BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Mitigation of Internal Corrosion in Oil Effluent Pipeline Systems

2009-0012

The Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP) represents 130 companies that explore for, develop and produce more than 90 per cent of Canadas natural gas and crude oil. CAPP also has 150 associate member companies that provide a wide range of services that support the upstream oil and natural gas industry. Together, these members and associate members are an important part of a $120-billion-a-year national industry that affects the livelihoods of more than half a million Canadians.

Review by June 2013

Disclaimer This publication was prepared for the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP) by the Pipeline Technical Committee members. While it is believed that the information contained herein is reliable under the conditions and subject to the limitations set out, CAPP does not guarantee its accuracy. The use of this report or any information contained will be at the users sole risk, regardless of any fault or negligence of CAPP or its co-funders.

Contents
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Failure Statistics ...........................................................................................................2 Corrosion Mechanisms and Mitigation.......................................................................4 Recommended Practices ..............................................................................................9 Corrosion Mitigation Techniques..............................................................................16 Corrosion Monitoring Techniques ............................................................................18 Corrosion Inspection Techniques..............................................................................21 Leak Detection Techniques .......................................................................................23 Repair and Rehabilitation Techniques......................................................................24

Figures
Figure 2-1: Oil Effluent Pipelines Total Incidents and Frequency per 1000km (Alberta) ..........2 Figure 2-2: Oil Effluent Pipelines Incidents by Cause (Alberta).2-2 Figure 3-1: An Example of Internal Corrosion in an Oil Effluent Pipeline......................................4

Tables
Table 3-1: Contributing Factors and Prevention of Internal Oil Effluent Corrosion ....................3-2 Table 4-1: Recommended Practices - Design and Construction ....................................................4-1 Table 4-2: Recommended Practices - Operations4-2 Table 5-1: Corrosion Mitigation Techniques...................................................................................5-1 Table 6-1: Corrosion Monitoring Techniques .................................................................................6-1 Table 7-1: Corrosion Inspection Techniques...................................................................................7-1 Table 8-1: Leak Detection Techniques .............................................................................................23 Table 9-1: Repair and Rehabilitation Techniques ...........................................................................9-1

Overview Corrosion is a dominant contributing factor to failures and leaks in pipelines. To deal with this issue, the CAPP Pipeline Technical Committee has developed industry recommended practices to improve and maintain the mechanical integrity of upstream pipelines. They are intended to assist upstream oil and gas producers in recognizing the conditions that contribute to pipeline corrosion incidents, and identify effective measures that can be taken to reduce the likelihood of corrosion incidents. This document addresses design, maintenance and operating considerations for the mitigation of internal corrosion in oil effluent pipeline systems. Within this document, oil effluent pipelines are defined as those constructed with carbon steel materials and transporting oil, gas and water, including both sweet and sour service systems. This document does not address the deterioration of aluminum and non-metallic materials. The scope of this document does not include crude oil pipelines, however many of the same principles for internal corrosion, mitigation and monitoring may apply. This document is complementary to CSA Z662 and supports the development of corrosion control practices within Pipeline Integrity Management Programs, as required by CSA Z662 and the applicable regulatory agency. In the case of any inconsistencies between the guidance provided in this document and either Z662 or regulatory requirements, the latter should be adhered to. This document is intended for use by corrosion specialists involved with the development and execution of corrosion mitigation programs, engineering teams involved in the design of gathering systems, and operations personnel involved with the implementation of corrosion mitigation programs and with operation of wells and pipelines in a safe and efficient manner. It contains a consolidation of key industry experience and knowledge used to reduce oil effluent pipeline corrosion; however it is not intended to be comprehensive overview of all practices. Additional corrosion mitigation recommended practices available are: Best Management Practice for Mitigation of Internal Corrosion in Sour Gas Gathering Systems Best Management Practice for Mitigation of Internal Corrosion in Sweet Gas Gathering Systems Best Management Practice for Mitigation of Internal Corrosion in Oilfield Water Pipeline Systems Best Management Practice for Mitigation of External Corrosion on Buried Pipeline Systems

These documents are available free of charge on the CAPP website at www.capp.ca.

