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Reproductive Biology and
Endocrinology
Open Access
Research
Predicting lung maturity in preterm rupture of membranes via
lamellar bodies count from a vaginal pool: a cohort study
Raed Salim
1,2
, Noah Zafran
1
, Zohar Nachum
1,2
, Gali Garmi
1
and
Eliezer Shalev*
1,2
Address:
1
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, HaEmek Medical Center, Afula, Israel and
2
Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa,
Israel
Email: Raed Salim- [email protected]; Noah Zafran - [email protected]; Zohar Nachum- [email protected];
Gali Garmi - [email protected]; Eliezer Shalev* - [email protected]
* Corresponding author
Abstract
Background: Amniocentesis is the accepted mode of attaining amniotic fluid to perform tests for
fetal lung maturity. The purpose of this study was to validate a non-invasive fetal lung maturity test
by counting lamellar bodies from a vaginal pool among women with preterm premature rupture of
membranes.
Methods: In a prospective study, amniotic fluid specimens were collected from a vaginal pool from
women after preterm premature rupture of membranes with gestational age between 27 and 36
completed weeks. Receiver operating characteristics curve was estimated to assess the threshold
of lamellar bodies' count that may predict fetal lung maturity.
Results: Seventy-five specimens were collected of which 17 were between 32 to 34 weeks. A
lamellar bodies' count of 28,000 or more predicted mature fetus 100% of the time (specificity)
among all women and also among women between 32 to 34 weeks. The sensitivity was 72% among
all and 92% when gestational age was between 32 to 34 weeks. A count of 8,000 or less, predicted
respiratory distress syndrome with a sensitivity of 98% among the whole group.
Conclusion: Counting of lamellar bodies in amniotic fluid from a vaginal pool may be used to
predict fetal lung maturity.
Background
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is the most common
complication suffered by preterm neonates [1]. Preterm
premature rupture of membranes (P-PROM) is responsi-
ble for about a third of preterm deliveries [2]. Beside pre-
term delivery, P-PROM increases neonatal and maternal
complications by increasing the risk of infection, cord
accident and placental abruption [2]. According to the
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
(ACOG), with P-PROM at 32-33 completed weeks of ges-
tation, labor induction may be considered if fetal lung
maturity is documented [2].
Amniocentesis is the accepted mode of attaining amniotic
fluid to perform tests for fetal maturity. However, it is an
invasive procedure with risks that include placental
abruption, fetal maternal hemorrhage, infection and early
onset of delivery [3]. The procedure is often technically
Published: 14 October 2009
Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 2009, 7:112 doi:10.1186/1477-7827-7-112
Received: 23 August 2009
Accepted: 14 October 2009
This article is available from: http://www.rbej.com/content/7/1/112
2009 Salim et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0),
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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challenging and potentially more complex when oligohy-
dramnios is present as is often the case with P-PROM [1].
The purpose of this study was to test the validity of a non-
invasive method for predicting fetal lung maturity among
women with P-PROM. To do so, we performed a lamellar
bodies (LB) count by drawing amniotic fluid from a vagi-
nal pool and calculated a cutoff for LB concentration
above which fetal lung maturity is likely. Among all fetal
lung maturity tests, LB count was selected because the test
can be performed with equipment found in most clinical
analysis laboratories. Furthermore, such counting had
been reported as reliably predicts fetal lung maturity, sim-
ple, rapid and inexpensive [4].
Methods
A prospective study was held in the labor and delivery
ward of the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at
Ha'Emek Medical Center in Afula, Israel, a university
teaching hospital from January 2005 to January 2008.
Pregnant women diagnosed to have P-PROM at a gesta-
tional age of 27 to 36 completed weeks were offered to
participate in the study. Amniotic fluid was collected with
a sterile speculum inserted into the posterior fornix. Only
one specimen per subject was included. When twin gesta-
tions were included, the sample was drawn only from the
presenting twin diagnosed with ruptured membranes and
only the sampled twin was considered for analysis. Speci-
mens, usually 0.5 cc or more, were transferred directly to
test tubes and were processed within an hour of collection
through a platelet channel of the cellular counter ADVIA
2120 (Bayer HealthCare, Tarrytown, NY, USA). Visual
examination by a laboratory technician identified only
clear specimens and therefore they were non-centrifuged.
