St Thomas College of Engineering & Technology

Software Engineering Lab project

Online Examination System

By Name Roll No.

Sankalpa Dutta Anirban Mukhopadhyay Soumyabrata Patra Sourav Sarkar

24 52 55 63

Index Page
Serial No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Topic Title of The Project Introduction Objective Purpose, Scope, Applicability Survey of Technologies Front End Users Back End Users Hardware and Software Requirement Specification

Online Examination System

Introduction
On Line Examination it represents the examination through the internet. This project will help the university/ Institution to evaluate the question has multiple options with one correct answer. This project contains two types of question viz. subjective and objective. Students have to write the descriptive answer for the subjective question will be randomly generated. It would be evaluated automatically i.e. by the system. This project helps the management to conducting online examination and save recourse. The university/Institution can conduct the online examination and announce the status or result in a few data. The examination department is responsible for the marinating of question paper and it would be completely secure. This is the era of computer and we are adopting fast mechanism to solve any problem. On line examination is also a way to give result as soon as we submit our paper.

Background:As the name of the project On-Line Examination suggests, the system/application has to manage the examination for various department of an academy. So to keep the information correct

and fast, it will manage the status/information of that examination of that examination so one can get the details of exam as per their program. Earlier it was a very time consuming and tedious process where both students as well as university used to perform all tasks manually be it Student Registration, Setting Question Papers, Setting Schedules to finally declaring the result. It was cumbersome since these details were now generated, managed and kept in computers. It was still not that much simpler Later the process became a lot easier when computer system were introduced and all for students because they were still expected to come in person to register, appear for exam at exam centre and for all those formalities. Now we are expected to develop a web application which converts all of these tasks atomized as well as web enabled. There are applications already working in this area like MCSE, CCNA which conducts their examination online.

Objectives
The objective of the project On Line Examination is to make evaluation and conduction of examination massive but simple, cost effective and faster. They are as follows: To provide an interface through which student can appear for examination online for objective as well as subjective type questions. To provide registration for students done by themselves. To not provide facility of copy and paste while attempting the Subjective questions on the web page. When the student starts the exam the timer will start automatically and show the student how much time is left. The questions will be display randomly from question bank. Objective answers will be checked automatically by the system from the database For subjective answer manually checking by exam department will take place. To provided user name and password facility and credentials should be checked properly at the time of login for student, expert, controller and Exam Dept Admin. To provide an interface from where controller will create new Expert and Admin for Exam Dept. The authority to modify the criteria is provided to the controller of examination. To facilitate Experts to send a collection of questions in Question Bank.

The Exam Dept will manage the question bank sent by experts. To facilitate Exam Dept Admin to make schedule and declare Result.

Purpose, Scope, Applicability

Purpose:Through this package we provide a fully customized web application. This system is an automated system so that the functional working of it is effective and time saving. In this modern era time is the most precious thing, so in context of time the new system will be effective to do a group of task in easy and secure manner. To appear for an exam in manual system in a university is very time consuming process. Now the purpose of this system is to overcome the shortfall faced in the previous systems already working in the area. The website will have to be secure, and properly working on WAN. It should be speedy with good interface. The university may conduct examination in various countries and in different languages. It should support multiple platforms at least those used by people commonly.

Scope:Methodology of the system is clear that result in the complete and proper working of the system from the requirements achieved. It contains the working model for the development of system. A sequential step of model is followed to develop the system so that it will maintain various software engineering features/parameters. No need to take leave, visit a different town, city or even states in some cases. People can appear right from their laptop or home desktop.

Assumptions:
To develop this application, weve taken into account some assumptions. They are:

1. University will provide each student a unique student Id during enrolment time. The purpose of this is so that no one can register on behalf of any other student. And only the student himself/herself can register for the examination using this id. 2. Student login name will be generated automatically by concatenating student first Name and Enrolment No. Like: Shwati has student id 13P

So, Swati student login here will be Swati_P13 3. Expert login name will be generating same as student login name but with small change. Like: Expert Login = (Expert First name +Course Name) The courses will be fed by hard-coding.

Limitation:-

1.

In the case of any type of problem in student verification no functionality is defined in

the system to correct it or inter-communication among users are also not available. 2. 3. The Fees is taken manually as there is not any module for online payment. The Total marks are got by the student only after some time of exam, because in case

of subjective paper, the exam dept will evaluate the answer and declare the result. Student can see his result on internet through his Login ID and PWD only after that.

