Question Bank in Science Class-IX (Term-II)

10B

FLOATATION
CONCEPTS

I. SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
NCERT QUESTIONS WITH THEIR ANSWERS

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Page 141

Q.1. Why is it difficult to hold a school bag having a strap made of thin and strong string? Ans. For the constant force, the pressure experienced is inversely proportional to area of crosssection. Now, when the string is thin, it has less area of cross-section, and hence, exerts greater pressure on the hand for the given weight of school bag. Thus, it becomes difficult to hold the school bag. Q.2. What do you mean by buoyancy? [2010 (T-I)] Ans. Refer to point 4 Concepts Q.3. Why does an object float or sink, when placed on the surface of water? Ans. When the object has density less than 1 gcm3, then it floats on the surface of water, because, it always displaces more weight of water than its own weight. As buoyant force is more than its own weight, therefore, it floats.
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1. Pressure : The thrust (force) acting normally on unit area of a surface is called pressure. 2. SI unit of pressure is newton/(metre)2 or N/m2. It is commonly called pascal (Pa). 3. Definition of Pascal : When a force of 1 newton acts normally on an area of cross-section 1m2, then the pressure experienced by the surface is said to one pascal. 4. Buoyancy : The phenomenon due to which a body on being immersed in a fluid experiences an upward force is called buoyancy. 5. Buoyant force or upthrust : The upward force experienced by a body on being immersed in a fluid is called buoyant force or upthrust. 6. Buoyant force or upthrust acting on a body is always equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the immersed part of the body in the fluid. 7. Archimedes Principle : When a body is partially or wholly immersed in a fluid, it experiences an upthrust (or apparently loses its weight) which is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the immersed part of the body. 8. Density : Mass per unit volume of a substance is called density. Its unit in CGS system is g/cm3 and in SI system is kg/m3. 9. Relative density : The ratio between the density of a substance and the density of water at 4C called relative density. The relative density is a pure number and has no units.

SECTION A : IN-TEXT QUESTIONS

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When the object has density more than 1 gcm3, then it sinks in water, because, it always displaces less weight of water than its own weight. As buoyant force is less than its own weight, therefore, it sinks. Page 142 Q.2. You have a bag of cotton and an iron bar, each indicating a mass of 100 kg, when measured on a weighing machine. In reality, one is heavier than other. Can you say which one is heavier and why? Ans. Iron is heavier. Reason : Heaviness of an object is determined by its density. As the iron has far more density than cotton, therefore, in reality iron is heavier than cotton. SECTION B : QUESTIONS AT THE END OF CHAPTER

Q.11. Why will a sheet of paper fall slower than one that is crumpled into a ball? Ans. Unfolded sheet has large surface area as compared to the similar sheet crumpled into a ball. Thus, unfolded sheet will experience more friction due to air as compared to the one crumpled into a ball, no matter same force of gravity acts upon them. It is the larger friction of air which slows down the unfolded sheet, and hence, it falls slowly as compared to sheet crumpled into a ball.

m 50 g = = 2.5 gcm3. V 20 cm3 The substance will sink in water, as its density (2.5 gcm3) is more than the density of water (1 gcm3).

Q.22. The volume of a 500 g sealed packed is 350 cm3. Will the packet float or sink in water, if density of water is 1 gcm3? What will be the mass of water displaced by this packet? Ans. Mass of packet (m) = 500 g Volume of packet (V) = 350 cm3 Density of packet (D) =
m 500 g = = 1.43 gcm3. V 350 cm3

The packet will sink in water, as its density (1.43 gcm3) is more than the density of water (1 gcm3).
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Q.20. Why does a block of plastic released under water come up to the surface of water? Ans. The piece of plastic displaces more weight of water than its own weight, and hence, experiences buoyant force more than its own weight. Thus, on being released the buoyant force acting on it pushes it up the surface of water. Q.21. The volume of 50 g of a substance is 20 cm3. If the density of water is 1 gcm3, will the substance float or sink? Ans. Mass of substance (m) = 50 g Volume of substance (V) = 20 cm3 Density of substance (D) =

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Q.19. In what direction does the buoyant force of an object immersed in a liquid act? Ans. The buoyant force acts in the vertically upward direction.

