Transmission Line Basics II - Class 6: Prerequisite Reading Assignment: CH2

Transmission Line Basics II - Class 6
Prerequisite Reading assignment: CH2
Acknowledgements: Intel Bus Boot Camp: Michael Leddige
Real Computer Issues

Dev a data Dev b ignal Measured here
Clk
witch Threshold
An engineer tells !ou the measured clock is non"monotonic and because o# this the #lip #lop internall! ma! double clock the data$ The goal #or this class is to b! inspection determine the cause and suggest whether this is a problem or not$ Transmission Lines Class 6
Agenda
T e Transmission Line Concept Transmission line equi!alent circuits
and rele!ant equations Re"lection diagram # equation Loading Termination met ods and comparison Propagation dela$ %imple return pat & circuit t eor$' net(or) t eor$ come later*
Transmission Lines Class 6
T(o Transmission Line ,ie(points
%tead$ state & most istorical !ie(*

-requenc$ domain
Transient
Time domain .ot circuit element / $0
/e mi1 metap ors all t e time

/ $ con!enience and istor$
Transmission Line Concept

Power Frequency (f) is @ 60 Hz
Wavelength () is 5 10
( !ver "#100 $iles)
6
Power Plant
Consumer Home
PC Transmission Lines
%ignal Frequency (f) is a&&roaching 10 'Hz
Wavelength () is 1(5 c
( 0(6 inches)
Microstrip PCB substrate Integrated Circuit Stripline T
tripline
W Cross Section of Above PCB Copper Trace
Cross section view taken here
Via %&' (ielectric
Micro" trip
Signal !icrostrip" #round$Power Signal stripline" Signal stripline" #round$Power Signal !icrostrip" W Transmission Lines Class 6
Copper Plane
Key point about transmission line operation Voltage and current on a transmission line is a function of both time and position
V = f ( z, t ) I = f ( z, t )
,1
,*
)1
)*
+z The major deviation from circuit theory with transmission line, distributed networks is this positional dependence of voltage and current! Must think in terms of position and time to understand transmission line behavior This positional dependence is added when the assumption of the size of the circuit being small compared to the signaling wavelength
51amples o" Transmission Line %tructures- I

Ca6les and (ires
&a* &6* &c* &d* Coa1 ca6le /ire o!er ground Tri-lead (ire T(isted pair &t(o-(ire line*
Long distance interconnects

. /
. /
(a)
(-)
. (c)
. (+)
%egment 2: Transmission line equi!alent circuits and rele!ant equations

!hysics of transmission line structures "asic transmission line e#uivalent circuit $%#uations for transmission line propagation
5 # H -ields : ;icrostrip Case )ow does the signal !ove fro! source to load*
Signal path . into the page" , +lectric field Magnetic field &emember fields are setup given an applied forcing function '(ource) #round return path
89
T e signal is reall$ t e (a!e propagating 6et(een t e conductors

Transmission Line <=e"inition>

?eneral transmission line: a closed s$stem in ( ic @ur class: onl$ T5; mode transmission lines
po(er is transmitted "rom a source to a destination
A t(o conductor (ire s$stem (it t e (ires in close pro1imit$' pro!iding relati!e impedance' !elocit$ and closed current return pat to t e sourceA C aracteristic impedance is t e ratio o" t e !oltage and current (a!es at an$ one position on t e transmission V line
88
Z0 =
Propagation !elocit$ is t e speed (it ( ic signals are transmitted t roug t e transmission line in its surrounding mediumA c
v=
Presence o" 5lectric and ;agnetic -ields

,
* * * *
82
, . ,
, . ,
0 ) ,
+ + + +
) . ) , . ,
) ,
) . ) , . ,
Both Electric and Magnetic fields are present in the

transmission lines
T ese "ields are perpendicular to eac ot er and to t e direction o" (a!e propagation "or T5; mode (a!es' ( ic is t e simplest mode' and assumed "or most simulators&e1cept "or microstrip lines ( ic assume <quasi-T5;>' ( ic is an appro1imated equi!alent "or transient response calculations*A
Electric field is established by a potential difference

between two conductors.
Magnetic field induced by current flowing on the line

Implies equi!alent circuit model must contain inductorA
Implies equi!alent circuit model must contain capacitorA
T-Line 5qui!alent Circuit