Survey of Technologies
To develop this package different types of tools and database are used which are as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4.
1.

ASP.NET 2005 Framework 2.0 Microsoft-sql server 2007 Microsoft word processor
ASP.NET 2005:

ASP.NET 2005 is a Microsoft technology for building the web based application and services. An ASP.NET application consists of forms, controls, classes and procedures.

Forms are windows upon which you build your user interface are the building blocks of the user interface. Controls also called activeX controls, are interface tools, such as labels, textbox and command buttons, that you use to display information to the user, gather information from the user, and respond to user actions. Classes are templates from which you can create your own objects at run time.

Procedures are small routines you write that are callable from anywhere in your application. These routines will perform a function for you that you write once but can call many times.

An application is made up of forms, modules and classes. A form is made up of properties, events and controls. Controls are also made up of properties and events

Some Features of ASP.NET

Language interoperability: a one language code is to interact with other language. EDP (Event driven programming language): it is an Event Driven Programming language (i.e. we write code on its event and drive the program).

 2.

Rapid Application Development (RAID). Allows the creation of COM components such as activeX controls. Includes good debugging facilities. Framework 2.0

Dot net framework is a platform that is provided by Microsoft technology in which we can develop web based application, window based application and console base application with C#(c sharp), VB and J# (J sharp) and other 22 Language. 3. Microsoft-SQL Server 2007

Microsoft SQL Server fulfils these responsibilities:

Reduction and redundancy:

Centralized control of the DBA avoids the unnecessary duplication of data and effectively Reduces the total amount of data storage required. It also eliminates the extra processing and of the inconsistencies e.g. same format of grade card for all student.

Sharing data:
Any number of application programs of users can share the same database. For example we can access the list of study centres.

Data integrity:
Data integrity means that the data contains in the database both accurate and consistent.

Data security:
In this facility the confidential data must not be accessed by unauthorized person.

Rapidly Accessing Data:

SQL Server provides rapid access to data by utilizing indexes and storing frequently accessed data in memory.

SQL Server Enterprise Manager:

The Enterprise Manager is the central console from which most SQL Server databasemanagement tasks can be coordinated. SQL Enterprise Manager provides a single interface from which all servers in a company can be managed.

4. SQL Server Enterprise Manager: The Enterprise Manager is the central console from which most SQL Server databasemanagement tasks can be coordinated. SQL Enterprise Manager provides a single interface from which all servers in a company can be managed.

Front End User

The .Net Initiative

Microsoft has introduced the .NET initiative with the intension of bridging the gap in interoperability between applications. It aims at integrating various programming. The .NET initiative offers a complete suite for developing and deploying applications. This suit consists of .NET services, and the .NET framework. .Net Products :- Microsoft has already introduced Visual Studio .Net, which Is tool for developing .Net applications by using programming languages such as Visual Basic, C# and Visual C++ To ensure interaction between different applications, all .Net

products use Extensible Mark-up Language (XML) for describing and exchanging data between application.

.Net Services: - .Net delivers software as web services. Therefore, User can subscribe to a web service and use it as long as they need it, regardless of the hardware and software platform. Microsoft is coming up with its own set of web services, known as my services. These services are based on the Microsoft Passport Authentication service, in addition to the web services provided easily with the .Net environment.

The .Net Framework: - it is the foundation on which us design, develop and deploy application. Its consistent and simplified programming model makes easier to built applications.

Back End User

This is the part of well known software package called as the Microsoft Office. It is designed to build the various database, and to perform other data work. SQL provides an extremely powerful, easy to use database that will serve our needs when you required the power of fully relational database. SQL is also helpful create a variety of database as well as how to enter, edit and final data in existing database.

SQL:
SQL server 2007 utilities, such as backup and restore, run much faster and have less effect on server operations. SQL Server 7.0 also includes a variety of new features designed to support the underlying database architecture and to provide more flexible system management. SQL Server also includes a number of new features designed to reduce database backup and recovery times. A different backup captures only those data pages that have changed after the last database backup. Many times differential backup can eliminates much of the time the server spends rolling transaction forward. With SQL Server 7.0 a portion of the database can be restored or rolled forward to minimize recovery time in the event of media failure. Restoring a backup is easy because the restore process automatically

creates the database and all the necessary files. SQL server 7.0 supports backup to same tape media with other backup, such as those written by the Microsoft Windows NT backup program.

