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Introduction

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What is Simulation?
SIS Training

Governing Physics Darcys Law (without gravity term)

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q =
Material Balance Equation

Mass Flux
(In Out)

M = ( ) + Q t

Accumulation +/- Inj/Prod

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Combine the Equations

SIS Training

Simulator Flow Equation (with gravity term)

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Q [ ( P z )] = ( ) + t
where

The Well Model

SIS Training

q p , j = Twj M p , j ( P j Pw H wj )
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Flow phase, connection

Nodal Pressureconnection BHP Headconnection to datum Mobilityphase,connection

Transmissibilityconnection

Twj

c Kh = ln( ro rw ) + S

M o, j =

ko, j

o, j o, j
kg, j

+ Rv

kg, j

g, j g, j
ko, j

g, j

g, j g, j

+ Rs

o, j o, j

Techniques to Solve the Physics

ECLIPSE Blackoil or Compositional (Our Eqns are too non-linear)

3 SIS Training

Finite Difference
Governing equations discretized on a fixed grid
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Boundary Element / Finite Element

Governing equations solved using basis functions

FrontSim

Streamline Simulation
Governing equations discretized but solved on separate grids
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Black Oil and Compositional Models

SIS Training

Black Oil Simulators (ECLIPSE Blackoil)

Oil & Gas phases are represented by one component Assumes composition of gas & oil components are constant with pressure & time
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Compositional Simulators (ECLIPSE Compositional)

Oil & Gas phases are represented by multicomponent mixtures Assumes the reservoir fluids at all temperatures, pressures, compositions & time can be represented by EOS

Reservoir Simulation Basics

SIS Training

The reservoir is divided into a number of cells Basic data is provided for each cell
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Wells are positioned within the cells The required well production rates are specified as a function of time The equations are solved to give the pressure and saturations for each block as well as the production of each phase from each well

We are Interested in Simulating Flow

SIS Training

Flow from one grid block to the next Flow from a grid block to the well completion Flow within the wells (and surface networks)

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Flow= Transmissibility * Mobility * Potential Difference

Geometry & Properties Fluid Properties Well Production

Results Depend upon Good Input Data

SIS Training

Shortage of Data
Lots of Extrapolation

Measurement Uncertainties Reservoir Complexity

Heterogeneity

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Unknown Recovery Mechanisms Validity

Assumes discrete numerical approximations represent a continuous system
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Typical Uses
SIS Training

Asset valuation: Accurate determination of recoverable reserves Asset management: Determine the most economical perforation method, well pattern, number of wells to drill, injection rates

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Determine appropriate facilities Uncertainty management: Estimate financial risk of exploration prospects & early life-cycle fields Assess the effects of early gas or water breakthrough or coning Estimate means of meeting gas deliverability contracts
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Why ECLIPSE?
SIS Training

The standard black oil simulator Can model almost any reservoir situation
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Reliable, accurate, easy to use Strong product development Integrated with most geological packages Extensive support service

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ECLIPSE Blackoil Basic Features

SIS Training

Multi-Platform Support
PC (Windows & Linux), IBM, Sun, SGI

Well Features
Well is solved Fully Implicit Automatic workovers & drilling Prioritization & guide rate control Platform constraints at field level & pass to sub-groups Economic constraints Cross-flow Nested Actions
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Geometry Options
Corner-point, Block Centered & PEBI Grid refinements

Fluid Flow Options

Endpoint scaling Gravity segregated & dispersed flows Drainage & imbibition with hysteresis

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ECLIPSE Blackoil Extension Licenses

SIS Training

LGR Parallel Flux Boundary Data Check Multisegmented Wells Surface Networks Gas Field Operations Open ECLIPSE Geomechanics Multiple Realisation

Calorific Value Control Gaslift Optimization Coalbed Methane

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Pseudo Compositional Reservoir Coupling Gradients Environmental Tracers Foam, Solvent, Polymer, Surfactant CO2 Storage