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Volume of the water displaced (V) Density of water (D) Mass of water displaced (M)

= = = =

Volume of the packet 350 cm3 1 gcm3 V D = 350 cm3 1 gcm3 = 350 g.

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
(As Per CCE Pattern)
A. Very Short Answer Questions (1 Mark) Previous Years' Questions Q.1. Give reason why, a block of plastic when released under water comes up to the surface of water. [2011 (T-II)] Ans. Block of plastic has less density than density of water, so it always displaces more weight of water than its own height. Thus buoyant force is more than its own weight, so when released under water comes up to the surface of water. Q.2. Define density. What is the SI unit of density? [2011 (T-II)] 3 Ans. Mass per unit volume of a substance is called density. Its SI unit is kg/m . Q.1. Ans. Q.2. Ans. Other Important Questions Why does a mug full of water feel lighter inside water? Due to the force of buoyancy of water which acts upward on the mug full of water, it feels lighter inside the water. Name and define SI unit of pressure. SI unit of pressure is pascal (Pa). 1 pascal is defined as the pressure exerted by the force (thrust) of 1 newton on an area of 1 m2. A perpendicular force of 50 N acting on a surface generates a pressure of 250 Pa. Calculate the area of cross-section of the surface on which pressure is acting. F 50 1 = = = 0.2 m2. Area of cross-section, A = P 250 5 What do you understand by the term buoyancy? Tendency of a liquid to exert upward force on a body immersed in it is called buoyancy. What is a lactometer used for? A lactometer is used to measure the density of milk.

Q.3. Ans. Q.4. Ans. Q.5. Ans. Q.6. Ans. Q.7. Ans.

State the unit of density and relative density in SI system. In SI system the unit of density is kgm3 but relative density has no unit. State Archimedes principle. When a body is partially or wholly immersed in a fluid, it experiences an upthrust, which is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the immersed part of the body. Q.8. What is meant by buoyant force? Ans. The upward force experienced by a body when partially or wholly immersed in fluid, is called upthrust or buoyant force.
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B. Short Answer Questions - I Previous Years' Questions

(2 Marks)

Relative density of silver =

Density of silver Density of water

= Relative density of silver Density of water = 10.8 1000 kgm3 = 10800 kgm3. Q.3. A cork floats in water, while the iron nail sinks. Give reason. [2011 (T-II)] Ans. In case of cork, the upthrust of water on the cork is greater than the weight of the cork, so it floats. While the upthrust of water on the iron nail is less than the weight of the nail and hence it sinks in water. Q.4. State Archimedes Principle. Based on this principle, write its two applications. [2011 (T-II)] Ans. Archimedes Principle : When a body is partially or wholly immersed in a fluid, it experiences an upthrust (or apparently loses its weight) which is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the immersed part of the body. Its two applications : (i) In designing ships and submarines. (ii) In designing instruments such as hydrometers. Q.5. (i) Define pressure. (ii) Why is it easy to walk on sand with flat shoes, than with high heel shoes? [2011 (T-II)] Ans. (i) The thrust (force) acting normally on unit area of a surface is called pressure. Its SI unit is pascal (Pa), which is equal to newton/metre2 (N/m2). (ii) It is because in case of flat shoes, area of contact is larger than area of contact of high heel shoes. Thus flat shoes exerts less pressure on sand and hence they do not sink in the sand but high heel shoes do sink. Q.6. (i) Define buoyant force. (ii) Mention any two factors affecting the buoyant force. [2011 (T-II)] Ans. (i) The upward force experienced by a body on being immersed in a fluid is called buoyant force. (ii) Two factors affecting the buoyant force :