Hardware and Software requirement Specification

Software Requirements

For development, softwares used are:

Operating System : Windows-XP Professional Version 2002, service pack-2, Microsoft IIS 5.0/6.0 Platform Technology Language Backend Editor For Development For Design : .Net : Asp.net : C#(C sharp) : SQL server 2007 : Microsoft word processor 2000 : visual studio .Net setup tools

: HTML, Visual studio designer

For deployment, softwares used are:

Operating system : Windows-xp professional Version 2002, service pack-2 Framework : .Net 2005

IIS Backend

: Configured : sql server 2000

Hardware Requirements

For Development, Hardwares used are:

1. 2. 3. Pentium IV (dual core processor operating at 3.6 GHz) 40GB hard disk 1GB RAM

For Deployment, Hardwares used are:

Minimum

1. 2. 3. 4.

Pentium III or better processor 10 GB hard disk 256MB RAM 10-100 MBPS of Network card

Recommended
1. 2. 3. 4. Pentium IV 20GB hard disk 1GB RAM 100-512 MBPS of network card

Feasibility Study
Introduction:
The feasibility study of any system is mainly intended to study and analyze the proposed system and to decide whether the system under consideration will be viable or not after implementation. That is it determines the usability of the project after deployment. To come to result a set of query is answered keeping the efficiency of the software and its impact on the domain for which it was developed. It main emphasis is on the following three questions elucidated below as: What are the users requirements and how does a candidate system meet them? What resources are available for the proposed systems? Is it worth solving the problem? What is the likely impact of the proposed system on the organization? I.e. how does the proposed system fit within the organization? Thus since the feasibility study may lead to commitment of large resources, it becomes necessary that it should be conducted competently and no fundamental errors of judgment are made. Different types of feasibility study and the way we performed on our project On Line Examination.

Technical Feasibility:
In technical feasibility, we study all technical issues regarding the proposed system. It is mainly concerned with the specifications of the equipments and the software, which successfully satisfies the end-users requirement. The technical needs of the system may vary accordingly but include: The feasibility to produce outputs in a given time. Response time under certain conditions. Ability to process a certain volume of the transaction at a particular speed. Facility to communicate data.

Under this analysis process questions like (I) does the compatible platform exist within our domain or can we procure it? (II) Does the proposed equipment have the technical capacity to hold the data required using the new system?

Both at the development site and at server where we will be hiring the space for the website, and also the database, would it be possible to upgrade the system after it is developed and implemented, if it is necessary? And would the recommended technology guarantee the reliability, accuracy and data security? This analysis process requires more emphasis on system configuration given more importance rather than the actual hardware specifications. . The configuration of the existing systems is: Processor : Pentium III, 500 MHz (or above) Memory : 128 MB (or above)

Secondary storage : 20 GB (or above)

For Software there are following alternatives: Operating System : Window 98, 2000, XP, NT

Development tools: ASP.Net, C#, HTML, DHTML Database : Microsoft SQL server 7.0

Documentation tool: MS-Word

Economical Feasibility:Meaning: re there sufficient benefits in creating the system to make the acceptable? Or are the costs Of not creating the system so great that it is advisable to undertaken the project. This will include three major costs as described below :

Cost of Hardware and Software Cost of Software to be acquired to build and run the product is a onetime cost. Buying a back and database is the major part of hardware and Software cost. Comparison between the oracle database high cost and better features with the SQL server low cost and better support for the Same vendor operating system make this decision need oriented.

Benefits in reduced cost, error and saving will be made by reduction of present system expenses, time saving.

Cost Avoidance :
Future cost reduction in form of reduction in the number of administrative staff needed and manual Records maintains in organization. Rise in cost will be avoided.

Operational Feasibility :

Meaning : The system will be used if it is developed well then be resistance from users that undermine the Possible application benefits.

Clients Supports :
Client and user support for present system is there, as the current procedure used takes more time and effort Than proposed system. No major training and new skills are required as it is based on DBMS model. It will help in the time saving and fast processing and dispersal of user request and application. New product will provide all the benefits of present system with better performance such as improved Information, better management and collection of the reports.