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ECLIPSE Model: *.DATA

SIS Training RUNSPEC

General model characteristics Grid geometry and basic rock properties

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GRID

EDIT

Modification of the processed GRID data (optional section) PVT & SCAL properties Subdivision of the reservoir (optional section) Initialization Request output for line plots (optional section) Wells, completions, rate data, flow correlations, surface facilities Simulator advance, control and termination
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PROPS

REGIONS

SOLUTION

SUMMARY

SCHEDULE

How ECLIPSE Works

SIS Training

Each section of the data file is read, processed, consistency checks are performed & required information is written to various output files (ie *.PRT) Exceptions:
RUNSPEC: Used for allocation of dynamic memory SCHEDULE: Time dependent data is read & processed every timestep

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How ECLIPSE Sections Relate to the Equation

SIS Training

Flow = Transmissibility * Mobility * Potential Difference

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Geometry & Properties

GRID

Fluid Properties
PROPS

Well Production
SCHEDULE

EDIT

REGIONS

SOLUTION

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Example of a Data file

SIS Training

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DATA File

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Static Reservoir Description

SIS Training

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0 Permeability, mD

1000

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PVT and Rock Data

SIS Training

PVT: Fluid Properties Describe the phase behavior of reservoir fluids at all pressures SCAL: Rock Properties Describe the flow behavior of the reservoir fluids Describe the transition zone
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Initialization Data
SIS Training

Equilibrium Define the initial saturation of each phase & pressure gradients based on contact depths ECLIPSE calculates the saturations & pressures assuming equilibrium Enumeration Explicitly specify the initial saturation & pressure in each cell
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Well Data
SIS Training

Well locations Completion information Historical prod & inj rates Well or group rate constraints Workovers New wells Drilling queues

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Reservoir Simulation with ECLIPSE

5 SIS Training

Construct small-scale models to understand reservoir processes

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Assumptions must be physically valid The History Matched model is still non-unique

Very Important Decide a clear objective Collect and review data Build the model Keep the model simple Connect Wells Specify Historical Production Rates 6. History Match a. Pressure match b. Production match 7. Sensitivity studies are appropriate at any stage 8. Predict future production under varying operating strategies

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How to Use the Manuals

SIS Training

Manuals button on the launcher OR @pdf on unix Technical descriptions by topic New developments Data File Overview Alphabetical keyword list Searchable! Example data files are included with the installation

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ECLIPSE Products
SIS Training

SCAL

PVTi

PlanOpt

SimOpt
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FloGrid Schedule

Petrel
NWM FloViz ECLIPSE Office
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ECLIPSE
Black oil Compositional Thermal FrontSim

Output Styles
SIS Training
Keyword (Set in RUNSPEC)

Sample

Advantages Can be read with text editor

Disadvantages

Formatted: ascii File Type

FMTOUT

*.FEGRID

Large in size
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Unformatted: binary

(Default)

*.EGRID

Small in size

Must use @convert to read in text editor

Content Type

Unified: One file containing many report steps

Unlimited # of Reports UNIFOUT *.UNRST Last report lost on crash Unwanted files can be deleted Last file not written on crash

Unwanted reports cannot be deleted

Multiple: A separate file for each report step

(Default)

*.X0001, *.X0002, etc

Limited to 9999 reports

ECLIPSE can use ANSI format, please see the File Formats Reference Manual for details

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Output Files (1 of 2)
SIS Training
Default (Unformatted Multiple) FMTOUT UNIFOUT (Formatted Multiple) UNIFOUT (Unformatted Unified) FMTOUT (Formatted Multiple)

Known as:
Log File

Use Run monitoring information ie, errors, messages, etc Specialized output generally used by developers & support staff Main text output file, contains messages, warnings, errors, etc plus userrequested information System information when simulation fails Grid structural geometry, used for 2D/3D visualization, old-style (*.GRID) & extensible (*.EGRID), Index of the contents of the Init file Initial grid properties, regions & props tables (poro, perm, pore volume, transmissibility), used for 2D/3D visualization Contains flow & pressure at flux boundary regions

Main Controlling Keyword(s) None (batch mode triggers ECLIPSE to write this file) DEBUG, DEBUG3, EPSDEBUG, VEDEBUG, WELDEBUG, RPTISOL MESSAGES, RPTGRID(L), RPTPROPS, RPTREGS, RPTSUM, RPTSOL, RPTSCHED None GRIDFILE None