The test tube was placed on a stand in the cell counter and
an automated aspiration of 157 L of fluid was held. The
test sample was separated into 5 different channels: 1) a
channel for hemoglobin quantification, 2) a channel for
quantifying red blood cells and platelets, 3) a basophil
channel, 4) a peroxidase channel which gives the total
white blood cell count and their differential count and 5)
a reticulocyte channel. A platelets count was achieved by
using a laser diode as a light source after spherization and
fixation. The use of reagents and calibration of the cell
counter were done according to the manufacturer's
instruction.
Samples were excluded from analysis when an inadequate
sample volume of amniotic fluid was collected or when
the samples were otherwise unsatisfactory (ie, contained
obvious mucus, grossly bloody or with hematocrit that
exceeded 1%). Samples stained with meconium were also
excluded from analysis because its presence usually pro-
vides a compelling reason for prompt delivery, irrespec-
tive of lung maturity status.
Other exclusion criteria included delivery more than two
days after fluid analysis, maternal or fetal conditions that
warrant expedite delivery before the sample collection,
clinical amnionitis (P-PROM accompanied with fever,
uterine tendeness and leukocytosis) and cases with inac-
curate gestational age. Women who received betametha-
sone after the fluid analysis were also excluded.
The charts of mother-infant pairs were reviewed for demo-
graphic factors, diabetic status, betamethasone adminis-
tration, and the presence of neonatal pulmonary and non-
pulmonary morbidities. Gestational age was confirmed
by either documented first trimester ultrasound or by
known regular last menstrual period and a documented
ultrasound in the second trimester.
The presence of RDS was defined clinically when the new-
born developed tachypnea and grunting, had a chest radi-
ography showing a diffuse reticular pattern and air
bronchogram, and required oxygen for 24 hours or more.
Neonates classified as having transient tachypnea of the
newborn were not considered to have RDS. To investigate
whether the frequency of non-pulmonary morbidity is
related to the presence of lung maturity, we recorded all
other cases of non-pulmonary morbidity. These included
neonatal sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, intraventricular
hemorrhage, neonatal hypoglycemia, anemia and throm-
bocytopenia. The time from delivery to discharge was also
recorded. Obstetricians, neonatologists and radiologists
were blinded to the results of the LB count attained from
the exam.
The study was approved by the local institutional review
board and the Israeli ministry of health research commit-
tee. Only women who agreed to sign an informed consent
form were included in the analysis.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was based on logistic regression. A
receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was esti-
mated to assess the threshold of LB count that may predict
RDS. The log transformation on LB was applied in the
analyses where LB was used as a predictor. Stepwise logis-
tic regressions were applied with RDS and with non-pul-
monary morbidity as dependent variables to examine
their relationships with other explanatory variables. Exact
logistic regression was used for non-pulmonary morbidi-
ties. A P value < 0.05 was considered significant. The SAS
software was used for the analyses.
Results
During the study period there were 12,653 deliveries at
our institution, with an 8.2% rate of preterm deliveries.
Among all preterm deliveries, 282 (2.2%) were due to P-
PROM between 27 to 36 completed weeks. Unsatisfactory
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samples, inadequate sample volume, cases where betam-
ethasone was administered after the fluid analysis, deliv-
ery more than two days after fluid analysis, cases with
maternal or fetal conditions that warranted expedite deliv-
ery, clinical amnionitis, inaccurate gestational age and
cases in which women declined to participate were
excluded. The remaining 75 mother-infant pairs were
included in the analysis and made up our study cohort.
Maternal demographic and obstetric characteristics are
presented in table 1. Twenty-seven women (36%) deliv-
ered before 34 weeks of gestation. Of these women,
9(33%) received a complete course of betamethasone (2
doses of 12 mg, 24 hours apart) within a week prior to
delivery, seven (26%) received a complete course of
bethametasone more than a week prior to delivery, nine
(33%) received a partial course of bethametasone (1 dose
of 12 mg) and two (8%) delivered shortly after admission
and did not receive betamethasone.
Neonatal outcomes are presented in table 2. Of the 13
neonates who developed RDS, four (30%) received sur-
factant. The mean number days of ventilation was 1.2
4.1 days. Sixteen (21% of all neonates) received treatment
with caffeine due to episodes of apnea. None of the
neonates received nitric oxide. No correlation was found
between the white blood cell count in the amniotic fluid
and the presence of neonatal sepsis.