User Support :
User involvement in the building of present system is sought to keep in mind the user specific requirement And needs. User will have control over own information. Important information such as Test result can be Generated at the click of a button.

Requirements and Analysis

Problem Definition
The problem here is to develop a web application which completely atomizes the examination process for a university. To perform this complete problem has been divided into five sub-problems so that they can be solved easily and after that can be integrated to make it an integrated working application Online Registration / Enrolment of Student Online Login Online Schedule Online Manage the question bank Online Examination Online Result declaration Online display randomly question. The questions will be display randomly from question bank.

At the Login module user name and password facility and credentials should be checked properly at the time of login for student, expert, controller and Exam Dept Admin. In the schedule Module send the exam schedule to the student. In question bank module for the examination could be changed dynamically.

Automatic checking of objective answers and manual checking of descriptive answers should be facilitated, if any.

In the Objective answers module will be checked automatically by the system from the database and the subjective answer manually checking by exam department will take place. In the exam module when the student starts the exam the timer will start automatically and show the student how much time is left. At result module display the result of each student and send by the examination department.

Requirement Specification
On the basis of system study performed in an organization about all the functions that deals with online examination following requirements are specified. Functional Requirements: The Functional Requirements of the project are as follows: To provide the functionality to students to appear for the exam online. To provide login interface through which only authorized user can pass by. The timer facility should be providing once the student appears in the Exam. The web application provide question to the student randomly. The system should support WAN so that exam can given from anywhere. This system should handle multiple exams at the same time. To functionally enable Exam Controller to define criteria and create Admin and Experts. To functionally enable Exam Dept Admin to manage Question Bank To functionally enable Exam Dept Admin to declare schedule and Results. Too functionally enable Expert to send set of Questions.

Non-Functional Requirements The Non-Functional Requirements of the project are as follows: The system should be reliable and robust. The system should be User friendly. The system should be completely Consistent and Secure.

Interface requirements Interface should be easy to follow, Interface shouldnt have very much graphics, Interface shouldnt have hidden buttons, and Interface should produce relevant error message. In a complete way, were expected to build a web based application which accommodates all functionality of an organization that deal with online examination.

Planning and Scheduling

Gantt chart:
Gantt chart is a project control technique that can be used for several purposes including scheduling and planning. Gantt chart is also known bar chart with each box representing an activity. Week1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8

TASKS Requirements Gathering

SRS Creation Low Level Design High Level Design (Interface, Data Design) Procedural Design Coding

Testing(Module and Integrated) Implementation

Preliminary Product Description

The system will facilitate online examination and documentation of results. The system can conduct various do is change the database accordingly.

project deals with registration or enrolment of students, submission of registration forms and issuing unique i

This application has Login module we need the user name and password facility and credentials should be expert, controller and Exam Dept Admin. The application has schedule Module send the exam schedule to the student.
The application has question bank module for the examination could be changed dynamically. The application will facilitate Objective answers module will be checked automatically by the system

from the database and the subjective answer manually checking by exam department will take place. This application has exam module When the student starts the exam the timer will start automatically and show the student how much time is left. This application has result module display the result of each student and sends by the exam. Dept. Evaluation and printing of students result will be supported. Like any other software application project we need to use good software development practices when faced with working on a web application. Otherwise, the project would not remain in control and we would face problems with timeliness, budgets and quality.

ER Diagram

Data Flow Diagrams

Modules and Their Description

Basic Modules: In Our Project with the help of Divide and Conquer theory we can divide overall program in Five Modules These five modules are: Login Module Student Module Exam. Controller Module Exam Dept Module Expert Module

Login Module:
This is the first module in this project an anyone who want to enter into this project/application. He/she must have pass through this module, in other word we can say that this is authentication module because the user authentication with his/her. To provided user name and password facility and credentials should be checked properly at the time of login for student, expert, controller and Exam Dept Admin. Student Login Form:

This is the form in this project a student who wants to enter into this project application. He/she must have pass through this module, in other word we can say that this is authentication module because the user authentication with his/her. Registration: In this module student can get his/her whole information like his name, address fees detail, program and courses. The user can select only one course at the time. Our student table will register the student. University will provide each student a unique student Id during enrolment time. The purpose of this is so that no one can register on behalf of any other student. And only the student himself/herself can register for the examination using this id as password. Students only submit his/her documents and fees after the registration.