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Q.1. When we stand on loose sand, our feet go deep into the sand. But when we lie down on the sand our body does not go that deep in the sand. Why? [2011 (T-II)] Ans. Smaller the surface area, more is the pressure exerted for the same amount of force. So when we stand on loose sand, then surface area of contact is smaller, thus our feet go deep into the sand due to larger pressure exerted on the sand. But when we lie down the area of surface of contact is larger thus our body does not go to the deep in the sand due to smaller pressure exerted on the sand. Q.2. Define relative density of a substance. Relative density of silver is 10.8. The density of [2011 (T-II)] water is 1000 kgm3. What is the density of silver in SI units? Ans. The ratio between the density of a substance and the density of water at 4C is called relative density. It is a pure number and has no units.

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Q.7. Ans. Q.8. Ans.

Q.9.

= 2.67 g/cm3 Ans. Density of solid = Volume = 15 cm 3

Mass

40 g

Q.11. Ans.

Q.12. Ans.

Q.13.

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Ans. Relative density of A =

Density of A = Relative density of A Density of water = 2.5 1000 kg/m3 = 2500 kg/m3 Density of B = Relative density of B Density of water = 0.9 1000 kg/m3 = 900 kg/m3 Thus we see that, density of A > density of water, thus A will sink in water. While, density of B < density of water, thus B will float in water.
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Density of A Density of water

Q.10. Ans.

Thus, density of solid > density of water. So, solid will sink in the water. A steel needle sinks in water but a steel ship floats. Explain how. [2011 (T-II)] The density of steel needle is greater than density of water so it experiences smaller upward force by the water, consequently, it sinks in the water. While density of steel ship is smaller than density of water, so it experiences larger upward force by water, consequently, steel ship floats in water. (a) Name the forces acting on a body? When it is fully or partially immersed in a liquid. (b) Briefly explain, why some objects float and some sink? [2011 (T-I)] (a) The upthrust or buoyant force and weight of the body. (b) When density of object is greater than density of fluid then object sinks in fluid. When density of object is equal to density of fluid then object just floats in fluid. While density of object is less than density of fluid then objects floats in fluid. A dining hall has dimensions 50 m 15 m 3.5 m. Calculate the mass of air in the hall. [2011 (T-II)] (Given, density of air = 1.30 kg/m3) Volume of dining hall = 50 m 15 m 3.5 m = 2625 m3 Thus, mass of air in hall = Volume of hall density of air = 2625 m3 1.30 kg/m3 = 3412.50 kg. Relative densities of two substances A and B are 2.5 and 0.9 respectively. Find densities of A and B. Also find whether they will sink or float in water. (Density of water = [2011 (T-II)] 1000 kg/m3).

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(a) Volume of a body immersed in fluid. (b) Density of fluid. Loaded test-tube placed in pure milk sinks to a certain mark (M). Now some water is mixed with the milk. Will the test tube sink more or less? Explain. [2011 (T-II)] As density of milk is greater than density of water, so when some water is mixed with milk, then amount of buoyant force is decreased at some extent. Consequently test tube will sink more. If two equal weights of unequal volumes are balanced in air, what will happen when these are completely dipped in water? [2011 (T-II)] In given two equal weights whose volume is greater, then its density is smaller so it exerts larger upwards force by the water. But whose volume is smaller, then its density is greater so it exerts smaller upwards force by the water. The volume of 40 g of a solid is 15 cm3. If the density of water is 1 g/cm3, will the solid float or sink? Why? [2011 (T-II)]

Q.14. (a) List two factors on which buoyant force depends. (b) Find pressure, when a thrust of 20 N is applied on a surface area of 10 cm2. [2011 (T-II)] Ans. (a) Two factors on which buoyant force depends are : (i) Volume of a body immersed in fluid, (ii) density of fluid. (b) Pressure =
20 N 20 N Thrust = 2 104 Pa = = 2 Surface area 10 cm 10 10-4 m 2

= Pressure = Area = 10 m 2 In second case,

Force

mg

100 kg 9.8 m/s2 10 m 2

Pressure = Q.16. Ans.

mg 50 kg 9.8 m/s2 = = 122.50 Pa Area 4 m2

Q.17. Ans.

