Designation: D 1405 95a

An American National Standard

Designation: 193/80
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM

Standard Test Method for

Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels1

This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1405; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. This is also a standard of the Institute of
Petroleum issued under the fixed designation IP 193. The final number indicates the year of last revision.
This test method has been approved by the sponsoring committee and accepted by the Cooperating Societies in accordance with
established procedures.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (General Bomb Method)2
D 240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Colorimeter2
D 287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and
Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)2
D 611 Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline
Point of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon Solvents2
D 910 Specification for Aviation Gasolines2
D 941 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnometer3
D 1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density
(Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer2
D 1250 Guide for Petroleum Measurement Tables2
D 1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
(Lamp Method)2
D 1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method2
D 1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels2
D 2382 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (High-Precision Method)3
D 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
X-Ray Spectrometry4
D 3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light
Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcoulometry4
D 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density of
Liquids by Digital Density Meter4

1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the net heat of
combustion at constant pressure in metric (SI) units, megajoules per kilogram or inch-pound units Btu per pound.
1.2 This test method is purely empirical and is applicable
only to liquid hydrocarbon fuels derived by normal refining
processes from conventional crude oil, which conform to the
requirements of specifications for aviation gasolines, or aircraft
turbine and jet engine fuels of limited boiling ranges and
compositions as described in Note 1.
1.3 This test method is not applicable to pure hydrocarbons.
It is not intended as a substitute for experimental measurements
of heat of combusiton.
1.4 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be
regarded as the standard.
1.5 The heat of combustion may also be determined in SI
units by Test Method D 4529. Test Method D 4529 requires
calculation of a single equation for all aviation fuels with a
precision equivalent to that of this test method.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-2 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.05 on Petroleum, Coke, and Carbon Materials.
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1995. Published February 1996. Originally
published as D 1405 56. Last previous edition D 1405 95.
In the IP, this test method is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization
Committee.
In 1964, this test method was adopted as standard with editorial revisions.

Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.

Discontinued; See 1993 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
3

D 1405
D 4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels4
D 4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Intermediate
Precision Method)5
2.2 U.S. Military Standards:6
MIL-G-5572 Aviation Gasoline
MIL-T-5624 Aviation Turbine Fuel, Grades JP-4 and JP-5
MIL-T-83133 Aviation Turbine Fuel, Grade JP-8
2.3 Department of Energy Research and Development:7
DERD 2453 Aviation Turbine Fuel, Kerosene
DERD 2454 Aviation Turbine Fuel, Wide-Cut with AIA
DERD 2485 Aviation Gasoline
DERD 2486 Turbine Fuel, Wide-Cut
DERD 2494 Aviation Turbine Fuel, Kerosene

3.1.2 Where the net heat of combustion is required in

inch-pound units or British Thermal Units (Btu per pound).

JP-5
Kerosine Jet A or A-1

Qp~net! 5 41.8145 1
0.00024563 ~A 3 G!
Qp~net! 5 41.6680 1
0.00024563 ~A 3 G!
Qp ~net! 5 41.6796 1
0.00025407 ~A 3 G!

JP-5

Qp~net! 5 17 914 1 0.1056

~A 3 G!
Qp ~net! 5 17 919 1 0.10923
~A 3 G!

Kerosine Jet A or A-1

(5)
Qp~net! 5 17 977 1 0.1056
~A 3 G!

(7)
(8)

A
where:
Qp(net) 5 net heat of combustion, Btu/lb, on a sulfur-free basis,
A 5 aniline point, F, and
G 5 gravity, API.

3.2 To correct for the effect of the sulfur content of the

sample on the net heat of combustion, apply the following
equation:
3.2.1 Where the net heat of combustion is required in SI
units (megajoules per kilogram):

3. Summary of Test Method

3.1 Correlations8,9 have been established between the net
heat of combustion and the product of the aniline point and API
gravity. These relations, assuming the sample to be sulfur free,
are given by the following equations:
3.1.1 Where the net heat of combustion is required in SI
units (Note 2) (megajoules per kilogram):
EquationA
Qp ~net! 5 41.9557 1
0.00020543 ~A 3 G!