View Schedule :

In this schedule form student get his/her schedule according to his registration. The schedule is mana Exam process

When the student starts the exam the timer will start automatically and show the student how much tim Show Result :

In the result form will manage the result (Subjective and Objective questions) and Status of the stud we will help us in generating the result.

Exam Controller Module :

The controller has authority to modify the criteria is provided to the controller of examination and provide Expert and Admin for Exam Dept. Manage Admin : In this module the controller will Create, Delete and Edit admin for the exam dept with all of their details.

A Login name and password has been provided through which the admin can later login to perform all of thei Manage Expert

In this module the controller will Create, Delete and Edit experts for they can later send question sets for obj asked to solve to students under exam process.

Sane as Manage Admin module, A Login name and password has been provided here too through which the e
Exam Dept Module:

In the exam dept will manage the question bank sent by experts. And make schedule and declare Result. Manage Schedule For Student: In this form the exam dept. managed the schedule and sends to the student with their exam dates.

For this first he sees all the details of registered students and allots them date accordingly. Manage Question Bank:

His form manages the subjective and objective question in the question bank sent by the expert module. The Manage Question Bank managed the question will be display randomly from question bank. Check Subjective Question:

This module checks the subjective question attempted by the student during the exam. Subjective answer manually checking by exam department will take place Declare result: In this form the exam dept. manages the result and sends to the student when they complete their exam.

Expert Module:
In the expert module the Experts to send a collection of questions (objective and subjective) in Question Bank. Subjective Question:

Subjective question table will contain Subjective question and its right answer. Not to provide facility of copy and paste while attempting the Subjective questions on the web page. Here the iSubQusId is the primary key.

Data Structures
Table Name: Course
Column Name Couid PK Coucode Couname I semester Iproid Data Type Int char Char Char Int Length 4 10 50 10 4

Table Name: Objqattempted

Column Name iObjQAid PK iStuId iObjQusId ChAns Data Type Int Int Int Char Length 4 4 4 10

Table Name: ExamDept

Column Name ExamDeptId PK Vloginname Vpassword Data Type Int Varchar Varchar Length 4 40 40

Table Name: Expert

Column Name iExId Cfname Clname Course Vloginname Vpassword PK Data Type Int Char Char Char Varchar Varchar Length 4 20 20 20 40 40

Table Name: ObjQus

Column Name iObjqusId PK iExId tObjQus coptionA coptionB CoptionC CoptionD cAns bStatus Data Type Int Int Text Char Char Char Char Char Bit Length 4 4 16 10 10 10 10 10 1

Table Name: Program

Column Name iProgId PK cProgname Cduration iFess Data Type Int Char Char Int Length 4 10 10 4

Table Name: Result

Column Name iresultId PK iStuId imarkofSub imarkofObj Chstatus Data Type Int Int Int Int Char Length 4 4 4 4 10

Table Name: Criteria

Column Name Icriteriaid PK Vcriterianame Tcriteriatext Data Type Int Varchar Text Length 4 50 4

Table Name: Student

Column Name iStuId CEno CFname cLastname cProgram cCourse iStudyCenCode vLoginname vPassword PK Data Type Int char Char Char Char Char Int Varchar Varchar Length 4 10 10 10 10 10 4 40 40

Table Name: SubQus

Column Name isubQusId PK iExid tQus tAns iMaxMarks bStatus Data Type Int Int Text Text Int Bit Length 4 4 16 16 4 1

Table Description
Student: Our student table will register the student. University will provide each student a unique student Id during enrolment time. The purpose of this is so that no one can register on behalf of any other student. And only the student himself/herself can register for the examination using this id and password. Students only submit his/her documents and fees after the registration. In this student table store his/her whole information like his name, address fees detail, program and courses. The user can select only one course at the time. Subjective Question:

SubQus table will contain Subjective question and its right answer. Here the iSubQusId is the primary key. Objective Question: ObjQus table will contain objective question and four options and right answer. Here the question id is the primary key. Result: Result table will contain the result (Subjective and Objective questions) and Status of the student. This table contains the student id from which we will help us in generating the result. Schedule:

Exam Dept managed the schedule and it to student while successfully registration. This module contains information about their exam with their date. ExamDept : Our ExamDept table will register the institute or university Examination department administrator. This Manage Admin form can access only the controller. The controller has also controller Id and Password & controller name. Examdept table will maintain the id and password of Examdept admin. Controller will make admin for different centre. The Exam Dept will manage the question bank sent by experts and evaluated the answer.