,eneral -haracteristics of Transmission
.ine
!ropagation delay per unit length 'T0) / time0distance1 2ps0in3 4r Velocity 'v0) /distance0 time1 2in0ps3 -haracteristic 5mpedance 'Z0) !er+unit+length -apacitance 'C0) 2pf0in3 !er+unit+length 5nductance 'L0) 2nf0in3 !er+unit+length '(eries) &esistance 'R0) 20in3 !er+unit+length '!arallel) -onductance 'G0) 2(0in3
83
l20
l10
l'0
l30
Ideal T Line
5deal 'lossless) -haracteristics of
Transmission .ine
5deal T. assumes6 7niform line !erfect 'lossless) conductor 'R00) !erfect 'lossless) dielectric 'G00) 8e only consider T0, Z0 , C0, and L0 l10 l30
8+
9 transmission line can be represented by a

cascaded network 'subsections) of these e#uivalent models
The smaller the subsection the more accurate the model
The delay for each subsection should be no larger than :0:;th the signal rise time
%ignal -requenc$ and 5dge Rate !sA Lumped or Tline ;odels

5n theory, all circuits that deliver transient power from one point to another are transmission lines, but if the signal fre#uency's) is low compared to the size of the circuit 'small), a reasonable appro<imation can be used to simplify the circuit for calculation of the circuit transient 'time vs voltage or time vs current) response
82
T Line Rules o" T um6

o, !hat are the rules of thumb to use"
86
May treat as lumped Capacitance Use this 10:1 ratio for accurate modeling of transmission lines
Td % $& T'
May treat as RC on-chip, and treat as LC for PC board interconnect
Td % $( T'
Other Rules of
humb!
83
"re#uency $nee %"$nee& ' (.)*+ r %so if r is
,n-. "$nee is )*(MH/& his is the fre#uency at which most energy is below r is the ,(01(2 edge rate of the signal 3ssignment4 3t what fre#uency can your thumb be used to determine which elements are lumped5
3ssume ,*( ps+in
6hen does a
0line become a
07ine5
Whether it is a
84
When do we need to use transmission line analysis techniques vs. lumped circuit analysis?
bump or a mountain depends on the ratio of its size (tline) to the size of the vehicle (signal wavelength)
Similarly, whether
or not a line is to be considered as a transmission line depends on the ratio of length of the line (delay) to the wavelength of the applied frequency or the rise/fall edge of the signal
8avelength0edge rate
Tline
E#uations 8 "ormulas
How to model 8 e9plain transmission line beha:ior
Rele!ant Transmission Line 5quations Propagation equation

=
( R + j L)(G + j C ) = + j
29
is t e attenuation &loss* "actor is t e p ase &!elocit$* "actor

C aracteristic Impedance equation
Z0 =
( R + j L ) (G + j C )
In class pro6lem: =eri!e t e ig "requenc$' lossless appro1imation "or B9
Ideal Transmission Line Parameters

Knowing any two out of Z0,
Td, C0, and L0, the other two can be calculated C0 and L0 are reciprocal functions of the line cross+ sectional dimensions and are related by constant me is electric permittivity
;= > >? @ :;+:A F/m 'free space) ri s relative dielectric constant
28
Z0 = C0 =
L0 ; C0
T d = L0 C0 ; L0 = Z 0 T 0 ; C0 L0 = ;
T0 ; Z0 1 = v0 ;
is magnetic permeability
;= Bp @ :;+C H/m 'free space) r is relative permeability
= r 0 ;
= r 0 .
DonEt forget these relationships and what they mean!

Parallel Plate 3ppro9imation

Assumptions
43
22
T5; conditions Cni"orm dielectric & * 6et(een conductors TCDD T=E /CFF T=
45
T-line c aracteristics are

"unction o":
;aterial electric and magnetic properties =ielectric T ic)ness &T=* /idt o" conductor &/C*
* PlateArea Base C= d equation

C0 WC F TD m TD WC pF 8.85 r TD m
W3
Trade-o""
L0 "0
F WC m
#$$ TD WC r r
TD ! 0. r WC m
T= E C9 ' L9 ' B9 /C E C9 ' L9 ' B9
To a first order, t+line capacitance and inductance can be appro<imated using the parallel plate appro<imation
Impro!ed ;icrostrip -ormula