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Failure Statistics Over the period 2003-2007, an average of 38% of the total annual incidents in Alberta have been from oil effluent pipelines. Internal corrosion remains the largest incident cause in oil effluent pipelines, accounting for approximately 48% of the oil effluent pipeline incidents in 2008.
30
# OE Incidents / 1000km Total OE Incidents 362 372 327 282 324 362 324 324 292 330 377 346 327 351 315 360

500 450 400 350 300 250 10.5 10.910.8 11.2 9.5 11.8 10.0 10.8 8.9 9.4 8.2 7.9 7.4 6.6 7.2 6.6 6.9 6.0 6.9 6.8 200 150 100 50

25

20
277 250 269 261

314 283 292

15

14.5 235 11.5 11.911.5

10

198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008

# OE Incidents / 1000km14.5 11.5 11.9 11.5 10.5 10.9 10.8 11.2 9.5 11.8 10.0 10.8 8.9 9.4 8.2 7.9 6.6 7.2 7.4 6.6 6.9 6.0 6.9 6.8 Total OE Incidents 277 235 250 269 261 283 292 314 282 362 327 372 324 362 324 324 292 330 346 327 351 315 377 360 OE Length (1000's km) 19.1 20.4 21.0 23.4 24.9 26.0 27.0 28.0 29.7 30.7 32.7 34.4 36.4 38.5 39.5 41.0 44.2 45.8 46.7 49.5 51.0 52.3 54.4 53.1

Figure 1-1: Oil Effluent Pipelines Total Incidents and Frequency per 1000km (Alberta, source: ERCB)
Figure 20b - Oil Effluent Pipeline Incidents by Cause
Corrosion (Internal) (CI) Damage By Others (DO) Corrosion (External) (CX) Unknown (UN) All Other Causes Construction Damage (CD)

250

200

150

100

50

0 1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

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Figure 1-2: Oil Effluent Pipelines Incidents by Cause (Alberta, source: ERCB)

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Corrosion Mechanisms and Mitigation Pitting corrosion along the bottom of the pipeline is the primary corrosion mechanism leading to failures in oil effluent pipelines. The common features of this mechanism are: the presence of water containing any of the following; CO2, H2S, chlorides, bacteria, O2, or solids pipelines carrying higher levels of free-water production (high water/oil ratio or water-cut) the presence of liquid traps where water and solids can accumulate

Figure 2-1: An Example of Internal Corrosion in an Oil Effluent Pipeline

Tables 3.1 and 3.2 describe the most common contributors, causes, and effects of internal corrosion in oilfield water pipelines. The tables also contain corresponding mitigation measures commonly used to reduce oilfield water pipeline corrosion. It is applicable to both internally bare carbon steel pipeline systems and to coated or lined pipelines where deterioration or damage has allowed water contact with the steel substrate.

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Table 2-1: Contributing Factors and Prevention of Internal Oil Effluent Corrosion Mechanisms Contributor Water Holdup Cause/Source Low velocity and poor pigging practices allow water to stagnate in the pipelines Effect Water acts as the electrolyte for the corrosion reaction Chlorides increase the conductivity of water and may increase the localized pitting rate Mitigation Install pigging facilities and maintain an effective pigging program Control corrosion through effective corrosion inhibition practices Effective pigging and inhibition

Carbon Dioxide

Produced with gas from the reservoir CO2 flooding

CO2 dissolves in water to form carbonic acid Corrosion rates increase with increasing CO2 partial pressures Hydrogen sulphide can form protective iron sulphide scales Localized breakdown of iron sulphide scales results in accelerated pitting Acid producing and sulfate reducing bacteria can lead to localized pitting attack Solid deposits provide an environment for growth of bacteria

Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)