Expert:

Our Expert table will register the institute or university Expert administrator. This Manage Expert form can access only the controller. This module contains the information about expert like his name & expert in which course. Subjective Question Attempted: In this SubQAttempted table will have iSubQAId, iStuId, iSubQusId, and tAns. iStuId will be the foreign key for the table Student. Objective Question Attempted:

ObjQAttempted table will have iObjQAId, iStuId, iObjQusId, And cAns. iStuId will be the foreign key for the table Student.

Course: In the course table contains the information about the iCouId,cCouName, iSemester and the iProId. Here the iCouId is the primary key. Program: This program table contains the information about the like course iProgId, cProgName, and the iFessof the program. Here the iProgId is the primary key.

Normalization:
Our Database OnLEDB is normalized up to 3 NF. From starting our Database has been designed while strictly keeping in mind the concept of Normalization and their positive effect on the complete output product, so we have kept the tables normalized from the scratch. It means our tables are completely normalized with no unwanted redundancy. And so we need not to normalize it further.

Data Integrity Design

Student Primary key iStuId Alternate key cENo, cFName, cLName, cProgram, iStudyCenCode, vLoginName, vPasswd Foreign key iCouId (for Student table) Course Primary key iCouId Alternate key CouCode, CouName, iSemester Foreign key iCouId(for Course table) ExamDept Primary key iUserId Alternate key vLoginName, vPasswde Expert Primary key iExId Alternate key cFName, cLname, cCourse, vLoginName, vPasswd ObjQAttempted Primary key iObjQAId Alternate key cAns

Foreign key iObjQusId (for ObjQAttempted table) ObjQus Primary key iObjQusId Alternate key tObjQus, cOptionA, cOptionB, cOptionC, cOptionD, cAns, CStatus Foreign key iExpertId (for Expert table) Program Primary key iProgId Alternate key cProgName, cDuration, iFess Result Primary key iResultId Alternate key iMarkOfSub, iMarkOfObj, bStatus Foreign key iStuId(for result table ) Schedule Primary key iSchId Alternate key dtSDate Foreign key iStuId(for Schedule table) SubQAttempted Primary key iSubQAId Alternate key tAns SubQus Primary key iSubQusId

Foreign key iSubQusId(for SubQAttempted table) Alternate key tQus, tAns, iMaxMarks, cStatus Foreign key iExpertId (for SubQus table)

Process Logic

Security Issues
Security is an important issue for modern IT system. System administrator and security administrator are responsible for safeguards organization data and computing infrastructure. Password Encryption: Whatever security measures taken, in any case if anyone with destructive or malicious mind gets access to the database he can temper the critical data. To restrict it weve used encrypting algorithm facilitated to us by Microsoft ASP.Net .Two algorithms are there SHA1- It takes the password and encrypt it in a string of 40 characters MD5- It takes the password and encrypt it in a string of 32characters

The beauty of these Algorithms is that whatever be the length of password the length of converted string remains same. However a question arise here that if this thing is that good then why didnt we used it for storing each and every data? The answer lies in the fact that not all data are needed to be encrypted as long as we keep the critical data (like password encrypted and safe). It will only increase the load on server and network with no additional advantage. So weve not used this encryption Algorithm on all data blindly. We have implemented different approach related to security issue for our project Online Examination.

Authorization: Super Admin has authorized to give permission to admin for the registration of the students. Authentication:

Only registered students can appear for the examination. Every registered student has different and unique User Id. Information Integrity: Only Super admin has right in the modification of the information. There is no possibility by the end user or unauthorized user of hacking the information. Detection:

Super Admin will have a bank up of the project. Also there is a complex and alphanumeric password for admin and student. Super admin itself has a complex and alphanumeric password. There is an option for changing the password by all the admin and itself after every month.

Bibliography
www.asp.net www.microsoft.com Software Engineering, A Practitioners Approach Roger S. Pressman