Parallel Plate Assumptions G
Large ground plane (it Hero t ic)ness To accuratel$ predict microstrip impedance' $ou must calculate t e effecti:e dielectric constantA
W3 43 45
23
Z0
e=
5.%8TD &n r + 1. 1 0.8WC + TC r+ 1 r 1 8$

' + 1'TD ' 1+ WC
From Gall, Gall H Mc-all6 Valid when !"# $ W%/&' $ ("! and # $ r $ #)
+ F 0.'1$( r 1)
'
for
TC WCTD
F=
WC 0.0'( r 1) 1 T D 0
WC <1 TD WC >1 TD
)ou can*t beat a #ield solver
for
Impro!ed %tripline -ormulas

%ame assumptions as
used "or microstrip appl$ ere
W3 43 451 45*
2+
From Gall, Gall H Mc-all6 (ymmetric 'balanced) (tripline -ase TD: = TDA
Z 0 sym
(0
(TD1 + TD1) &n 0.($ (0.8WC + TC ) r

)ou can*t beat a #ield solver
Valid when W%/(&'#*&'() $ !"+) and &%/(&'#*&'() $ !"() 4ffset 'unbalanced) (tripline -ase TD: I TDA
Z 0 sym(' A,WC , TC , r ) Z 0 sym(' B, WC , TC , r ) Z 0offset ' Z 0 sym(' A,WC , TC , r ) + Z 0 sym(' B, WC , TC , r )

Re"ection coe""icient
%ignal on a transmission line can 6e anal$Hed 6$
)eeping trac) o" and adding re"lections and transmissions "rom t e <6umps> &discontinuities* Re"ection coe""icient
22
Amount o" signal re"lected "rom t e <6ump> -requenc$ domain Isign&%88*JK%88K I" at load or source t e re"lection ma$ 6e called gamma &L or s* Time domain is onl$ de"ined a location Time domain anal$sis is causalA -requenc$ domain is "or all timeA /e use similar terms : 6e care"ul
T e <6ump>
Re"lection diagrams : more later

Re"lection and Transmission

Incident 1+ Transmitted
26
+e#lected
Re"lection Coe"icient Transmission Coe""iecent

"t "0 "t + "0
(1 + )
)) )) ' "t "t + "0
1+
"t "0 "t + "0
%pecial Cases to Remem6er

A1 Ter!inated in .o .s Vs .o .o = Zo Zo = 0 Zo + Zo
23
B1 Short Circuit .s Vs .o = 0 Zo = / 0 + Zo
C1 2pen Circuit .s Vs .o
Zo =/ + Zo
Assignment : Building t e %I Tool Bo1

%ompare the parallel plate appro,imation to the improved microstrip and stripline formulas for the following cases -icrostrip W% . / mils, &' . 0 mils, &% . # mil, r . 0 Symmetric Stripline W% . / mils, &'# . &'( . 0 mils, &% . # mil, r . 0 Write Math Cad Progra! to calculate .03 Td3 4 5 C for each case6 What factors cause the errors with the parallel plate appro7i!ation*
24
Transmission line equi!alent circuits and rele!ant equations

"asic pulse launching onto transmission lines -alculation of near and far end waveforms for
classic load conditions
27
Re!ie(: ,oltage =i!ider Circuit

-onsider the
simple circuit that contains source voltage V(, source resistance &(, and resistive load &. voltage, V. is easily calculated from the source amplitude and the values of the two series resistors
&( &.
39
V(
V.
The output
V. = V(
&. &. * & (
8hy do we care for$ Je<t pageK

%ol!ing Transmission Line Pro6lems

The ne<t slides will establish a procedure that will allow you to solve transmission line problems without the aid of a simulator Gere are the steps that will be presented6
38
L Determination of launch voltage H

final MD-N or Mt =;N voltage
B -alculation of load reflection coefficient and

voltage delivered to the load
? -alculation of source reflection coefficient

and resultant source voltage
These are the steps for solving all t+line problems

=etermining Launc ,oltage

TD Vs 0
Vs
32
Rs A Zo
B Rt
(initial voltage) t=0, V=Vi
Vi = V(
P; P ; * &(
Vf = V(
&t &t * &(
(tep : in calculating transmission line waveforms is to determine the launch voltage in the circuit
The behavior of transmission lines makes it

easy to calculate the launch H final voltages O it is simply a voltage divider!
33
,oltage =eli!ered to t e Load

