S T R A T E G I C

W H I T E

P A P E R

Strategic Industries
Migrating SDH/SONET Networks to IP/MPLS Networks

Two key issues are driving todays strategic-industry customers: the need for cost reduction and increased efciency from their business operations in light of limited funding and the need to provide more services that need high bandwidth without impacting existing services. Some customers are considering migration from a predominantly SDH/SONET network to an IP/MPLS packet network. With a range of business and network requirements, such as bandwidth, availability, trafc engineering and security, customers can migrate their networks in phases, fullling business justications for moving to IP/MPLS that include CAPEX/OPEX reductions along with ease of integration and network expansion. Migration from SDH/SONET to IP/MPLS can be supported by the Alcatel-Lucent IP/MPLS product portfolio and end-to-end services throughout the migration life cycle.

Table of contents
1 1 1. Introduction 2. Business and network requirements

1 2.1 Browneld or greeneld 2 2.2 Multiplicity of services 2 2.3 Dedicated networks or a single multiservice network 2 2.4 Reliability (protection), availability, maintainability, safety (RAMS) requirements 3 2.5 Trafc-engineering requirements 3 2.6 Security requirements 3 2.7 Operational requirements 4 3. Network technologies

4 3.1 SDH/SONET overview 5 3.2 IP/MPLS overview 7 4. Migrating from SDH/SONET to IP/MPLS

8 4.1 Phase 1: Adding IP/MPLS routers to the SDH/SONET infrastructure 8 4.2 Phase 2: Switching TDM services onto the IP/MPLS infrastructure 9 4.3 Phase 3: Removing the SDH/SONET infrastructure and introducing WDM 10 11 11 5. Conclusion 6. Acronyms 7. Authors

1. Introduction
Every strategic industry1 (SI) has various mission-critical applications that are needed to run the business. Some applications have run for many years and must continue to be supported. However, with increasing demand for bandwidth and standardization of interface types, these applications are moving from TDM for Ethernet and IP, and the next-generation network infrastructure must support them both. In addition, many industries have applications that demand the highest level of reliability and synchronization and small delay and jitter for example, with teleprotection for utilities and signaling and Global System for Mobile Communications - Railway (GSM-R) for rail. The Alcatel-Lucent IP/Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) solution has been tested and proven to seamlessly support all these applications without any issues. The IP/MPLS network can support these most critical and technically demanding applications and can ensure that the applications receive the required bandwidth. Because of these advantages, all other trafc, including corporate voice, video and data, can be moved to the network. Figure 1 lists some key SI applications.
Figure 1. Strategic industry key applications
Smart Communities

Utilities SCADA Telemetry Teleprotection Signaling Video Surveillance

Transport

Oil and gas

Defense

2. Business and network requirements

To decide which technology to use, SI customers must rst understand their business and network requirements, as outlined in the following subsections. 2.1 Browneld or greeneld It is rare for an SI customer to implement a greeneld communications project, but this may be the case for a new metro or for a municipality that wants to invest in a multiservice network. This is the most favorable conguration for network-design engineers because they can dene and implement, in a single step, the preferred optimal network architecture. However, in most cases the SI customer has already invested in several networks, with each network dedicated to a subset of applications for example, one network for TDM services, another one dedicated to supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system-control services, and a third network for data services. The designers aim in such cases is at least two-fold: To design a network that will ultimately accommodate all the customers existing and future services To devise a migration strategy in which each service is migrated from its current network to the new convergent network. This second phase ends with the retirement of legacy networks after all services have been migrated.
1

Strategic industry refers to the energy, transportation, smart communities, defense, healthcare and industries.