EquationA
Qp ~net! 5 18 037.7 1 0.0883
~A 3 G!

(6)

NOTE 1The following are typical fuel designations: Nato Codes8

F-18 Aviation Gasoline, F-34 Aviation Turbine Fuel, Grade JP-8,
F-35 Aviation Turbine Fuel, JET A Type, F-40 Aviation Turbine Fuel,
Grade JP-4, and F-44 Aviation Turbine Fuel, Grade JP-5.

Type Fuel
Aviation gasoline,
Grades 100130 and
115145
JP-4

Type Fuel
Aviation gasoline,
Grades 100130 and
115145
JP-4

Q8 5 Qp ~net! 3 @1 2 0.01~S!# 1 0.1016~S!

(9)

where:
Q8
5 net heat of combustion, MJ/kg, of the sample
containing S % sulfur,
S
5 sulfur content of the sample, mass, %, and
0.1016 5 a constant based on the thermo-chemical data on
sulfur compounds.
3.2.2 Where the net heat of combustion is required in
inch-pound units or British Thermal Units (Btu per pound):

(1)

Q8 5 Qp ~net! 3 @1 2 0.01~S!# 1 43.7~S!

(10)

(2)

where:
Q8 5 net heat of combustion, Btu/lb, of the sample
containing S % sulfur,
S
5 sulfur content of the sample, mass %, and
43.7 5 a constant based on the thermochemical data on
sulfur compounds.
3.3 The empirical linear equations 14 and 69 for the
estimated net heat of combustion were derived by the method
of least squares from accurate data on fuels, most of which
conformed at least approximately to specifications for aviation
gasolines, or aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels of Types JP-4
and JP-5 and to Specification D 1655, Jet A and A-1.

(3)
(4)

A
where:
Qp(net) 5 net heat of combustion, MJ/kg, on a sulfur-free basis,
A 5 aniline point, F, and
G 5 gravity, API.

NOTE 2In SI, the unit of heat of combustion has the dimensions J/kg,
but for practical use a multiple is more convenient. The megajoule per
kilogram (MJ/kg) is 106 J/kg and is customarily used for the
representation of heats of combustion of petroleum fuels, particularly for
mixtures such as those covered in this International Standard.

4. Significance and Use

4.1 This test method is intended for use as a guide in cases
where an experimental determination of heat of combustion is
not available and cannot be made conveniently, and where an
estimate is considered satisfactory. It is not intended as a
substitute for experimental measurements of heat of
combustion.

Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.03.

Available from Naval Publications and Forms Center, 5801 Tabor Ave.,
Philadelphia, PA 19120.
7
Available from Ministry of Defence, 154 St. Giles Court, London WC2H 8LD
England.
8
Cogliano, J. A., and Jessup, R. S., Relation Between Net Heat of Combustion
and Aniline-Gravity Product of Aircraft Fuels, ASTM Bulletin, ASTBA, No. 201,
October 1954, p. 55 (TP 217); also the National Institute of Standards and
Technology findings as reported by Armstrong, G. T., Jessup, R. S., and Mears, T.
W., Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Gasoline and its Correlations with Other
Properties, Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, Vol 3, 1958, pp. 2028.
9
Armstrong, G. T., Fano, L., Jessup, R. S., Marantz, S., Mears, T. W., and
Walker, J. A., Net Heat of Combustion and Other Properties of Kerosene and
Related Fuels, Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, National Institute of
Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD. Vol 7, No. 1, January 1962, pp.
107117.
6

NOTE 3The procedure for the experimental determination of the net

heat of combustion is described in Test Methods D 240, D 2382, and
D 4809.
NOTE 4The estimation of the net heat of combustion of a
hydrocarbon fuel from its aniline-gravity product is justifiable only when
the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relation between heat
of combustion and aniline-gravity product has been derived from accurate
experimental measurements on representative samples of that class. Even