Produced with gas from the reservoir Generated by sulfate reducing bacteria

Effective pigging and inhibition programs See 'bacteria'

Bacteria

Contaminated drilling and completion fluids Contaminated production equipment Produced fluids from the reservoir (contaminated)

Treat with corrosion inhibitors and biocides Effective pigging program Eliminate introduction of free water into pipelines

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Contributor Critical Velocity

Cause/Source Critical velocity is reached when there is insufficient flow to sweep the pipeline of water and solids

Effect A buildup of water and solids (elemental sulphur, iron sulphides etc.) accelerates corrosion

Mitigation Design pipeline to exceed critical velocity Establish operating targets based on critical gas velocity to trigger appropriate mitigation requirements e.g. pigging, batch inhibition Install pigging facilities and maintain an effective pigging program Use well site separators to tank and truck water to minimize the effects of work over and completion activities on the pipeline Scale suppression

Solids Deposition

Mainly produced from the formation; can include wax, asphaltenes, scale and sand May originate from drilling fluids, workover fluids and scaling waters May include corrosion products from upstream equipment Insufficient velocities and poor pigging practices Introduction of bacteria Introduction of spent acids and kill fluids Introduction of solids

Can contribute to under-deposit corrosion Scaling can interfere with corrosion monitoring and inhibition Solids will reduce the corrosion inhibitor concentration able to protect the pipe

Drilling and Completion Fluids

Accelerated corrosion Lower pH Higher chloride concentration, which can accelerate corrosion and reduce the corrosion inhibitor dispersability

Produce wells to well site separator, tanking and trucking water until drilling and completion fluids and solids are recovered Supplemental pigging and batch inhibition of pipelines before and after work over activities

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Contributor Detrimental Operating Practices

Cause/Source Ineffective pigging Ineffective inhibition Inadequate pipeline suspension Commingling of incompatible produced fluids

Effect Accelerated corrosion

Mitigation Design pipelines to allow for effective shut-in and isolation Develop and implement proper suspension procedures, including pigging and batch inhibition Test for fluid incompatibilities

Management of Change (MOC) Unmanaged change may result in accelerated corrosion

Change in production characteristics or operating practices Well re-completions and work overs Lack of system operating history and practices Changing personnel and system ownership

Implement an effective MOC process as part of the IMP Maintain integrity of pipeline operation and maintenance history and records Re-assess corrosivity on a periodic basis

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Table 2-2: Contributing Factors and Prevention of Internal Oil Effluent Corrosion Operations Contributor Detrimental Operating Practices Cause/Source Ineffective pigging Ineffective inhibition Inadequate pipeline suspension Commingling of incompatible produced fluids Effect Accelerated corrosion Mitigation Design pipelines to allow for effective shut-in and isolation Develop and implement proper suspension procedures, including pigging and batch inhibition Test for fluid incompatibilities

Unmanaged change may result in accelerated corrosion

Management of Change (MOC)

Change in production characteristics or operating practices Well re-completions and work overs Lack of system operating history and practices Changing personnel and system ownership

Implement an effective MOC process as part of the IMP Maintain integrity of pipeline operation and maintenance history and records Re-assess corrosivity on a periodic basis

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Recommended Practices Table 4-1 describes the recommended practices for mitigation of internal corrosion in the design and construction phase of oil effluent pipelines Table 4-2 describes the recommended practices for mitigation of internal corrosion in the operations phase of oil effluent pipelines.

Table 3-1: Recommended Practices Design and Contruction Element Materials of Construction Recommended Practice Use normalized electric resistance welding (ERW) line pipe that meets the requirements of CSA Z245.1 Steel Pipe Benefit Normalized ERW prevents preferential corrosion of the weld zone Prevents sulfide stress cracking failures Non-metallic materials are corrosion resistant Comments ERW seams should be placed on the top half of the pipe to minimize preferential corrosion Non-metallic materials may be used as a liner or a free standing pipeline depending on the service conditions. Be aware that steel risers would be susceptible to corrosion.