TD Vs 0
Vs
Rs A Zo
B Rt
(initial voltage) t=0, V=Vi t=2TD, V=Vi A(B)(Vi ) + Rt+ B(Vi) Zo (signal is reflected) t=TD, V=Vi + B(Vi )
Rt + Zo
Vreflected = 'Vincident)
V" = Vincident * Vreflected
(tep A6 Determine V" in the circuit at time t = TD
The transient behavior of transmission line delays the arrival of launched voltage until time t = TD
Voltage wavefront will be reflected at the end of the t+line
V" at time ; Q t Q TD is at #uiescent voltage '; in this case) V" = Vincident * Vreflected at time t = TD
,oltage Re"lected Bac) to t e %ource

Vs 0
Vs
3+
Rs A
B Zo
Rt
(initial voltage) t=0, V=Vi
TD
t=2TD, V=Vi + B (Vi) + A( B )(Vi )
(signal is reflected) t=TD, V=Vi + B (Vi )
,oltage Re"lected Bac) to t e %ource

Zo = Rs Rs + Zo
Vreflected = 'Vincident) V9 = Vlaunch * Vincident * Vreflected
32
(tep L6 Determine V9 in the circuit at time t = ATD
The transient behavior of transmission line delays the arrival of voltage reflected from the load until time t = ATD
Voltage wavefront will be reflected at the source
V9 at time ; Q t Q ATD is at launch voltage
V9 = Vlaunch * Vincident * Vreflected at time t = ATD
5n the steady state, the solution converges to V" = V(2&t 0 '&t * &s)3
Pro6lems
olved ,omework
36
Consider t e circuit
s o(n to t e right (it a resisti!e load' assume propagation dela$ I ' R-I ;( A Calculate and s o( t e (a!e "orms o" <,%t&.=,%t&'<>%t&. and =>%t& "or &a* R7I and &6* R7I 3;(
2%
,1
60 # 0 l
,*
)%
)1
)*
21
%tep--unction into T-Line: Relations ips
33
%ource matc ed case: R-I ;(

<,%(& I 9A2<3' =,%(& I 9A2=3 - I (' <&9'* I 9A2<3&,? 7*
Cnc arged line

<>%(& I 9' =>%(& I 9
@pen circuit means R7I

7 I + I , <,%& I <>%& I 9A2<3%,?,& I <3 =,%& I => %& I 9A2=3%,0,& I (
olution
%tep--unction into T-Line (it @pen C)t
34
At t I ' t e !oltage (a!e reac es load end

<>% & I <3' => % & I 9
and dou6led (a!e tra!els 6ac) to source end <,% & I 9A2<3' =,% & I 9A2<3L;(
At t I 2 ' t e dou6led (a!e reac es t e

source end and is not re"lected <,%> & I <3' =,%> & I 9
<>%> & I <3' =>%> & I 9

olution
/a!es ape:
,7 3urrent (7) 0(95,7 0(5, 7 0(*5,7
37
%tep--unction into T-Line (it @pen C)t

I1 I2
2% ,1 60 # 0 l ,*
)%
)1
)*
!&en
0 )7 )oltage ()) 0(95)7 0(5) 7 0(*5)7
"
4i e (ns)
V1 V2
This is called -re#lected wave switching.
"
4i e (ns)
olution
Pro6lem 86: Relations ips
+9
%ource matc ed case: R-I ;(

<,%(& I 9A2<3' =,%(& I 9A2=3 - I (' <&9'* I 9A2<3&,? 7*
Cnc arged line

<>%(& I 9' =>%(& I 9
R7I 3;(
7 I &3;( -;(* + &3;( G;(* I (.* <,%& I <>%& I (.*<3%,G(.*& I (.@*<3 =,%& I =>%& I 9A2=3%,-(.*& I (.>*=3
olution
Pro6lem 86: %olution
+8
At t I ' t e !oltage (a!e reac es load end

