Ds..... P Lab Manual

Vi Institute of Technology Dept.
of ECE
EXP NO: 1 STUDY O V!"IOUS !DD"ESSIN# $ODES O DSP%T$S&'(C)*1&
P"OCESSO"+ USIN# SI$P,E P"O#"!$$IN# EX!$P,ES
!I$ :
To Study the various addressing modes of DSP (TMS320C6713 Processor using sim!"e
e#am!"e !rogrammes$
1.1. !"C-ITECTU"E
The TMS320C6713 is a 32 %it f"oating !oint !rocessor& o!erating at 22'M() *hich
de"ivers u! to 13'0 mi""ion f"oating+!oint o!erations !er second (M,-.PS and
1/00 mi""ion instructions !er second (M0PS$ The C6713 uses a t*o+"eve" cache+
%ased architecture and has a !o*erfu" and diverse set of !eri!hera"s$ The "eve"1
!rogram cache (-1P is a 12+%yte direct+ma!!ed cache and the "eve"1 data cache
(-1P is a 12+3yte 2+*ay set+associative cache$ The "eve" 2 memory4cache (-2
consists of a 2'62+3yte memory s!ace that is shared %et*een !rogram and data
s!ace$ The C6713 has a rich !eri!hera" set that inc"udes t*o mu"tichanne" 5udio
Seria" Ports (Mc3SPs& t*o 0nter+0ntegrated Circuit (0
2
C %uses& one dedicated
6enera"+Pur!ose 0n!ut4.ut!ut(6P0. modu"e& t*o genera"+!ur!ose timers& a host+
!ort interface ((P0& and a e#terna" memory interface (7M0, ca!a%"e of interfacing
to SD85M& S3S85M& and asynchronous !eri!hera"s$
1.'. CENT"!, P"OCESSIN# UNIT %CPU+
The CP9 contains:
+ Program fetch unit
+ 0nstruction dis!atch unit& advanced instruction !ac;ing (C61 on"y
+ 0nstruction decode unit
+ T*o data !aths& each *ith four functiona" units
+ 32+%it registers& Contro" registers& Contro" "ogic
+ Test& emu"ation& and interru!t "ogic
The !rogram fetch& instruction dis!atch& and instruction decode units can de"iver
u! to eight 32+%it instructions to the functiona" units every CP9 c"oc; cyc"e$
The !rocessing of instructions occurs in each of the t*o data !aths (5 and 3&
each of *hich contains four functiona" units ($-& $S& $M& and $D and 16 32+%it
genera"+!ur!ose registers for the C6713$ 5 contro" register fi"e !rovides the means
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ 1
Vi Institute of Technology Dept. of ECE
to configure and contro" various !rocessor o!erations$
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igu1e 1.1. T$S&'(C)*1& /loc8 Di2g120
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ '
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ &
1.& INTE"N!, $E$O"Y
0t is a !art of 32+%it& %yte+addressa%"e address s!ace$ 0nterna" (on+chi!
memory is organi)ed in se!arate data and !rogram s!aces$ <hen off+chi! memory
is used& these s!aces are unified on most devices to a sing"e memory s!ace via the
e#terna" memory interface (7M0,$ The C6713 has t*o 32+%it interna" !orts to access
interna" data memory$ 3esides there is a sing"e interna" !ort to access interna"
!rogram memory& *ith an instruction+fetch *idth of 2'6 %its$
1.7 $E$O"Y !ND PE"IP-E"!, OPTIONS
5 variety of memory and !eri!hera" o!tions are avai"a%"e for the C6713 DSP:
= Memories
+ -arge on+chi! 85M& u! to 7M %its
+ Program cache
+ 2+"eve" caches
+ 32+%it e#terna" memory interface su!!orts SD85M& S3S85M& S85M& and
other asynchronous memories for a %road range of e#terna" memory
re>uirements and ma#imum system !erformance$
= DM5 Contro""er transfers data %et*een address ranges in the memory ma!
*ithout intervention %y the CP9$ There are four !rogramma%"e channe"s and a
fifth au#i"iary channe" inside the DM5 %"oc;$
= 7DM5 Contro""er !erforms the same functions as the DM5 contro""er and is
e>ui!!ed *ith 16 !rogramma%"e channe"s& as *e"" as a 85M s!ace to
ho"d mu"ti!"e configurations for future transfers$
= (P0 is a !ara""e" !ort through *hich a host !rocessor can direct"y access the
CP9?s memory s!ace$ The host device has easy access %ecause it is the master
of the interface$ The host and the CP9 can e#change information via interna"
or e#terna" memory$ 0n addition& the host has direct access to memory+
ma!!ed !eri!hera"s$
= 7#!ansion %us is a re!"acement for the (P0& as *e"" as an e#!ansion of the
7M0,$ The e#!ansion !rovides t*o distinct areas of functiona"ity (host !ort
and 04. !ort *hich can co+e#ist in a system$ The host !ort of the e#!ansion
%us can o!erate in either asynchronous s"ave mode& simi"ar to the
(P0& or in synchronous master4s"ave mode$ This a""o*s the device to
interface to a variety of host %us !rotoco"s$ Synchronous ,0,.s and
asynchronous !eri!hera" 04. devices may interface to the e#!ansion %us$
= The t*o Mc5SP interface modu"es each su!!ort one transmit and one receive
c"oc; )one$ There are eight seria" data !ins in each Mc5SP& *hich can %e
individua""y a""ocated to any of the t*o )ones$ The seria" !ort su!!orts time+
division mu"ti!"e#ing on each !in from 2 to 32 time s"ots$ The C6713 has
sufficient %and*idth to su!!ort a"" 16 seria" data !ins transmitting a 1@2 ;()
stereo signa"$ Seria" data in each )one may %e transmitted and received on
mu"ti!"e seria" data !ins simu"taneous"y and formatted in a mu"titude of
variations on the Phi"i!s inter+0C sound (02S format$
= Mc3SP (mu"tichanne" %uffered seria" !ort is %ased on the standard seria"
!ort interface found on the TMS320C2000 and C'000 !"atform devices$ 0n
addition& the !ort can %uffer seria" sam!"es in memory automatica""y
*ith the aid of the DM547DA5 contro""er$ 0t a"so has mu"tichanne"
ca!a%i"ity com!ati%"e *ith the T1& 71& SCS5& and MB0P net*or;ing
standards$
= The t*o 02C !orts on the TMS320C6713 a""o* the DSP to easi"y contro"
!eri!hera" devices& %oot from a seria" 77P8.M& and communicate *ith a host
!rocessor$
= Timers in the C6713 devices are t*o 32+%it genera"+!ur!ose timers used for
these functions:
= Time events
= Count events
= 6enerate !u"ses
= 0nterru!t the CP9
= Send synchroni)ation events to the DM547DM5 contro""er$
There are t*o signa"ing mode that can %e "oaded %y an interna" or interna"
source$ The timers inherit an in!ut !in and out!ut !in& *hich can %e
configured for genera" !ur!ose in!ut and out!ut res!ective"y$ The in!ut and
out!ut !ins (T
0AP
& T
.9T
can function in timer c"oc; in!ut and c"oc; out!ut$
= Po*er+do*n "ogic a""o*s reduced c"oc;ing to reduce !o*er consum!tion$
Most of the o!erating !o*er of CM.S "ogic dissi!ates during circuit s*itching
from one "ogic state to another$ 3y !reventing some or a"" of the chi!?s "ogic
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ =
from s*itching& you can rea"i)e significant !o*er savings *ithout "osing any
data or o!erationa" conte#t$
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ )
1.= #ENE"!,.PU"POSE "E#ISTE" I,ES
There are t*o genera"+!ur!ose register fi"es (5 and 3 in the C6713 data
!aths$ 7ach of these fi"es contains si#teen 32+%it registers (50+51' for fi"e 5 and
30+ 31' for fi"e 3$ The genera"+!ur!ose registers can %e used for data& data
address !ointers or condition registers$ The C6713 genera"+!ur!ose register fi"es
su!!ort data ranging in si)e from !ac;ed 16+%it data through 10+%it fi#ed+!oint
and 61+%it f"oating !oint data$
Values larger than 32 bits, such as 40-bit long and 64-bit float quantities
are stored in register pairs. In these the 32 LSs of data are placed in an e!en-
nu"bered register and the re"aining # or 32 $Ss in the ne%t upper register
&'hich is al'a(s an odd- nu"bered register). *he +64% register file e%tends
this b( additionall( supporting pac,ed #-bit t(pes and 64-bit fi%ed-point data
t(pes. *he pac,ed data t(pes store either four #-bit !alues or t'o -6-bit !alues
in a single 32-bit register, or four -6-bit !alues in a 64-bit register pair. *here are
-6 !alid register pairs for 40-bit and 64-bit data in the +6.-3 cores, and 32 !alid
register pairs for 40-bit and 64-bit data in the +64% core, as sho'n in *able. In
asse"bl( language s(nta%, a colon bet'een the register na"es denotes the
register pairs, and the odd-nu"bered register is specified first.
8egister ,i"es 5!!"ica%"e Devices
5 3
51:50 31:30
53:52 33:32
5':51 3':31
57:56 37:36
5@:5/ 3@:3/
511:510 311:310
513:512 313:312
51':511 31':311
C62#4C61#4C67#
517:516 317:316
51@:51/ 31@:31/
521:520 321:320
523:522 323:322
52':521 32':321
527:526 327:326
52@:52/ 32@:32/
531:530 331:330
C61# .A-C
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ *
T2>le 1.1. 7(./it6)7./it "egiste1 P2i1s
,igure 1+2 i""ustrates the register storage scheme for 10+%it "ong data$
.!erations re>uiring a "ong in!ut ignore the 21 MS3s of the odd+num%ered
register$ .!erations !roducing a "ong resu"t )ero+fi"" the 21 MS3s of the odd+
num%ered register$ The even+ num%ered register is encoded in the o!code$
&1 ODD "E#ISTE" ? * &1 ( EVEN "E#ISTE" (
I#NO"ED
"E!D "O$
"E#ISTE"S
&' &1 &4
7( . /IT D!T!
(
EVEN "E#ISTE" ( ODD "E#ISTE"
@"ITE TO
"E#ISTE"S
&4 &' &1
7( . /IT D!T! AE"O.I,,ED
igu1e 1.'. Sto12ge Sche0e fo1 7(./it D2t2 in 2 "egiste1 P2i1
1.) UNCTION!, UNITS
The eight functiona" units in the C6713 data !aths can %e divided into t*o grou!s
of fourD each functiona" unit in one data !ath is a"most identica" to the
corres!onding unit in the other data !ath$ The functiona" units are descri%ed in
Ta%"e 1+2$
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ ?
unction2l
Unit
i:e3.Point Ope12tions lo2ting.
Point
Ope12tions
$- unit
($-1&-2
32410+%it arithmetic and com!are o!erations
32+%it "ogica" o!erations
-eftmost 1 or 0 counting for 32 %its norma"i)ation
count for 32 and 10 %its
3yte shifts
Data !ac;ing4un!ac;ing
'+%it constant generation
Dua" 16+%it arithmetic o!erations Euad /+%it
arithmetic o!erations Dua" 16+%it min4ma# o!erations
Euad /+%it min4ma# o!erations
5rithmetic o!erations
DP6S!& 0AT6DP&
0AT6SP conversion
o!erations
$S unit
($S1&$S2
32+%it arithmetic o!erations
32410 %it shifts and 32+%it %it+fie"d o!erations
32+%it "ogica" o!erations %ranches constant generation
8egister transfers to from contro" register fi"e ($S2
on"y
3yte Shifts& Data !ac;ing4un!ac;ing
Dua" 16+%it com!are o!erations
Euad /+%it com!are o!erations
Dua" 16+%it saturated arithmetic o!erations
Com!are 8eci!roca"
and reci!roca" s>uare+
root o!erations
5%so"ute va"ue
o!erations S P 6DP
c o n ve r s i o n
o!erations
$M unit ($M1&
$M2
16#16 mu"ti!"y o!erations
16#32 mu"ti!"y o!erations
Euad /#/ mu"ti!"y o!erations Dua" 16#16 mu"ti!"y
o!erations Dua"16#16 mu"ti!"y *ith add4su%tract
o!erations
Euad /#/ mu"ti!"y *ith add o!eration
3it e#!ansion
3it inter"eaving4de+inter"eaving Baria%"e shift
o!erations 8otation
6a"ois ,ie"d Mu"ti!"y
32+%it add& su%tract "inear and circu"ar address
ca"cu"ation
32#32+%it fi#ed+
!oint mu"ti !"y
o! e r a ti ons
f"oating+!oint
mu"ti!"y o!erations
$D unit ($D1&
$D2
-oads and stores *ith '+%it constant offset
-oads and stores *ith 1'+%it constant offset (D2
on"y
-oads and store dou%"e *ords *ith '+%it constant
-oad and store non+a"igned *ords and dou%"e *ords
'+%it constant generation
32+%it "ogica" o!erations
-oad dou%"e *ord
*ith '+%it constant
offset
T2>le 1.'. unction2l Units 2n3 Ope12tions Pe1fo10e3
Most data "ines in the CP9 su!!ort 32+%it o!erands& and some su!!ort "ong
(10+%it and dou%"e *ord (61+%it o!erands$ 7ach functiona" unit incor!orates its
o*n 32+%it *rite !ort into a genera"+!ur!ose register fi"e (8efer to ,igure 2+3$
The units ending in 1 (for e#am!"e& $-1 *rite to register fi"e 5& and a"" units
ending in 2 *rite to register fi"e 3$ 7ach functiona" unit has t*o 32+%it read !orts
for source o!erands src1 and src2$ 5n e#tra /+%it+*ide !ort for 10+%it "ong *rites&
as *e"" as an /+%it in!ut for 10+%it "ong reads are avai"a%"e in ,our units( -1& -2&
S1& and S2$ 0n vie* of the fact that there is a 32+%it *rite !ort in each unit& *hen
!erforming 32+%it o!erations a"" eight units can %e used in !ara""e" every cyc"e$
1.* T$S&'(C)*1& CONT"O, "E#ISTE" I,E
.ne unit ($S2 can read from and *rite to the contro" register fi"e& as sho*n in
this section$ Ta%"e 1$3 "ists the contro" registers contained in the contro" register
fi"e and descri%es each$ 0f more information is avai"a%"e on a contro" register& the
ta%"e "ists *here to "oo; for that information$ 7ach contro" register is
accessed %y the MBC instruction$
5dditiona""y& some of the contro" register %its are s!ecia""y accessed in other
*ays$ ,or e#am!"e& arriva" of a mas;a%"e interru!t on an e#terna" interru!t !in&
0ATm& triggers the setting of f"ag %it 0,8m$ Su%se>uent"y& *hen that
interru!t is !rocessed& this triggers the c"earing of 0,8m and the c"earing of the
g"o%a" interru!t ena%"e %it& 607$ ,ina""y& *hen that interru!t !rocessing is
com!"ete& the 3 08P instruction in the interru!t service routine restores the
!re+interru!t va"ue of the 607$ Simi"ar"y& saturating instructions "i;e S5DD
set the S5T (saturation %it in the CS8 (Contro" Status 8egister$
!>>1e;i2tion "egiste1 N20e Desc1iption
5M8
CS8
0,8
0S8
5ddressing mode
register
Contro" status register
0nterru!t f"ag register
0nterru!t set register
S!ecifies *hether to use "inear or circu"ar
addressing for each of eight registers a"so contains
si)es for circu"ar addressing$
Contains the g"o%a" interru!t ena%"e %it& cache
contro" %its and other misce""aneous contro" and
status %its$
Dis!"ays status of interru!ts
5""o*s manua""y setting !ending interru!ts
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ 1(
0C8
078
0STP
08P
A8P
PC71
0nterru!t c"ear register
0nterru!t ena%"e
register
0nterru!t service ta%"e
!ointer
0nterru!t return !ointer
Aonmas;a%"e interru!t
return !ointer
Program counter& 70
!hase
5""o*s manua""y c"earing !ending interru!ts
5""o*s ena%"ing4disa%"ing of individua" interru!ts
Points to the %eginning of the interru!t service
ta%"e$
Contains the address to %e used to return from a
mas;a%"e interru!t
Contains the address to %e used to return from a
nonmas;a%"e interru!t
Contains the address of the fetch !ac;et that is in
the 71 !i!e" "ine stage$
T2>le 1.& Cont1ol "egiste1s
1.? PIPE,INE OPE"!TION OVE"VIE@
The !i!e"ine !hases are divided into three stages:
= ,etch
= Decode
= 7#ecute
5"" instructions in the C67# instruction set f"o* through the fetch& decode&
and e#ecute stages of the !i!e"ine$ The fetch stage of the !i!e"ine has four
!hases for a"" instructions& and the decode stage has t*o !hases for a""
instructions$ The e#ecute stage of the !i!e"ine re>uires a varying num%er of
!hases& de!ending on the ty!e of instruction$ The stages of the C67# !i!e"ine are
sho*n in ,igure 1+3$
igu1e 1.&. lo2ting.Point Pipeline St2ges
1.?.1 etch
The fetch !hases of the !i!e"ine are:
P# : Program address generate
PS : Program address send
P@ : Program access ready *ait
P" : Program fetch !ac;et receive
The C6713 uses a fetch !ac;et (,P of eight instructions$ 5"" eight of the
instructions !roceed through fetch !rocessing together& through the P6& PS& P<&
and P8 !hases$ ,igure 1+1(a sho*s the fetch !hases in se>uentia" order from "eft
to right$ ,igure 1+ 1(% sho*s a functiona" diagram of the f"o* of instructions
through the fetch !hases$ During the P6 !hase& the !rogram address is generated in
the CP9$ 0n the PS !hase& the !rogram address is sent to memory$ 0n the P<
!hase& a memory read occurs$ ,ina""y& in the P8 !hase& the fetch !ac;et is received
at the CP9$ ,igure 1+1(c sho*s fetch !ac;ets f"o*ing through the !hases of the
fetch stage of the !i!e"ine$ 0n ,igure 1+1(c& the first fetch !ac;et (in P8 is made u!
of four e#ecute !ac;ets& and the second and third fetch !ac;ets (in P< and PS
contain t*o e#ecute !ac;ets each$ The "ast fetch !ac;et (in P6 contains a sing"e
e#ecute !ac;et of eight sing"e+cyc"e instructions$
,D@ ,D@ $V5 !DD S-, ,D@ ,D@ $V5
$V5 / S$PY S$PY- $V $V5,- ,D@ ,D@
,D@ ,D@ S$PY- S$PY S!DD S!DD / $V5
NOP $V S$P-Y S$PY- S-" S-" ,D@ ,D@
Deco3e
'=)
P# PS P@ P"
unction2l
Units
"egiste1s
P#
$e0o1y
P@
%2+
%>+
etch
CPU
P"
PS
%c+
P#
PS
P@
P"
igu1e 1.7. etch Ph2ses of the Pipeline
1.?.' Deco3e
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ 1'
The decode !hases of the !i!e"ine are:
DP : 0nstruction dis!atch
DC : 0nstruction decode
0n the DP !hase of the !i!e"ine& the fetch !ac;ets are s!"it into e#ecute
!ac;ets$ 7#ecute !ac;ets consist of one instruction or from t*o to eight !ara""e"
instructions$ During the DP !hase& the instructions in an e#ecute !ac;et are
assigned to the a!!ro!riate functiona" units$ 0n the DC !hase& the source
registers& destination registers& and associated !aths are decoded for the e#ecution
of the instructions in the functiona" units$ ,igure 1+'(a sho*s the decode !hases
in se>uentia" order from "eft to right$ ,igure 1+ '(% sho*s a fetch !ac;et that
contains t*o e#ecute !ac;ets as they are !rocessed through the decode stage of
the !i!e"ine$ The "ast si# instructions of the fetch !ac;et(,P are !ara""e" and form
an e#ecute !ac;et (7P$ This 7P is in the dis!atch !hase (DP of the decode stage$
The arro*s indicate each instruction?s assigned functiona" unit for e#ecution
during the same cyc"e$
The NOP instruction in the eighth s"ot of the ,P is not dis!atched to a functiona"
unit %ecause there is no e#ecution associated *ith it$ The first t*o s"ots of the fetch
!ac;et re!resent an e#ecute !ac;et of t*o !ara""e" instructions that *ere
dis!atched on the !revious cyc"e$ This e#ecute !ac;et contains t*o $PY
instructions that are no* in decode (DC one cyc"e %efore e#ecution$ There are
no instructions decoded for the $-& $S& and $D functiona" units for the situation
i""ustrated$
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ 1&
,1 S1
$PY-
$1 D1 ,' S' $' D'
unction2l
units
DC
!DD !DD ST@
ST@
!DD5 NOP1 DP
&' &' &' &' &' &' &' &'
Deco3e
%>+
%2+
DP DC
1 NOP is not 3ispl2che3 to 2 function2l unit
$PY-
igu1e 1.=. Deco3e Ph2ses of the Pipeline
1.?.& E:ecute
The e#ecute !ortion of the f"oating+!oint !i!e"ine is su%divided into ten !hases
(71+ 710& as com!ared to the fi#ed+!oint !i!e"ine?s five !hases$ The different
ty!es of instructions re>uire different num%ers of these !hases to com!"ete
their e#ecution$ These !hases of the !i!e"ine !"ay an im!ortant ro"e in your
understanding the device state at CP9 cyc"e %oundaries$
Pipeline E:ecution of Inst1uction Types.
,igure 1+6(a sho*s the e#ecute !hases of the !i!e"ine in se>uentia"
order from "eft to right$ ,igure 1+6(% sho*s the !ortion of the functiona" %"oc;
diagram in *hich e#ecution occurs$
E1 E' E& E7 E= E) E* E? E4 E1(
E:ecute
S!DO
,1 S1
/ S$PY
$1 D1
ST-
1= 17 1& 1' 11 1( 4 ? * ) = 7 & ' 1 1 ' & 7 = ) * ? 4 1( 11 1' 1& 17 1=
S!DD
,' S'
SU/ S$PY-
$' D'
ST-
D2t2 0e0o1y inte1f2ce cont1ol
( 1 ' & 7 = ) *
4 ?
D2t2 2331ess 1 D2t2 2331ess '
&' &'
&' &'
&'
E1
Inte1n2l 32t2 0e0o1y
%>yte 2331ess2>le+
1)
1)
1) 1)
"egiste1 file ! "egiste1 file /
%2+
%>+
( (
D2t2 1 D2t2 '
igu1e 1.) E:ecute Ph2ses of the Pipeline 2n3 unction2l /loc8 Di2g120 of the
T$S&'(C)*1&
E:20ple P1og120
<rite an 5rithmetic -ogic Program for the %e"o* mentioned e>uation& %y using 6713
instruction set and functiona" units$ (5ddressing modes
Y a x
n n
n