*.LOG

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Debug File

*.DBG

Print File Error File

* * *

*.PRT *.ERR *.EGRID, *.GRID *.INSPEC *.FEGRID, *.FGRID *.FINSPEC *.EGRID, *.GRID *.INSPEC *.FEGRID, *.FGRID *.FINSPEC

Geometry File Initial Specs

Initial File

INIT

*.INIT

*.FINIT

*.INIT

*.FINIT

Flux file

DUMPFLUX

*.FLUX

*.FFLUX

*.FLUX

*.FFLUX

*Most commonly used files

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Output Filenames Continued

SIS Training

Known as:
Summary Specs Summary

Use Index of the contents of the summary file(s) Used to create line plots, can contain field, group, well & completion results varying with time Same info as the Summary file, but in tabular format for import into a spreadsheet Contains simulated RFT information sampled from cells with well connections Used in fast restart runs, contains static description, rock & fluid props, aquifer data & output controls Index of restart files Used in Restart runs & for 2D/3D visualization, contains a complete description of the reservoir at userrequested report times

Main Controlling Keyword(s) None

Default (Unformatted Multiple) *.SMSPEC

FMTOUT UNIFOUT (Formatted Multiple) *.FSMSPEC *.FUNSMRY

UNIFOUT (Unformatted Unified) *.SMSPEC *.UNSMRY

FMTOUT (Formatted Multiple) *.FSMSPEC

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Many, see Summary section overview *.Snnnn in ECLIPSE Reference Manual RUNSUM, EXCEL, LOTUS, NARROW, SEPARATE WRFT, WRFTPLT *.RFT

*.Annnn

Run Summary

*.RSM

RFT file

*.FRFT

*.RFT

*.FRFT

Save File

SAVE

*.SAVE

*.FSAVE

*.SAVE

*.FSAVE

Restart Specs

None

*.RSSPEC

*.FRSSPEC

*.RSSPEC

*.FRSSPEC

Restart(s)

RPTRST, RPTSCHED, RPTSOL

*Xnnnn

*.FUNRST

*.UNRST

*.Fnnnn

*Most commonly used files

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ECLIPSE Configuration File

SIS Training

CONFIG.ECL, ECL.CFG, ECL.CFA Contains application defaults for input/output options, program appearance & default operation Automatic mode: ECL.CFG is read at program start up & deleted after the program has finished User-preferences mode: Rename & modify
@copyconfig (UNIX) or $copyconfig (PC) to access Rename the file (ECL.CFA or ECL.CFU) Activate/deactivate settings by removing/inserting double dashes Save and exit
Ecl.cfg
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Directory Structure
SIS Training

Multiple versions of the ECLIPSE products may be installed There is always a single macros & a single tools directory (and a single home directory on the PC) Everything else is stored under a directory denoting the version number.
$ECLPATH/2007.1 $ECLPATH/2006.2 version 2007.1 version 2006.2
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Useful ECLIPSE Macros

SIS Training

On PC: $convert: Used to convert between Formatted/Unformatted, Unified/Multiple $copycfg: Used to put a copy of the configuration file into the local directory $expand: creates a copy of an ECLIPSE data file containing all external files. Useful for transferring simulation runs with all associated data included in one file. $extract: creates a file containing data over a user-specified period, can be used on the summary, restart, grid & init files Linux or UNIX: Change $ to @, except for @copyconfig

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ECLIPSE Data File Format

SIS Training

132 Character limit Comments denoted by -Schlumberger Private

Defaults are taken for the next four items Keywords start in the first column

Any unset items after terminating slash are defaulted

Comments can be placed after terminating slash

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Useful Any Section Keywords

SIS Training

INCLUDE ECHO NOECHO

Incorporates an external file to the ECLIPSE data Request output of keyword content to PRT file
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Suppress output of keyword content to PRT file

EXTRAPM Requests a warning message at the end of a timestep in which VFP or PVT tables have been extrapolated

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SIS Training

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