DIN 1055-6:2005-03 CONTENTS Page 7 8 10 11 11 15 15 15 17 20 20 21 21 30 31 31 32 32 34 35 35 35 36 36 36 37

Foreword 1 2 3 3.1 3.2 scope references to other standards terms and symbols terms symbols

3.2.1 General 3.2.3 Latin letters, capital 3.2.3 Latin letters, small 3.2.4 Greek letters, capital 3.2.5 Greek letters, small 4 4.1 5.6 6 6.1 6.2 illustration and classification of actions illustration of action in silos principles of calculations for explosions bulk material parameters general bulk material parameters

6.2.1 General 6.2.2 Determination of bulk material parameters 6.2.3 Simplified procedure 6.3 measurement of bulk material parameters in tests 6.3.1 Experimental determination 6.3.2 Bulk material density,

6.3.3 Coefficients of wall friction 6.3.4 Angle of inner friction, i 6.3.5 Horizontal load ration,K

DIN 1055-6:2005-03 6.3.6 Cohesiveness, C 6.3.7 Bulk material correction value for the reference-surface load C op 7 7.1 7.2 loads on vertical silo walls general slim silos 37 37 38 38 39 39 44 49 55 57 59 60 61 61 62 62 62 62 63 63 64 64 65 65 65 65

7.2.1 Fill loads on vertical silo walls 7.2.2 Discharge loads on vertical walls discharges of the load-types for circular silos 7.3 low silos and silos of medium slimness

7.2.3 Uniform increase of loads in place of reference-surface loads for fills and 7.2.4 Discharge loads for circular silos with large eccentricities during discharge 50 7.3.1 Fill loads on the vertical walls 7.3.2 Discharge loads on the vertical walls 7.3.3 Large eccentricities for filling in of circular low silos and circular silos of medium slimness 7.3.4 large discharge eccentricities for filling in of circular low silos and Circular silos of medium slimness 7.4 silos with braced walls 7.4.1 Fill loads on vertical walls 7.4.2 Discharge loads on vertical walls 7.5 silos with fluidized bulk material 7.5.1 General 7.5.2 Loads in silos for storage of fluidized bulk material 7.6 temperature differences between bulk material and silo structure 7.6.1 general 7.6.2 loads due to a decrease in the surrounding atmospheric temperature 7.6.3 loads due to filling-in of hot bulk materials 7.7 loads in rectangular silos 7.7.1 Rectangular silos 7.7.2 Silos with internal braces 8 loads in silo hoppers and silo bottoms

DIN 1055-6:2005-03 8.1 general 65 65 67 69 69 69 71 71 71 71 72 72 73 73 73 74 74 74 74 74

8.1.1 Physical parameters 8.1.2 General rules 8.2 horizontal silo bottoms 8.2.1 Vertical loads on horizontal silo bottoms in slim silos 8.2.2 Vertical loads on level silo bottoms in low silos and silos of Medium slimness 8.3 steep hoppers 8.3.1 Mobilized friction 8.3.2 Fill loads 8.3.3 Discharge loads 8.4 flat hoppers 8.4.1 Mobilized friction 8.4.2 Fill loads 8.4.3 Discharge loads 8.5 9 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 hopper loads in silos with air-injection equipment loads on tanks general loads due to stored fluids parameters for fluids suction loads due to insufficient aeration

Annex A (informative) Basis for the Planning of Structures Rules that complement DIN 1055-100 for silos and tanks A.1 A.2 general border limit for load capacity 75 75 75 75 75 A.4 conditions for calculation and action-combinations for the Requirement categories 2 and 3 76

A.2.1 part-safety correction value A.2.2 Actions on structures - Actions in silos and tanks correction value

DIN 1055-6:2005-03 A.5 action-combinations for the Requirement category 1 Annex B (normative) Actions, Part-Safety Factors and Composite Correction Values for the actions on tanks B.1 B.2 general actions 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 79 79 79 79 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 77

B.2.1 loads from stored fluids B.2.2 loads from internal pressures B.2.3 loads from temperature changes B.2.4 intrinsic loads B.2.5 loads from insulation B.2.6 distributed working loads B.2.7 concentric working loads B.2.8 snow B.2.9 wind B.2.10 low pressure due to insufficient aeration B.2.11 seismic loads B.2.12 loads due to connecting structures B.2.13 loads due to non-uniform settlement B.2.14 catastrophic loads B.3 B.4 part-safety correction values for actions combination of actions

Annex C (normative) measurement of bulk material parameters for Determination of silo loads C.1 C.2 C.3 C.4 C.5 general application symbols terms taking of specimens and their preparation 82 82 82 82 83 83

DIN 1055-6:2005-03 C.6 determination of bulk material density 84 84 84 85 85 85 86 87 88 88 89 89 91 93 93 95 96 96 97

