Arabi

Arabic for Life
A Textbook for Beginning Arabic

Bassam K. Frangieh
Claremont McKenna College

Yale University Press
New Haven and London
Copyright 2011 Yale University

Section One

Sounds and Letters of the
Arabic Language

Arabic calligraphy: Knowledge is light -
Sounds and Letters Section 1

2
Section One
Sounds and Letters of the Arabic Language
Contents

Unit One -
I. The Arabic Alphabet
The Arabic Alphabet in Its Traditional Order
II. Letters
III. The Long Vowels - Activity 1 2
IV. The Short Vowels - Activity 1 3
V. Sukuun - Activity 1

Unit Two -
I. Letters - Activity 1
II. Letters - Activity 1
III. Letters - Activity 1

Unit Three -
I. Letters
II. Letters - Activity 1
III. Letters - Activity 1

Unit Four -
I. Letters - Activity 1
II. Nunation - Activity 1 4
III. Alif Maqsura - Activity 1

Section 1 Sounds and Letters
3
Unit Five -
I. The Letter - Activity 1
II. Taa` Marbouta ( ) - Activity 1
III. Letters - Activity 1 3

Unit Six -
I. Letters - Activity 1 2
II. Letters - Activity 1 4
III. Emphatic Letters ( )

Unit Seven -
I. Double Consonants ( ) - Activity 1 2
II. Hamza () - Activity 1 2
III. Madda ( ) - Activity 1
IV. Dagger Alif
V. Hamzat al-Wasl or Wasla - Activity 1

Unit Eight -
I. The Definite Article ()
II. Moon Letters - Activity 1
III. Sun Letters - Activity 1

Unit Nine -
I. Arabic Script and Calligraphy
II. Printed Styles of Arabic Script
III. Handwriting Samples
IV. Arabic Calligraphy
V. Reading Practice


4
Unit One

This section introduces the Arabic sounds, letters, and scripts and covers the
basic phonological system of the Arabic language.

Arabic has twenty-eight characters: Twenty-five are consonants and three are
long vowels. Arabic also has several symbols, signs written above or below the
letters, that affect pronunciation and grammatical structures.

Arabic is written from right to left, and there are no capital letters. Below is a
chart of the Arabic alphabet. Look at it as a whole, and listen to the
accompanying audio of the alphabet being read. After you listen to the alphabet
several times, click on the disk to watch and listen to a student sing the alphabet.

I. The Arabic Alphabet

Now, look at the chart below, the name of each letter, and the way each
letter is written. Letters are written in four positions: initial, medial, final
position (connected), and final position (unconnected).

Letters are connected in both printed and handwritten forms. They are
joined by connecting strokes with the preceding and/or following letters.

When we begin a word in Arabic we write the first letter in initial form and
the last letter in final form. Any letters between them appear in medial
form. Medial and final letters may or may not be connected to the letter
preceding them, depending on whether the preceding letter is a connector.
There are six letters that are not connectors; they do not connect
on the the left side. If the final letter is not connected, then the letter is
written in its independent isolated form.

5
The Arabic Alphabet in Its
Traditional Order

Final
Medial Initial
Name of
Letter
Independent
Unconnected Connected


6
II. Letters

Calligraphic image of the letter

The letter is similar to the English letter b in pronounciation, as in bat.

This is how the letter is written by hand:


The letter is similar to the English t in pronunciation, as in tab.


7


The letter is pronounced like the English th, as in thunder.


These three letters have the same shape in all positions: initial, medial, and
final. They differ in the number of dots and the placement of these dots.
The has one dot below, the has two dots above it, and the has three
dots above. In handwritten form, any two dots can run together to form a
short line and any three dots can run together to form a triangle, as you see
in the examples above.

These letters are connectors, which means they connect on both sides with
other letters.

Look at the shapes and examples of the letters. Read aloud.

Example Shape Example Shape Example Shape


8
Compare letters and words in their printed and handwritten forms.

III. The Long Vowels

There are three long vowels: the and and . Keep in mind, the and the
can be used as both vowels and consonants.