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2.2 Multiplicity of services One key characteristic of SI customers is that they use a broad variety of services with widely different communications requirements. One way to differentiate these services is by trafc content: Voice services (for example, telephony, teleconferences) Require constant but moderate bandwidth (kb/s) with very short transmission delay (100 ms) and limited jitter. Such services are usually synchronous that is, the source and destination use the same master clock. Video services (for example, videoconferencing, corporate video and video surveillance) Require variable and signicantly high bandwidth (Mb/s), short transmission delays and limited jitter. These services are also quite intolerant of error rate. Data-based services (for example, file transfer and control data from remote devices) Require bandwidths from very moderate (kb/s) to high (Mb/s). The trafc is usually bursty with short periods of high activity followed by long idle periods, and time constraints are usually loose. These services are also tolerant of error rate because they implement correction by retransmission or by redundancy of information (forward error correction [FEC]). Another way to differentiate is topological: Some services are point-to-point, such as in a telephony circuit. Some services are between one source and multiple destinations, such as in video surveillance (point-to-multipoint). Some of these services, such as computer communications, are naturally packet-based. Others that were traditionally circuit-based, such as TDM telephony, are now evolving to a packet mode. 2.3 Dedicated networks or a single multiservice network Traditionally, each service was supported by a dedicated network designed to meet its specic requirements, but today a single network must accommodate all requirements from all services. The benets of using a single convergent network are multiple, dramatically reducing an organizations capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operating expenditures (OPEX). For these cost-reduction strategies to be viable, the network must satisfy the following requirements: The network must be based on international standards and allow for multivendor interoperability. The network must be capable of meeting the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of the different classes of services transported across it. The network must accommodate new services and be scalable throughout its life cycle. It is therefore mandatory that the network be able to grow in function to support increased trafc demands without disrupting existing services. The network must be easily maintainable. SI customers need a management system that shields them from the complexities of the underlying technologies and provides user-friendly operating interfaces. 2.4 Reliability (protection), availability, maintainability, safety (RAMS) requirements SI customers require solutions that are suitable for providing mission-critical services: some or all services must be up and running 24 hours a day/7 days a week. For example, for railway operators using services such as GSM-R, emergency telephony and railway signaling, there can be no compromise on the availability of these services. In the case of a public-safety organization using video surveillance, emergency call centers and Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) service, these services must also be available on a continuous basis with no outages. Service reliability must be considered from an end-to-end perspective. It is possible to have a reliability requirement of 99.9999 percent, especially when human safety is at stake, such as in a tunnel.

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2.5 Trafc-engineering requirements One trafc-engineering requirement is to design the network to allow for the selection of best path across the network by taking into consideration the physical paths of the links and interfaces. For increased reliability, a standby path should be physically isolated from the primary path. In addition, the network should be able to automatically choose the pathway of least cost, fewest hops, and general trafc predictability. 2.6 Security requirements Many SI customers manage part of a countrys critical infrastructure, such as utilities or transportation. Communications networks are increasingly critical for these sectors to continuously operate with reliability and security. The following trends and elements are driving security requirements: Evolution from several isolated networks to a single multiservice network, carrying traffic with very different security-risk proles, such as SCADA and corporate communications Use of commercial off-the-shelf products and open protocols such as Ethernet and IP Internet connectivity for employees, connecting to third parties such as partners and providing real-time information to the public Requirements for flexibility and mobility, which are driving remote access Regulatory compliance and compliance with recognized industry best practices. The ITU-T X.805 security methodology (Security architecture for systems providing end-to-end communications), developed by Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs, is one of the frameworks that can be used to address communications network security. 2.7 Operational requirements An SI network operator must identify and understand operational requirements before designing the network, answering questions such as: Can I easily scale my network? Will it meet the low-latency requirement for mission-critical applications? Will it be flexible enough to dynamically add new applications? Some important operational requirements are described in this section.
Scalability

In the changing SI environment, the communications network needs to support an evolving set of business services, from latency-sensitive TDM-based services to best-effort Internet-based services. Growth of both service types and capacity should be accommodated without a signicant change in architecture.
Resiliency

SI customers build networks to provide mission-critical communications with high-availability targets (reliability/resiliency). These communications networks need to be highly reliable and should provide uninterrupted voice and data trafc. Single failures should not impact the ability to quickly route trafc around the failure, and the network must be designed to not share common failure modes such as being susceptible to single geographicarea events (for example, seismic activity). Subsecond failover times are expected, enabling networks to quickly recover from a failure and deliver greater than 99.999 percent availability to ensure connectivity for mission-critical trafc.

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Latency

Latency is a vital attribute of many services carried in SI-customer networks today. A well-known example is teleprotection. Teleprotection circuits must have low, predictable latency to ensure timely fault detection and isolation. In many cases, protection schemes have been in place for a long time and are based on very basic communications protocols. Other SI customers, such as railway operators, have similar requirements although, in most cases, latency requirements are less stringent than in the case of teleprotection.
Flexibility

As SI customers start exploiting their new communications networks, new services will be discovered with new performance requirements. The network therefore needs to be flexible to cater to an everchanging mix of services.
Virtualization

An SI communications network must be built to ensure that effective bandwidth can be allocated to provide for the virtual isolation of various trafc types on a single infrastructure. The network should be able to support different appli cations or user groups in an environment that is private and unaffected by other trafc.
Network management

Operations and maintenance tools should simplify the deployment and day-to-day operation of a communications network. Operations tools such as service and interface tests should allow for rapid troubleshooting, enabling proactive awareness of the state of traffic flows to help minimize service down time. The tools should also offer proactive surveillance, conguration, validation and diagnoses to simplify problem resolution, reduce conguration errors, and reduce troubleshooting time. Management software should automate and simplify operations management as well as support element management, network commissioning, service provisioning and service assurance.

3. Network technologies
This section describes SDH/SONET and IP/MPLS technologies along with the benets of migration. 3.1 SDH/SONET overview SONET is widely used in North America whereas SDH is used in the rest of the world. SDH/SONET technology enables a simple, deterministic and robust method of sharing high-cost bearers across various physical and logical architectural domains. SDH/SONET offers an SI-customer bearer network a range of benets, and SI customers have relied heavily on SDH/SONET as a critical building block in their networks. However, SDH/SONET has limitations when supporting IP applications with various bandwidth demands and performance requirements. Next-generation SDH offers one way of introducing packet support in a network while continuing to support TDM-based applications.
Support of legacy TDM protocols

Legacy TDM protocols and applications can coexist on the same network equipment and path as Ethernet transport without compromising performance for either. As an alternative to building separate dedicated networks, optical multiservice products provide the most risk-averse approaches to combining TDM and packet trafc. For some applications, such as long-distance teleprotection, this offers a realistic technology solution for service consolidation.

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QoS

Because the original Ethernet frame is encapsulated in its entirety, QoS markings such as IEEE 802.1p are retained without corruption (preamble and start-of-frame delimiter [SFD] excluded). Moreover, performance can be entirely deterministic because link capacity is guaranteed.
Manageability

SDH/SONET systems have very strong operations, administration and maintenance (OA&M) capabilities, a vital requirement for the carrier markets in which they are often deployed. SDH/SONET system-path overhead provides rich OA&M, including fault detection, testing and performance monitoring.
Service availability/resiliency

With this encapsulation approach, all the benefits of SDH/SONET path protection can be leveraged.
Security

Ethernet over SDH/SONET may be provided with a dedicated virtual circuit. In the case of Generic Framing Procedure (GFP), trafc may be virtual LAN (VLAN)-tagged to provide another degree of isolation. Moreover, because there is no requirement to use IP in the SDH/SONET control plane, any denial of service (DoS) attempt malicious or unintended is constrained to the related virtual circuit.
Integration with legacy equipment and services (TDM support)

Integration is ensured as long as the relevant standards are adhered to. 3.2 IP/MPLS overview MPLS provides the ability to establish connection-oriented paths over a connectionless IP network and facilitates a mechanism to engineer network-trafc patterns independently from routing tables. In an MPLS network, data packets are assigned labels. Packet-forwarding decisions are made solely on the content of the label, without the need to examine the packet itself. This allows the creation of end-to-end circuits across any type of transport medium. MPLS can be implemented over several types of physical infrastructure, including optical, SDH/SONET, Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM), and wireless. MPLS was specically designed to support Layer 2 and Layer 3 protocols and multiple trafc types and priorities, with management tools to test, troubleshoot and maintain a highly reliable, flexible network. Key benets of IP/MPLS for SI customers are described below.
Multiservice support

The IP/MPLS communications infrastructure offers a flexible network and service environment that enables the continuing support of existing services while incorporating new Ethernet and IP-based applications. These applications are typically more efcient in terms of bandwidth usage when deployed over an IP/MPLS infrastructure. All services converge at the network access, where the required MPLS packet handling such as encapsulation and QoS capabilities is executed. Different applications are transported using dedicated virtual private networks (VPNs) in a point-to-point, point-to-multipoint or multipoint-to-multipoint manner. An IP/MPLS network also directly supports TDM-based trafc.

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Circuit Emulation Service over MPLS

Migrating legacy TDM systems and services is simple when taking advantage of IP/MPLS Circuit Emulation Service (CES) functionality, which allows for the gradual transition of legacy applications. CES delivers the same quality of experience as the existing TDM network infrastructure, with the same level of predictability. The IP/MPLS network has a circuit-emulation interworking function that ensures all information required by a TDM circuit is maintained across the packet network. This provides a full transition to the packet network over time while providing TDM service continuity.
MPLS support for L2 and L3 VPNs

Layer 2 and Layer 3 VPNs allow the virtualization of services in the network and are provisioned between MPLS nodes. The VPNs are congured as an overlay on the MPLS network and are capable of supporting thousands of VPNs on a single physical infrastructure. VPNs supported on Alcatel-Lucent routers and switches are Virtual Leased Lines (VLLs), Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS), and IP-VPNs.
MPLS and trafc engineering

With MPLS Traffic Engineering (MPLS-TE), network operators can automatically set up a path different from the least-cost path selected by a routing protocol such as Open Shortest Path First (OSPF). MPLS-TE incorporates metrics such as delay and bandwidth to calculate the optimal path through the network. The end result is a network with better latency characteristics, bandwidth utilization and service availability.
MPLS and deterministic reroute behavior

MPLS provides deterministic trafc behavior with the same results as ATM networks and with reroute times which match that of SDH/SONET-network recovery times. MPLS supports the Fast Reroute (FRR) mechanism, which can deliver reroute times of under 50 ms.
Bandwidth management and QoS

The QoS of IP/MPLS effectively supports the convergence of multiple services over a common packet-based infrastructure. IP/MPLS enables the network to discriminate among various types of trafc based on a rich set of classication attributes and prioritizes the transmission of higher-priority traffic. Features such as Hierarchical QoS (H-QoS) also allow lower-priority traffic to burst to fill available bandwidth when higher-priority applications go idle. H-QoS uses an advanced scheduling mechanism to implement service hierarchies, which provide maximum isolation and fairness across different traffic while optimizing uplink utilization. With multiple levels and instances of shaping, queuing and priority scheduling, the IP/MPLS network can manage traffic flows to ensure that performance parameters for each application such as bandwidth, delay and jitter are met.
Synchronization

In most TDM networks, synchronization is distributed in the network using the SDH/SONET mechanisms built into the physical-layer denition. To deliver the TDM service using a packet network, the same synchronization must be achieved with other means. To enable the rapid migration of these networks, Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE) provides the easiest, quickest way to achieve frequency synchronization and to allow the benets of an Ethernet-network infrastructure to be realized without changing existing TDM-network applications. The concept of SyncE is similar to SDH/SONET system-timing capabilities.

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With SyncE, network elements derive the physical-layer transmitter clock from a high-quality frequency reference using the physical Ethernet interfaces. This does not affect the operation of and is transparent to the Ethernet layers.
High availability

An IP/MPLS solution is designed around a high-availability redundant architecture that incorporates key features such as Non-Stop Routing (NSR), Non-Stop Services (NSS), and Link Aggregation Group (LAG). Network stability is signicantly enhanced with NSR, which is the ability of the router, in the event of a control-plane failure or a forced switchover, to continue to forward packets using existing and dynamically updated forwarding information. With non-stop technology, the standby control card immediately takes over in milliseconds, with no impact to applications running over the nodes. NSS features operate rapidly and independently so that a control failure on one network node is literally invisible to the overall network, with no disturbance of IP-network topology: no routes need to reconverge, and no additional protocols are needed in the network.
Pseudowire redundancy

Incorporating redundant Network Operations Center (NOC) sites is a common approach to designing and building networks that are capable of supporting disaster recovery. This can be achieved by leveraging pseudowire redundancy, which allows operators to provision both active and standby pseudowires (virtual MPLS circuits) between a remote site and two NOC sites. In the unlikely event that the primary NOC site fails, remote-site trafc is automatically switched from the active to the standby pseudowire, and connectivity is reestablished with the backup NOC. MPLS circuits can be provisioned between the primary and backup NOC sites to support server synchronization and database-mirroring operations.
Superior troubleshooting capabilities

MPLS provides many useful tools, including the service ping tool, which helps network operators to verify end-to-end connectivity. Another useful MPLS OA&M tool is service mirroring, which enables specic service trafc to be mirrored to a local or remote destination for capture or analysis.

4. Migrating from SDH/SONET to IP/MPLS

To date, SI customers have relied on TDM- and SDH/SONET-based networks because their applications were mostly TDM-based. Reliability and predictable latency have made TDM-based technologies ideally suited for this purpose. With the availability of next-generation applications, SI customers will have to migrate their TDM applications to IP. Migration can occur in various ways, but this paper describes only one of the methods: moving from SDH/SONET to IP/MPLS. To keep the disruption of existing services to a minimum, it is recommended that the migration from SDH/SONET to MPLS take place in phases. A three-phase migration is described below.