C.6.1 short description C.6.2 test apparatus C.6.3 process / procedure C.7 wall friction C.7.1 general C.7.2 co-efficient of wall friction m for the determination of loads C.7.3 angle of wall friction wh for examining the flow behaviour C.8 horizontal load ratio K C.8.1 direct measurement C.8.2 indirect measurement C.9 stability parameters: cohesiveness c and angle of internal friction i 89 C.9.1 direct measurement C.9.2 indirect measurement C.10 effective elasticity module Es C.10.1 direct measurement C.10.2 indirect measurement C.11 determination of the upper and lower characteristic values for the bulk Material parameters and the determination of the conversion factor a C.11.1 testing principle C.11.2 assessment methods Annex D (normative) assessment of bulk material parameters for determination Of silo loads D.1 D.2 D.3 goal assessment of the wall friction co-efficient for a corrugated wall internal friction and wall friction of a coarse-grained bulk material Without fine particles Annex E (normative) details of bulk material parameters

99 99 99 100 101

DIN 1055-6:2005-03 Annex F (normative) determination of the flow profile, mass flow And core flow Annex G (normative) seismic actions G.1 G.2 G.3 G.4 general symbols conditions for calculation seismic actions 102 103 103 103 103 104 104 104 106 106 106 106 106 107 108 108 109 109 109 109 109 110 110 111 111 111

G.4.1 silo bottom and foundations G.4.2 silo walls Annex H (normative) alternative rules for determination of hopper loads H.1 H.2 H.3 H.4 H.5 H.6 H.7 general terms symbols conditions for calculation loads on hopper walls determination of connecting forces at the hopper junction alternative equations for the hopper load correction values Fe for The load discharge Annex I (normative) action due to dust explosions I.1 I.2 I.3 I.4 I.5 I.6 I.7 I.8 I.9 general application additional standards, guidelines and rules dusts of explosive nature and their parameters ignition sources protective measures calculation of components calculation of explosive overpressure calculation of negative pressure

DIN 1055-6:2005-03 I.10 I.11 securing the closing element of the discharge opening recoil forces due to pressure release 111 111

Diagrams Diagram 1 Diagram 2 Diagram 3 Diagram 4 Diagram 5 Diagram 6 Diagram 7 Diagram 8 Diagram 9 illustration of silo bins with nomenclature of geometric Parameters and loads basic flow profile flow profile with pipe flow flow profile with mixed bulk material flows effects of slimness (height to diameter ratio) on the mixed bulk material flows and the pipe flows customized arrangements for fill and discharge conditions under which pressures due to mass flow arise symmetric discharge loads around the vertical silo walls reference-surface loads Diagram 11 longitudinal and cross-sectional illustrations of the load diagrams of reference-surface loads during discharge Diagram 12 flow channels and pressure distribution during discharge with large eccentricities Diagram 13 loads in low silos or silos with medium slimness after the fill (fill loads) Diagram 14 fill pressures during eccentric filled low silos or silos with medium slimness Diagram 15 fill pressures in a braced-wall silo Diagram 16 boundaries between steep and flat hoppers Diagram 17 distribution of the fill pressures in a steep and flat hopper Diagram 18 bottom loads in low silos and in silos with medium slimness Diagram B.1 coefficients of pressure for wind loads in circular cylindrical tanks 62 66 67 70 80 56 59 52 47 28 29 32 40 42 9 26 27 28

longitudinal and cross-sectional illustrations of the load diagrams of

Diagram 19 discharge pressures in a hopper with a steep and a flat inclination 72

DIN 1055-6:2005-03 Diagram C.1 equipment for determination of Diagram C.2 test procedure for determination of the coefficients of wall friction Diagram C.3 test procedure for determination of Ko Diagram C.4 test procedure for determination of the angle of the internal Friction i and c and the cohesiveness based upon the tension Created by pre-compression Diagram C.5 test procedure for determination of the elasticity module during loading and unloading Diagram D.1 measurement of the profiling of the wall surface Diagram F.1 demarcation of mass and core flow conditions in conical and cuneiform hoppers Diagram G.1 possible rearrangements oat the bulk material surface due to Seismic actions Diagram G.2 seismic actions on the substructure (e.g. braces) Diagram G.3 cross-section through the vertical silo shaft with details of the additional horizontal loads due to seismic actions Diagram H.1 alternative rules for the hoppers Tables Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table A.1 Table C.1 Table C.2 Table E.1 classification of conditions for calculation relevant parameters for different load estimates categories of wall surfaces composite correction values test parameters typical values for the coefficients of variation for the bulk Material parameters bulk material parameters 98 101 23 25 34 77 91 105 108 103 104 102 94 100 90 85 87 88

DIN 1055-6:2005-03

Foreword This standard was compiled in the NABau-AA 00.20.00 Actions on Buildings (Spiegelausschuss zu CEN/TC/ 250/SC 1). This standard is part of the new series DIN 1055 Actions on Structures, which consists of the following parts: Part 1: Part 2: Part 3: Part 4: Part 5; Part 6; Part 7: Part 8: Part 9: Part 10: Part 100:

DIN 1055-6:2005-03

References to standards belonging to the series DIN 1055, contained in this standard, refer exclusively to the above-mentioned new series DIN 1055. This standard was developed by the Work Committee NABau 00.20.00 on the basis of DIN V ENV 1991-4 and conforms largely to the draft manuscript prEN 1991-4. Any deviations of this standard from the above-mentioned manuscript prEN 1991-4 conform by and large with possible commitments to the national safety standards so that, in the case of an eventual ratification of EN 1991-4, this standard can be compatible in the national context.

Revisions Vis--vis DIN 1055-6:1987-05 the following revisions have been made: a) structural adaptation in line with the EN 1991-4 b) terminology adaptation in line with the EN 1991-4 c) adaptation of the calculation and safety concepts in line with the EN 1991-4 d) incorporation of regulations for actions due to dust-explosions e) incorporation of regulations for actions due to earthquakes f) incorporation of regulations for actions due to bulk material properties

Earlier Editions DIN 1055-6: 1964-11, 1987-05

10

DIN 1055-6:2005-03

1. Scope 1) This standard contains general principles and information relating to the influences for the design and calculations of silos for storage of bulk materials and for tanks. It is to be applied in association with the other parts of the series DIN 1055. 2) This standard also contains stipulations for actions on silos and tanks which extend beyond the direct action caused by the stored bulk material or fluids (e.g. effects of temperature differences). 3) While applying the rules for calculations made for silo bins and silo structures the following geometric limitations should be kept in mind: --- The cross-sections of the silo bins are limited to the instances shown in diagram 1d. Smaller deviations are allowed under the condition that the possible effects on the silo structures due to the pressure changes resulting from these deviations will be taken into account. --- The foll. Limits will apply for the geometric measurements:

hb < 10 dc

hb < 100m d c < 60m --- The transition from the vertical silo shaft into the hopper takes place in a simple horizontal plane (also possible in several steps) (see diagram 1a).

11

DIN 1055-6:2005-03 --- The influences on the silo pressures due to inbuilt things or customized restrictions and inbuilt things such as discharge cones, discharge girders, consoles and spots, etc., are not covered (apart fro discharge hoppers). 4) While applying the rules for calculations made for silo bins and silo structures the following limits should be kept in mind with regard to the stored bulk material: --- The calculation for a particular property of the bulk material has to be made for every single silo. --- The bulk material is free flowing or it can be ensured that in special cases it behaves as free flowing material (see 3.1.12 and Annex C). --- The maximum grain size of the bulk material is not more than 0.03d c (see diagram 1d). NOTE If the bulk material particles are large in comparison with the thickness of

the silo wall, the effects of the contact of individual large particles with the wall are to be regarded as a form of a deposit of individual loads. 5) While applying the rules for calculations made for silo bins and silo structures the following limits should be kept in mind with regard to the operational conditions during filling and discharging: --- During filling the action of the forces of inertia and impact are very slight and may be ignored --- in case of use of discharge aids (e.g. transporting equipment (feeders) or central well with absorption opening), the bulk material flow is uniform, undisturbed and central.

12

DIN 1055-6:2005-03

hw

ho
Z

2 3

ef 4

hc

dca hb

e* 1

hh

(a) Geometry eo (b) Eccentricity Legend: 1 Junction 2 Equivalent bulk material surface 3 Surface contours in filled silo 4 central axis of silo

Figure 1: DIAGRAM OF SILO BINS WITH DESCRIPTION OF THE GEOMETRIC AND CHARACTERISTIC SIZES AND LOADS

13

DIN 1055-6:2005-03

=r

=a

ph

dc

Pw Pv

dc

(h 2 ) 2r ( 1+ b ) a
dc b

Pn Pf

a
(c) Loads a dc dc r

= 3a

( 4) =

dO

A 4

= 3a

( 4) = d

dO

(d) Cross sectional shape (form)

14

DIN 1055-6:2005-03 6) The given load deposits on silo hoppers are applicable only for conical (generally axial symmetric shape or pyramid shape with quadratic or rectangular crosssections) and cuneiform (generally with vertical walls at the front and the reverse sides) hoppers. Hoppers that deviate from this or hoppers with inbuilt things require specialized and greater attention. 7) Silos with symmetric axes of the geometrical horizontal projection type which change along the vertical axis are not covered by this standard. For example, silos with a hopper which blends from a cylindrical shape into a cuneiform shape fall in this category. 8) The rules for calculation for tanks apply only for fluids under normal atmospheric pressure. 9) Loads on the roofs of silos and tanks are subject to the relevant standards DIN 1055-3, DIN 1055-4, E DIN 1055-5, DIN 1055-9 and DIN 1055-10. 10) The calculations for silos with rotary operation are not within the scope of this standard. 11) The calculations for silos against dynamic stresses, which can appear during discharge, such as silo tremors, jolts, hooting and silo knocking, are not within the scope of this standard. NOTE These phenomena remain unexplained to date. Thus, in terms of the

applicability of this standard, one can neither rule out their occurrence nor ensure that the silo structure is sufficiently dimensioned for the stresses they cause.

15