D 1405
TABLE 2 Values of Q for JP-4 Fuels Calculated from Eq 2 and
Eq 9

in this case, the possibility that the estimates may be in error by large
amounts for individual fuels should be recognized. The fuels used to
establish the correlation presented in this method are defined by the
following specifications:
Fuel

Specification

Aircraft engine fuels:

Grades 100 to 130 and 115 to 145

MIL-G-5572
Specification D 910
D. Eng. RD 2485

Aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels:

JP-4

MIL-T-5624
D. Eng. RD 2486
MIL-T-5624
D. Eng. RD 2488
Specification D 1655

JP-5
Jet A and Jet A-1

5. Procedure
5.1 Determine the aniline points of the sample to the nearest
0.05 C (0.1 F) as described in Test Method D 611.
5.2 Determine the API gravity of the sample to the nearest
0.1 API as described in Test Method D 287. Alternatively,
TABLE 1 Values of Q* for Aviation Gasolines Calculated from Eq
1 and Eq 9
AnilineGravity
Product

0% Sulfur

4 000
4 200
4 400
4 600
4 800

42.777
42.819
42.860
42.901
42.942

42.745
42.786
42.827
42.868
42.909

42.712
42.753
42.794
42.835
42.876

42.680
42.721
42.761
42.802
42.843

42.647
42.688
42.729
42.770
42.811

5 000
5 200
5 400
5 600
5 800

42.983
43.024
43.065
43.106
43.147

42.950
42.991
43.032
43.073
43.114

42.917
42.958
42.999
43.040
43.081

42.884
42.925
42.966
43.007
43.048

42.852
42.892
42.933
42.974
43.015

6 000
6 200
6 400
6 600
6 800

43.188
43.229
43.270
43.312
43.353

43.155
43.196
43.237
43.278
43.319

43.122
43.163
43.204
43.245
43.286

43.089
43.130
43.171
43.212
43.253

43.056
43.097
43.138
43.179
43.220

7 000
7 200
7 400
7 600
7 800

43.394
43.435
43.476
43.517
43.558

43.360
43.402
43.443
43.484
43.525

43.327
43.368
43.409
43.450
43.491

43.294
43.335
43.376
43.417
43.458

43.261
43.302
43.343
43.384
43.424

8 000
8 200
8 400
8 600
8 800

43.599
43.640
43.681
43.722
43.763

43.566
43.607
43.648
43.689
43.730

43.532
43.573
43.614
43.655
43.696

43.499
43.540
43.581
43.622
43.663

43.465
43.506
43.547
43.588
43.629

9 000
9 200
9 400
9 600
9 800

43.805
43.846
43.887
43.928
43.969

43.771
43.812
43.853
43.894
43.935

43.737
43.778
43.819
43.860
43.901

43.704
43.745
43.786
43.827
43.867

43.670
43.711
43.752
43.793
43.834

10 000
10 200
10 400
10 600
10 800

44.010
44.051
44.092
44.133
44.174

43.976
44.017
44.058
44.099
44.140

43.942
43.983
44.024
44.065
44.106

43.908
43.949
43.990
44.031
44.072

43.875
43.916
43.956
43.997
44.038

11 000
11 200
11 400
11 600
11 800
12 000

44.215
44.257
44.298
44.339
44.380
44.421

44.181
44.222
44.263
44.305
44.346
44.387

44.147
44.188
44.229
44.270
44.311
44.352

44.113
44.154
44.195
44.236
44.277
44.318

44.079
44.120
44.161
44.202
44.243
44.284

0%
Sulfur

0.2%
Sulfur

0.4%
Sulfur

0.6%
Sulfur

0.8%
Sulfur

1.0%
Sulfur

5 200
5 400
5 600
5 800
6 000

43.092
43.141
43.190
43.239
43.288

43.026
43.075
43.124
43.173
43.222

42.960
43.009
43.058
43.107
43.156

42.894
42.943
42.992
43.041
43.090

42.828
42.877
42.926
42.975
43.023

42.762
42.811