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4.1 Phase 1: Adding IP/MPLS routers to the SDH/SONET infrastructure During this phase, IP/MPLS routers are connected to the SDH/SONET infrastructure, as shown in Figure 2. This allows the introduction of new IP services and Ethernet connectivity while continuing to support TDM services on the SDH/SONET infrastructure, for cost savings and reduced disruption. Network operators also have time to become familiar with IP/MPLS capabilities before moving the TDM services. Effective utilization of the existing SDH/SONET infrastructure ensures minimal or no disruption of existing services while new services are added.
Figure 2. Adding IP/MPLS routers for IP and Ethernet services
IP services Ethernet services Low-speed interfaces (RS-232, E&M, and others)

IP/MPLS router PoS

TDM multiplexer E1/T1

SDH/SONET IP services Ethernet services IP/MPLS router Low-speed interfaces (RS-232, E&M, and others) TDM multiplexer E1/T1 PoS SDH/SONET SDH/SONET E1/T1 PoS IP/MPLS router TDM multiplexer Low-speed interfaces (RS-232, E&M, and others) IP services Ethernet services

SDH/SONET PoS IP/MPLS router E1/T1 TDM multiplexer

IP services

Ethernet services

Low-speed interfaces (RS-232, E&M, and others)

4.2 Phase 2: Switching TDM services onto the IP/MPLS infrastructure Alcatel-Lucent IP/MPLS routers support traditional TDM services including Synchronous Transport Mode 1/Optical Carrier 3 (STM-1/OC-3), T1/E1, RS232, V.35, X.21, and E and M circuits (E&M) allowing the migration of these services away from the SDH/SONET infrastructure. This can be done in stages and with the coexistence of various interface types. Services that have been satised with traditional TDM interfaces can also be supported while new Ethernet interfaces for these services are being introduced. At this point, TDM services will likely be supported on the existing multiplexer TDM equipment or on the IP/MPLS routers while new IP and Ethernet services are supported on IP/MPLS routers, as shown in Figure 3. At the end of this phase, all services should have migrated to the IP/MPLS network.

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Figure 3. Consolidating TDM services onto and through IP/MPLS routers

IP services Ethernet services IP/MPLS router PoS E1/T1 TDM multiplexer

Low-speed interfaces (RS-232, E&M, and others)

SDH/SONET

IP services Ethernet services Low-speed interfaces (RS-232, E&M, and others) IP/MPLS router PoS SDH/SONET SDH/SONET PoS IP/MPLS router

IP services Ethernet services Low-speed interfaces (RS-232, E&M, and others)

SDH/SONET PoS IP/MPLS router E1/T1 TDM multiplexer

IP services

Ethernet services

Low-speed interfaces (RS-232, E&M, and others)

4.3 Phase 3: Removing the SDH/SONET infrastructure and introducing WDM At this stage, the SDH/SONET network can be completely removed and the ber plant can be used to interconnect IP/MPLS routers after all services have migrated onto the routers, as shown in Figure 4. This simplies network structure and management while providing an infrastructure capable of supporting new services and bandwidth requirements.
Figure 4. Consolidating access on IP/MPLS and removing SDH/SONET
IP/MPLS router

IP services Ethernet services

Low-speed interfaces (RS-232, E&M, and others)

Ethernet IP services Ethernet services Low-speed interfaces (RS-232, E&M, and others) IP/MPLS router Ethernet

Ethernet IP services Ethernet services Ethernet IP/MPLS router Low-speed interfaces (RS-232, E&M, and others)

IP services Ethernet services IP/MPLS router

Low-speed interfaces (RS-232, E&M, E1/T1, and others)

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Alternatively, if a separate ber backbone is needed, the SDH/SONET equipment can be removed and simultaneously replaced by a WDM network, with IP/MPLS routers connected to WDM equipment, as shown in Figure 5. This is the case when the distance to run fiber between nodes is quite large or if there is a scarcity of ber cables: running new ber cables can be quite costly. This can also be done in stages, allowing for minimal service disruption.
Figure 5. Consolidating access on IP/MPLS and replacing SDH/SONET with WDM
IP services Ethernet services IP/MPLS router Ethernet Low-speed interfaces (RS-232, E&M, and others)