1
1 0
0n this e#!eriment A F 10 Tota" Ao of 0n!uts (varia%"e
a
n
F ,irst in!ut array& #
n
F Second in!ut array
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ 1=
Memory Data Memory add Data
5'GG /0001000 a
0
56G
G
/0001100
H0
/0001001 a
1
/0001101 #
1
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
/00010@C a
n
/00011@C #
n
P"O#"!$
MB2 $S1 10& 52 D 52 F 10& "oo! count
MB2 $S1 0& 51 D Set 51 8egister shou"d %e 0
MB2 $S1 0#/0001000& =5' D a
n
0n!ut va"ues
MB2 $S1 0#/0001100& =56 D #
n
0n!ut va"ues
"oo!: -D( $D1 =5'GG& 50 D 50 F a(n
-D( $D1 =56GG& 51 D 51 F #(n
MPC $M1 50& 51& 53 D 53 F a(n = #(n
5DD $-1 53& 51& 51 D C F C G 53
S93 $-1 52& 1& 52 D decrement "oo! count
I52J 3 $S1 "oo! D if 52 F 0& %ranch
ST( $D1 51& =57 D =57 F C
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ 1)
STEPS:
1$ 0nitia""y "oad A (10 va"ue to 8egister 52& use $S1 (see Ta%"e 3 and get in!ut
va"ues (a
n&
#
n
from memory address to register 5'& 56$
2$ Then get t*o in!ut va"ues from 8egister 5' to 50 and 56 to 51 and use the $D1
functiona" unit$
3$ Ae#t mu"ti!"y the va"ues using $M functiona" unit$
1$ Then add the mu"ti!"ied va"ue into !assed mu"ti!"ied va"ue and 9se the $-1
functiona" unit$
'$ Then "oo! o!eration is used to e#ecute the !rogram in A (10 num%er of times$
9se $S1 functiona" unit$
6$ ,ina""y store the fina" out!ut in register 57 (use $D1 function unit$
"ESU,T:
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ 1*
Thus the Study of various addressing modes of DSP(TMS320C6713 Processor using sim!"e
!rogramming e#am!"es has %een studied$
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ 1?
EX.NO:' I$P,E$ENT!TION O ,INE!" B CI"CU,!" CONVO,UTION
!I$:
To *rite a KC? !rogram for "inear L circu"ar convo"ution of t*o in!ut se>uences using
TMS320C6713 ;it
!PP!"!TUS "ECUI"ED
1$ TMS320C6713 ;it
2$ Bi de%ugger (6713
3$ CCS soft*are
!,#O"IT-$:
,ine21 Con;olution:
1$ ,irst dec"are the t*o 0n!uts (Hn L (n and one .ut!ut memory (Cout&
Dec"are the varia%"es (i& ;& n& "& m for "oo! o!eration$
2$ Dec"are the t*o in!ut se>uences "ength (Hn"en L (n"en$
3$ Move the in!ut se>uence "ength data into t*o varia%"es ("& m$
1$ C"ear the 0n!ut& .ut!ut and se>uence "ength memories$
'$ Dec"are the outer for "oo! of varia%"e n is initia""y )ero to formu"ae ("Gm+1$
6$ Ae#t dec"are the inner for "oo! of varia%"e ; is initia""y )ero to outer "oo! of
varia%"e n$
7$ ,ina""y dec"are the "inear convo"ution formu"ae into a "oo! o!eration$
P"O#"!$
Minc"udeNfastmath67#$hO
Minc"udeNmath$hO
void main(
P
int =Hn&=(n&=.ut!utD
int =Hn-ength&=(n-engthD
int i&;&n&"&mD
HnF(int =0#/0001000D
(nF(int =0#/0001100D
Hn-engthF(int =0#/0001200D
(n-engthF(int =0#/0001201D
.ut!utF(int =0#/0002000D
"F=Hn-engthD
mF=(n-engthD
for(iF0DiN("Gm+1DiGG
P
.ut!utIiJF0D
HnI"GiJF0D
(nImGiJF0D
Q
for(nF0DnN("Gm+1DnGG
P
for(;F0D;NFnD;GG
P
.ut!utInJ F.ut!utInJ G (HnI;J=(nIn+;JD
Q
Q
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ '(
S!$P,E INPUT B OUTPUT
,irst in!ut + Hn F P1& 2& 3& 1Q& Hn-ength F 1
Second in!ut + (n F P1& 2& 0& 0Q& (n-ength F 1
Hn F 0#/0001000 F P1& 2& 3& 1Q
(n F 0#/0001100 F P1& 2& 0& 0Q
Hn-ength F 0#/0001200 F 1
(n-ength F 0#/0001201 F 1
Cout F 0#/0002000 F P1& 1& 7& 10& /& 0& 0Q
$2nu2l c2lcul2tion:
1 ' ( (
1 1 ' ( (
' ' 7 ( (
& & ) ( (
7 7 ? ( (
yout F P1&1&7&10&/&0&0Q
!,#O"IT-$ :
Ci1cul21 Con;olution:
1$ ,irst dec"are the t*o 0n!ut varia%"es (Hn L (n and one .ut!ut varia%"e (Cout&
Dec"are the varia%"es (i& n& m& n1& " for "oo! o!eration$
2$ Dec"are the t*o in!ut se>uences "ength$ (Hn"en L (n"en
3$ Chec; *hether the Hn "ength is greater or (n "ength is greater$ Ta;e the greater
num%er that is the "ength of the circu"ar convo"ution "ength (A$
1$ Do the memory c"ear o!eration$
'$ Perform the convo"ution o!eration to t*o in!ut se>uences$ ,or (n In R ;J out!ut
is "esser than 0 means add A ((nIn+; G AJ& this is !erform shifting o!eration of
second se>uence$
6$ Then store the out!ut in to out!ut memory "ocation$
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ '1
P"O#"!$:
Minc"udeNmath$hO
void main(
P
int =Hn&=(n&=Cout&=Hn"en&=(n"enD
int i& n& m& a& %& "D
HnF(int =0#/0001000D
(nF(int =0#/0001100D
CoutF(int =0#/0002000D
Hn-engthF(int =0#/0001200D
(n-engthF(int =0#/0001201D
aF=Hn"enD
%F=(n"enD
if(a N %
A F %D
e"se
A F aD
,or (iF0DiNADiGG44 Memory C"ear
P
yIiJF0D
HnIaGiJF0D
(nI%GiJF0D
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ ''
Q
for(nF0DnNADnGG
P
for(mF0DmNADmGG
P
"Fn+mD
if("N0
"F"GAD
yInJFyInJG(HnImJ=(nI"JD
Q
Q
Q
S!$P,E INPUT B OUTPUT
,irst in!ut + Hn F P1& 2& 3& 1Q& Hn-ength F 1
Second in!ut + (n F P1& 2& 0& 0Q& (n-ength F 1
Hn F 0#/0001000 F P1& 2& 3& 1Q
(n F 0#/0001100 F P1& 2& 0& 0Q
Hn-ength F 0#/0001200 F 1
(n-ength F 0#/0001201 F 1
Cout F 0#/0002000 F P@& 1& 7& 10Q
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ '&
$2nu2l c2lcul2tion:
$2t1i: 0ultiplic2tion $etho3:
hn :n yout
1 ( ( ' 1 1 D ( D ( D ? 4
' 1 ( ( '
E
' D ' D ( D (
E
7
( ' 1 ( & ( D 7 D & D ( *
( ( ' 1 7 ( D ( D ) D 7 1(
"ESU,T:
Thus the "inear L circu"ar convo"ution *as !erformed and the resu"t has %een
successfu""y verified$
EX.NO:& S!$P,IN# O INPUT SI#N!, !ND DISP,!Y
!I$:
To *rite a C !rogram for sam!"ing the in!ut signa" and dis!"ay the out!ut using
TMS320C6713 ;it$
!PP!"!TUS "ECUI"ED
1$ TMS320C6713 2it
2$ Bi De%ugger (6713
3$ CCS Soft*are< .ut to 5SC
1$ PC& ,6& C8.
T-EO"Y
The signa"s *e use in the rea" *ord& such as our voice are ca""ed Sana"og signa"T$ To
!rocess these signa"s in com!uters& *e need to convert the signa"s to digita" form *hi"e an
ana"og signa" in continuous in %oth time and am!"itude& a digita" signa" in discrete in %oth
time and am!"itude$ To convert a signa" from continuous time to discrete time& the !rocess is
ca""ed sam!"ing$ The va"ue of the signa" is measured at certain interna" in time$ 7ach
measurement is referred to as a sam!"es$
0f the signa"s contain high fre>uency com!onents *e need to sam!"e at a higher rate
to avoid "osing information that is in the signa"$ 0n genera" to !reserve the fu"" information in
the signa"$ This is ;no*n as the Ay>uist rate$ The sam!"ing theorem states that a signa" can
%e e#act"y re!roduced if it is sam!"ed at a fre>uency ,& *here , is in greater than t*ice the
ma# fre>uency in the signa"$
!,#O"IT-$:
1$ ,irst initia"i)e a"" in!ut& out!ut and varia%"es to !articu"ar data ty!e$
2$ Set the memory address *hich is used to store the in!ut and out!ut va"ues$
3$ Set SocBa"ue (address R 0#@001000C to Soc8ead& The Soc8ead function is used
to start the 5DC o!eration$
1$ Store the converted (5na"og to Digita" out!ut out!ut in the varia%"e K5dc.ut?&
then a!!"y the "ogica" o!eration (5AD& .8$
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ '=
5AD(0#0fff R 0t is used to ta;e 2?s com!"ement of 5DC out!ut& its
convert 16 %it va"ue to 12 %it va"ue$
.8(0#0/00 R 0t is used to offset the out!ut va"ue (Gve offset
'$ Store the out!ut va"ue in D5C memory address (0#@001000/$
P"O#"!$
Minc"ude Nfastmath67#$hO
Minc"udeNmath$hO
void main(
P
int =SocBa"ueD
int =5dcBa"ueD
int =DacBa"ueD
int Soc8eadD
unsigned short 5dc.utD
unsigned char =-edD
int De"ayCountD
SocBa"ue F (int = 0#@001000CD
5dcBa"ue F (int = 0#@001000/D
DacBa"ue F (int = 0#@001000/D
-ed F (unsigned char = 0#@0010016D
<hi"e (1
P
Soc8ead F =SocBa"ueD
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ ')
5dc.ut F =5dcBa"ueD
5dc.ut LF 0#0fffD
5dc.ut UF 0#0/00D
for(De"ayCount F 0D De"ayCount N '00D De"ayCountGGD
=DacBa"ue F 5dc.utD
=-ed F 1D
Q
Q
"ESU,T
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ '*
Thus the in!ut signa" is sam!"ed and out!ut *as dis!"ayed using TMS320C6713 ;it$
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ '?
EX.NO:7 @!VEO"$ #ENE"!TION
!I$ :
To *rite a C !rogram for generating the Sine& Cos& Triangu"ar and Sa*tooth
*aveforms using TMS320C6713 ;it$
!PP!"!TUS "ECUI"ED
1$ TMS320C6713 2it
3$ CCS Soft*are< .ut to 5SC
1$ PC& ,6& C8.
!,#O"IT-$:
Sine 92;e #ene12tion:
1$ Create a ne* !roVect and initia"i)e header fi"e& in!ut& out!ut and varia%"es to the
!articu"ar data ty!e$
3$ The out!ut va"ues (rea" time are stored in the D5C channe" 1 memory address
(0#@001000/$
1$ Then set the sam!"ing fre>uency (,sam! and in!ut fre>uency (,in to find the
num%er of sam!"es (Asam! and Sam!"ing time (Tsam!$
Asam! F,sam! 4,in: Tsam! F 14,sam!
'$ 9sing trigonometric formu"a find out the sine out!ut$ This out!ut va"ues come
across +1 to 1$ This gain is not enough to dis!"ay the sine *ave& so increase the
gain %y mu"ti!"ying *ith 201/$
6$ 3it*ise 7H+.8 o!eration is used to offset the sine va"ues (Gve offset$
7$ Then move the gain increased va"ue to D5C memory address$
/$ Simu"ation out!ut is dis!"ayed in 6ra!h *indo* L 8ea" time out!ut in C8.$
@$ 6ra!h <indo* settings
1$ 3uffer Si)e F 12'(0t is de!ends on the Asam! Ba"ue
2$ Data Si)e F 12' or 2'0 (it is no of cyc"e
3$ Data Ty!e F 32 3it Signed int (Dec"ared data ty!e
1$ Set 5uto Sca"e mode
P"O#"!$
Minc"ude Nmath$hO
Mdefine P0 3$11
void main(
P
int CountD
int Asam!D
int De"ayCountD
int ,in F 1000D 44 0n!ut Signa" ,re>uency in ()
const f"oat ,sam! F 12'000$0D
f"oat Tsam!D
dou%"e angD
short =SinW.utD 44out!ut array$
int =DacBa"ueD
SinW.ut F (short =0#/0010000D
DacBa"ue F (int =0#@001000/D 44 ,irst D5C channe"
Asam! F ,sam! 4 ,inD 44num%er of sam!"es in one cyc"e$
Tsam! F 1 4 ,sam!D
for (Count F 0D Count N Asam!D Count GG
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ &(
P
ang F (2 = P0 = ,in = Tsam! = CountD
=(SinW.ut G Count F sin(ang = 201/D
Q
*hi"e(1
P
for(Count F 0D Count N Asam!D CountGG
P
DacBa"ueICountJ F =(SinW.ut G Count U 0#/00D
for (De"ayCount F 0D De"ayCount N ''D De"ayCountGGD
Q
Q
Q
OUTPUT:
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ &1
!,#O"IT-$ :
Cosine 92;e #ene12tion:
(0#@001000/$
1$ Then set the sam!"ing fre>uency (,sam! and in!ut fre>uency (,in to find the
num%er of sam!"es (Asam! and Sam!"ing time (Tsam!$
Asam! F,sam! 4,in: Tsam! F 14,sam!
'$ 9sing trigonometric formu"a find out the cos out!ut$ This out!ut va"ues come
across +1 to 1$ This gain is not enough to dis!"ay the cos *ave& so increase the
gain %y mu"ti!"ying *ith 201/$
6$ 3it*ise 7H+.8 o!eration used to offset the cos va"ues (Gve offset$
7$ Then move gain increased va"ue to D5C memory address$
/$ Simu"ation out!ut is dis!"ayed in 6ra!h *indo* L 8ea" time out!ut in C8.$
@$ 6ra!h <indo* settings
1$ 3uffer Si)e F 12'(0t is de!ends on the Asam! Ba"ue
2$ Data Si)e F 12' or 2'0 (it is no of cyc"e
P"O#"!$
Minc"ude Nmath$hO
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ &'
Mdefine P0 3$11
void main(
P
int CountD
int Asam!D
int De"ayCountD
int ,in F 1000D 44 0n!ut Signa" ,re>uency in ()
const f"oat ,sam! F 12'000$0D
f"oat Tsam!D
dou%"e angD
short =CosW.utD 44out!ut array$
int =DacBa"ueD
CosW.ut F (short =0#/0010000D
DacBa"ue F (int =0#@001000/D 44 ,irst D5C channe"
Asam! F ,sam! 4 ,inD 44num%er of sam!"es in one cyc"e$
Tsam! F 1 4 ,sam!D
for (Count F 0D Count N Asam!D Count GG
P
ang F (2 = P0 = ,in = Tsam! = CountD
=(CosW.ut G Count F cos(ang = 201/D
Q
*hi"e(1
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ &&
P
for(Count F 0D Count N Asam!D CountGG
P
DacBa"ueICountJ F =(CosW.ut G Count U 0#/00D
for (De"ayCount F 0D De"ayCount N ''D De"ayCountGGD
Q
Q
Q
OUTPUT:
!,#O"IT-$:
T1i2ngul21 92;e #ene12tion:
(0#@001000/$
1$ The tota" si)e of the triangu"ar *ave is 10@6$ The increment order starts from
+1021 u! to 1021 and decrement order starts from 1021 u! to +1021 (tota""y
10@6$
'$ The first SforT "oo! is used for increment order and second SforT "oo! is used for
decrement order$ This is used for simu"ation out!ut$ The *hi"e "oo! is used to get
rea" time out!ut$
6$ Simu"ation out!ut is dis!"ayed in 6ra!h *indo* L 8ea" time out!ut in the C8.$
7$ 6ra!h <indo* settings
1$ 3uffer Si)e F 10@6(0t is de!ends on the Asam! Ba"ue
2$ Data Si)e F 10@6 or /1@2 (it is no of cyc"e
P"O#"!$
Minc"udeNmath$hO
void main(
P
short Count&.ut&Ba"D
short =Triangu"ar.ut&=Dac.utD
Triangu"ar.ut F (short =0#/0010000D
Dac.ut F (short =0#@001000/D
.ut F 0D
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ &=
for (Count F +1021D Count N 1021D CountGG
P
=(Triangu"ar.ut G .ut F CountD
.utGGD
Q
.ut F 201/D
for (Count F 1023D Count OF +1021D Count++
P
=(Triangu"ar.ut G .ut F CountD
.utGGD
Q
*hi"e(1
P
for(Count F 0D Count N 10@6D CountGG
P
Ba" F =(Triangu"ar.ut G Count U 0#0/00 D
=Dac.ut F Ba"D
Q
Q
Q
OUTPUT:
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ &)
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ &*
!,#O"IT-$:
S29tooth 92;e #ene12tion:
(0#@001000/$
1$ The tota" si)e of the sa*tooth *ave is 10@6$ The increment order start from +1021
u! to 1021 and decrement order start from 1021 u! to +1021 (tota""y 10@6$
'$ The first SforT "oo! is used for increment order and second SforT "oo! is used for
decrement order$ This is used for simu"ation out!ut$ The *hi"e "oo! used to get
rea" time out!ut$
6$ Simu"ation out!ut is dis!"ayed in 6ra!h *indo* L 8ea" time out!ut in C8.$
7$ 6ra!h <indo* settings
1$ 3uffer Si)e F 10@6(0t is de!ends on the Asam! Ba"ue
2$ Data Si)e F 10@6 or /1@2 (it is no of cyc"e
P"O#"!$
Minc"udeNmath$hO
void main(
P
int i&.utD
short =out&=testD
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ &?
short tem!D
test F (short =0#/0010000D
outF(short =0#@001000/D
.ut F 0D
for(i F +201/D i N 2017D iGG
P
testI.utJ F iD
.utGGD
Q
*hi"e(1
P
for(iF+201/DiN2017DiGG
P
tem! F +iD
tem!UF0#0/00D
=outFtem!D
Q
Q
Q