Q.18. Ans.

Q.19. Ans.

Q.20. Ans.

Thus, 50 kg mass on 4 m2 will exert more pressure. (a) Explain why a truck or a motor bus has much wider tyres? (b) Why do we feel lighter when we swim? [2011 (T-II)] (a) Wider tyres increase the surface area of contact and consequently, reduce the pressure on the ground. (b) When we swim in water an upthrust (buoyant) force acts on our body by the water, which reduces our weight, so we feel lighter. You have a bag of cotton and an iron bar, each indicating a mass of a 100 kg when measured on weighing machine. In reality, one is heavier than the other. Can you say which one is heavier and why? [2010 (T-II)] Iron bar is heavier, because it has larger density, consequenty, a smaller frictional force acts on it, by the atmosphere while density of bag of cotton is smaller so a larger frictional force acts on it which reduces its weight by a very small amount. Account for the statement : camel walks easily on sand but it is difficult for a man to walk on sand though a camel is much heavier than a man. [2011 (T-II)] The hoofs (feet) of a camel have very large surface area. Being a massive animal it exerts small pressure on the surface of sand on account of its larger hoof area and consequently it does not sink in sand. While feet of a man has very small surface area, so he exerts larger pressure on sand and is likely to sink in sand. An object of 40 N weight when immersed in water loses 10 N weight. Will the object float or sink? Why? [2011 (T-II)] Weight of object = 40 N Buoyant force = Decrease in weight in water = 10 N Thus, weight of object > Buoyant force, thus, object will sink in water. Why is it easier to swim in sea water than in river water? [2011 (T-II)] Density of sea water is greater than density of river water. So when one swim in sea water

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= 98 Pa

Q.15. Which will exert more pressure 100 kg mass on 10 m2 or 50 kg mass 4 m2? Give reason. [2011 (T-II)] Ans. In first case,

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then he experiences a larger buoyant force in comparison to the river water, which makes him easy to swim in sea water. Q.21. Differentiate between density and relative density. [2011 (T-II)] Ans. Density (i) Mass per unit volume of a substance is called density. Relative density (i) The ratio between density of a substance and density of water, is called relative density. (ii) Relative density =
Density of substance Density of water

(iii) Its SI unit is kg/m3.

(iii) It is a pure number and has no units.

Q.22. What is Thrust? Why do buildings have wide foundation? [2011 (T-II)] Ans. The compressive force is called thrust. Its SI unit is newton (N). Buildings are massive structures which exerts tremendous pressure on the ground and likely to sink. To avoid sinking their foundations are made wide, so that pressure on the ground decreases. Q.23. Lead has greater density than iron and both are denser than water. Is the buoyant force on a lead object greater than, or lesser than or equal to the buoyant force on an iron object of the same volume? Explain your answer giving reason. [2011 (T-II)] Ans. The buoyant force on a lead object is lesser than the buoyant force on iron object. It is because, lead has greater density so it displaces lesser amount of water, consequently, lesser amount of buoyant force is acting on the lead object in comparison to an iron object. Q.24. The wheels of an army tank rest on a steel belt, Give reason. [2011 (T-II)] Ans. The wheels of an army tank rest on a steel belt, which increases the area of contact and consequently, reduces the pressure on the ground.

Q.26. Why are railway tracks laid on large sized concrete sleepers? Explain. [2011 (T-II)] Ans. Larger is the surface area of a body, lesser is the pressure it exerts on the ground. As the sleepers increase the area of contact of rail many a times, this reduces the pressure on the surface of ground by the train. Q.27. What happens when : [2011 (T-II)] (a) Buoyant force exerted by the fluid is less than the weight of the body? (b) Buoyant force exerted by the fluid is equal to the weight of the body? Ans. (a) Body sinks in the fluid. (b) Body just floats in the fluid.
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Q.25. While drawing water from a well, a bucket of water appears to be heavier as it comes out of the water. Explain giving reasons. [2011 (T-II)] Ans. It is because, in water, a bucket of water experiences an upthrust equal to the weight of water displaced by it. Thus apparent weight of bucket is far less than its real weight. But when bucket comes out of water, upthrust force is vanished and bucket appears heavier.