WDM IP services Ethernet services Low-speed interfaces (RS-232, E&M, and others) IP/MPLS router Ethernet WDM WDM Ethernet IP/MPLS router IP services Ethernet services Low-speed interfaces (RS-232, E&M, and others)

WDM Ethernet IP/MPLS router

IP services

Ethernet services

Low-speed interfaces (RS-232, E&M, E1/T1, and others)

5. Conclusion
Migrating to an IP/MPLS network enables SI customers to gain the network reliability that is needed to provide mission-critical services. Moving to an IP/MPLS network provides the additional benet of supporting consolidated voice, data and video applications that can be managed using congurable QoS levels, depending on the type and priority of traffic that is being routed. With decades of experience in network migration and transformation, Alcatel-Lucent offers a comprehensive product portfolio across IP and optical domains, along with a broad array of professional services that facilitate this important transition for customers worldwide. Alcatel-Lucent is therefore uniquely positioned to leverage its expertise in implementing innovative, integrated solutions over an IP/MPLS network.

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6. Acronyms
3G APTA ATM CAPEX CATA CCTV CES CPU DoS E&M E1 FEC FRR GFP GSM-R H-QoS ICT IEEE IP IPTV ITS ITU-T L2, L3 LAG LAN MPLS NOC Third Generation American Public Transportation Association Asynchronous Transfer Mode capital expenditures Canadian Advanced Technology Alliance closed-circuit television Circuit Emulation Service central processing unit denial of service Ear & Mouth Signaling E-carrier system forward error correction Fast Reroute Generic Framing Procedure Global System for Mobile Communications - Railway Hierarchical quality of service Information and Communications Technology Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Internet Protocol IP Television Intelligent Transportation Systems Society Telecommunication Standardization Sector Layer 2, Layer 3 Link Aggregation Group local area network Multi-Protocol Label Switching Network Operations Center NRS1 NSR NSS OA&M OC-3 OPEX OSPF PLM PMP QoS RAMS SCADA SDH SFD SI SONET STM-1 SyncE T1 TDM TETRA UMTS UTC VLAN VLL VPLS VPN WDM Alcatel-Lucent Network Routing Specialist 1 certication Non-Stop Routing Non-Stop Services Operations, administration and maintenance Optical Carrier 3 operating expenditures Open Shortest Path First product line management Project Management Professional Quality of Service reliability (protection), availability, maintainability, safety Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition Synchronous Digital Hierarchy start-of-frame delimiter strategic industry Synchronous Optical Network Synchronous Transport Mode 1 Synchronous Ethernet T-carrier system Time Division Multiplexing Terrestrial Trunked Radio Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Utilities Telecom Council virtual LAN Virtual Leased Line Virtual Private LAN Service Virtual Private Network Wavelength Division Multiplexing

MPLS-TE MPLS Trafc Engineering

7. Authors
Padma Kamath Solution Manager Alcatel-Lucent Padma Kamath is a solution manager in the Alcatel-Lucent Services Business Group, Strategic Industries Services Division, with a focus on transportation sectors. Padma has spent 16 years in various ICT roles, including R&D, program management, network engineering, business development, and solutions design and innovation. A member of Intelligent Transportation Systems Society (ITS) America and ITS Canada, Padma began her career with Newbridge Networks in 1994. Padmas previous positions include software design and integration; system design and engineering; and program manager. Padma is a PMP and holds a B.Sc. (Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics) from the University of Mysore, India; a B.Sc. (Computer Science) from McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; and an MBA from the Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Canada.

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Fai Lam Senior Manager Alcatel-Lucent In the Alcatel-Lucent IP Division, Fai Lam is responsible for the marketing of IP/MPLS communication solutions, with a current focus on industry markets, including utilities, transportation and government. Fai, who joined Alcatel-Lucent in 1996, has over 18 years experience in the ICT industry, and his positions have included product development, product line management, business development and marketing. Fai holds a B.Eng. (Electrical Engineering), from the University of Victoria, Canada; an MBA from the University of Ottawa, Canada; and is a Registered Professional Engineer in the Province of Ontario, Canada. Special thanks to the following for their key contributions to this white paper: Albert Lespagnol, Dave Richards, and Annelies Van Moffaert, Ph.D. For more information about Alcatel-Lucent IP/MPLS products and migration services, please visit www.alcatel-lucent.com or contact your Customer Team representative.

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