OUTPUT:
"ESU,T:
Thus the Sine& Cos& Triangu"ar L Sa* tooth *aveforms *ere generated successfu""y using
TMS320C6713 ;it$
EX.NO:= I$P,E$ENT!TION O I" I,TE"
!I$:
To *rite a C !rogram for the design L 0m!"ementation of ,08 fi"ters for the given cutoff
fre>uency using fre>uency sam!"ing method$
!PP!"!TUS "ECUI"ED
1$ TMS320C6713 2it
3$ CCS Soft*are
T-EO"Y
0n this e#!eriment the ,08 fi"ters are im!"emented %y using the cutoff fre>uency& sam!"ing
fre>uency and .rder of the fi"ter A$ 0n ,08 fi"ter is finite no of order and it?s has four ty!es
of fi"ters$
ilte1 Type B EFu2tions
0n ,08 fi"ter !erform -o* Pass& (igh Pass& 3and Pass& 3and 8eVect o!eration to the
in!ut fre>uency$ The fi"ter ty!e e>uations are given %e"o*
i+ ,o9 P2ss ilte1
The "o* !ass fi"ter e>uation is
H d
F c n
W n n n n n
n
c
(
s i n ( 4 4 4

< <
'
2 0
2 2
ii+ -igh P2ss ilte1
The (igh !ass fi"ter e>uation is
H d n
F c n
W n n n n n
c
(
s i n ( 4 4 4

< <
'
1 2 0
2 2
iii+ /2n3 P2ss ilte1
The %and Pass fi"ter e>uation is
H d n
F c F c n
W c n W c n n n n n
(
(
s i n ( s i n ( 4 4 4

< <
'
2 2 1 0
2 2 2 2
i;+ /2n3 "eGect ilte1
The %and reVect fi"ter e>uation is
H d n
F c F c n
W c n W c n n n n n
(
(
s i n ( s i n ( 4 4 4