Use CSA Z245.1 Sour Service Steel Pipe for sour oil effluent pipelines, per requirements of the Regulations and CSA Z662 Consider use of corrosion resistant materials such as High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) or fiber reinforced composite materials as per CSAZ662, Clause 13 Plastic Pipelines

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Element Pipeline Isolation

Recommended Practice Install valves that allow for effective isolation of pipeline segments from the rest of the system Install the valves as close as possible to the tie-in point Install blinds for effective isolation of in-active pipeline segments

Benefit Allows the effective suspension and discontinuation of pipeline segments

Comments Removes potential deadlegs from the gathering system Be aware of creating deadlegs between isolation valve and mainline at tie-in locations (i.e. install 12 oclock tee tie-ins, or above ground riser tie-ins) Develop shut-in guidelines for the timing of requiring steps to isolate and lay up pipelines in each system Consider future operating conditions such as changes in well deliverability Consider the future corrosion mitigation cost of oversized pipelines operating under the critical velocity Consider the impact of crossovers, line loops and flow direction changes

Pipeline Sizing

Design pipeline system to ideally maintain flow above critical velocity

Using smaller lines where possible increases gas velocity and reduces water holdup and solids deposition

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Element Pigging Capability

Recommended Practice Install or provide provisions for pig launching and receiving capabilities Use consistent line diameter and wall thickness Use piggable valves, flanges, and fittings

Benefit

Comments Multi-disc/cup pigs have been found to be more effective than ball or foam type pigs Receivers and launchers can be permanent or mobile Use pigs that are properly over sized, undamaged, and not excessively worn Consideration should be given to the design of bends, tees, and risers to allow for navigation by the inspection devices

Pigging is one of the most effective methods of internal corrosion control Pigging improves the effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors

Inspection Capability

Install or provide capability for inspection tool launching and receiving Use consistent line diameter and wall thickness. Use piggable valves, flanges, and fittings

Internal inspection using inline inspection is the most effective method for confirming overall pipeline integrity Proper design allows for pipeline inspection without costly modifications or downtime

Table 3-2: Recommended Practices Operations Element Completion and Workover Practices Recommended Practice Produce wells to well site separation, tanking and trucking of water until completion and workover fluids and solids are recovered Benefit Removal of completion and/or workover fluids reduces the potential for corrosion Comments Supplemental pigging and batch inhibition of pipelines may be required before and after workover activities

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Element Corrosion Assessment

Recommended Practice

Benefit Effective corrosion management comes from understanding and documenting design and operating parameters

Comments Refer to CSA Z662 Clause 9 Corrosion Control Define acceptable operating ranges consistent with the mitigation program (See Section 10) Consider the effects of oxygen, methanol, bacteria and solids Consider supplemental requirements for handling completion and workover fluid backflow

Evaluate operating conditions (temperature, pressure, well effluent and volumes) and prepare a corrosion mitigation program Communicate corrosion assessment, operating parameters and the mitigation program to field operations and maintenance personnel Re-assess corrosivity on a periodic basis and subsequent to a line failure

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Element Corrosion Inhibition and Monitoring

Recommended Practice Develop and communicate the corrosion inhibition and monitoring program to field operations and maintenance personnel NOTE: Ensure personnel understand their responsibilities and are accountable for implementation and maintenance of corrosion management programs. Develop suspension and lay up procedures for inactive pipelines

Benefit Allows for an effective corrosion mitigation program

Comments Refer to Section 5 for Corrosion Mitigation Techniques Refer to Section 6 for Corrosion Monitoring Techniques Refer to CSA Z662 Clause 9 Corrosion Control Number and location of monitoring devices is dependent on the predicted corrosivity of the system Process sampling for monitoring Cl-, pH, Fe, Mn and solids Consider provisions for chemical injection, monitoring devices, and sampling points Refer to Section 7 for Corrosion Inspection Techniques Refer to CSA Z662 Clause 9 Corrosion Control

