in

cooperation and competition under varying communication
conditions. Current Issues in Social Psychology, 6 (12), 166-
182. Retrieved August 19, 2005, from http://www.uiowa.edu/
~grpproc/crisp/crisp.6.12.htm

Ray, O. (2004). How the mind hurts and heals the body. American
Psychologist 59, 29-40. Retrieved August 19, 2005, from
http://www.apa.org/journals/releases/amp59129.pdf

(Break a URL that goes to another line after a slash or before a period. Do
not insert, or allow your word-processing program to insert, a hyphen at the
break. Right Click on the URL and remove the hyperlink, in order to eliminate
the blue type of the link.)

ONLINE DOCUMENTS – Below are examples of reference citations for online documents
not published in journals, magazines or newspapers. These are retrieved from websites,
Internet newsgroups, e-mail-based discussion groups, etc.

General Form – Online Documents

Author, A. A. (1999). Title of work. Retrieved month day, year,

from web address

Stand-alone Online Document

NAACP (2005, April 29). NAACP supports Congressional fight to end

predatory lending. Retrieved August 19, 2005, from http://www
.naacp.org/inc/docs/washington/109/109_aa-2005-04-28.pdf

Stand-alone Online Document + No Author Identified + No Date

GVU's 10th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 19, 2005, from
http://www.gvu.gatech.edu/user_surveys/survey-1998-10/

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Web Sites in Parenthetical Citations: To cite an entire Web site (but not a specific
document within the site), it is sufficient to give the URL of the site in the text. No entry in
the reference list is needed.

For example:

Kidpsych is an excellent Web site for young children (http://

www.kidpsych.org).

Email Communications: Email communications should be cited as personal

communications in the text. For example, an email communication from Jean Phinney
would be cited in the text as follows:

This information was verified a few days later (J. S. Phinney,

personal communication, June 5, 1999).

No entry in the reference list is needed.

ABBREVIATIONS – These are approved abbreviations for use in reference lists:

chap. Chapter ed. edition

Rev. ed. revised edition 2nd ed. second edition
Ed. (Eds) Editor (Editors) Trans. Translated by
n.d. no date p. (pp.) page (pages)
Vol. Volume (as in Vol. 3) vols. volumes (as in 10 vols.)
No. Number Pt. Part
Suppl. Supplement Tech. Rep. Technical Report

REFERENCE CITATIONS IN TEXT– APA utilizes a system of brief referencing in the

text of a paper, whether one is paraphrasing or providing a direct quotation from another
author’s work. Citations in the text usually consist of the name of the author(s) and the
date of publication. The complete citation would appear in the alphabetical References list
at the end of the paper. Below are examples of paraphrasing another’s work:

Parenthetical Citation
As metaphors for the workings of nature, Darwin used the
tangled bank, the tree of life, and the face of nature (Gould,
1989).
Author As Part of the Narrative
Gould (1989) attributes Darwin's success to his gift for
making the appropriate metaphor.
Author and Date As Part of the Narrative (acceptable but not preferred)
In a 1989 article, Gould explores some of Darwin's most
effective metaphors.

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Direct Quotations – Always provide the author, year and specific page of the quote.
Below are two applications of correct APA style:

Direct Quotation with Parenthetical Citation

Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life "to express the
other form of interconnectedness–genealogical rather than
ecological" (Gould, 1989, p. 14).

Direct Quotation with Name of Author in the Text

Gould (1989) explains that Darwin used the metaphor of the
tree of life "to express the other form of interconnectedness–
genealogical rather than ecological–and to illustrate both
success and failure in the history of life" (p. 14).

Each of the above five sample sentences above would lead readers of a correctly
formatted APA style paper to this complete citation in the References list at the end of the
paper:

Gould, S. J. (1989). The wheel of fortune and the wedge

of progress. Natural History, 89(3), 14-21.

CITING SECONDARY SOURCES -- When citing a work discussed in a secondary source,

give the secondary source in the reference list at the end of the paper. In the example
below, the study by Seidenberg and McClelland was mentioned in an article by Coltheart,
Curtis, Atkins, & Haller.

Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (as cited in Coltheart,

Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993)

In the reference list, you would cite the secondary source you read, not the original study.

Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993).

Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-
distributed-processing approaches. Psychological Review,
100, 589-608.

CAN'T FIND THE RIGHT RULE?

If you do not find a rule in this guide to fit the specific citation you have, please consult the
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th edition, which is,
available at the Reference and Reserve desks (BF76.7 P83 2001). Reference citations
rules are in Chapter Four. Use pages 232 through 239 as an index to examples in this
chapter. The number after each index entry refers to example numbers found on pages
239 through 281.

DS 9/01/05