< <
'
2 1 2 0
1 2 2 2

<here& ,c F ,cut 4 ,sam!
,c1 F ,!s 4 ,sam!
,c2 F ,st 4 ,sam!
<c F 2X,c
<c1 F 2Xc1 L <c2 F2X,c2
The fi"ter coefficients are ca"cu"ated using these formu"a?s for SRn42 to n42T and the va"ues
are stored in ne* memory *ith S0T u! to SnT$
!,#O"IT-$:
1$ ,irst initia"i)e header fi"e& in!ut& out!ut and varia%"es to the !articu"ar data ty!e$
2$ 5ssign Sam!"ing fre>uency and A va"ue$ Set cutoff fre>uency for design "o*
fi"ter and high fi"ter& set %and !ass and %and sto! fre>uency for %and !ass fi"ter
L %and sto! fi"ter (use various cutoff fre>uency or Pass L sto! %and fre>uency
va"ues see the out!ut variations$
1$ 0nitia""y set the Soc va"ue is used to start 5DC o!eration$ Then a!!"y function
generator in!ut to the 5DC channe"1& the va"ues are stored in 5DC channe"1
memory address (0#@001000/$
'$ Then use fi"ter formu"a to find fi"ter coefficient& and store the fi"ter coefficient
va"ue in the memory address$ The fi"ter coefficient is ca"cu"ated from RA42 to
A42$ Memory addresses a"so increment from RA42 to A42$ 0f use this method the
memory start %efore initia"i)e address (0nitia"i)e address R 0#/0010000 %ut
memory start form %efore A42 va"ue$
6$ So the fi"ter coefficients transfer to another memory and the memory address start
from 0 to A$
7$ Then in!ut signa" get from function generator and a!!"y to 5DC$ Set SocBa"ue
(address to Soc8ead& The Soc8ead function is used to start the 5DC o!eration$
/$ The converted (5na"og to Digita" out!ut out!ut is stored to varia%"e K5dc.ut?&
then a!!"y "ogica" o!eration (K5AD? L ? .8?$$
5AD R 0t is used to ta;e 2?s com!"ement of 5DC out!ut& its convert
16 %it va"ue to 12 %it va"ue$
.8 R 0t is used to offset the out!ut va"ue (Gve offset
@$ Then mu"ti!"y fi"ter coefficient *ith 5DC out!ut va"ue$
10$ Move mu"ti!"ied va"ue to D5C memory (out!ut memory$
11$ Then move the 5DC va"ue to ne#t memory "ocation or increment the memory
"ocation$
12$ -ed is used to identify if the !rogram is running or not$
P"O#"!$
,O@ P!SS I,TE"
Minc"udeNmath$hO
Mdefine P0 3$11
void main(
P
const f"oat ,sam! F 10000D
int ,cut F 1000D
int A F 10D
f"oat ,c F ,cut4,sam!D
f"oat <c F 2 = P0 = ,cD
int =SocBa"ue&=5dcBa"ueD
int Soc8ead&=5dcStoreD
int =Dac.utD
short 5dc.utD
int .utBa"ue& Count&0ncD
f"oat =(d&=(mD
f"oat Ba"D
unsigned char =-edD
SocBa"ue F (int =0#@001000cD
5dcBa"ue F (int =0#@001000/D
5dcStore F (int =0#/0000000D
(d F (f"oat =0#/0010000D
(m F (f"oat =0#/0030000D
Dac.ut F (int =0#@001000/D
-ed F (unsigned char =0#@0010016D
for(Count F +2 = AD Count N 2 = AD CountGG
P
5dcStoreI Count J F 0D
(dI Count J F 0D
(mI Count J F 0D
Q
for(Count F +A42D Count N A42D CountGG
P
if(Count FF 0
(dICountJ F 2 = ,cD
e"se
P
Ba" F sin(<c = CountD
(dICountJ F Ba" 4 (Count = P0D
Q
Q
0ncF0D
P
(mI0ncJ F (dICountJD
0ncGGD
Q
*hi"e(1
P
5dc.ut F =5dcBa"ueD
5dc.ut LF 0#0fffD
5dc.ut UF 0#0/00D
=5dcStore F 5dc.utD
.utBa"ue F 0D
for(Count F 0D Count N AD CountGG
.utBa"ue GF (=(5dcStore G Count = =((m G CountD
for(Count F (A+1D Count OF 0D Count++
=(5dcStore G Count G 1 F =(5dcStore G CountD
=Dac.ut F .utBa"ueD
=-ed F 1D
Q
Q
P"O#"!$ . -I#- P!SS I,TE"
Minc"udeNmath$hO
Mdefine P0 3$11
void main(
P
int ,cut F 2000D
int A F 3'D
f"oat ,c F ,cut4,sam!D
f"oat <c F 2 = P0 = ,cD
int =Dac.utD
short 5dc.utD
int .utBa"ue& Count&0ncD
f"oat =(d&=(mD
f"oat Ba"D
unsigned char =-edD
5dcBa"ue F (int =0#@001000/D
(d F (f"oat =0#/0010000D
(m F (f"oat =0#/0030000D
Dac.ut F (int =0#@001000/D
P
(dI Count J F 0D
(mI Count J F 0D
Q
,or (Count F +A42D Count N A42D CountGG
P
if(Count FF 0
(dICountJ F 1 + (2 = ,cD
e"se
P
Ba" F (+1 = sin(<c = CountD
Q
Q
0ncF0D
P
0ncGGD
Q
*hi"e(1
P
5dc.ut F =5dcBa"ueD
5dc.ut LF 0#0fffD
5dc.ut UF 0#0/00D
=5dcStore F 5dc.utD
.utBa"ue F 0D
.utBa"ue GF 0#0/00D
=Dac.ut F .utBa"ueD
=-ed F 1D
Q
Q
P"O#"!$ H /!ND P!SS I,TE"
Minc"udeNmath$hO
Mdefine P0 3$11
void main(
P
int ,!s F 1'00D
int ,st F 2'00D
int A F 30D
f"oat ,c1 F ,!s4,sam!D
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ =(
f"oat ,c2 F ,st4,sam!D
f"oat <c1 F 2 = P0 = ,c1D
f"oat <c2 F 2 = P0 = ,c2D
int =Dac.utD
short 5dc.utD
int .utBa"ue&Count&0ncD
f"oat =(d&=(mD
f"oat Ba"D
unsigned char =-edD
5dcBa"ue F (int =0#@001000/D
(d F (f"oat =0#/0010000D
(m F (f"oat =0#/0030000D
Dac.ut F (int =0#@001000/D
P
(dI Count J F 0D
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ =1
(mI Count J F 0D
Q
P
if(Count FF 0
(dICountJ F 2 = (,c2 + ,c1D
e"se
P
Ba" F sin(<c2 = Count + sin(<c1 = CountD
Q
Q
0ncF0D
P
0ncGGD
Q
*hi"e(1
P
5dc.ut F =5dcBa"ueD
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ ='
5dc.ut LF 0#0fffD
5dc.ut UF 0#0/00D
=5dcStore F 5dc.utD
.utBa"ue F 0D
.utBa"ue GF0#0/00D
=Dac.ut F .utBa"ueD
=-ed F 1D
Q
Q
P"O#"!$ H /!ND STOP I,TE"
Minc"udeNmath$hO
Mdefine P0 3$11
void main(
P
int ,!s F '00D
int ,st F 2000D
int A F 3'D
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ =&
f"oat ,c1 F ,!s4,sam!D
f"oat ,c2 F ,st4,sam!D
f"oat <c1 F 2 = P0 = ,c1D
f"oat <c2 F 2 = P0 = ,c2D
int =Dac.utD
short 5dc.utD
int .utBa"ue&Count&0ncD
f"oat =(d&=(mD
f"oat Ba"D
unsigned char =-edD
5dcBa"ue F (int =0#@001000/D
(d F (f"oat =0#/0010000D
(m F (f"oat =0#/0030000D
Dac.ut F (int =0#@001000/D
P
(dI Count J F 0D
(mI Count J F 0D
Q
,or (Count F +A42D Count N A42D CountGG
P
if(Count FF 0
(dICountJ F 1 + (2 = (,c2 + ,c1D
e"se
P
Ba" F sin(<c1 = Count + sin(<c2 = CountD
Q
Q
0ncF0D
P
0ncGGD
Q
*hi"e(1
P
5dc.ut F =5dcBa"ueD
5dc.ut LF 0#0fffD
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ ==
5dc.ut UF 0#0/00D
=5dcStore F 5dc.utD
.utBa"ue F 0D
=Dac.ut F .utBa"ueD
=-ed F 1D
Q
Q
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ =)
"ESU,T
Thus the design L 0m!"ementation of ,08 ,i"ter (-P,& (P,& 3P,& 3S, for the given cut off
fre>uency C !rogram *as !erformed$
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ =*
STUDY O $!T,!/ *.1(
!I$:
To study a%out M5T-53 7$10 (2010a
$!T,!/:
M5T-53Y is a high !erformance "anguage for technica" com!uting$ 0t integrates
com!utation& visua"i)ation and !rogramming in an easy to use environment *here !ro%"ems
and so"utions are e#!ressed in fami"iar mathematica" notations$
The name M5T-53 stands for M5T80H -53.85T.8C$ Today& M5T-53 engines
incor!orate the -5P5C2 and 3-5S -i%raries& em%edding the state of the art in soft*are for
matri# com!utation$
USES:
Ty!ica" uses inc"ude&
Math and com!utation
5"gorithm deve"o!ment
Data ac>uisition
Mode"ing& simu"ation and !rototy!ing
Data ana"ysis& e#!"oration and visua"i)ation
Scientific and engineering gra!hics
5!!"ication deve"o!ment& inc"uding gra!hica" user interface %ui"ding$
T-E $!T,!/ SYSTE$ :
The M5T-53 system consists of ' main !arts:
DES5TOP TOO,S B DEVE,OP$ENT ENVI"ON$ENT:
This is the set of too"s and faci"ities that he"! you use M5T-53 functions and fi"es$
Many of these too"s are gra!hica" user interface$
T-E $!T,!/ $!T-E$!TIC!, UNCTION ,I/"!"Y:
This is a vast co""ection of com!utationa" a"gorithms ranging from e"ementary
functions "i;e sum& sine& cosine L com!"e# arithmetic to more so!histicated functions "i;e
matri# inverse& matri# reign va"ues& 3esse" functions and ,,T$
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ =?
T-E $!T,!/ ,!N#U!#E:
This is a high "eve" matri# 4 array "anguage *ith contro" f"o* statement& functions& data
structures& i4!& o4! and o%Vect oriented !rogramming features$
#"!P-ICS:
M5T-53 has e#tensive faci"ities for dis!"aying vectors and matrices as grou!s as *e"" as
annotating and !rinting these gra!hs$
T-E $!T,!/ e:te1n2l inte1f2ce 6 !PI :
This is a "i%rary to *rite C L ,ortran !rograms that interact *ith M5T-53$ 0t inc"udes
faci"ities for ca""ing routines from M5T-53$
$!T"ICES !ND !""!YS :
Matrices and Magic s>uares
7#!ressions
Contro""ing the command *indo*
EXP"ESSIONS :
The %ui"ding %"oc;s of e#!ressions are
Baria%"es
Aum%ers
.!erators
,unctions
V!"I!/,ES :
M5T-53 does not re>uire any ty!e of dec"arations or dimensions *hen it encounters a ne*
varia%"e name$ 0t automatica""y creates the varia%"e and a""ocates a!!ro!riate memory$
7#am!"e : numWstud F 2'
NU$/E"S :
M5T-53 uses conventiona" decima" notation& *ith an o!tiona" decima" !oint$ 0t uses K7? to
s!ecify a !o*er of ten$ 0maginary no?s used either i or V as a suffi#$
7#am!"e : 3& +@@& 1i& 3e'i
OPE"!TO"S :
G : add
+ : su%tract
= : mu"ti!"y
4 : division
Z : "eft division
U : Po*er
? : com!"e# conVugate trans!ose
UNCTIONS :
M5T-53 !rovides a "arge no$of standard functions inc"uding a%s& s>rt& e#! and stn$
SCAT5H: a%s : y F a%s(#
% F s>rt(#
y F e#!(#
c F sin(5
TOO, /OXES :
There are a no$of too" %o#es avai"a%"e in M5T-53 some of them are:
Communication too"%o#
Contro" system too"%o#
Data ac>uisition too"%o#
Data %ase too"%o#
Data ,eed too"%o#
,i"ter design too"%o#
,u))y "ogic too"%o#
Signa" !rocessing too"%o#
0mage !rocessing too"%o#
.PC too" %o#
<ave"et too"%o#
8, too"%o#
CO$$UNIC!TION TOO,/OX:
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ )(
The communication too"%o# e#tends the M5T-53 technica" com!uting environment *ith
functions& !"ot as a gra!hica" user interface$
The too"%o# he"!s you to create a"gorithms for commercia" and defense *ire"ess s4m?s$
UNCTIONS :
Signa" Sources: Sources of random signa"s Performance eva"uation : ana"ysing and
visua"i)ing !erformances of a communication s4m$
Source coding :>uanti)ation& com!anders and other ;ind of source coding$
7rror contro" coding : 3"oc; and convo"ution coding$
0nter"eaving 4 De inter"eaving:3"oc; and convo"ution inter"eaving$
S!ecia" fi"ters: raised cosine and (i"%ert fitters
690: 3it error rate ana"ysis too"$
I,TE" DESI#N TOO,/OX:
The fi"ter design too"%o# is a co""ection of too"s that !rovides advanced techni>ues for
designing simu"ation and ana"ysing digita" fi"ters$
SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# TOO,/OX:
The signa" !rocessing too"%o# is a co""ection of too"s %ui"t on the M5T-53 numeric
com!uting environment$ The too"%o# su!!orts a *ide range of signa" !rocessing o!erations
from *ave generation to fi"ter design and im!"ementation$
CO$$!ND ,INE UNCTIONS:
ana"og and digita" fi"ters ana"ysis
digita" fi"ter im!"ementation
,08 L 008 digita" fi"ter design
5na"og fi"ter design
ce!stra" ana"ysis
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ )1
I$!#E P"OCESSIN# TOO,/OX:
The image !rocessing too"%o# is a co""ection of functions that e#tend the ca!a%i"ity of
M5T-53 numeric com!uting environment$ The too"%o# su!!orts a *ide range of image
!rocessing o!erations inc"uding$
S!atia" image transformations
Mor!ho"ogica" o!erations
Transforms
De%"urring
0mage registration
SI$U,IN5 :
Simu"in; is a soft*are !ac;age for mode"ing& simu"ating and ana"ysing dynamic systems$ 0t
su!!orts "inear and non+"inear s4ms& mode"ed in continuous time& sam!"ed time& or a hy%rid
of the t*o systems may a"so have different !arts that are sam!"ed at different rates
(mu"tirated$
"ESU,T:
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ )'
Thus the M5T-53 and M5T-53 too"s *ere studied$
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ )&
EX.NO:) #ENE"!TION O SI#N!,S USIN# $!T,!/
!I$
To *rite a M5T-53 !rogram to generate the fo""o*ing standard in!ut signa"s and !"ot the
res!onse$
1$ 9nit ste!&
2$ 9nit im!u"se&
3$ 9nit ram!&
1$ 7#!onentia" signa"
'$ Sinusoida" signa"&
6$ Cos signa"
7$ Triangu"ar *ave&
/$ Sa* tooth *ave
!PP!"!TUS "ECUI"ED
SOT@!"E : M5T-53 7$10 (.8 (igh version
UNIT STEP SECUENCE
The unit ste! se>uence is a signa" that is )ero every*here e#ce!t at n OF 0 *here its
va"ue is unity$ 0n other*ise integra" of the im!u"se function is a"so a singu"arity function and
is ca""ed the unit ste! function$
$!T-E$!TIC!, ECU!TION
u(n F 1 for n OF 0
F 0 for n N 0
!,#O"IT-$
1$ Start the !rogram
2$ 6et the dimension of SnT
3$ Discrete out!ut is o%tained for nOF 0 and )eros for a"" other va"ues$
1$ .ut!ut is generated in stem format
'$ Terminate the !rocess
P"O#"!$
[ !rogram to generate unit ste! se>uence
n F +10:10D
s F I)eros(1&10 1 ones(1&10JD
stem (n&sD
tit"e (\unit ste! se>uence\D
#"a%e" (\time inde# n\D
y"a%e" (\am!"itude\D
OUTPUT:
UNIT I$P,U,SE SECUENCE
The unit im!u"se (sam!"e se>uence is a signa" that is )ero every*here e#ce!t at nF0
*here it is unity$ This signa" sometime is referred to as the unit im!u"se$
] (n F 1 for n F 0
F 0 for n ^ 0
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ )=
!,#O"IT-$
3$ Discrete out!ut is o%tained for n F 0 and )eros for a"" other va"ues$
P"O#"!$
[!rogram to generate im!u"se se>uence
n F +20:20D
s F I)eros(1&20 1 )eros(1&20JD
stem (n& sD
tit"e (\unit im!u"se se>uence\D
#"a%e" (\time\D
OUTPUT
UNIT "!$P SECUENCE
This unit ram! se>uence is signa" that gro*s "inear"y *hen nOF0& other*ise it is )ero$
9r (n F n for n OF 0
F 0 for nN 0
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ ))
!,#O"IT-$
3$ Discrete out!ut is o%tained for nOF0 and )eros for a"" other va"ues
P"O#"!$
[!rogram to generate unit ram! se>uence
C"ear a""D
n F0:10D
s FnD
stem (n&sD
tit"e (\unit ram! se>uence\D
#"a%e" (\time inde#\D
OUTPUT
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ )*
EXPONENTI!, SECUENCE
<hen the va"ues of aO1& the se>uence gro*s e#!onentia""y and *hen the va"ue is
0NaN1& the se>uence decay e#!onentia""y$
H (n F a
n
for a"" Kn?
!,#O"IT-$
3$ discrete out!ut is o%tained for nOF 0 and )eros for a"" other va"ues
1$ .ut!ut is generated in stem(!"ot format
P"O#"!$
[!rogram to generate e#!onentia" se>uence
c"fD
nF0:10D
sFe#!(0$3=nD
figure(1D
stem(n&sD
gridD
tit"e(\7#!onentia" se>uence\D
#"a%e"(\time\D
y"a%e"(\am!"itude\D
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ )?
OUTPUT
SINUSOID!, SECUENCE
The sine function out!ut is ca"cu"ate %y the fo""o*ing e>uation
6enera" e>uation n E sin %' I pi I f I t+
The modified sine *ave e>uation is
X%t+ E sin %' Ipi I in I Ts20p I t+
<here& ,in F 0n!ut ,re>uency in (ert)&
Tsam!(Sam!"ing Time F 1 4 ,sam!&
Asam! F ,sam! 4 ,in
t F Ao of Sam!"es vary from 0 to Asam!+1(0t is generate sing"e *ave$ 0ncrease *ave means
to mu"ti!"y that no into Asam!$ 7# generate t*o cyc"es means mu"ti!"y 2 into Asam!$
X%n+ E ! sin %' I pi I f I t+
<here f R fre>uency in ()& t R time in sec& 5 + 5m!"itude
!,#O"IT-$
1$ 0nitia"i)e in!ut ,re>uency and sam!"ing fre>uency& these fre>uencies are very
im!ortant to generate the sine *aveform$ 0n!ut fre>uency is dec"ared as ,in (this
is generating fre>uency range in (ert)& Sam!"ing fre>uency is dec"ared as
,sam!$ Sam!"ing fre>uency must %e t*ice of the in!ut fre>uency$
2$ ,ind Sam!"ing Time using sam!"ing ,re>uency (T F 1 4 ,& Tsam! F 1 4 ,sam!
3$ ,ind Ao of cyc"e to generate the out!ut& it de!ends on the Aum%er of sam!"es !er
cyc"e (Asam!$ 0t is ca"cu"ated %y using ,sam! L ,in& (Asam! F ,sam! 4 ,in$
1$ 6enerate sing"e cyc"e out!ut& use A va"ue from 0 to Asam! R 1$ Then generate
mu"ti!"e out!ut cyc"e using A va"ues from 0 to no of cyc"e = Asam! R 1(no of
cyc"e F 2& 3_$etc_
'$ 5!!"y the va"ues into a genera" formu"a$
6$ Ae#t & !"ot the out!ut *aveform into gra!h *indo*& using plot function for
continuous out!ut and use ste0 function for 3isc1ete out!ut$ To !"ot more than
one figure in sing"e gra!h *indo* su>plot function is used$ Synta# of su%!"ot is
i$ su%!"ot(a& %& c
<here& a F 8o*& % F Co"umn& c F no of fig
7$ 9se the tit"e function to give the name to the *aveform$
/$ 9se #"a%e" and y"a%e" to find the unit for # and y a#is$
P"O#"!$
[!rogram to generate sine se>uence
c"ear a""D
,in F 1000D
,sam! F @00000D
Tsam! F 1 4 ,sam!D
Asam! F ,sam!4 ,inD
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ *(
A F 0:' = Asam!+1D
#Fsin(2=!i=,in=Tsam!=AD
!"ot(#D
tit"e (\Sine <ave\D
#"a%e"(\Time ++ O?D
y"a%e"(\5m!"itude++ O\D
OUTPUT
COSINE SECUENCE
The cosine function out!ut is ca"cu"ate %y the fo""o*ing e>uation
6enera" e>uation n E cos%' I pi I f I t+
The modified cos *ave e>uation is
X%t+ E cos %' I pi I in I Ts20p I t+
Asam! F ,sam! 4 ,in
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ *1
t F Ao of Sam!"es vary from 0 to Asam!+1(0t is generate sing"e *ave$ 0ncrease *ave means
to mu"ti!"y that no into Asam!$ 7# generate t*o cyc"es means mu"ti!"y 2 into Asam!$
H(n F 5 cos (2 = !i = f = t
<here f R fre>uency in ()& 5 + 5m!"itude
!,#O"IT-$
im!ortant to generate the cosine *aveform$ 0n!ut fre>uency is dec"ared as ,in
(this is generating fre>uency range in (ert)& Sam!"ing fre>uency is dec"ared as
,sam!$ Sam!"ing fre>uency must %e t*ice that of the in!ut fre>uency$
2$ ,ind Sam!"ing time using sam!"ing fre>uency (T F 1 4 ,& Tsam! F 1 4 ,sam!
3$ ,ind num%er of cyc"es to generate the out!ut& it de!ends on Aum%er of sam!"e
!er cyc"e (Asam! and is ca"cu"ated %y using ,sam! L ,in& (Asam! F ,sam! 4 ,in$
1$ 6enerate sing"e out!ut cyc"e *hich uses A va"ue from 0 to Asam! R 1$ Then
generate mu"ti!"e out!ut cyc"e *hich uses A va"ue from 0 to no of cyc"e = Asam!
R 1(no of cyc"e F 2& 3_$etc_
'$ 5!!"y the va"ues into genera" formu"a$
6$ P"ot the out!ut *aveform into gra!h *indo*& use the !"ot function *hich uses
continuous out!ut for ana"og and use the stem function for discrete out!ut$ To
!"ot more than one figure in sing"e gra!h *indo* su%!"ot function is used$
Synta# of su%!"ot is
i$ su%!"ot(a& %& c
<here& a F 8o*& % F Co"umn& c F >uadrant
7$ The tit"e function used to give the name to the *aveform$
/$ Then #"a%e" L y"a%e" is used to find the unit for # L y a#is$
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ *'
P"O#"!$
[!rogram to generate sine se>uence
c"ear a""D
,in F 1000D
,sam! F @00000D
Tsam! F 1 4 ,sam!D
Asam! F ,sam!4 ,inD
A F 0:Asam!+1D
#Fcos(2=!i=,in=Tsam!=AD
!"ot(#D
tit"e(\cosine <ave\D
#"a%e"(\Time ++ O?D
y"a%e"(\5m!"itude++ O\D
OUTPUT
T"I!N#U,!" @!VE
The triangu"ar function out!ut is ca"cu"ate %y the fo""o*ing e>uation
6enera" e>uation n E s29tooth %%' I pi I f I t+<(.=+
The modified Triangu"ar *ave e>uation is
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ *&
X%t+ E s29tooth%%' I pi I in I Ts20p+<(.=+
Asam! F ,sam! 4 ,in
t F Ao of Sam!"es vary from 0 to Asam!+1(0t is generate sing"e *ave$ 0ncrease *ave
means to mu"ti!"y that no into Asam!$ 7# generate t*o cyc"es means mu"ti!"y 2 into
Asam!$ The 0$' va"ue is used for triangu"ar *ave sa!!ing va"ue$
!,#O"IT-$
im!ortant to generate the Triangu"ar *aveform$ 0n!ut fre>uency is dec"ared as ,in
(this is generating fre>uency range in (ert)& Sam!"ing fre>uency is dec"ared as
,sam!$ Sam!"ing fre>uency must %e t*ice of the in!ut fre>uency$
!er cyc"e (Asam! and ca"cu"ated %y using ,sam! L ,in& (Asam! F ,sam! 4 ,in$
1$ 6enerate sing"e out!ut cyc"e *hich uses A va"ue from 0 to Asam! R 1$ Then
generate mu"ti!"e out!ut cyc"e *hich uses A va"ue from 0 to no of cyc"e = Asam!
R 1(no of cyc"e F 2& 3_$etc_
i$ su%!"ot(a& %& c
P"O#"!$
[ Triangu"ar *ave
c"ear a""D
,in F 1000D
,sam! F @00000D
Asam ! F ,sam! 4 ,inD
Tsam! F 1 4 ,sam!D
n F 0: 2= Asam!+1D
#Fsa*tooth(2 = !i = ,in = Tsam! = n&0$'D
!"ot(#D
tit"e(\Triangu"ar <ave\D
#"a%e"(\Time + O\D
y"a%e"(\5m!"itude+ + O\D
OUTPUT
S!@TOOT- @!VE
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ *=
The sa*tooth function out!ut is ca"cu"ate %y the fo""o*ing e>uation
6enera" e>uation n E s29tooth %' I pi I f I t+
The modified sa*tooth *ave e>uation is
X%t+ E s29tooth %' I pi I in I Ts20p+
Tsam! (Sam!"ing Time F 1 4 ,sam!&
Asam! F ,sam! 4 ,in
t F Ao of Sam!"es vary from 0 to Asam!+1(0t is generate sing"e *ave$
0ncrease *ave means to mu"ti!"y that no into Asam!$ 7# generate t*o cyc"es means
mu"ti!"y 2 into Asam!$ The 0$' va"ue is used for triangu"ar *ave sa!!ing va"ue$
!,#O"IT-$
im!ortant to generate the sa*tooth *aveform$ 0n!ut fre>uency is dec"ared as
,in (this is generating fre>uency range in (ert)& Sam!"ing fre>uency is
dec"ared as ,sam!$ Sam!"ing fre>uency must %e t*ice that of the in!ut
fre>uency$
!er cyc"e (Asam! and is ca"cu"ated %y using ,sam! L ,in& (Asam! F ,sam! 4
,in$
1$ To generate sing"e out!ut cyc"e *hich use A va"ue from 0 to Asam! R 1$ Then
generate mu"ti!"e out!ut cyc"e *hich use A va"ue from 0 to no of cyc"e =
Asam! R 1(no of cyc"e F 2& 3_$etc_
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ *)
ii$ su%!"ot(a& %& c
P"O#"!$
[ sa*tooth se>uence
c"ear a""D
,in F 1000D
,sam! F @00000D
Asam! F ,sam! 4 ,inD
Tsam! F 1 4 ,sam!D
n F 0: 3 = Asam!+1D
#Fsa*tooth(2 = !i = ,in = Tsam! = nD
!"ot(#D
tit"e(\Sa*Tooth <ave\D
#"a%e"(\Time+ + OD
y"a%e"(\5m!"itude+ + OD
OUTPUT
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ **
"ESU,T
Thus the M5T-53 !rograms for unit ste!& unit im!u"se& unit ram!& sinusoida" signa"
sa*tooth & Triangu"ar *ave &e#!onentia" signa"s *ere generated and their res!onses *ere
!"otted in discrete and continuous time domain successfu""y$
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ *?
EX.NO:* ,INE!" B CI"CU,!" CONVO,UTION
!I$
To *rite a M5T-53 !rogram to o%tain the "inear L circu"ar convo"ution %et*een t*o finite
duration se>uences #(n and h(n$
T-EO"Y
Convo"ution is a !o*erfu" *ay of characteri)ing the in!ut+out!ut re"ationshi! of time R
invariant "inear systems$ Convo"ution finds its a!!"ication in !rocessing signa"s es!ecia""y
ana"y)ing the out!ut of the system$
The res!onse or out!ut y(n of a -T0 system for any ar%itrary in!ut is given %y convo"ution
of in!ut and the im!u"se res!onse h(n of the system$
y n x k h n k
k
( I ( ( J

___ (1

0f the in!ut has K-? sam!"es and the im!u"se res!onse h(n has KM? sam!"es then the out!ut
se>uence y(n *i"" %e a finite duration se>uence consisting of -G M+1 sam!"es$ The
convo"ution resu"ts in a non+!eriodic se>uence$ (ence this convo"ution is a"so ca""ed a
!eriodic convo"ution$
The convo"ution re"ation of e>uation (1 can a"so %e e#!ressed as
y(n F #(n
=
h(n F h(n
=
#(n
*here the sym%o"
=
indicates convo"ution o!eration$
!,#O"IT-$
1$ 0nitia"i)e the t*o in!ut se>uences$
2$ ,ind the "ength of first and second in!ut se>uences use the fo""o*ing synta#
Jlength %: +K.
<here& # R in!ut se>uence
3$ ,ind out the "inear convo"ution out!ut "ength using first se>uence "ength and
Second se>uence "ength (A F #Gh+1$
1$ ,ind -inear convo"ution of t*o in!ut se>uence using the Jcon;%:<h+K command$
The Lcon;M !erform "inear convo"ution o!eration$
<here& # R ,irst in!ut se>uence
h R Second in!ut se>uence
'$ 9se the su%!"ot L stem function to dis!"ay the in!ut L out!ut in a sing"e gra!h
*indo*$ 7"se use figure( function to dis!"ay the in!ut Lout!ut in se!arate
*indo*$
i$ su%!"ot(a& %& c
6$ The tit"e function is used to give the name to the *aveform$
7$ The #"a%e" L y"a%e" is used to find the unit for # L y a#is$
P"O#"!$
[!rogram to find "inear convo"ution of t*o finite duration se>uences
c"ear a""D
Hn F I1&2&1&1JD
(n F I1&1&1JD
#F"ength(HnD
h F "ength((nD
A F # G h + 1D
Cn F conv(Hn&(nD
su%!"ot(2&2&1D
stem(HnD
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ ?(
tit"e(\,irst 0n!ut Se>uence\D
#"a%e"(\-ength of ,irst 0n!ut Se>uence\D
y"a%e"(\0n!ut Ba"ue\D
su%!"ot(2&2&2D
stem((nD
tit"e(\Second 0n!ut Se>uence\D
#"a%e"(\-ength of Second 0n!ut Se>uence\D
su%!"ot(2&2&3D
stem(CnD
tit"e(\-inear Convo"ution .ut!ut Se>uence\D
#"a%e"(\-ength of .ut!ut Se>uence\D
y"a%e"(\.ut!ut Ba"ue\D
INPUT B OUTPUT
7nter the in!ut se>uence #(n F I1&2&1&1J
7nter the in!ut se>uence h(n F I1&1&1J
Convo"uted out!ut y(n F 1& 3& 1& 1& 2& 1
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ ?1
CI"CU,!" CONVO,UTION
!,#O"IT-$
1$ 0nitia"i)e the t*o in!ut se>uences$
2$ ,ind the "ength of first and second in!ut se>uences use the fo""o*ing synta#
Jlength %X +K.
<here& # R in!ut se>uence
3$ ,ind out the circu"ar convo"ution out!ut "ength using ,irst se>uence "ength and
Second se>uence "ength (A F ma#(#&h$
1$ ,ind circu"ar convo"ution of t*o in!ut se>uence using the Jccon;K function$ The
Lccon;M !erform circu"ar convo"ution o!eration$
'$ 9se the su%!"ot L stem function to dis!"ay the in!ut L out!ut in a sing"e gra!h
*indo*$ 7"se use figure( function to dis!"ay the in!ut Lout!ut in se!arate
*indo*$
i$ su%!"ot(a& %& c
*here& a F 8o*& % F Co"umn& c F >uadrant
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ ?'
6$ The tit"e function is used to give the name to the *aveform$
P"O#"!$
c"ear a""D
Hn F I1&2&1&1JD
(n F I1&1&1JD
#F"ength(HnD
h F "ength((nD
A F ma#(#&hD
Cn F cconv(Hn&(n&AD
su%!"ot(2&2&1D
stem(HnD
tit"e(\,irst 0n!ut Se>uence\D
#"a%e"(\-ength of ,irst 0n!ut Se>uence\D
su%!"ot(2&2&2D
stem((nD
tit"e(\Second 0n!ut Se>uence\D
#"a%e"(\-ength of Second 0n!ut Se>uence\D
su%!"ot(2&2&3D
stem(CnD
tit"e(\Circu"ar Convo"ution .ut!ut Se>uence\D
#"a%e"(\-ength of .ut!ut Se>uence\D
y"a%e"(\.ut!ut Ba"ue\D
INPUT B OUTPUT
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ ?&
7nter the in!ut se>uence #(n F I1&2&1&1J
7nter the in!ut se>uence h(n F I1&1&1J
Convo"uted out!ut y(n F 3& 1& 1& 1
"ESU,T
Thus the M5T-53 !rogram for -inear L Circu"ar convo"ution *as generated and
their res!onses *ere !"otted in discrete time domain successfu""y$
EX.NO:? S!$P,IN# B EECT O !,I!SIN#
!I$
To !erform sam!"ing o!eration and vie* the a"iasing effect$
T-EO"Y
5 ;ey ste! in any digita" !rocessing of rea" *or"d ana"og signa"s is converting the ana"og
signa"s into digita" form$ <e sam!"e continuous data and create a discrete signa"$
9nfortunate"y& sam!"ing can introduce a"iasing& a non"inear !rocess *hich shifts fre>uencies$
5"iasing is an inevita%"e resu"t of %oth sam!"ing and sam!"e rate conversion.
The Ay>uist sam!"ing theorem defines the minimum sam!"ing fre>uency to com!"ete"y
re!resent a continuous signa" *ith a discrete one$ 0f the sam!"ing fre>uency is at "east t*ice
the highest fre>uency in the continuous %ase%and signa"& the sam!"es can %e used to e#act"y
reconstruct the continuous signa"$ 5 sine *ave can %e descri%ed %y at "east t*o sam!"es !er
cyc"e (consider dra*ing t*o dots on a !icture of a sing"e cyc"e& then try and dra* a sing"e
cyc"e of a different fre>uency that !asses through the same t*o dots$ Sam!"ing at s"ight"y
"ess than t*o sam!"es !er cyc"e& ho*ever& is indistinguisha%"e from sam!"ing a sine *ave
c"ose to %ut %e"o* the origina" fre>uency$ This is a"iasing + the transformation of high
fre>uency information into fa"se "o* fre>uencies that *ere not !resent in the origina" signa"$
The Ay>uist fre>uency& a"so ca""ed the fo"ding fre>uency& is e>ua" to ha"f the sam!"ing
fre>uency f& and is the demarcation %et*een fre>uencies that are correct"y sam!"ed and those
that *i"" cause a"iases$ 5"iases *i"" %e \fo"ded\ from the Ay>uist fre>uency %ac; into the
usefu" fre>uency range$
!,#O"IT-$
1$ 0nitia"i)e in!ut ,re>uency& sam!"ing fre>uency and num%er of sam!"e va"ues
(Asam!$ Sam!"ing fre>uency must %e t*ice the in!ut fre>uency$
2$ Then t*o different sinusoida" signa"s are sam!"ed at the same sam!"ing
fre>uency$
3$ Sam!"e the second signa" at "o* sam!"ing fre>uency$ 5ccording to sam!"ing
theorem the sam!"ing fre>uency va"ue is t*ice the in!ut fre>uency$ So a"iasing
*i"" occur in second signa"$
1$ Due to a"iasing effect t*o signa"s are !"otted in same *ave$
'$ The difference %et*een these t*o sine *ave signa"s is !li2sing Effect.
6$ Ae#t !"ot the out!ut *aveform into gra!h *indo*& use the !"ot function *hich
uses the continuous function for ana"og out!ut and use the stem function for
discrete out!ut$ To !"ot more than one figure in sing"e gra!h *indo* su%!"ot
function is used$ Synta# of su%!"ot is
iii$ su%!"ot(a& %& c
<here& a F 8o*& % F Co"umn& c F no of fig
7$ The title function is used to give name to the *ave form$
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ ?=
/$ Then :l2>el L yl2>el are used to find unit of # L y a#is$
P"O#"!$
[ Sam!"ing and effect of a"iasing
,sam! F 10000D
,in F 1000D
Asam! F 100D
A F 0 : (Asam! + 1D
; F 1D
Ha F sin(2 = !i = (,in 4 ,sam! = AD
H% F sin(2 = !i = (,in G (; = ,sam!4 ,sam! = AD
su%!"ot(2& 1& 1D
!"ot(A& HaD
su%!"ot(2& 1& 2D
!"ot(A& H%D
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ ?)
OUTPUT
"ESU,T
Thus the sam!"ing o!eration and effect a"iasing is !erformed$
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ ?*
EX.NO:4 DESI#N O I" I,TE" USIN# $!T,!/
!I$
To *rite a M5T-53 !rogram for the design of ,08 ,i"ter for the given cutoff fre>uency
using *indo*ing techni>ue$ 5"so !"ot the magnitude and !hase res!onses for the same$
T-EO"Y
The fi"ters designed %y using finite num%er of sam!"es of im!u"se res!onse are ca""ed ,08
fi"ters$ These finite num%er of sam!"es are o%tained from the infinite duration desired
im!u"se res!onse h
d
(n$ (ere h
d
(nis the inverse ,ourier transform of (
d
(`& *here (
d
(` is
the idea" (desired fre>uency res!onse$ The various methods of designing ,08 fi"ters are (i$
,ourier Series method& (ii$ <indo* method& (iii$ ,re>uency Sam!"ing method& (iv .!tima"
fi"ter design method$ (ere *e discuss a%out *indo* method on"y$
I,TE" TYPES
1$ -o* Pass ,i"ter
2$ (igh Pass ,i"ter
3$ 3and Pass ,i"ter
1$ 3and 8eVect ,i"ter
1. ,O@ P!SS I,TE"
The "o* !ass fi"ter e>uation is
H d
F c n
W n n n n n
n
c
(
s i n ( 4 4 4

< <
'
2 0
2 2
'. -I#- P!SS I,TE"
The (igh !ass fi"ter e>uation is
H d n
F c n
W n n n n n
c
(
s i n ( 4 4 4

< <
'
1 2 0
2 2
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ ??
&. /!ND P!SS I,TE"
The %and Pass fi"ter e>uation is
H d n
F c F c n
W c n W c n n n n n
(
(
s i n ( s i n ( 4 4 4

< <
'
2 2 1 0
2 1 2 2
7. /!ND "ENECT I,TE"
The %and reVect fi"ter e>uation is
H d n
F c F c n
W c n W c n n n n n
(
(
s i n ( s i n ( 4 4 4

< <
'
2 1 2 0
1 2 2 2
<here& ,c F ,cut 4 ,sam!
,c1 F ,!s 4 ,sam!
,c2 F ,st 4 ,sam!
<c F 2X,c
<c1 F2X,c1 L <c2 F2X,c2
DESI#N O I" I,TE"S USIN# @INDO@S
The desired fre>uency res!onse (
d
(e
V`
of a fi"ter is !eriodic in fre>uency and can %e
e#!anded in a ,ourier series$ The resu"tant series is given %y
H e h n e
d
j w
d
j w n
n
( ( J

_$$
__(1

<here
h n H e e d
d
j w j w n
( 4 (
1 2
____(2
5nd ;no*n as ,ourier coefficients having infinite "ength$ .ne !ossi%"e *ay of o%taining ,08
fi"ter is to truncate the infinite ,ourier series at nF a (A+142& *here A is the "ength of the
desired se>uence$ 3ut a%ru!t truncation of the ,ourier series resu"ts in osci""ation in the !ass
%and and sto! %and$ These osci""ations are due to s"o* convergence of the ,ourier series and
this effect is ;no*n as the 6i%%s !henomenon$ To reduce these osci""ations& the
,ourier coefficients of the fi"ter are modified %y mu"ti!"ying the infinite im!u"se res!onse
*ith a finite *eighing se>uence ` (n ca""ed a *indo*$
<here
` (n F ` (+n ^ 0 for bnb c (A+142
F 0 for bnb O (A+142

5fter mu"ti!"ying *indo* se>uence *(n *ith (ed(n& *e get a finite duration se>uence h(n
that satisfies the desired magnitude res!onse&
h(n F h
d
(n`(n for a"" bnb c (A+142
F 0 for bnb O (A+142

The fre>uency res!onse ((e
V`
of the fi"ter can %e o%tained %y convo"ution of (
d
(e
V`
and
<(e
V`
given %y
H e h n e
d
j w
d
j w n
n
( ( J

___ (1
H e H e e d
j
d
j j w
( 4 (
(
1 2
/ ((e
V`

=
<(e
V`

___ (2

3ecause %oth (
d
(e
V`
and <(e
V`
are !eriodic function& the o!eration often ca""ed as !eriodic
convo"ution$
@INDO@ TYPES
"ect2ngul21 9in3o9
8ectangu"ar *indo* function can %e found %y the fo""o*ing e>uation
r e c n
f o r N n N
O t h e r w i s e
(
( 4 ( 4
< <
'
1 1 2 1 2
0
-200ing 9in3o9
(amming *indo* function is ca"cu"ated %y the given e>uation

h m n
n N f o r N n N
O t h e r w i s e
(
$ $ c o s ( 4 ( ( 4 ( 4
+ < <
'
0 ' 1 0 1 6 2 1 1 2 1 2
0
-2nning 9in3o9
(anning *indo* function is ca"cu"ated %y the given e>uation

h n n
n N f o r N n N
O t h e r w i s e
(
$ $ c o s ( 4 ( ( 4 ( 4
+ < <
'
0 ' 0 ' 2 1 1 2 1 2
0
/l2c802n 9in3o9
3"ac;man *indo* function is ca"cu"ated %y fo""o*ing e>uation

b n
n N n N
f o r N n N
O t h e r w i s e
1
0 1 2 0 ' 2 1 0 0 / 1 1
1 2 1 2
0
(
$ $ c o s ( 4 ( $ c o s ( 4 (
( 4 ( 4
+ +
< <
'
<here A F order of the fi"ter