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(ii) Density =

Mass Volume

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Q.28. What is relative density? The relative density of a substance is greater than 1, what does it signify? [2011 (T-II)] Ans. The ratio between density of a substance and density of water is called relative density. It is a pure number and has no units. The relative density of a substance is greater than 1 signifies that density of the substance is greater than density of water. Q.29. If relative density of aluminium is 2.7 and density of water is 1000 kg/m3. What is the density of aluminium in SI unit? [2011 (T-II)] Ans. Relative density of aluminium =
Density of aluminium Density of water

Ans. Density of solid object =

Density of water = 1g/cm3. Thus, density of solid object is less than density of water, so the object will float in the water. Q.32. A sphere of mass 5 kg and volume 2.2 104 m3 is completely immersed in water. Find the buoyant force exerted by water on the sphere. Density of water = 1000 kgm3 (Given : g = 9.8 ms2). [2011 (T-II)] Ans. Here, volume of sphere = Volume of water displaced = 2.2 104 m3 ( sphere is completely immersed in water) Mass of the water displaced = Volume Density = 2.2 104m3 1000 kg m3 = 2.2 101 kg Thus, buoyant force exerted by water = weight of water displaced = mg = 2.2 101 kg 9.8 m/s2 = 21.56 101 N = 2.156 N Q.33. A sealed can of mass 600 g has a volume of 500 cm3. Will this can sink or float in water? [2011 (T-II)] [Density of water is 1 g cm3] Why? Ans. Density of can =

Density of water = 1 g cm3 (given) Thus, density of can > density of water So, this can will sink in the water.
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Density of aluminium = Relative density of aluminium Density of water = 2.7 1000 kg /m3 = 2700 kg/m3 Q.30. The volume of a solid block is 300 cm3, find the mass of water displaced when it is [2011 (T-II)] immersed in water? (Density of water is 1 g/cm3). Ans. When solid block is immersed in water, then volume of solid block = volume of water displaced = 300 cm3 Density of water = 1 g/cm3. The mass of water displaced = Volume density = 300 cm3 1 g/cm3 = 300 g Q.31. A solid object of mass 50 g and volume 100 cm3 is put in water. Will the object float or sink? Give reasons for your answer. [2011 (T-II)]
50 g Mass = = 0.5 g/cm3. 100 cm 2 Volume

600 g Mass = = 1.2 gcm3 Volume 500 cm 3

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Q.34. The mass of an empty 40 litre petrol tank of a vehicle is 8.0 kg. What will be its mass when [2011 (T-II)] filled completely with a fuel of density 700 kg/m3. Ans. Volume of petrol tank = 40 litre = Density of fuel = 700 kg/m3
40 1 3 m3 = m 1000 25 1 3 m 700 kg/m3 = 28 kg 25