The LB count ranged from 6,000 to 187,000 per microliter
of amniotic fluid. When only the LB count was examined
as a predictor of RDS, it showed that a count of 28,000 or
more predicted fetal maturity 100% of the time (specifi-
city) with a sensitivity of 72% (table 3). A count of 8,000
or less predicted RDS with a sensitivity of 98%. The AUC
(area under the ROC) was 0.932 (figure 1). Among all
women included, 17 presented with PROM between 32 to
34 weeks of gestation. Five neonates (29%) developed
RDS. When the results were further sub-analyzed to this
subgroup of women, a LB count of 28,000 or more pre-
dicted fetal lung maturity 100% of the time (specificity)
with a sensitivity of 92% (table 4). The AUC was 0.967.
Logistic stepwise regression analysis excluding LB count
showed that the best predictors of lung maturity were
advanced gestational age (p = 0.02) and whether neonates
were delivered vaginally or abdominally at the same ges-
tational age (p = 0.03). Neonatal weight was found to be
an additional significant explanatory variable in the
model (P = 0.009) where log (LB) was used as a predictor
for RDS (P = 0.0003). When comparing a model of pre-
dicting RDS with gestational age and mode of delivery
with a model using LB count, the latter model had a supe-
rior AUC (0.9318 vs. 0.7940). There was no difference in
the AUC when neonatal weight was added to LB count in
the model (0.9318 vs. 0.9442).
The association between RDS and all the non-pulmonary
morbidities was estimated by applying exact logistic
regression with non-pulmonary morbidities as the
dependent variable and RDS as the explanatory variable.
A borderline significant positive association was found (P
= 0.056). When applying logistic stepwise regression anal-
ysis, the only variable found to be significant in predicting
the probability of non-pulmonary morbidities was the
gestational age at delivery (P < 0.001).
Discussion
Counting LB in amniotic fluid from a vaginal pool may be
used for assessing fetal lung maturity among pregnant
women admitted with P-PROM. A cutoff level of 28,000
predicted fetal lung maturity in 100% of the time with a
sensitivity of 72%. A count of 8,000 or less predicted RDS
with a sensitivity of 98%. As expected the incidence of
RDS decreased significantly with advancing gestational
age and was less common in neonates delivered vaginally
compared with those delivered abdominally at the same
gestational age. However, LB count was a stronger predic-
tor of RDS than both gestational age and mode of deliv-
ery.
Table 1: Demographic and obstetric characteristics of the 75 women included in the study.
Mean maternal age, years (SD) 30.5 (6.3)
Mean parity (SD) 2 (1.7)
Singleton (%) 57 (76)
Twins gestation (%) 18 (24)
Number of women with gestational diabetes (%) 6 (8)
Mean gestational age at rupture of membranes, weeks (SD) 33.9 (2.5)
Mean gestational age at delivery, weeks (SD) 34 (2.5)
Presentation at delivery
Vertex (%) 68 (91)
Non-vertex (%) 7 (9)
Mode of delivery
Vaginal (%) 65 (87)
Cesarean (%) 10 (13)
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We also found a trend toward a reduced incidence of non-
pulmonary morbidities among mature compared to
immature neonates. This issue has been discussed previ-
ously in the literature, however, contradicting results were
reported [5,6]. The main variable found to be significant
in predicting the probability of non-pulmonary morbidi-
ties was the gestational age at delivery.
Different cutoff values for the LB count that predicts fetal
lung maturity or RDS have been established and reported
in the literature. Cutoffs that were established in this study
are in concordance with other reports [7,8]. Discordances
between cutoffs reported in the literature were largely due
to differences in equipment and technique used and to
whether the samples were centrifuged or not. Further-
more, failure to adhere strictly to a centrifugation protocol
has also been reported as a reason that led to error [9]. In
this study the samples were non-centrifuged. It has been
reported that in the absence of obvious mucus or heavy
meconium staining, processing non-centrifuged amniotic
fluid specimens did not affect instrumentation adversely
and did not affect the test performance [10,11]. Omission
of this step saved time, further simplified the assay, and
made interpretation of results uniform [9].
The decision to deliver women with P-PROM is based on
the gestational age and fetal status. At 32 to 33 completed
weeks of gestation, the risk of severe complications of pre-
maturity is low if fetal pulmonary maturity is proven [12].
Beyond 34 weeks of gestation delivery is warranted
according to the ACOG [2]. Still, there is a significant var-
iation in clinical practice among different institutions in
the management of women who present with P-PROM
after 34 weeks [13,14]. According to the present study, a
cutoff level of 28,000 of LB analyzed from a vaginal pool
predicted fetal maturity in 100% of the time. The same
cutoff was also valid when the results were further sub-
analyzed to a subgroup of women with P-PROM between
32 to 34 weeks. Accordingly, institutions that practice
expectant management at 34 weeks of gestation or more
and induce labor at a greater gestational age may also ben-
efit from the performance of this non-invasive test.
Amniocentesis is the accepted mode of attaining amniotic
fluid for testing fetal lung maturity. However, it is an inva-
sive procedure with risks and is often technically more
complex when amniotic fluid volume is reduced, not to
mention with oligohydramnios that may accompany P-
PROM [1,3]. Obtaining amniotic fluid vaginally is non-
invasive and fairly easy and can be done at the time of
speculum examination.
The validity of amniotic fluid collected vaginally to pre-
dict fetal lung maturity has been reported previously
[1,15,16]. Studies evaluated the performance of the TDx/
TDxFLx fetal lung maturity II assay on amniotic fluid spec-
imens collected vaginally from women with P-PROM
showed that mature results predicted the absence of RDS
Table 2: Neonatal outcomes
Mean birth weight, grams (SD) 2172 (547)
Neonatal gender
Males (%) 44 (59)
Females (%) 31 (41)
Number of neonates who developed respiratory distress syndrome (%) 13 (17)
Number of neonates who developed apnea (%) 13 (17)
Number of neonates who developed necrotizing enterocolitis (%) 4 (5)
Number of neonates who developed sepsis (%) 4 (5)
Number of neonates who developed intraventricular hemorrhage (%) 6 (8)
Number of neonates who developed thrombocytopenia (%) 2 (3)
Number of neonates who developed anemia (%) 11 (15)
Number of neonates who developed hypoglycemia (%) 4 (5)
Number of neonates who developed jaundice and treated with phototherapy (%) 57 (76)
Mean number of days from delivery to discharge (SD) 18.8 (18.1)
Number of neonatal deaths 0
Table 3: Performance of the lamellar bodies count to predict the
absence of clinical respiratory distress syndrome among all
women
Sensitivity Specificity PPV* NPV
LBC 28,000 72% 100% 100% 43%
LBC 8,000 98% 0% 82% 0%
*PPV = positive predictive value
NPV = negative predictive value
Table 4: Performance of the lamellar bodies count to predict the
absence of clinical respiratory distress syndrome among women
between 32 to 34 weeks of gestation
Sensitivity Specificity PPV* NPV
LBC 28000 91.7% 100% 100% 16.7%
LBC 16000 100% 60% 86% 0%
*PPV = positive predictive value
NPV = negative predictive value
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with a high degree of accuracy [1,15]. Roiz-Hernandez et
al evaluated the performance of a LB count from amniotic
fluid specimens collected vaginally from a healthy preg-
nant population for predicting lung maturity. They con-
cluded that counting LB is a quick, readily available, and
very effective test. However, their population of pregnant
women presented in labor without any associated medical
condition or indication for assessing fetal lung maturity
[16]. Compared to the latter group of women, we chose in
this study to evaluate the performance of the LB count
from amniotic fluid specimens collected vaginally among
women with P-PROM. Of all fetal lung maturity tests we
selected the LB count, because we concur with other
reports that the test is fast, less technique dependent, less
expensive, objective and can be performed easily in any
laboratory with an electronic cell counter. Moreover, LB
count performed as well as the other tests in predicting
fetal lung maturity [4,17,18].
Conclusion
Counting amniotic fluid LB from a vaginal pool is simple,
quick, accessible and is readily useful in determining fetal
lung maturity among pregnant women with P-PROM.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
RS and NZ conceived and designed the study, supervised
the data collection, assisted in the analysis and drafted the
manuscript; ZN and GG assisted in collection and main-
tenance of the data; ES assisted in conceiving, designing
and analysis, and edited the manuscript. All authors read
and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Professor Ayala Cohen, Head of the Statistics Labora-
tory, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Management, Technion, Haifa,
Israel, for the statistical analysis.
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ROC curve for lamellar bodies count with different cutoffs for different specificity and sensitivity Figure 1
ROC curve for lamellar bodies count with different
cutoffs for different specificity and sensitivity. (A)
Lamellar bodies count at 28,000 (sensitivity 72% specificity
100%). (B) Lamellar bodies count of 8,000 (sensitivity of
98%).
1