!,#O"IT-$
1$ 0nitia"i)e the cutoff fre>uency& sam!"ing fre>uency and .rder of the fi"ter for "o*
!ass and high !ass fi"ter$ Then s!ecify the Pass %and and sto! fre>uency for %and
!ass L %and sto! fi"ter$
2$ Dec"are the five fi"ter ty!es ("o* !ass& high !ass& 3and !ass& 3and 8eVect& *ith
the a%ove s!ecification$
1$ -o* !ass F fdesign$"o*!ass(KA&fc?&A&,cut&,sam!
2$ (igh !ass F fdesign$high!ass(KA&fc?&A&,cut&,sam!
3$ 3and !ass F fdesign$%and!ass(\A&fc1&fc2\& A&,!ass& ,sto!&
,sam!
1$ 3and sto! F fdesign$%andsto!(\A&fc1&fc2\& A&,!ass& ,sto!&
,sam!
3$ S!ecify the *indo* ty!e to do the *indo* function $
i$ 3art"ett *indo* + d%art"ett
ii$ 3"ac;man *indo* + d%"ac;man
iii$ (amming *indo* + dhamming
iv$ (anning *indo* + dhann
v$ 2aiser *indo* + d;aiser
vi$ 8ectangu"ar *indo* + drect*in
vii$ Triangu"ar *indo* + dtriang
1$ Then use the Kfvtoo"? for dis!"ay the fi"ter res!onse out!uts (fvtoo" R fi"ter
visua"i)ation too"$
P"O#"!$H -200ing @in3o9
,o9 P2ss ilte1
c"ear a""D
,cut F 1000D
,sam! F 7'00D
A F 60D [ .rder of the fi"ter
dFfdesign$"o*!ass(\A&fc\&A&,cut&,sam!D
(dF*indo*(d&\*indo*\&dhammingD
fvtoo"((dD
Si0ul2tion Output @in3o9
-igh P2ss ilte1
c"ear a""D
,cut F 1000D
,sam! F 7'00D
A F 60D [ .rder of the fi"ter
dF fdesign$high!ass(KA&fc?&A&,cut&,sam!
(dF*indo*(d&\*indo*\&dhammingD
fvtoo"((dD
/2n3 P2ss ilte1
,!ass F 1000D
,sto! F 2000D
A F 60D
f F fdesign$%and!ass(\A&fc1&fc2\& A&,!ass& ,sto!& ,sam!D
(e F *indo*(f&\*indo*\&dhammingD
fvtoo"((eD
/2n3 Stop ilte1
,!ass F 1000D
,sto! F 2000D
A F 60D
f F fdesign$%and!ass(\A&fc1&fc2\& A&,!ass& ,sto!& ,sam!D
(e F *indo*(f&\*indo*\&dhammingD
fvtoo"((eD
"ESU,T
hus the ,08 fi"ters *ere designed using various *indo*ing techni>ues in M5T-53 and the
out!ut has %een verified$
EX.NO:1( DESI#N O II" I,TE" USIN# $!T,!/
!I$
To *rite a M5T-53 !rogram to design 3utter*orth L Che%ychev "o* !ass& high !ass&
%and !ass and %and sto! digita" 008 fi"ter from the given s!ecifications$
T-EO"Y
The fi"ters designed %y considering a"" the infinite sam!"es of im!u"se res!onse are ca""ed
008 fi"ters$ 008 fi"ters are of recursive ty!e& *here%y the !resent out!ut sam!"e de!ends on
the !resent in!ut& !ast in!ut sam!"es and out!ut sam!"es$
!,#O"IT-$
1$ 0nitia"i)e the !ass %and ri!!"e& sto! %and attenuation and sam!"ing fre>uency$
2$ ,ind the fi"ter order& it de!ends on fi"ter design ty!e$
1$ 3utter*orth R %uttord
2$ Che%ychev1 R che%1ord
3$ Che%ychev2 R che%2ord
3$ S!ecify the fi"ter ty!e$
1$ 3utter*orth R %utter
2$ Che%ychev1 R che%y1
3$ Che%ychev2 R che%y2
1$ Dec"are the five fi"ter ty!es ("o* !ass& high !ass& 3and !ass& 3and 8eVect& *ith
the a%ove s!ecification$ 0t is on"y for %utter*orth fi"ter$
1$ I%& aJ F %utter(n& *n&\"o*\D
2$ I%& aJ F %utter(n& *n&?high?D
3$ I%& aJ F %utter(n& *n&\!ass%and\D
1$ I%& aJ F %utter(n& *n&\sto!\D
'$ The Che%ychev fi"ter ty!e can %e dec"are as
1$ I%& aJ F che%y1(n&r!& *n&\"o*\
2$ I%& aJ F che%y1(n&r!& *n& ?high?
3$ I%& aJ F che%y1(n&r!& *n&\!ass%and\
1$ I%& aJ F che%y1(n&r!& *n&\sto!\
6$ Then use Kfvtoo"? for dis!"ay the fi"ter res!onse out!uts (fvtoo" R fi"ter
visua"i)ation too"$
P"O#"!$
[Design of 3utter*orth fi"ter
[ -o* Pass ,i"ter
r! F 3D [ !ass%and ri!!"e
rs F 60D [ sto!%and attenuation
fs F 20000D [ sam!"ing fre>uency
*! F 1200 4 10000D
*s F '000 4 10000D
In& *nJ F %uttord(*!& *s& r!& rsD
I%& aJ F %utter(n& *n&\"o*\D [ Ca"cu"ate fi"ter coefficients
fvtoo"(%& aD
SI$U,!TION OUTPUT @INDO@
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ 1((
O -I#- P!SS I,TE"
*! F 1200 4 10000D
*s F '000 4 10000D
I%& aJ F %utter(n& *n& \high\D [ Ca"cu"ate fi"ter coefficients
fvtoo"(%& aD
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ 1(1
O /!ND P!SS I,TE"
*! F I2'00 3'00J 4 10000D
*s F I2000 1000J 4 10000D
I%& aJ F %utter(n& *n&\%and!ass\D [ Ca"cu"ate fi"ter coefficients
fvtoo"(%& aD
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ 1('
O /!ND STOP I,TE"
I%& aJ F %utter(n& *n&\sto!\D [ Ca"cu"ate fi"ter coefficients
fvtoo"(%& aD
"ESU,T
Thus the M5T-53 !rograms for the design of 3utter*orth L Che%ychev -P,& (P,& 3P,
and 3S, *ere designed and a"so their magnitude res!onses has %een !"otted successfu""y$
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ 1(&
EX.NO:11 C!,CU,!TION O T O SI#N!,
!I$
To *rite a !rogram for ca"cu"ating ,ast ,ourier Transform of given in!ut signa" using
M5T-53 soft*are !ac;age$
T-EO"Y
T
The im!"ementation of D,T through digita" com!uters re>uires the memory to store #(n and
va"ues of coefficients <
;n
A
$ The amount of accessing and storing of data in com!utation is
direct"y !ro!ortiona" to the num%er of arithmetic o!erations invo"ved$ Therefore& for direct
com!utation of A+ !oint D,T the amount com!utation and com!utation time is !ro!ortiona"
to A
2
$ ,rom e>uation (1 o%serve that the direct ca"cu"ation of the D,T re>uires A
2
com!"e#
mu"ti!"ications and A (A+1 com!"e# additions$ Direct com!utation of D,T is %asica""y
inefficient& !rimari"y %ecause it does not e#!"oit the symmetry and !eriodicity !ro!erties of
the t*idd"e or !hase factor <
A
$
5s the va"ue of A increases& the direct com!utation of D,T %ecomes a time ta;ing and
com!"e# !rocess& *hich a"so "eads to very high memory ca!acity re>uirements$
The com!utationa""y efficient a"gorithms& ;no*n co""ective"y as ,ast ,ourier Transform
(,,T a"gorithms e#!"oit the symmetry and !eriodicity !ro!erties of the t*idd"e or !hase
factor <
A
$ 0n !articu"ar& these t*o !ro!erties are:
<
;GA42
A
F +<
;
A
<
;GA
A
F <
;
A
The ,,T is a method for com!uting the D,T *ith reduced num%er of ca"cu"ations$ The
com!utationa" efficiency is achieved if *e ado!t a divide and con>uer a!!roach$ This
a!!roach is %ased on the decom!osition of an A+ !oint D,T into sma""er D,Ts$
0n an A+!oint se>uence& if A can %e e#!ressed as AF r
m
& then the se>uence can %e decimated
into r+ !oint se>uences$ ,or each r+ !oint se>uence& r+ !oint D,T can %e com!uted$ ,rom the
resu"ts of r+!oint D,T& r
2
+!oint D,Ts are com!uted$ ,rom the resu"ts of r
2
+!oint D,Ts& the r
3
+
!oint D,Ts are com!uted and so on& unti" *e get rm+!oint D,T$ 0n com!uting A+!oint D,T
%y this method a num%er of stages of com!utation *i"" %e m times$ The num%er is ca""ed
8adi# of the ,,T a"gorithm$
"!DIX H' T !,#O"I-$
,or !erforming radi#+2 ,,T& the va"ue of A shou"d %e such that& AF2
m
$ (ere the decimation
can %e !erformed m times& *here mF"og A$ 0n direct com!utation of A+!oint D,T& the tota"
num%er of com!"e# additions are A (A+1 and the tota" num%er of com!"e# mu"ti!"ications is
A
2
$ 0n radi#+2 ,,T& the tota" num%er of com!"e# additions are reduced to A$"og
2
A and tota"
num%er of com!"e# mu"ti!"ications are reduced to (A42$ "og
2
A$
DECI$!TION IN TI$E !,#O"IT-$
The D0T R,,T a"gorithm decom!ose the D,T %y se>uentia""y s!"itting #(n in time domain
into sets of sma""er and sma""er su%se>uences and then forms a *eighted com%ination of the
D,Ts of these se>uences$
DECI$!TION IN "ECUENCY !,#O"IT-$
The D0, R,,T a"gorithm decom!oses the D,T %y recursive"y s!"itting the se>uence
e"ements H (; in the fre>uency domain into sets of sma""er and sma""er su%se>uences$
C!,CU,!TION O $!#NITUDE !ND P-!SE "ESPONSE
Magnitude res!onse of H (;can %e o%tained as&
H (; F I H
8
(;J
2
G I H
0
(; J
2
Phase res!onse of H (; can %e o%tained as&
H(; F tan
R1
I H
0
(; 4 H
8
(; J

EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ 1(=
!,#O"IT-$
1$ 0nitia"i)e the varia%"e KHn?$ Then find the "ength of the in!ut se>uence (Hn and
store the va"ue into varia%"e KA?$ 0t is the ,,T order (1& /& 16& _$$ !oint fft$
2$ ,ind the ,,T for the given in!ut se>uence and use the function Jfft %Xn< N+K. N
refers the order of ,,T$
3$ The ,,T out!ut is in com!"e# form& so the out!ut contains 8ea" and 0maginary
va"ues$ 9se ste0 %1e2l%:++ to !"ot 8ea" va"ues and ste0%i02g%:++ is used to !"ot
the imaginary va"ues$
1$ Then use the su%!"ot and stem function to dis!"ay the in!ut and out!ut in a sing"e
gra!h *indo*$ 7"se use figure( function to dis!"ay the in!ut L out!ut in
se!arate *indo*$
'$ The tit"e function is used to give the name to the *aveform$
P"O#"!$
[ 0""ustration of fft Com!utation
c"ear a""D
Hn F I1& 1& 0& 0JD
A F "ength (HnD
# F fft (Hn& AD
su%!"ot(2&2&1D
stem(HnD
tit"e(\0n!ut se>uence \D
#"a%e"(\-ength of 0n!ut Se>uence\D
y"a%e"(\0n!ut Ba"ues\D
su%!"ot(2&2&2D
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ 1()
stem(rea"(#D
tit"e(\.ut!ut rea" se>uence \D
#"a%e"(\8ea" .ut!ut -ength\D
y"a%e"(\8ea" Ba"ues\D
su%!"ot(2&2&3D
stem(imag(#D
tit"e(\.ut!ut imag se>uence \D
#"a%e"(\0mag .ut!ut -ength\D
y"a%e"(\0mag Ba"ues\D
INPUT
7nter the in!ut se>uence : 1& 1& 0& 0
OUTPUT
8ea" .ut!ut F 2 1 0 1
0maginary .ut!ut F 0 +1 0 1
"ESU,T
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ 1(*
Thus the ca"cu"ation of ,ast ,ourier Transform of in!ut signa" *as verified and 8ea" L
imaginary va"ues are !"otted$
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ 1(?
EX.NO:1' DECI$!TION /Y PO,YP-!SE DECO$POSITION
!I$
To !erform Decimation %y !o"y!hase decom!osition of the given in!ut signa" using
M5T-53 soft*are !ac;age$
T-EO"Y
Do9n s20pling
The !rocess of reducing the sam!"ing rate of a signa" is ca""ed decimation (Sam!"ing rate
com!ression$ Decimation is a"so ;no*n as do*n sam!"ing$
The decimated signa" is given %y
y (nF #(Mn & *here M %e the integer sam!"ing rate reduction factor$
The genera" re!resentation of decimation !rocess can %e
# (n *(n y(n
, , , ,
1
F,4M
Decimator
!,#O"IT-$
1$ Start the !rogram$
2$ 0nitia"i)e the Decimation factor va"ue (M$
3$ 9se the firdecim function to decimate the in!ut signa" using fir fi"ter$
1$ 9se the sam!"ing fre>uency and in!ut fre>uency to generate the in!ut signa"$
Aum%er of sam!"e va"ue is 200$
'$ Then a!!"y the in!ut signa" L firdecim out!ut to fi"ter$ This is to reduce the
sam!"ing rate de!ends on decimation factor va"ue$
6$ ,ina""y dis!"ay the in!ut and out!ut signa"
P"O#"!$
h &n) $
M F 2D [ decimation factor
(m F mfi"t$firdecim(MD [ fir decimation using !o"y!hase method
,sam! F 1/000D [ sam!"ing fre>uency
,in F 1000D [0n!ut ,re>uency
Asam! F 200D
A F 0 : (Asam! + 1D
Hn F sin(2 = !i = (,in 4 ,sam! = AD
Cn F fi"ter((m& HnD
su%!"ot(2& 1& 1D
stem(Hn(1:1/D
tit"e(\1/2() in!ut Sinusoida" Signa"\D
su%!"ot(2&1&2D
stem(Cn(13 : 36D
tit"e(\Decimated .ut!ut Signa"\D
OUTPUT
"ESU,T
Thus the Decimation %y !o"y!hase decom!osition of the given in!ut signa" has %een
!erformed$
Practical Implementation of Z-
Transform of 1
st
& 2
nd
Order RC Low
Pass Filters in Matlab & !P Processor
"eri#ation$ Matlab !im%lin& Modelin'$
C Pro'rams For TM!(2)C*+1( Trainer,
P"!CTIC!, DE$ONST"!TION O AHT"!NSO"$ "C I,TE"
%"C i1st O13e1 B Secon3 O13e1 ,o9 P2ss ilte1+
0t is !ro!osed to deve"o! a mathematica" mode" of first and second order "o* !ass 8C
fi"ter in S transform and e transform on a M5T-53 !"atform and im!"ement the same using
DSP Processor (TMS320C6713 Trainer$
E:20ple 1
$2the02tic2l C2lcul2tions fo1 i1st o13e1 "C ,o9 P2ss ilte1
"
0
1
P
%V +
out C
"oo!1
V
in
5!!"ying 2B- to the "oo!:
V t I t R
C
I t d t
i n
( ( ( +

1
Ao*& re>uired out!ut vo"tage is the vo"tage across the ca!acitor& so
V t
C
I t d t
o u t
( (

1
5!!"ying -a!"ace transform for (1
V S I S R
I S
S C
i n
( (
(
+
V S I S R
S C
i n
( ( +
1
]
1
1
5!!"ying -a!"ace transform for (2
V S
I S
S C
o u t
(
(
V S
V S
I S S C
I S R
S C
o u t
i n
(
(
( 4
(
1
]
1
1
+
1
1
S C
R S C 4
_
,
1
1
4 S C
S S R
C
_
,
+
1
1
1
1
4 4
( 4
C
R S
C R
C R
S C R
-et a F
1
R C
Therefore
V
V
a
S a
o u t
i n

+
<e ;no* 8C
R C
f c
1
2
<here
fC is the 3 d3 cut+off fre>uency 3
The e transform is needed for digita" fi"tering as given %y ) F eST & *hich *e ta;e& in a
sim!"ified form as
s !
1
1
in terms of s the a%ove e>uation can %e re!resented as
S
"
!

1
1
T is the time %et*een sam!"es of in!ut signa"$
Ao*
V
V
a
s a
a
!
a
o u t
i n

+

_
,
+
1
1
a
a !
!
( 1
1
+

a !
a ! ( 1
1
+
+
_
,
a !
a !