Thus, mass of fuel = Volume Density =

Mass of petrol tank = mass of fuel + mass of tank = 28 kg + 8 kg = 36 kg Other Important Questions Q.1. A bar of gold is found to have a mass of 100 g and weight of 0.98 N at some place. When the bar is taken to some place at the equator, it is found that the mass remains 100 g, but the weight is less than 0.98 N. Explain the above observations. Ans. (i) The mass of the gold bar is a constant quantity, and hence, will remain same anywhere and everywhere. (ii) The weight of the gold bar decreases because the acceleration due to gravity is least at the equator. As the weight is the product of mass and acceleration due to gravity, therefore, its value decreases at the equator. Q.2. Why does a skier not sink in fresh snow? Ans. The skies have a very large surface area, and hence, exert very small pressure on fresh snow. So the skier does not sink in fresh snow. Q.3. Why are dams made very wide at the base? Ans. Dams are massive structures which exert tremendous thrust on the ground and are likely to sink. To avoid sinking their base is made very large, so that pressure on the ground decreases. Q.4. Why is it difficult to cross a sandy desert on a horse back? Ans. The hoofs (feet) of a horse have very small surface area. Being a massive animal it exerts very large pressure on the surface of sand on account of its small hoof area, and is likely to sink in sand. So crossing a sandy desert on horse back is not a good proposition. Q.5. Why do sledges used by Eskimos have no wheels? Ans. Sledges provide a large surface area and hence exert very little pressure on the ice as compared to wheels which exert far more pressure. Q.6. Why are cutting instruments often sharpened? Ans. Smaller the surface area, more is the pressure exerted for the same amount of force. Consequently, cutting instruments are often sharpened so as to reduce surface area. Q.7. Why is the butt of a rifle very broad, but the tip of a bullet pointed? Ans. When a bullet is fired, the same force acts on the rifle as well as bullet. However, with larger area of butt, the rifle exerts minimum pressure to the shoulder. However, the smaller area of the bullet generates a huge pressure and can easily penetrate the target. Q.8. Why are sleepers provided under rail tracks? Ans. The thrust due to the weight of the train is spread over large area of the sleeper. Because of this there is less pressure of the train on the ground and the railway line does not sink into the ground.
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Q.9. Give one example each where the same force acting on (i) a smaller area exerts a larger pressure, (ii) a larger area exerts a smaller pressure. Ans. Pressure is related to force and area as
P= F , where P is pressure, F is force and A is area of cross-section. A

From this relation it is clear that when A is large, exerted pressure will be small and when A is small exerted pressure will be large at constant force. The examples in daily life are : (i) All cutting instruments such as knives, blades, axes, etc. are sharpened from the cutting edge. As the cutting edge is sharpened, the area of cross-section decreases, and hence, the pressure exerted by them increases. (ii) An army tank is made to move over a broad steel track, rather them on the wheels. It is because, broad tracks increases area of cross-section and reduce the pressure on the ground. Q.10. A solid body of mass 150 g and volume 250 cm3 is placed in a jar contains water. Will it float or sink in water? Density of water is 1 g / cm3. Ans. Mass of the body (m) = 150 g. Volume of the body (V) = 250 cm3 Density of substance (D) =
150 g m = = 0.6 gcm3. V 250 cm 3

Q.13. (a) State the SI units of Thrust and Pressure. (b) In which situation we exert more pressure when we stand on the foot or on the both feet. Justify your answer. Ans. (a) SI unit of thrust is newton. 1 newton is the force which when acts on a body of mass 1 kg, produces an acceleration of 1 ms2. SI unit of pressure is pascal. When a force of 1 newton acts normally on an area of cross-section 1m2, then the pressure experienced by the surface is said to be one pascal. (b) We exert more pressure when we stand on one foot, because pressure exerted by a body is inversely proportional to its area of cross-section. When we stand on one foot its area of cross-section decreases, and hence, pressure increases.
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Q.12. Explain why sheet of paper falls slower than a coin under through air. Ans. Sheet of paper has large surface area as compared to the coin. Thus sheet of paper will experience more friction due to air as compared to the coin, no matter same force of gravity acts upon them. It is the larger friction of air which slowers down the sheet of paper, and hence, it falls slowly than coin.

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The substance will float as its density (0.6 g cm3) is less than the density of water (1 gm3). Q.11. Name the force experienced by a body when immersed in a fluid. What is the direction of this force? Ans. Buoyant force. It acts in upward direction always.