The alif () is the first character in the Arabic alphabet. It is a long vowel
and sounds like a long aa, as in cat. The is also the bearer of the hamza
(), as in and (we will learn more on this later). The long vowel alif (),
which is pronounced as a long aa, is written from top to bottom.
9

This is how the letter is handwritten:


The is a long vowel. It is similar to the English pronunciation oo as in
boot.



The is a long vowel. It sounds like ee and is similar in pronunciation to
the English word street.


10


Again, to repeat, the sounds like aa, the sounds like oo, and the sounds
like ee.

These three vowels have different abilities to connect with other letters. The
is a connector that connects on both sides, but the vowels and are not
connectors (they do not connect on the left side). When they fall in the
middle of the word, the letter after the or must be written in the initial
position.

Look at the shapes and examples of the vowels ( ). Read aloud.


Drill 1: Copy. Pronounce the letters and each word as you write.

____

_____

_____

____

_____

____

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_____

_____

____

_____

____

_____

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_____

_____

_____

____
11
Activity 1: Read each word aloud then click, listen, and repeat.


Drill 2: Copy the handwriting style below and read aloud as you write.

_________

_________

__________

_________

_________

________

_________

_________

_________

_________

_________

_________


_____

_____

_____

_____

_____

____

_____

_____

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____

12

_____

_____

_____

_____

_____

____


____________

____________

____________

____________

___________

___________

___________

____________

IV. The Short Vowels: fatha, damma, kasra
:

In addition to the three long vowels ( ), there are also three short
vowels. These short vowels are not letters. They are signs placed above or
below the letters. Their pronunciation is equal to half the long vowels
pronunciation. These short vowels are fatha ( ), damma ( ), and kasra
( ). Each short vowel corresponds to a long vowel: fatha corresponds to
, damma corresponds to , and kasra corresponds to .

13
Fatha -

The fatha () is a sign placed above a letter to represent the short vowel a.
The combination of the letter and the fatha sign () above it is
pronounced ba. The long vowel alif () represents the long vowel aa.
Thus, the combination of the letter and the long vowel is pronounced
baa.


Drill 1: Copy.

_____

_____

_____

_____

_____

_____

_____

_____


14
Damma -

The damma () is a sign placed over a letter to represent the short vowel u.
The combination of the letter plus the damma sign () is pronounced
bu, as in put. The long vowel represents the long vowel uu. Thus, the
combination of the letter plus the long vowel is pronounced buu as
in boot.


Drill 2: Copy.

______

______

_____

_____

_____

_____

_____

_____

_____

_____

15
Kasra -

The kasra () is a sign placed below a letter to represent the short vowel i.
The combination of the letter and the kasra sign () is pronounced bi as
in bit. The long vowel represents the long vowel ee. Thus, the
combination of the letter and the long vowel is pronounced bee as
in bead.


Drill 3: Copy.

_____

_____

_____

_____

_____

_____

_____

_____


16
V. Sukuun

Sukuun () means silence. It is a sign placed above a letter to indicate
the absence of any vowel. For example the letter sounds ba with fatha,
bu with damma, and bi with kasra. But with sukuun, the b has no
vowels.

Drill 1: See the short vowels and sukuun. Repeat out loud.

Drill 2: Copy and read aloud as you write.

_____

_____

_____

_____

_____

_____

____

____


_______

_______

______

______

17

_______

_______

_______

_______

Drill 4: Join the letters into words. Include the vowels.

= + +
6 - = + + +
1 -
= + +
7 - = + +
2 -
= + +
8 - = + + +
3 -
= + + +
9 -

= + + +
4 -
= + + +
10 - = + + +
5 -


Love -

18
Unit Two

I. Letters


The letter sounds similar to the English letter d. The difference is that the
tip of the tongue touches the upper teeth to pronounce properly.

This is how the handwritten letter looks:

Drill 1: Copy and read aloud as you write. Read aloud.

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______

______

______

______

______

______

______

______
19

______

______

______

______

______


The letter represents the same sound of the voiced English th, as in this.

Both letters and are not connectors (they do not connect on the left side).
Therefore, when they are in a middle position the letter that follows must
be in the initial position.

Both letters are similar in writing and have the same shape. The only
difference between them is the dot on the top of the letter .

This is how the handwritten looks:

Look at the shapes and examples of letters and . Read aloud.

Example Shape Example Shape


20


______

______

______

______

______

______

______

______

______

______

______

______

______

______

______

Drill 3: Join the letters into words and include all the vowels.

= + + +
6 - = + + +
1 -
= + +
7 - = + +
2 -
= + +
8 - = + +
3 -
= + + +
9 - = + + +
4 -
= + + +
10 - = + +
5 -

21
Drill 4: Copy the following handwritten words. Read aloud as you write.

______

______

______

______

______

______

______

______

II. Letters


The Arabic consonant is not like the English r. It is produced by a quick
succession of several flaps with the tip of the tongue turned back. It is
similar in pronunciation to the Spanish r as in caro (expensive).



22
Drill 1: Copy and read aloud as you write.

______

______

______

______

______

______

______

______

______

______


The Arabic consonant is pronounced like the English z as in zoo.


Drill 2: Copy and read each word aloud.

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______

______

______

______

______
23
Both letters and do not connect on the left side. They are like the non-
connector letters and ; when they are in a middle position they must
be followed by a letter written in the initial position.

Both and are similar in writing and have the same shape. The only
difference between the two letters is the dot on top of .

While the and turn down and finish along the line, the tail of the letters
and is below the line.

Compare the shapes and examples of the letters and . Read aloud.

Example Shape Example Shape



24
Drill 3: Join the letters into words and include all vowels.

=

+

+

6 -

=

+

+

1 -

=

+

+

7 -

=

+

+

2 -

=

+

+

8 -

=

+

+

3 -

=

+

+

9 -

=

+

+

4 -

=

+

+

10 -

=

+

+

5 -


______

______

______

______

______

______

______

______

______

______

III. Letters


25
The letter is pronounced like the English letter j as in judge. However,
there is a slight variation in the pronunciation. The pronunciation of the
letter is found in a mix of the English letters j as in judge, s as in
pleasure, and z as in azure. In most parts of Egypt is pronounced g as
in girl.

See how the letter is handwritten:

Drill 1: Copy and read each word aloud.

______

______

______

______

______


The letter has no equivalent in English. It is a voiceless consonant, in
which the vocal cords do not vibrate. The h in English is closest in sound to
the letter . The is referred by students as the big h because it is similar
to the letter h but starts further back in the throat.


26

Drill 2: Copy.

______

______

______

______

______


The letter has no equivalent in English. It is similar to the German ch as
in Bach. It is formed in the uvula and the back of the tongue.


Drill 3: Copy.

______

______

______

______

______
27
Compare the shapes and examples of the letters and .



Drill 4: Join the letters into words and include all vowels.

= + + +
6 - = + + +
1 -
= + + +
7 - = + + +
2 -
= + +
8 - = + +
3 -
= + +
9 - = + + +
4 -
= + +
10 - = + + +
5 -


28

______

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Passion -

Section Two

Lessons 1 - 21

Arabic calligraphy: Knowledge is light -


88

Lesson One

Where Are You From?

Figure 1.1 - Claremont McKenna College, California
Section 2 Lesson 1
89
Lesson One Contents

Vocabulary -
Words and Expressions -
Basic Text -
Ilham and Abdulaziz -
Grammar -
1. The Definite Article -
Activity 1
2. Gender of Nouns -
Activity 2
3. Independent Personal Pronouns -
Activity 3
Comprehension Text -
Are You a Student? -
Lets Speak Arabic -
Food -
Window into Arab Culture -
Arabic Love Poems -

Lesson 1 Section 2

90

Vocabulary

how what
from Definite Article
where hello
in name
yes my name
student (m.s.) I
student (f.s.) you (m.s.)
what you (f.s.)
but and
okay, agreeable thank you
state I go
big, large - professor -
kind - teacher -
city

Interrogative
Particle

Words and Expressions

Welcome! Hello!
So long!
good-bye
What is your (m.s.) name?
What is your (f.s.) name?
How are you?
very good, praise be to God
delighted, honored
excellent -
Section 2 Lesson 1
91
Where are you (m.s.) from?
Where are you (f.s.) from?
the state of California
United States of America
I study economics
Are you a student (m.s.)?
Are you a student (f.s.)?
What do you (m.s.) study?
What do you (f.s.) study?
international relations
I am in a hurry
I am sorry (m.s.)
I am sorry (f.s.)
I must go now
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Jordan
English literature

God -

Lesson 1 Section 2

92
:
Basic Text: Ilham and Abdulaziz

: .
: .
:
: .
: .
:
:
: .
:
:
: .
:
: .
:
: .
: .
: .
: .

Section 2 Lesson 1
93

Grammar

1. The Definite Article - :

The definite article in Arabic is , and it is written as the prefix of the word
it modifies. For example, an indefinite word like a city becomes
definite the city when prefixed by .

All words with are definite, but there are words without that are also
definite. These include all proper nouns, names of cities, and names of
countries. For example are all definite without the
definite article. Later, we will learn that nouns without the definite article
become definite in the idafa ) ) construction.

Activity 1: Change all the indefinite nouns to definite by adding the
definite article. Listen and speak aloud.

= +
= +
= +
= +
= +
= +

2. Gender of Nouns -

Arabic nouns are either masculine or feminine. Arabic has no neutral
gender. The gender of each Arabic word must be learned and memorized.
In general, the feminine noun is formed from the masculine noun by
adding the feminine suffix () at the end of the word, such as:
Lesson 1 Section 2

94

Fem. Noun/Adjective Masc. Noun/Adjective

While it is very common to use the feminine suffix () to derive a feminine
noun from a masculine noun, there are some words that do not follow this
pattern. For example, some nouns are feminine without having the
feminine suffix, such as mother and sister. There are also feminine
nouns with no masculine counterpart such as Miss and masculine
nouns with no feminine counterpart like Imam.

Many parts of the body that occur in pairs are feminine without a feminine
suffix, as in eye and hand. There are also words that are feminine
by usage, as in fire and war.

The feminine suffix () could occur in words which do not have a masculine
form, as in city, and in words that are masculine, as in caliph.
Words that end with , as in desert, or end in , as in
remembrance, are usually feminine.

Learning the gender of Arabic nouns is important in order to speak and
write correctly. Feminine nouns require feminine pronouns and feminine
adjectives. Verbs that refer to a feminine subject must agree with the
feminine gender as well. For example:

Ilham a student (f.s.)
an American
(f.s.)
and she she studies
the Arabic
language
. Ilham is an American student; she studies the Arabic language

Similarly, masculine nouns are replaced by masculine pronouns and are
modified by masculine adjectives. Naturally, the verbs that refer to a
masculine subject must agree with the masculine gender as well.
Section 2 Lesson 1
95
Names of cities are all feminine, and names of countries are almost all
feminine with a few exceptions: Iraq, Morocco,
Lebanon, Jordan, and Sudan are all masculine nouns.
(See Appendix for a full list of Arab countries and their capital cities.)

We will learn the Arabic nouns and their genders as we progress. For now,
lets learn how to use the feminine suffix () to derive a feminine noun from
the corresponding masculine form.

Activity 2: Change the masculine nouns to feminine nouns by
adding the feminine suffix.

= +
= +
= +
= +
= +
= +
= +

Figure 1.2 - Narrated by Abdulaziz Abu Sag and Dhekra Toumi

Lesson 1 Section 2

96
3. The Independent Nominative Personal Pronouns

Below is a complete chart of the independent nominative personal
pronouns in the Arabic language. Some pronouns have not been introduced
in this lesson but will be introduced in the next few chapters. It is best to
learn all the independent nominative personal pronouns together.

Activity 3: Repeat aloud all the pronouns and their examples.

Example Pronoun Meaning
He
She
They (m. dual)
They (f. dual)
They (m. plural)
They (f. plural)
You (m.s.)
You (f.s.)
You (m. dual)
You (f. dual)
You (m. plural)
You (f. plural)
I
We

Figure 1.3 - Narrated by Hala Nazzal and Faisal Al-Salloum
Section 2 Lesson 1
97
:
Comprehension Text: Are You a Student?

: .
: .
: .
:
: .
: .
: .
:
: .
:
:
: . .
: .
: .
: .
: .
: .

Lesson 1 Section 2

98


one thousand

I am very well

Drill 1: Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the comprehension
text.