Inspection Program

Develop an inspection program or strategy Communicate the inspection program to field operations and maintenance personnel

Creates greater buy in and awareness of corrosion mitigation program Provides assurance that the corrosion mitigation program is effective

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Element

Recommended Practice Recovery of an undisturbed sample of the damaged pipeline Conduct thorough failure analysis Use the results of the failure analysis to reassess the corrosion mitigation program

Benefit Improved understanding of corrosion mechanisms detected during inspections or as a result of a failure Allows for corrosion mitigation program adjustments in response to inspection results Prevents multiple failures on the same pipeline Prevents reoccurrence of problem in other like pipelines in the system

Comments Adjust the corrosion mitigation program based on the results of the failure analysis

Failure Analysis

Repair and Rehabilitation

Inspect to determine extent and severity of damage prior to carrying out any repair or rehabilitation Based on inspection results, use CSA Z662 Clause 10.9.2 to determine extent and type of repair required Implement or make modifications to corrosion control program after repairs so that other pipelines with similar conditions are inspected and mitigation programs revised as required Develop a leak detection strategy

Refer to Section 7 for Corrosion Inspection Techniques Refer to Section 9 for Repair and Rehabilitation Techniques Refer to CSA Z662 Clause 10.10 for repair requirements

Leak Detection

Permits the detection of leaks

Refer to Section 8 for Leak Detection Techniques Technique utilized depends on access and ground conditions

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Element Management of Change

Recommended Practice Implement an effective MOC process Maintain integrity of pipeline operation and maintenance records

Benefit Ensures that change does not impact the integrity of the pipeline system

Comments Unmanaged change may result in accelerated corrosion, using inappropriate mitigation strategy for the conditions (outside the operating range)

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Corrosion Mitigation Techniques Table 4-1 describes common techniques that should be considered for the mitigation of internal corrosion in oil effluent pipelines.

Table 4-1 Corrosion Mitigation Techniques Technique Pigging Description Periodic pigging of pipeline segments to remove liquids, solids and debris Comments Pigging is one of the most effective methods of internal corrosion control Can be an effective method of cleaning pipelines and reducing potential for bacteria colonization and under-deposit corrosion Selection of pig type and sizing is important Requires facilities for launching and receiving pigs Provides a barrier between corrosive elements and pipe surface Application procedure is important in determining effectiveness (eg. volume of chemical, diluent used, contact time, and application interval) Should be applied between two pigs to effectively clean and lay down inhibitor on the pipe Should be used in conjunction with pigging to remove liquids and solids (i.e. the inhibitor must be applied to clean pipe to be the most effective)

Batch Corrosion Inhibitor Chemical Treating

Periodic application of a batch corrosion inhibitor to provide a protective barrier on the inside of the pipe

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Technique Continuous Corrosion Inhibitor Chemical Treating

Description Continuous injection of a corrosion inhibitor to reduce the corrosivity of the transported fluids or provide a barrier film

Comments Less common technique due to the high cost to treat high volume water producing wells Corrosion inhibitor may be less effective at contacting full pipe surface especially in a dirty system, batch may be more effective Chemical pump reliability is important in determining effectiveness Assists in controlling bacterial growth Use in conjunction with pigging (to clean the line) will enhance effectiveness Batch application typically most effective (e.g. application downhole leads to ongoing treatment of produced fluids flowing into the pipeline) The use of improperly selected biocides can create a foam that can be a serious operational issue

Biocide Chemical Treating

Periodic application of a biocide to kill bacteria in the pipeline system.

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Corrosion Monitoring Techniques Table 5-1 describes the most common techniques for monitoring corrosion and operating conditions associated with internal corrosion in oil effluent pipelines.