a !
( 1 1
1
1
_
,
a ! a !
a !
4 ( 1
1
1
1
0n e>uation (1
-et
#
a !
a !
$
a !
+

+ 1
1
1
D
Therefore the e>uation (1 %ecomes
V "
V "
#
$ "
i
0
1
1
(
(

.n sim!"ifying the a%ove e>uation *e get
V " # V " $ V " "
O % ! i n O % !
( ( ( +
1
0n terms of sam!"es&
V n # V n $ V n
i 0 0
1 ( ( ( +
%ecause e
+1
means one sam!"e de"ay$
The e>uation can %e rea"i)ed as sho*n %e"o* resu"ting in a sim!"e "o* !ass im!"ementation
$2gnitu3e B 1eFuency "esponse
E:20ple
"e2liP2tion in $2tl2>6Si0ulin8
<e can rea"i)e the diagram given a%ove in Simu"in;$
-et the sam!"ing ,re>uency %e 10000()
Therefore sam!"ing time T F 100fs
-et cut off fre>uency fc %e '00()
8C F 142fc F 14(2 # '00 F 0$00031/
0f 8 F 1; then C F 3$1/:,
a F 148C F 2fc F 3111$6'
2 F aT4(1 G aT F 0$23@23
M F 14(1GaT F 0$76076'
The input 2n3 output 92;efo10s fo1 '&=-P input sign2l
The input 2n3 output 92;efo10s fo1 7((-P input sign2l
The input 2n3 output 92;efo10s fo1 =((-P %cut.off 1eFuency+ input sign2l
The input 2n3 output 92;efo10s fo1 ?((-P input sign2l
P"!CTIC!, I$P,E$ENT!TION O I"ST O"DE" "C I,TE" %II" ilte1+
O/NECTIVE
To im!"ement the first order fi"ters on a DSP Target and to verify and com!are their
attenuation "eve"s on the in!ut signa"$
TOO,S USED
-!"D@!"E
.ne TMS320C6713 DSP %ased deve"o!ment %oard (Mode" Aum%er: BS2 R 6713
.ne ,unction 6enerator and one C8.
.ne PC
SOT@!"E
Code Com!oser Studio 0D7
Bi De%ugger for BS2+ 6713
,!N#U!#ES USED
C& 5ssem%"y
I$P,E$ENT!TION
The im!"ementation is done using a C !rogram *hich reads the in!ut sam!"es from the 5DC
channe"& !erforms first order fi"tering and sends the out!ut to the D5C channe"$ 5DC
channe" 1 is used for the in!ut$ The sam!"ing fre>uency and the cut R off fre>uency for the
fi"ters have to %e s!ecified %y the user in the !rogram$ 5 de"ay is used in the !rogram& *hich
matches the rate at *hich the 5DC sam!"es are read %y the !rogram *ith the sam!"ing
fre>uency set %y the user in the !rogram$ The fina" fi"ter e>uations derived ear"ier and given
%e"o* are im!"emented in the !rogram$
The !rogram is *ritten and com!i"ed using the Code Com!oser Studio 0D7$ 0t is then
converted and do*n"oaded into the %oard through the on R %oard seria" !ort& *hich su!!orts
the 8S R 232 seria" interfaces$ The 5DC and D5C are connected through a !ara""e" interface
*ith the CP-D *hich is in R turn interfaced *ith the C6713 DSP$ The CP-D in this case is
used for the chi! se"ection& channe" se"ection and data transfer$ This is achieved using a
!rogram& *hich is stored in the CP-D$ This !rogram e#ecutes continuous"y inside the CP-D
*hen the %oard is !o*ered on$ The user cannot a"ter this !rogram$
UNCTION!, /,OC5 DI!#"!$
CP,D
D!C !DC
T$S&'(C)*1& DSP
SE"I!, PO"T
UNCTION
#ENE"!TO"
C"O
PC
Ch2nnel 1 Ch2nnel 1
P212llel Inte1f2ce P212llel Inte1f2ce
I,TE" SPECIIC!TION %Cutoff 1eFuency fc E =((-P+
-et the sam!"ing ,re>uency %e 10000()
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ 1'(
8C F 142fc F 14(2 # '00 F 0$00031/
0f 8 F 1; then C F 3$1/:,
a F 148C F 2fc F 3111$6'
2 F aT4(1 G aT F 0$23@23
M F 14(1GaT F 0$76076'
P"O#"!$
"C i1st o13e1 ,o9 P2ss ilte1
Mdefine P0 3$11
Minc"ude Nstdio$hO
ty!edef unsigned int 9int32D
ty!edef short 0nt16D
ty!edef unsigned char 9char/D
int !o*erCa"c(int& intD
int main(void
P
9int32 =socBa"ueD
9int32 =adcBa"ueD
9int32 =dacBa"ueD
9int32 soc8eadD
9int32 countD
9int32 v.utD
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ 1'1
0nt16 adc.utD
0nt16 v0nD
0nt16 coeff2D
0nt16 coeffMD
f"oat aD
f"oat tSam!D
9int32 fre>Cut.ffD
9char/ ="edD
socBa"ue F (9int32 =0#@001000cD
adcBa"ue F (9int32 =0#@001000/D
dacBa"ue F (9int32 =0#@001000/D
"ed F (9char/ =0#@0010016D
v.ut F 0D
fre>Cut.ff F 1'00D
a F 2 = P0 = fre>Cut.ffD
tSam! F 0$0001D
coeff2 F (0nt16(((a = tSam! 4 (1 G (a = tSam! = !o*erCa"c(2& 1'D
coeffM F (0nt16((1 4 (1 G (a = tSam! = !o*erCa"c(2& 1'D
*hi"e(1
P
soc8ead F =socBa"ueD
adc.ut F =adcBa"ueD
adc.ut LF 0#0fffD
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ 1''
adc.ut UF 0#0/00D
44adc.ut +F 0#0/00D
v0n F adc.utD
v.ut F coeff2 = v0n G coeffM = v.utD
v.ut OOF 1'D
for(count F 0D count N 7'0D countGGD
44v.ut GF 0#0/00D
=dacBa"ue F v.utD
44=dacBa"ue F v0nD
Q
="ed F 1D
return 0D
Q
int !o*erCa"c(int %ase& int e#!
P
int !o*er.ut!utD
int countD
!o*er.ut!ut F 1D
for(count F 0D count N e#!D countGG
!o*er.ut!ut F !o*er.ut!ut = %aseD
return !o*er.ut!utD
Q
"e2l Ti0e Output Of 1
st
O13e1 "C lo9 p2ss filte1Q
1. The input 2n3 output 92;efo10s fo1 '&=-P input sign2l
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ 1'&
'. Output "esponse 92;efo10s fo1 7((-P input sign2l
&. Output "esponse 92;efo10s fo1 =((-P %Cutoff f1eFuency+ input sign2l
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ 1'=
7. Output "esponse 92;efo10s fo1 *((-P input sign2l
=. Output "esponse 92;efo10s fo1 1(((-P input sign2l
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ 1')
1eFuency Vs Output Volt2ge
S$Ao ,re>uency(() .ut!ut vo"tage(B
1$
2$
3$
1$
'$
6$
7$
/$
@$
10$
11$
12$
13$
'0
100
1'0
200
23'
300
100
'00
600
700
/00
@00
1000
1$02
1$01
1$01
1$00
3$//
3$12
2$/2
2$61
2$30
2$0'
1$@1
1$7'
1$'6
#"!P-:
1
1(( '(( &(( 7(( =(( )(( *(( ?(( 4(( 1(((
'
&
7
=
)
O
u
t
p
u
t

V
o
l
t
2
g
e
%
V
+
1eFuency%-P+
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ 1'*
E:20ple '
$2the02tic2l C2lcul2tions fo1 Secon3 O13e1 "C ,o9 P2ss ilte1
0ts !ro!osed to deve"o! a mathematica" mode" of 00 order 8C "o* !ass fi"ter in e transform
on M5T-53 simu"ation L im!"ement the same using DSP (TMS320C6713$
" "
0
1 '
1
in
V %V +
out '
C C
1
'
0
"oo!1 "oo!2
Then it is im!"emented in M5T-534S0M9-0A2 and further it is im!"emented in a DSP
Processor (TMS320C6713$
5!!"ying 2B- in "oo! 1:
V t I t R
C
I t I t d t
i n
( ( I ( ( J +
1 1
1
1 2
1
5!!"ying -a!"ace transform for the a%out e>uation&
V S I S R
S C
I S I S
i n
( ( I ( ( J +
1 1
1
1 2
1
V S I S R
S C
I S
S C
i n
( (
(
+
1
]
1

1 1
1
2
1
1
5!!"ying 2B- in "oo! 2
0
1 1
2 1 2 2
2
2
+ +

C
I t I t d t I t R
C
I t I ( ( J ( (
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ 1'?
5!!"y "a!"ace Transform
0
1 1
2
1
2
2
1
1
+ +
1
]
1
I S
S C
R
S C
I S
S C
(
(
0
2 1
1
2 2
2
1

+ +
I S I S
S C
R I S
I S
S C
( (
(
(
I S
S C S C
R
S C
I S
1
1 1
2
2
2
1 1 (
( + +
1
]
1
Su%stitute (3 in (1 *e get
I S
S C
S C R
C
C
I S
1
1
1 2
1
2
2
1
(
( + +
1
]
1
V S S C R
C
C
R
S C
I S
I S
S C
i n
( (
(
+ +
_
,
+
_
,
1
1
1 2
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
+ + + + +
_
,
R S C R R
R C
C S C
R
S C
I S
I S
S C
1 1 1 2
1 1
2 1
2
2
2
2
1
1 1
(
(
+ + + + + +
_
,
R S C R R
R C
C S C
R
S C S C
I S
1 1 1 2
1 1
2 1
2
2 1
2
1 1 1
(
+ + + +
_
,
R S C R R
R C
C
R
S C
I S
1 1 1 2
1 1
2
2
2
2
1
(
V S
S R C S C C R R S R C S R C
S C
I S
i n
( (
+ + + +
1
]
1
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2
2
2
1
Bout is the vo"tage across the ca!acitor C2
So
V t
C
I t d t
o u t
( (

1
2
2
5!!"ying "a!"ace transform
V S
I S
S C
o u t
(
(
2
2
Su%stitute (' in (1& *e get
( ) V S S R R S C C R R S R C S R C V S
i n o u t
( ( + + + +
1 2
2
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2
1

+ + + +
V S
V S S C C R R S R R S R C S R C
o u t
i n
(
(
1
1
2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2
( ) ( )
V S
V S
R R C C S R C R C R C S
o u t
i n
(
(

+ + + +
1
1
1 2 1 2
2
1 1 1 2 2 2
5ssume 81 F 82 F 8 D C1 F C2 F CD
+ + + +
1
1
2 2 2
R C S R C R C R C S I J
+ +
1
3 1
2 2 2
S R C R C S
V
V S R C S R C
O % !
I N

+ +
1
3 1
2 2
( (
+ +
1
]
1
1
3 1
2 2
2
(
(
R C S
S
R C R C
5ssume a
R C
f c
1
2
fC is the 3 d3 cut+off fre>uency$
V
V
a
S S a a
O % !
I N

+ +
1
]
1
2
2 2
3
Su%stitute
S

!

1
1
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ 1&(
6enera" form is&
( )
V
V
a
!
a
!
a
o
i

_
,
+

+

2
1
2
1
1 3 1
+
+

+

a

!
a a
!
a
2
1 2
2
1
2
1 2 3 3
+ + +

a !
a ! a ! a a !
2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 3 3 (
+ + + +

a !
a ! a ! a !
2 2
2 1 2
3 1 2 3 I ( J (
V
V
a !
a ! a !
a ! a !
a !
a ! a !

o
i

+ +
+ +

+
+ +
1
]
1
+
1
]
1
1
1
1
2 2
2 2
2 2
1
1 3
1
1 3
2 3
1 3
1
(
( (
5ssume #
a !
a ! a !
+ +
(
(
2
2
1 3
$
a !
a ! a !
+
+ +
2 3
1 3
2
(
&
a ! a !
+ +
1
1 3
2
(
V
V
#
& " $ "
O % !
I N

+
2 1
1
V & " V $ " V # V
O % ! O % ! O % ! I N

+
2 1
V # V V & " $ "
O % ! I N O % !

(
2 1
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ 1&1
0n terms of sam!"es&
V n # V n & V n $ V n
o i o o
( ( ( ( + 2 1
This can %e rea"i)ed as sho*n %e"o*
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ 1&'
E:20ple
"e2liP2tion in $2tl2>6Si0ulin8
<e can rea"i)e the diagram given a%ove in Simu"in;$
-et the sam!"ing ,re>uency ,s %e 10000()
8C F 142fc F 14(2 # '00 F 0$00031/
0f 8 F 1; then C F 3$1/:,
a F 148C F 2fc F 3111$6'
#
a !
a ! a !
+ +

(
(
$
2
2
1 3
0 0 6 6 1
$
a !
a ! a !
+
+ +

2 3
1 3
1 3 6 2 6
2
(
$
&
a ! a !
+ +

1
1 3
0 1 2 / 7 6
2
(
$
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ 1&&
Input 2n3 output 92;efo10s 2t '&=-P input sign2l
Input 2n3 output 92;efo10s 2t 7((-P input sign2l
Input 2n3 output 92;efo10s 2t the =((-P %cut.off f1eFuency+ input sign2l
Input 2n3 output 92;efo10s 2t the ?((-P input sign2l
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ 1&=
I,TE" SPECIIC!TION %Cutoff 1eFuency fc E =((-P+
-et the sam!"ing ,re>uency ,s %e 10000()
8C F 142fc F 14(2 # '00 F 0$00031/
0f 8 F 1; then C F 3$1/:,
a F 148C F 2fc F 3111$6'
#
a !
a ! a !
+ +

(
(
$
2
2
1 3
0 0 6 6 1
$
a !
a ! a !
+
+ +

2 3
1 3
1 3 6 2 6
2
(
$
&
a ! a !
+ +

1
1 3
0 1 2 / 7 6
2
(
$
P"O#"!$
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ 1&)
"C Secon3 o13e1 ,o9 P2ss ilte1
Mdefine P0 3$11
Minc"ude Nstdio$hO
ty!edef unsigned int 9int32D
ty!edef short 0nt16D
ty!edef unsigned char 9char/D
int !o*erCa"c(int& intD
int main(void
P
9int32 =socBa"ueD
9int32 =adcBa"ueD
9int32 =dacBa"ue1D
9int32 soc8eadD
9int32 countD
9int32 v.utSecondD
9int32 v.utSecond2D
0nt16 adc.utD
0nt16 v0nD
0nt16 second2D
0nt16 secondMD
0nt16 second-D
f"oat aD
f"oat tSam!D
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ 1&*
f"oat mTermD
9int32 fre>Cut.ffD
9char/ ="edD
socBa"ue F (9int32 =0#@001000cD
adcBa"ue F (9int32 =0#@001000/D
dacBa"ue1 F (9int32 =0#@001000/D
"ed F (9char/ =0#@0010016D
v.utSecond F 0D
v.utSecond2 F 0D
fre>Cut.ff F '00D
a F 2 = P0 = fre>Cut.ffD
tSam! F 0$0001D
mTerm F a = tSam!D
second2 F (0nt16(((mTerm = mTerm 4 (1 G (3 = mTerm G (mTerm = mTerm =
!o*erCa"c(2& 12D
secondM F (0nt16(((2 G (3 = mTerm 4 (1 G (3 = mTerm G (mTerm = mTerm =
!o*erCa"c(2& 12D
second- F (0nt16((1 4 (1 G (3 = mTerm G (mTerm = mTerm = !o*erCa"c(2& 12D
*hi"e(1
P
soc8ead F =socBa"ueD
adc.ut F =adcBa"ueD
adc.ut LF 0#0fffD
EC'&().DI#IT!, SI#N!, P"OCESSIN# ,!/ 1&?
adc.ut UF 0#0/00D
44adc.ut +F 0#0/00D
v0n F adc.utD
v.utSecond F (second2 = v0n G (secondM = v.utSecond + (second- = v.utSecond2D
v.utSecond OOF 12D
v.utSecond2 F v.utSecondD
for(count F 0D count N 1000D countGGD
44v.ut GF 0#0/00D
44=dacBa"ue1 F v0nD
=dacBa"ue1 F v.utSecondD
="ed F 1D
Q
Q
int !o*erCa"c(int %ase& int e#!
P
int !o*er.ut!utD
int countD
!o*er.ut!ut F 1D
for(count F 0D count N e#!D countGG
!o*er.ut!ut F !o*er.ut!ut = %aseD
return !o*er.ut!utD
Q
"e2l Ti0e Output Of '
n3
O13e1 "C lo9 p2ss filte1
1. The input 2n3 output 92;efo10s fo1 '&=-P input sign2l
'. The input 2n3 output 92;efo10s fo1 &((-P input sign2l

&. Output "esponse 92;efo10s fo1 7((-P input sign2l
7. Output "esponse 92;efo10s fo1 =((-P%Cutoff f1eFuency+ input sign2l
=. Output "esponse 92;efo10s fo1 *((-P input sign2l
). Output "esponse 92;efo10s fo1 1(((-P input sign2l
1eFuency Vs Output Volt2ge
S$Ao ,re>uency(() .ut!ut vo"tage(B
1$
2$
3$
1$
'$
6$
7$
/$
@$
10$
11$
12$
'0
100
1'0
23'
300
100
'00
600
700
/00
@00
1000
1$0'
1$01
1$03
1$01
3$71
3$3'
3$0'
2$6@
2$3/
2$21
2$01
1$/1
#"!P-:
1(( '(( &(( 7(( =(( )(( *(( ?(( 4(( 1(((
1eFuency %-P+
O
u
t
p
u
t

V
o
l
t
2
g
e
%
V
+
&
'.=
'
1.=
1
(.=
&.=
7
7.=
=
E:pe1i0ent2l Setup %VS5 . )*1& 5it+

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<here A F order of the fi"ter

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