42.860
42.908
42.957

6 200
6 400
6 600
6 800
7 000

43.337
43.387
43.436
43.485
43.534

43.271
43.320
43.369
43.418
43.467

43.205
43.254
43.303
43.351
43.400

43.138
43.187
43.236
43.285
43.334

43.072
43.121
43.169
43.218
43.267

43.006
43.054
43.103
43.152
43.200

7 200
7 400
7 600
7 800
8 000

43.583
43.632
43.681
43.730
43.780

43.516
43.565
43.614
43.663
43.712

43.449
43.498
43.547
43.596
43.645

43.383
43.431
43.480
43.529
43.578

43.316
43.364
43.413
43.462
43.511

43.249
43.297
43.346
43.395
43.443

determine the relative density by Test Methods D 941, D 1217,

and D 4052 and correct the result to API gravity by
Guide 1250.
5.3 Determine the sulfur content of the sample to the nearest
0.02 % sulfur as described in Test Method D 129, Test Method
D 1266, Test Method D 2622, or Test Method D 3120
depending upon the volatility of the sample.

Net Heat of Combustion, MJ/kg

0.1% Sulfur 0.2% Sulfur 0.3% Sulfur

Net Heat of Combustion, MJ/kg

AnilineGravity
Product

0.4% Sulfur

6. Calculation
6.1 Calculate the product of the aniline point in degrees
Fahrenheit and the gravity in degrees API; round off the value
obtained to the nearest integer.
6.2 From Tables 1-8, make a linear interpolation between
rows bracketing the aniline-gravity products and within
columns bracketing the sulfur content of the sample. Use the
table applicable to the type of product being tested. Thus, use
Table 1 or Table 5 for Aviation Gasolines, Table 2 or Table 6 for
JP-4 jet-type fuels; Table 3 or Table 7 for JP-5 jet type fuels,
and Table 4 or Table 8 for kerosene-type aviation turbine fuels
(Specification D 1655, Jet A or A-1).
6.3 From the values obtained in 6.2, make a linear
interpolation for the sulfur content within the row for the
TABLE 3 Values of Q* for JP-5 Fuels Calculated from Eq 3 and
Eq 9

Net Heat of Combustion, MJ/kg

AnalineGravity
Product

0%
Sulfur

0.2%
Sulfur

0.4%
Sulfur

0.6%
Sulfur

0.8%
Sulfur

1.0%
Sulfur

4 200
4 400
4 600
4 800
5 000
5 200
5 400
5 600
5 800
6 000
6 200
6 400
6 600
6 800
7 000

42.700
42.749
42.798
42.847
42.896
42.945
42.994
43.044
43.093
43.142
43.191
43.240
43.289
43.338
43.387

42.635
42.684
42.733
42.782
42.831
42.880
42.929
42.978
43.027
43.076
43.125
43.174
43.223
43.272
43.321

42.569
42.618
42.667
42.716
42.765
42.814
42.863
42.912
42.961
43.010
43.059
43.108
43.157
43.206
43.255

42.504
42.553
42.602
42.651
42.700
42.749
42.797
42.846
42.895
42.944
42.993
43.042
43.090
43.139
43.188

42.439
42.488
42.537
42.586
42.634
42.683
42.732
42.780
42.829
42.878
42.927
42.975
43.024
43.073
43.122

42.374
42.423
42.472
42.520
42.569
42.617
42.666
42.715
42.763
42.812
42.861
42.909
42.958
43.007
43.055

D 1405
TABLE 4 Values of Q* for Aviation Turbine Fuels Jet A and A-1
Calculated from Eq 4 and Eq 9
AnilineGravity
Product

0% Sulfur

0.1% Sulfur

4 200
4 400
4 600
4 800
5 000
5 200
5 400
5 600
5 800
6 000
6 200
6 400
6 600
6 800
7 000
7 200
7 400
7 600
7 800
8 000
8 200
8 400
8 600
8 800
9 000
9 200
9 400
9 600
9 800
10 000