Table 5-1: Corrosion Monitoring Techniques Technique Gas and Oil Analysis Description Ongoing monitoring of gas composition for H2S and CO2 content. If present, the analysis of liquid hydrocarbon properties including viscosity is useful. Ongoing monitoring of water for chlorides, dissolved metals, bacteria, suspended solids and chemical residuals Comments Acid gas content must be understood and should be periodically reassessed

Water Analysis

Changes in water chemistry will influence the corrosion potential Trends in dissolved metal concentration (e.g. Fe, Mn) can indicate changes in corrosion activity Chemical residuals can be used to confirm the proper concentration of corrosion inhibitors Sampling location and proper procedures are critical for accurate results Changes in operating conditions will influence the corrosion potential. Production information can be used to assess corrosion susceptibility based on fluid velocity and corrosivity Increasing water-cut will lead to a higher likelihood of internal corrosion. Depending on a number of factors, typically a higher watercut will lead to water wet steel surface.

Production Monitoring

Ongoing monitoring of production conditions such as pressure, temperature and flow rates Ongoing monitoring of changes in water-oil ratio (water cut)

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Technique Mitigation Program Compliance

Description Ongoing monitoring of mitigation program implementation and execution

Comments Chemical pump reliability and inhibitor inventory control is critical where mitigation program includes continuous chemical injection The corrosion mitigation program must be properly implemented to be effective The impact of any non-compliance to the mitigation program must be evaluated to assess the effect on corrosion Coupon type, placement, and data interpretation are critical to successful application of this method Coupons should be used in conjunction with other monitoring and inspection techniques Bio-spool placement and data interpretation are critical to successful application of these methods Bio-spools should be used in conjunction with other monitoring and inspection techniques Solids pigged out of pipelines (pig yields) can be tested for bacteria levels Bacteria presence on surfaces is considered a better way to quantify type and numbers present in the system

Corrosion Coupons

Used to indicate general corrosion rates, pitting susceptibility, and mitigation program effectiveness

Bio-spools

Used to monitor for bacteria presence and mitigation program effectiveness

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Technique Electrochemical Monitoring

Description There are a variety of methods available such as electrochemical noise, linear polarization, electrical resistance, and field signature method

Comments The device selection, placement, and data interpretation are critical to successful application of these methods Continuous or intermittent data collection methods are used Electrochemical monitoring should be used in conjunction with other monitoring and inspection techniques

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Corrosion Inspection Techniques Table 6-1 describes common techniques that should be considered for the detection of internal corrosion in oil effluent pipelines.

Table 6-1: Corrosion Inspection Techniques Options Inline Inspection Technique Magnetic flux leakage is the most common technique Comments Inline inspection data should be verified using other methods Effective method to accurately determine location and severity of corrosion in steel pipelines Inline inspection can find internal and external corrosion defects The pipeline must be designed or modified to accommodate inline inspection The tools are available as self contained or tethered To run a tethered tool inspection it is often necessary to dig bellholes and cut the pipeline

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Options Non-Destructive Examination (NDE)

Technique Ultrasonic inspection, radiography or other NDE methods can be used to measure metal loss in a localized area

Comments Evaluation must be done to determine potential corrosion sites prior to conducting NDE NDE is commonly used to verify inline inspection results, corrosion at excavation sites and above ground piping. NDE methods may be used to measure corrosion pit growth at excavation sites, however the practical limitations of NDE methods and the factors affecting accuracy must be understood. The use of multi-film radiography is an effective screening tool prior to using ultrasonic testing Corrosion rates can be determined by performing periodic NDE measurements at the same locations Can be used to determine the presence of corrosion damage, but it is difficult to determine severity This technique may be limited to short inspection distances Consideration should be given to locations where specific failure modes are most likely to occur

Video Camera/ Boroscope

Used as a visual inspection tool to locate internal corrosion

Destructive Examination

Physical cut out of sections from the pipeline

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Leak Detection Techniques Table 8-1 describes common techniques that should be considered for the detection of pipeline leaks caused by internal corrosion in oil effluent pipelines. Proactive leak detection can be an effective method of finding small leaks and mitigating the consequences of a major product release or spill.