_____ . _____ . _____
_____ _____ . _____ .
_____ _____ .

Drill 2: Translate into English.

1 - .
2 - .
3 - .
4 - .
5 -
6 -
7 -
8 - .

Drill 3: Translate into Arabic.

1. Ameera is Ilham's friend.
2. Ameera is a student; she studies international relations.
Section 2 Lesson 1
99
3. She is from the city of Amman in Jordan.
4. I am in a hurry.
5. I have to go now.
6. Hello, welcome.
7. What is your name?
8. I am from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Lets Speak Arabic
Food -

Repeat aloud the following question:

What did you (m.s.) eat?
What did you (f.s.) eat?

Now repeat aloud the following answer:

I ate (the) hummus

Next, repeat aloud the sentence and substitute the following words for
:

(the) falafel

(the) cheese

(the) chicken

(the) cereal

(the) bread

Practice the dialogue with a classmate.

Lesson 1 Section 2

100
Homework -

1. Listen to the vocabulary and expressions. Repeat aloud after listening to
them in the basic text and the comprehension text.

2. Compose a simple dialogue between you and one of your friends. Turn it
in to your teacher after you present it in class.

3. Compose five sentences using vocabulary from the lesson.

And we made you into nations and tribes so you get to know each other
Section 2 Lesson 1
101

Window into Arab Culture
Arabic Love Poems

Figure 1.4 - Nizar Qabbani

Arabic poetry is a political, social, and ethical compass in Arab culture.
Poetry has represented and helped to preserve Arab identity throughout the
ages. The complex and refined poetic arts eloquently express, report, and
document the news, events, and wars of the Arabs, in victory or defeat,
glory or decline. Above all, poetry has been a great manifestation of artistic
creativity, engendering the emotional and spiritual power that unified the
Arabs into a community of nations long before Islam.

Below are a few verses of modern Arabic love poetry by the Syrian poet
Nizar Qabbani (1923-1998).* Identify as much of the vocabulary as you can,
memorize the verses that you like most, and enjoy the reading.

Nizar Qabbani was known for the beauty of his handwriting and for his
impressive calligraphy skills. In the right hand column is the handwritten
version of these verses, written by the poet himself.

The verses are read by Lebanese journalist Joumana Nammour, a popular
anchorwoman on Al-Jazeera Satellite Channel.

Lesson 1 Section 2

102

Section 2 Lesson 1
103

" " .

.

* Nizar Kabbani. Arabian Love Poems. ed. and trans. Bassam K. Frangieh & Clementina Brown. Lynn Rienner Publishers,
Boulder, London, 1999, pp. 116, 102, 24, 20, 219.

Figure 1.5 - Narrated by Joumana Nammour


104

Lesson Two

In Claremont

Figure 2.1 - Claremont McKenna College, California

Section 2 Lesson 2
105
Lesson Two Contents

Vocabulary -
Words and Expressions -
Basic Text -
In the Street -
Grammar -
1. The Interrogative and Question Particles -
Activity 1
2. The Interrogative Particles with Prepositions

Activity 2
Comprehension Text -
In the Library -
Lets Speak Arabic -
Weather -
Window into Arab Culture -
The Holy Qur`an -

Lesson 2 Section 2

106

Vocabulary

road, street
/
when

Vocative Particle
year

this (m.s.)

beautiful
-
this (f.s.) very, much
difficult
-
easy
-
work, job

house, home

economy,
economics

wonderful,
admirable
-


hello, welcome
In which university do you (f.s.) study?
I came
Really! Truly!
this is a beautiful coincidence
Will I see you (m.s.) tomorrow?
yes, I will see you (f.s.) tomorrow
God willing
laboratory
Masters in Business Administration
mosque
homework, duty .
Future Particle
I go
you do (m.s.)
you do (f.s.)
Section 2 Lesson 2
107
:
Basic Text: In the Street

: .
: .
: .
: .
: .
: ! !
: .
: .
: . .
: .
:
: .
.
:
: .
: .

Lesson 2 Section 2

108

Grammar

1. The Interrogative Particles -

Below are the most frequently used particles for asking questions. You have
not been exposed to all of these question particles, but it is better to learn
them all at once.

Interrogative Particle

Interrogative Particle

What? (used without verbs)

What? (used with verbs)
Why?

Who?

Where?

How?

When?

How many? How much?

Which? What?
(f. )

Note: is often used as common gender, and its feminine is usually neglected.

Figure 2.2 - Claremont, California
Section 2 Lesson 2
109
Activity 1: Read the question particles and their examples aloud.
Repeat several times until you speak smoothly.

Meaning
Ex. with
feminine
Ex. with
masculine
Question
Particle
Are you a student?

Are you a student?

What is your name?

What do you study?

Who are you?

Where do you study?

How are you?

Why did you come?

How many students do you know?

Which student?
( )

Drill 1: Compose five new sentences using the question particles in the
above chart.

2. The Interrogative Particles with Prepositions

Some prepositions are used with the interrogative particles to form
questions. The prepositions must precede the interrogative particles. Please
learn the following prepositions:

for

to

with, in

from

in

with

Lesson 2 Section 2

110
Activity 2: Below are the question particles used together with a
preposition. Read aloud and repeat.

Meaning
Preposition together
with Particle
Preposition + Particle
From where? +
In which? +
From which? +
With whom? +
To where? +
Why? For what? +
With what? In what? +
To who? For whom? +

Drill 2: Compose five sentences using the question particles with the
prepositions.

Drill 3: Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the comprehension
text.

.
. : :
. : . :
.

Drill 4: Compose six sentences using the question particles with
prepositions. Also, use the question particles with prepositions in a
conversation with one of your classmates.

Section 2 Lesson 2
111
:
Comprehension Text: In the Library

: .
:
:
: .
: .
:
: .
:
: .
:
: .
:
: .
: .
: .
: . .

Lesson 2 Section 2

112


now
May God protect you
How is your health?
The Holy Quran

Drill 5: Translate into English.

1 - .
2 - . .
3 -
4 -
5 - .
6 -
7 - .
8 -
9 - .

Drill 6: Translate into Arabic.

1. This is the Holy Qur`an.
2. I will go to the mosque.
3. Then I have to work in the laboratory.
4. What will you be doing, Ameera?
5. See you soon, so long.
6. Do you have homework today?
7. Where is the mosque?
8. What is this book?

Section 2 Lesson 2
113

Lets Speak Arabic
Weather -

Repeat aloud the following question:

How is the weather?

Now repeat aloud the following answer:

The weather is sunny

Next, repeat aloud the sentence and substitute the following words for
:

hot
cold
rainy

cloudy

humid

Repeat this dialogue with a classmate.

Homework -

1. Listen to the vocabulary and expressions. Repeat aloud after hearing
them in the basic and comprehension texts.

2. Compose a dialogue between you and one of your classmates. Turn it in
to your teacher after you present it in class.

3. Compose five sentences using vocabulary from the lesson.

4. Using the question particles, compose an original dialogue between you
and one of your friends.
Lesson 2 Section 2

114

Window into Arab Culture
The Holy Quran

The Quran is the first book of prose written in the Arabic language, and it is
a great source of pride and inspiration for Muslims and Arabs alike. It is
one of the most widely read books ever written, and has been translated
into almost every language. However, many experts believe that only the
Arabic language fully captures its religious power and literary beauty. As
the Quran itself reveals: We have made it an Arabic Quran that you might
understand. (The Quran: 43:3)

While most non-Muslims are aware that the Quran is the religious text of
Islam, its significance also extends beyond the spiritual realm to other
aspects of Islamic life. The Quran demonstrates the remarkable depth and
richness of the classical Arabic language. The Quran has also served as the
textbook for Muslim students beginning their study of theology and
jurisprudence.

Listen to the Quranic verses from Sura (93), Ad-Duha the Glorious
Morning Light, recited by Sheikh Abdul Basit Muhammad Abdul Samad.
Listen to the Sheikh and read the text of the Quranic verses he recites. Try
to identify a few of the vocabulary words and memorize a few verses, but
most importantly, listen attentively to appreciate the aesthetic aspect of the
verses.


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What is the significance of the Quran?

Arabic for Life

A Textbook for Beginning Arabic

Copyright 2011 Yale University

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