<>% & I (.@*<3 ' =>% & I (.>*=3
and positi!e (a!e tra!els 6ac) to t e source <,% & I 9A2<3' =,% & I 9A2=3
At t I 2 ' t e re"lected (a!e reac es t e

source end and a6sor6ed <,%> & I (.@*<3 ' =,%> & I (.>*=3
<>%> & I (.@*<3 ' =>%> & I (.>*=3

olution
/a!es apes "or Pro6lem 86

,7 3urrent (7) 0(95,7 0(5, 7 0(*5,7
)%
+2
I1 I2
2%
,1
6 0 # 0 l
,*
)1
)*
21
0 )7 )oltage ()) 0(95)7 0(5) 7 0(*5)7
"
8 4i e (ns)
I1 I2
/ote that a properl! terminated wave settle out at 0$1 2 olution

4i e (ns)
"
olution
Transmission line step response

5ntroduction to lattice diagram analysis -alculation of near and far end waveforms for
classic load impedances (olving multiple reflection problems
+3
-omple< signal reflections at different types of transmission line MdiscontinuitiesN will be analyzed in this chapter .attice diagrams will be introduced as a solution tool
++
Lattice =iagram Anal$sis : Me$ Concepts

The lattice diagram is a tool0techni#ue to simplify the accounting of reflections and waveforms
*s 0 *s "o *(sour,e) +s TD - . ps *(&oad) +t
source
Time *(sour,e) 0 . ps a 0
load
*(&oad) 01 / , B1
Diagram shows the boundaries
'x =0 and x=l) and the reflection coefficients 'GL and GL ) Time 'in T) a<is shown vertically (lope of the line should indicate flight time of signal
!articularly important for multiple reflection problems using both microstrip and stripline mediums
'. ps #. ps B
d . ps 5. ps C1 e
-alculate voltage amplitude for

each successive reflected wave Total voltage at any point is the sum of all the waves that have reached that point
Lattice =iagram Anal$sis : =etail
source
+2
load
*(sour,e) 0 *&aun,2
*(&oad)
0 Time *&aun,2 . ps *&aun,2 load *&aun,2(13load *&aun,2 loadsource *&aun,2(13load 3load source *&aun,2 2loadsource . ps *&aun,2 2load2source 0 *(&oad) *(sour,e) "o *s +s TD - . ps *s +t Transmission Lines Class 6 5. ps *&aun,2(13load!2loadsource! 2load2source) #. ps Time
'. ps
Transient Anal$sis : @!er =amped

'5 0 *s "o *(sour,e) "s TD - '50 ps *(&oad) 0ssume "s-$5 o2ms "o-50o2ms *s-04' 5o&ts
+6
Time *(sour,e) 0 500 ps
source
= 0.'
0.85
load = 1
*(&oad) 05
V"#"t"al = Vs
Zo 50 = ( ') = 0 .8 Zs + Zo $5 + 50
source = load =
Zs Zo $5 50 = = 0 .' Zs + Zo $5 + 50 Zl Zo 50 = =1 Zl + Zo + 50
&esponse from lattice diagram
0.85
0.85 0.1(5 1.(5
1000 ps 1500 ps 1.$(5
(")
0.1(5 '000 ps '500 ps 1.%'5 0.0#'5

V o lt s
( #") # !") ! ! ( )! )!! 1)! #!!! #()! T im e , p s Sour ce 2oad
Transient Anal$sis : Cnder =amped

*(sour,e) '5 0 *s "s TD - '50 ps "o *(&oad) 0ssume "s-'5 o2ms "o -50o2ms *s-04' 5o&ts
+3
source = 0 . ####
Time 0 *(sour,e) 1.##5
load = 1
*(&oad) 05
V"#"t"al =Vs
50 Zo = (') =1.#### + + Zs Zo '5 50
source = = load
Zs Zo '5 50 = = 0.##### + + Zs Zo '5 50
500 ps 1.##5
1.##5 '.((5
Zl Zo 50 = =1 + + Zl Zo 50
&esponse from lattice diagram
1000 ps 1500 ps '.''5
40. #5
40. #5 1.$$5 0.1 85

Volts
(") ( #") # !")
'000 ps '500 ps 1.%'
Source 2oad
! ()! )!! 1)! #!!! #()! #)!! #1)! (!!! (()! Time, ps
0.1 85 '.0$
wo -egment
+s *s
ransmission 7ine -tructures