Table 7-1: Leak Detection Techniques Technique Right-of-Way (ROW) Surveillance Description Visual inspection by ground access or aerial surveillance to look for indications of leaks Comments Indications include soil subsidence, gas bubbling, and water, soil, or vegetation discoloration Can be used in combination with infrared thermography and flame ionization surveys Changes in production volumes or pressure can indicate a pipeline failure This is a more effective tool for finding large leaks and ruptures Need sufficient volume of escaping gas to create an identifiable temperature difference Normally completed using aerial techniques Equipment is portable and very sensitive Equipment may be hand held, mounted on an ATV, or mounted to a helicopter Capable of detecting pinhole leaks that may be otherwise non-detectable

Production Monitoring

Volume balancing or pressure monitoring to look for indications of leaks

Infrared Thermography

Thermal imaging is used to detect temperature change on Right-of-Way due to escaping gas and liquids

Flame Ionization Survey

Electronic instrumentation used to detect very low concentrations of gas

Odor Detection

Odorant detection using trained animals and patented odorants

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Repair and Rehabilitation Techniques Table 8-1 describes common techniques used for repair and rehabilitation of pipelines damaged by internal oil effluent corrosion. Prior to the repair or rehabilitation of a pipeline the appropriate codes and guidelines should be consulted, including: CSA Z662 Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems, Section 10.10 Permanent Repair Methods CSA Z662, Section 10.10 Temporary Repair Methods CSA Z662 Section 13 Reinforced composite, thermoplastic-lined, and polyethylene pipelines
Comments When determining the quantity of pipe to replace, consider the extent of the corrosion and as well as the extent and severity of damage or degradation of any internal coatings or linings along with the condition of the remaining pipeline Impact on pigging capabilities must be considered (use same pipe diameter and similar wall thickness) The replaced pipe section should be coated with corrosion inhibitor prior to commissioning or coated with an internal coating compatible with the existing pipeline For internal corrosion it may be possible in some circumstances for the damaged section to remain in the pipeline as per the requirements in CSA Z662 Clause 10.10 along with proper corrosion control practices to prevent further deterioration Different repair sleeves are available including composite, weld-on and bolt-on types. The sleeves must meet the requirements of CSA Z662 Clause 10.10

Table 8-1: Repair and Rehabilitation Techniques Technique Pipe Section Replacements Description Remove damaged section(s) and replace

Repair Sleeves

Reinforcement and pressure containing sleeves may be acceptable for temporary or permanent repairs of internal corrosion as per the limitations stated in CSA Z662

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Technique Polymer Liners

Description A polymer liner is inserted in the steel pipeline The steel pipe must provide the pressure containment capability

Comments A variety of materials are available with different temperature and chemical resistance capabilities Impact on pigging capabilities must be considered Polymer liners may eliminate the need for internal corrosion mitigation, corrosion monitoring and inspection Reduction of inhibition programs may impact the integrity of connecting headers and facilities constructed from carbon steel A variety of materials are available with different temperature and chemical resistance capabilities Freestanding plastic pipelines may be limited to low-pressure service Freestanding composite pipelines may not be permitted for gas service Impact on pigging capabilities must be considered Composite or plastic pipelines may eliminate the need for internal corrosion mitigation, corrosion monitoring and inspection Reduction of inhibition programs may impact the integrity of connecting headers and facilities constructed of carbon steel

Composite or Plastic Pipeline

Freestanding composite or plastic pipe can be either plowed-in for new lines, or pulled through old pipelines This pipe must be designed to provide full pressure containment

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Technique Pipeline Replacement

Description Using internally coated steel pipeline systems with an engineered joining system should also be considered The alteration or replacement of the pipeline allows for proper mitigation and operating practices to be implemented

Comments Must be pig and inspection tool compatible Refer to Section 4 Recommended Practices in this document for details Ensure that when replacements in kind occur, the alteration or replacement of the pipeline allows for proper mitigation and operating practices to be implemented

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