42.747
42.798
42.848
42.899
42.950
43.001
43.052
43.102
43.153
43.204
43.255
43.306
43.356
43.407
43.458
43.509
43.560
43.611
43.661
43.712
43.763
43.814
43.865
43.915
43.966
44.017
44.068
44.119
44.169
44.220

42.714
42.765
42.816
42.866
42.917
42.968
43.019
43.069
43.120
43.171
43.222
43.273
43.323
43.374
43.425
43.476
43.526
43.577
43.628
43.679
43.729
43.780
43.831
43.882
43.932
43.983
44.034
44.085
44.135
44.186

TABLE 5 Values of Q* for Aviation Gasolines Calculated from Eq

5 and Eq 10

Net Heat of Combustion, MJ/kg

0.2% Sulfur 0.3% Sulfur 0.4% Sulfur
42.682
42.732
42.783
42.834
42.884
42.935
42.986
43.037
43.087
43.138
43.189
43.239
43.290
43.341
43.391
43.442
43.493
43.544
43.594
43.645
43.696
43.746
43.797
43.848
43.899
43.949
44.000
44.051
44.101
44.152

42.649
42.700
42.750
42.801
42.852
42.902
42.953
43.004
43.054
43.105
43.156
43.206
43.257
43.308
43.358
43.409
43.460
43.510
43.561
43.612
43.662
43.713
43.763
43.814
43.865
43.915
43.966
44.017
44.067
44.118

42.616
42.667
42.718
42.768
42.819
42.869
42.920
42.971
43.021
43.072
43.122
43.173
43.224
43.274
43.325
43.376
43.426
43.477
43.527
43.578
43.629
43.679
43.730
43.780
43.831
43.882
43.932
43.983
44.033
44.084

calculated aniline gravity constant.

6.3.1 Example:
Sample: JP-4 Fuel
6.3.1.1 Determined Values:
Aniline point, A 5 137F
Gravity, G 5 54.8 API
Sulfur content 5 0.10 mass %
6.3.1.2 Calculated Value:
A 3 G product 5 7508
A3G
7400
7508A
7600

A3G
7400
7508A
7600

By interpolation from Table 2:

0 % Sulfur
0.1 % Sulfur
43.632
43.659B
43.625C
43.681
By interpolation from Table 6:
0.0 % Sulfur
0.1 % Sulfur
18 758
18 769B
18 779

18 755C

AnilineGravity
Product

0% Sulfur

4 000
4 200
4 400
4 600
4 800
5 000
5 200
5 400
5 600
5 800
6 000
6 200
6 400
6 600
6 800
7 000
7 200
7 400
7 600
7 800
8 000
8 200
8 400
8 600
8 800
9 000
9 200
9 400
9 600
9 800
10 000
10 200
10 400
10 600
10 800
11 000
11 200
11 400
11 600
11 800
12 000

18 391
18 409
18 426
18 444
18 462
18 479
18 497
18 515
18 532
18 550
18 568
18 585
18 603
18 621
18 638
18 656
18 674
18 691
18 709
18 727
18 744
18 762
18 780
18 797
18 815
18 833
18 850
18 868
18 886
18 903
18 921
18 939
18 956
18 974
18 992
19 009
19 027
19 045
19 062
19 080
19 098

Net Heat of Combustion, Btu/lb

0.1% Sulfur 0.2% Sulfur
18 377
18 395
18 412
18 430
18 448
18 465
18 483
18 500
18 518
18 536
18 553
18 571
18 589
18 606
18 624
18 642
18 659
18 677
18 695
18 712
18 730
18 748
18 765
18 783
18 800
18 818
18 836
18 853
18 871
18 889
18 906
18 924
18 942
18 959
18 977
18 995
19 012
19 030
19 048
19 065
19 083

0.3% Sulfur

0.4% Sulfur

18 349
18 367
18 384
18 402
18 419
18 437
18 455
18 472
18 490
18 507
18 525
18 543
18 560
18 578
18 595
18 613
18 631
18 648
18 666
18 684
18 701
18 719
18 736
18 754
18 772
18 789
18 807
18 824
18 842
18 860
18 877
18 895
18 912
18 930
18 948
18 965
18 983
19 001
19 018
19 036
19 053

18 335
18 352
18 370
18 388
18 405
18 423
18 440
18 458
18 476
18 493
18 511
18 528
18 546
18 564
18 581
18 599
18 616
18 634
18 652
18 669
18 687
18 704
18 722
18 740
18 757
18 775
18 792
18 810
18 828
18 845
18 863
18 880
18 898
18 915
18 933
18 951
18 968
18 986
19 003
19 021
19 039

18 363
18 381
18 398
18 416
18 433
18 451
18 469
18 486
18 504
18 522
18 539
18 557
18 574
18 592
18 610
18 627
18 645
18 663
18 680
18 698
18 716
18 733
18 751
18 768
18 786
18 804
18 821
18 839
18 857
18 874
18 892
18 909
18 927
18 945
18 962
18 980
18 998
19 015
19 033
19 050
19 068

8. Precision and Bias

8.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between successive test
results obtained by the same operator with the apparatus under
constant operating conditions on identical test material (using
a second set of measured values for the aniline point
temperature, the relative density, and the sulfur content
determined by Test Methods D 611, D 1298, and D 129,
respectively) would in the long run, in the normal and correct
operation of the test method, exceed the following value only
in one case in twenty:

0.2 % Sulfur
43.565
43.592B
43.614
0.2 % Sulfur
18 729
18 740B
18 750

Repeatability 5 0.012 MJ/kg

A

(11)

8.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between two single and

independent results obtained by different operators working in
different laboratories on identical test material (using the
aniline point temperature, the relative density, and the sulfur
content determined by Test Methods D 611, D 1298, and
D 129, respectively) would, in the long run, in the normal and
correct operation of the test method, exceed the following
values only in one case in twenty:

Value calculated from determined values.

First step interpolation between rows in columns bracketing the sulfur content.
C
Second step interpolation within a row between columns.
B

6.3.1.3 Estimated Net Heat of Combustion:

43.625 MJ/kg
18 755 Btu/lb
7. Report
7.1 Report the result in megajoule per kilogram or British
thermal units per pound as estimated Net Heat of Combustion,
D1405.

Reproducibility 5 0.035 MJ/kg

(12)

NOTE 5Use of fuel property data obtained with greater or lesser

D 1405
TABLE 6 Values of Q for JP-4 Fuels Calculated from Eq 6 and Eq 10
Net Heat of Combustion, Btu/lb
Aniline-Gravity Product
0% Sulfur

0.2% Sulfur

0.4% Sulfur

0.6% Sulfur

0.8% Sulfur

1.0% Sulfur

5 200
5 400
5 600
5 800
6 000

18 526
18 547
18 568
18 589
18 611

18 498
18 519
18 540
18 561
18 583

18 469
18 490
18 511
18 532
18 554

18 441
18 462
18 483
18 504
18 526

18 413
18 434
18 454
18 475
18 497

18 384
18 405
18 426
18 447
18 469

6 200
6 400
6 600
6 800
7 000

18 632
18 653
18 674
18 695
18 716

18 603
18 624
18 645
18 666
18 687

18 575
18 596
18 617
18 638
18 659

18 547
18 568
18 588
18 609
18 630

18 518
18 539
18 560
18 580
18 601

18 489
18 510
18 531
18 552
18 573

7 200
7 400
7 600
7 800
8 000

18 737
18 758
18 779
18 800
18 821

18 708
18 729
18 750
18 771
18 792

18 680
18 700
18 721
18 742
18 763

18 651
18 672
18 693
18 714
18 735

18 622
18 643
18 664
18 685
18 706

18 593
18 614
18 635
18 656
18 677

TABLE 7 Values of Q* for JP-5 Fuels Calculated from Eq 7 and Eq 10

Net Heat of Combustion, Btu/lb
Aniline-Gravity Product
0% Sulfur

0.2% Sulfur

0.4% Sulfur

0.6% Sulfur

0.8% Sulfur

1.0% Sulfur

4 200
4 400
4 600
4 800
5 000

18 358
18 379
18 400
18 421
18 442

18 330
18 351
18 372
18 393
18 414

18 302
18 323
18 344
18 365
18 386

18 274
18 295
18 316
18 337
18 358

18 246
18 267
18 288
18 309
18 329

18 218
18 239
18 260
18 280
18 301

5 200
5 400
5 600
5 800
6 000

18 463
18 484
18 505
18 526
18 548

18 435
18 456
18 477
18 498
18 520

18 407
18 428
18 448
18 469
18 491

18 378
18 399
18 420
18 441
18 463

18 350
18 371
18 392
18 413
18 435

18 322
18 343
18 364
18 384
18 406

6 200
6 400
6 600
6 800
7 000

18 569
18 590
18 611
18 632
18 653

18 541
18 562
18 583
18 604
18 625

18 512
18 533
18 554
18 575
18 596

18 484
18 505
18 526
18 547
18 568

18 455
18 476
18 498
18 519
18 540

18 427
18 448
18 469
18 490
18 511

9. Keywords

precision than that of the methods indicated will have a like trend on the
precision of the predicted heat of combustion.

9.1 aviation fuel; gross heat of combustion; heat energy;

heat of combustion; heating tests; net heat of combustion

8.3 BiasNo general statement is made on bias for the

standard, since the data used to determine the correlation
cannot be compared with accepted reference materials.

D 1405
TABLE 8 Values of Q* for Aviation Turbine Fuels Jet A and A-1
(Specification D 1655) Calculated from Eq 8 and Eq 10
AnilineGravity
Product

0% Sulfur

4 200
4 400
4 600
4 800
5 000
5 200
5 400
5 600
5 800
6 000
6 200
6 400
6 600
6 800
7 000
7 200
7 400
7 600
7 800
8 000
8 200
8 400
8 600
8 800
9 000
9 200
9 400
9 600
9 800
10 000

18 378
18 400
18 421
18 443
18 465
18 487
18 509
18 531
18 553
18 574
18 596
18 618
18 640
18 662
18 684
18 705
18 727
18 749
18 771
18 793
18 815
18 837
18 858
18 880
18 902
18 924
18 946
18 968
18 989
19 011

Net Heat of Combustion, Btu/lb

0.05% Sulfur 0.10% Sulfur 0.15% Sulfur 0.20% Sulfur
18 371
18 393
18 414
18 436
18 458
18 480
18 502
18 524
18 545
18 567
18 589
18 611
18 633
18 655
18 676
18 698
18 720
18 742
18 764
18 786
18 807
18 829
18 851
18 873
18 895
18 917
18 938
18 960
18 982
19 004

18 364
18 386
18 407
18 429
18 451
18 473
18 495
18 517
18 538
18 560
18 582
18 604
18 626
18 647
18 669
18 691
18 713
18 735
18 757
18 778
18 800
18 822
18 844
18 866
18 888
18 909
18 931
18 953
18 975
18 997

18 357
18 379
18 400
18 422
18 444
18 466
18 488
18 509
18 531
18 553
18 575
18 597
18 619
18 640
18 662
18 684
18 706
18 728
18 749
18 771
18 793
18 815
18 837
18 858
18 880
18 902
18 924
18 946
18 968
18 989

18 350
18 372
18 393
18 415
18 437
18 459
18 481
18 502
18 524
18 546
18 568
18 590
18 611
18 633
18 655
18 677
18 699
18 720
18 742
18 764
18 786
18 808
18 829
18 851
18 873
18 895
18 917
18 938
18 960
18 982

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