6 6 "o1 TD "o' TD +t
+4
1
a TD 0 'TD #TD B TD 5TD C , d 7 2 9
T# T' ' #
A= a B = a+ c+ d C = A+ c+ d + f + $
A; = ' + e B; = ' + e + & + " C; = ' + e + & + " + % + l
/ e 8 i : & C1 B1 01
Z o1 v" = Vs Rs + Z o1
a = v" ' = aT' c = a

'
1= '=
Rs Z o1 Rs + Z o1 Z o ' Z o1 Z o ' + Z o1
d = c 1 e = ' f = d ' + eT# & = e # + dT' $ = f 1 " = & j = $ ' + "T# % = " # + $T'
Z Zo' # = o1 Z o1 + Z o ' Rt Z o ' = Rt + Z o ' T' = 1 + '
T# = 1 + #
Assignment
+7
3revious e'amples are the preparation Consider t e t(o segment transmission line s o(n to t e right. Assume R-I 3;(, and ;(>I 3;(, A Cse Lattice 2 , , , 6 # 6 # diagram and calculate l l ) ) ) ) re"lection coe""icients at t e inter"aces and s o( t e (a!e "orms o" <,%t&. <>%t&. and <)%t&.
% 1 * 01 01 0* 0* % 1 1 * * "
"
%hort
C ec) results (it P%PIC5


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Transmission Line Basics II - Class 6: Prerequisite Reading Assignment: CH2

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Transmission Line Basics II - Class 6

Prerequisite Reading assignment: CH2

Acknowledgements: Intel Bus Boot Camp: Michael Leddige

Real Computer Issues

T e Transmission Line Concept Transmission line equi!alent circuits

T(o Transmission Line ,ie(points

%tead$ state & most istorical !ie(*

/e mi1 metap ors all t e time

Transmission Lines Class 6

Transmission Line Concept

Transmission Lines Class 6

Cross section view taken here

Via %&' (ielectric

Transmission Lines Class 6

51amples o" Transmission Line %tructures- I

Long distance interconnects

Transmission Lines Class 6

%egment 2: Transmission line equi!alent circuits and rele!ant equations

Transmission Lines Class 6

T e signal is reall$ t e (a!e propagating 6et(een t e conductors

Transmission Line <=e"inition>

Transmission Lines Class 6

Presence o" 5lectric and ;agnetic -ields

Both Electric and Magnetic fields are present in the

Electric field is established by a potential difference

Magnetic field induced by current flowing on the line

Implies equi!alent circuit model must contain capacitorA

T-Line 5qui!alent Circuit

Transmission Lines Class 6

9 transmission line can be represented by a

%ignal -requenc$ and 5dge Rate !sA Lumped or Tline ;odels

Transmission Lines Class 6

T Line Rules o" T um6

"re#uency $nee %"$nee& ' (.)*+ r %so if r is

Transmission Lines Class 6

Transmission Lines Class 6

Rele!ant Transmission Line 5quations Propagation equation

is t e attenuation &loss* "actor is t e p ase &!elocit$* "actor

In class pro6lem: =eri!e t e ig "requenc$' lossless appro1imation "or B9

Ideal Transmission Line Parameters

DonEt forget these relationships and what they mean!

Parallel Plate 3ppro9imation

T-line c aracteristics are

* PlateArea Base C= d equation

T= E C9 ' L9 ' B9 /C E C9 ' L9 ' B9

Impro!ed ;icrostrip -ormula

5.%8TD &n r + 1. 1 0.8WC + TC r+ 1 r 1 8$

)ou can*t beat a #ield solver

Transmission Lines Class 6

Impro!ed %tripline -ormulas

(TD1 + TD1) &n 0.($ (0.8WC + TC ) r

Z 0 sym(' A,WC , TC , r ) Z 0 sym(' B, WC , TC , r ) Z 0offset ' Z 0 sym(' A,WC , TC , r ) + Z 0 sym(' B, WC , TC , r )

Re"lection diagrams : more later

Re"lection and Transmission

Re"lection Coe"icient Transmission Coe""iecent

)) )) ' "t "t + "0

"t "0 "t + "0

Transmission Lines Class 6

%pecial Cases to Remem6er

<>%> & I (.@<3 ' =>%> & I (.>=3