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C. Short Answer Questions - II Previous Years' Questions

(3 Marks)

Q.1. (a) Define buoyancy. (b) A solid body of mass 150 g occupies 60 cm3 volume. Will the solid sink or float? [2011 (T-II)] Given density of water is 1 g cm3. Ans. (a) The phenomenon due to which a body on being immersed in a fluid experiences an upward force is called buoyancy. (b) Mass = 150 g, Volume = 60 cm3

Density of water = 1 gcm3 (given). Thus, density of solid body > density of water, So solid body will sink in water.

Other Important Questions

Q.2. (a) State Archemedes principle. (b) The relative density of silver is 10.8. The density of water is 103 kgm3. What is the density of silver in SI units?. Ans. (a) See Answer 1 (a). (b) Relative density of silver = Density of water 10.8 =
Density of silver Density of silver 103 kgm 3

Q.3. Give reasons : (a) Cutting tools have sharp edges (b) A sheet of paper falls slower than one that is crumpled into a ball. Ans. (a) The pressure exerted by a body is inversely proportional to its area of cross-section. When the cutting instruments are sharpened, their surface area is reduced. Thus, for a given amount of force, they exert more pressure on another surface, and hence, can cut through it. (b) Unfolded sheet has large surface area as compared to the similar sheet crumpled into a ball. Thus, unfolded sheet will experience more friction due to air as compared to the one crumpled into a ball, no matter some force of gravity acts upon them. It is the larger friction of air which slows down the unfolded sheet, and hence, it falls slowly as compared to sheet crumpled into a ball.
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Density of silver = 10.8 103 kg m3 = 10800 kgm3.

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Q.1. (a) State Archimedes principle. (b) Define relative density of a substance, why it has no units? Ans. (a) When a body is partially or wholly immersed in a fluid, it experiences an upthrust, which is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the immersed part of the body. (b) The ratio between density of a substance and density of water is called, relative density. Relative density is a ratio of similar qualities. It is a pure number and has no unit.

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Density of solid body =

150 g Mass = = 2.5 gcm3 Volume 60 cm 3

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II. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

Activity :

Materials Required (i) Three bricks of same size and weight (ii) Soft mud about 2 2 4

Part A
1. Place a brick gently on the mud, such that its maximum area touches the mud. 2. Place another brick gently on its side gently on the mud.
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To find the change in pressure by a solid, by changing (i) area of cross-section of solid (ii) force exerted by solid.

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B. Discuss the following situations in groups. 1. Why are the rear wheels of tractors very wide? 2. Why do the army tanks move over broad steel chains? 3. Why do we often sharpen kitchen knives? 4. Why do the Eskimos not fix wheels to their sledges? 5. Why are the dams made very wide and thick at the base? 6. Why do skiers use wide and long skies? 7. Why are certain trailors provided with 16 wheels or more? 8. Why should we spread over the body as flat as posible, if we get struck in quicksand? C. Activity

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A. Discuss the following with your teacher. 1. Boats filled with people or cargo capsize in midstream. 2. White or yellow lines are marked around the hull of ocean going vessels. 3. Archimedes principle be used to find out the purity of gold.

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3. Place the third brick in upright position gently on the mud, such that its maximum area touches the mud. 4. Lift the bricks gently one by one. Look at the depression created in mud. You will notice that the depression created by the first brick is least and it is maximum in case of the third brick. From the above observations, it implies that more is the area of contact, less is the pressure exerted.

Part B
1. Place a brick gently on the mud, such that its maximum area touches the mud. Mark a line with a chalk upto which the brick sinks in mud. 2. Now place another brick on the first brick. Again mark a line with the chalk on the brick upto which it sinks. 3. Repeat the procedure with the third brick. 4. You will observe that with the increase in the number of bricks, the depression produced in the mud increases. From this activity, it implies that pressure increases with the increase in force. In the present case, it is the gravitational force. Conclusion : (i) Pressure exerted by a solid increases with the decrease in area of cross-section,
1 A (ii) Pressure exerted by a solid increases with the increase in applied force (thrust), i.e. P F

i.e. P

Objective : To find the buoyancy offered by various liquids.

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D. Experiment

PR A K A SH A N

GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN