Name: Payton Gliane

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Different Hand Soaps

Today, most of us accept that handwashing is a critical act of personal hygiene that may protect us from infections by microorganisms. But this has not always been so. Until the mid 1800s, few doctors washed their hands. They believed that diseases were caused by some change in the atmosphere produced by poor sanitation, and no one felt responsible for these atmospheric influences or capable of coping with them. In 1839, a New England physician, Oliver Wendell Holmes, stated that childbed or (puerperal) fever was spread by doctors from cadavers to healthy expectant mothers. He proposed that physicians change their clothing after autopsies and wash their hands before examining patients. Doctors met this idea with great opposition. By 1848, Ignaz Semmelweiz, an Austrian Obstetrician, started washing his hands as an antiseptic measure. Semmelweiz noted the same relationship that Holmes had between cadavers and women about to deliver. He believed that doctors were carrying some kind of poison from the autopsy directly to these women. He forced medical students and physicians in his hospital to wash their hands between each patient and after autopsies. Deaths from childbed fever fell dramatically. His ideas also were met with protest. Semmelweiz died without the medical community accepting his ideas, but he made an important contribution to obstetrics and surgery by practicing antisepsis years before Joseph Lister and before Louis Pasteur proposed him germ theory of disease. Handwashing is a method of controlling microbial levels on the skin. Scrubbing by itself mechanically removes many microbes while soap acts on them chemically. Soap is both a wetting and solubilizing agent. A wetting agent breaks the surface tension of water so that it can better wash off particles. A solubilizing agent emulsifies large particles into smaller ones. Soaps are made from fats and an alkali such as lye (sodium hydroxide, or Draino). The skin has a lipid layer within which microbes are enmeshed along with oily secretions, dirt, sweat, and dead skin. Soaps emulsify this lipid layer into tiny droplets. The water and soap together lift the emulsified oil, dirt particles, and resident microbes and all of it vanishes down the drain! Soaps are a type of antiseptic, a chemical that can be used on living tissue to kill or inhibit microbes. Because of its alkali and sodium contents, soaps are germicidal for some pathogens, specifically, those that cause syphilis, gonorrhea, some meningitides and pneumonias, and the influenza virus. Yet they are too mildly antiseptic to remove most bacteria effectively. About 50% of all cosmetic soaps now contain antibacterial chemicals. These chemicals retard cross contamination, reduce body odor, and prevent superficial cuts from becoming infected. Some of these compounds are: metabromsalan, triclocarban, tribromsalan, triclosan, and chloroxylenol.
Gliane Payton Wednesday, November 10, 2010 2:22:28 PM CT 00:25:4b:bc:7f:84

How much cleanliness is necessary? Certainly we dont want to go back to the medical practices of the early 1800s, but we need not suffer from microphobia either. Healthy people can usually be infected by pathogens (organisms capable of causing diseases), but extremely young or old people and those sick or with depressed immune systems can be infected by non-pathogenic microbes. Extra precautions should routinely be taken around these people in homes, hospitals, and rest homes. Those microbes on television advertisements are the normal flora of our bodies and are unlikely to cause us any problems. However we do need to take precautions because we dont know when we will come into contact with a pathogen such as Salmonella or Shigella. Sloppy hygiene standards will then exact their penalty!

In order to remove germs, antiseptics are necessary. Liquid hand gels that contain more than 60 percent alcohol will kill germs when soap is not available and handwashing is not possible. Using hand sanitizers will not cause bacteria to develop a resistance, so they are environmentally safer to use than antibacterial soaps. Read more: Which Soaps Kill Bacteria Best? | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/about_4612409_which-soaps-kill-bacteriabest.html#ixzz12AuttNrN
III) Hypothesis: If tide workers best to kill hand germs then it will kill the most bacteria. Example: If fertilizer X promotes plant growth best, then the plant with fertilizer X will grow the tallest. IV) Experiment Plan: Materials Nutrient agar plates Nutrient broth Paper disks Applicator sticks Forceps Soaps Water Procedure Part 1: Collecting and Culturing Hand Bacteria 1) Select one member of your lab group to be the collector and the others to be the donors. Have the collector was his/her hands. The donors should NOT wash their hands. 2) The collector should swab the donors hands and under their fingernails with the applicator stick trying to collect as much hand bacteria as possible, 3) Remove the cap from a nutrient broth tube and place the applicator stick into the broth. Seal the top tightly. 4) Wash all hands. 5) Incubate the tubes at room temperature for several days. Part 2: Testing the Effectiveness of Soaps 1) Locate the tube of nutrient broth. The broth should be cloudy indicating the growth of hand bacteria. Thump the tube to suspend any bacteria that may have settled to the bottom of the tube. 2) Remove the applicator stick and inoculate the agar dish, covering the entire surface of the
Wednesday, November 10, 2010 2:22:28 PM CT 00:25:4b:bc:7f:84

Gliane Payton

agar. Be sure that you dont break the surface of the agar. 3) Return the applicator stick to the broth. Turn the dish 1/4 turn and again inoculate the dish so that the second application streaks are perpendicular to the first. 4) Clean a pair of forceps with an alcohol pad. 5) Pick up one colored disk with the forceps and immerse it in one of the soaps being tested. Allow the disk to absorb the liquid. Remove excess liquid by gently tapping the disk against the side of the soap dish. Record the color of the disk that is used with each soap. 6) Remove the lid off of the Petri dish and lay the disk onto the agar surface about 2cm from the edge of the dish. Replace the lid on the dish as soon as each disk is added, 7) Repeat steps 4-6 with the other soaps and the dish of sterile water. 8) Incubate the dishes for several days. 9) Measure the zone of inhibition in millimeters for each disk to determine the effectiveness of the different soaps. Experimental Components Manipulated (Independent) Variable: The factor or condition being tested Type of soaps Responding (Dependent) Variable: The factor that responds to the change in the manipulated variable. The response is measured and recorded as data. Size of the zone of inhibition Controlled (Constants) Variables: All of the factors or conditions that are kept constant or normal during the experiment. Type of bacteria, Size of color-coded circle, type container Control: The setup without the manipulated variable or the normal condition. No soap at all just circle. V) Data Collection: (Data should be recorded in both a qualitative and quantitative format. Qualitative data would be recorded as general observations. Quantitative data involves the recording of numbers, usually through measurements of some type.) Observations: Tide has a biggest circle around itself. Dawn has a bigger circle than blue, orange, yellow, and tan. Nothing around the Nothing Circle. Some things around blue. Not a lot around orange. Data Table: Type of soap Dawn Tide Liquid Hand soap Greenworks Dove Nothing Color of disk Red White Blue Orange Yellow Tan Zone of inhibition (mm) 0 mm 10 mm 4 mm 3 mm 1 mm 1 mm Antibacterial agents Sodium lauryl sulfate Surfactant Sodium laureth sulfate Clorox Sodium Laureth Sulfate None

Gliane Payton

Wednesday, November 10, 2010 2:22:28 PM CT

00:25:4b:bc:7f:84

Photographs: Insert digital photos here VI) Conclusion -Write 1+ paragraph(s) that explains the significance of the collected data. -Write 1+ paragraph(s) that answers the question asked in step one. -Write 1+ paragraph(s) that explains any problems with the lab procedure that might have affected the results of the data collection. Explain what you would do different if you were to repeat this lab.

The significance of the collected data is the amount of bacteria that grown and little bacteria killed. It was very gross to watch it grow and see it stay that. Some of the soap though was killed and tide killed the most bacteria. Tide killed 10 mm of bacteria and red killed none completely but it still killed more than Tan and yellow. Most of the antibacterial agents were the same thing. I think that was interesting. Our hypothesis was right. I thought that Tide was going to kill the most bacteria because it kills all of the germs are clothes accumulate. Tide killed the most of the hand bacteria in the dish. Tide killed 10 mm of hand bacteria it killed more than Tan because that was are control. For the most part Tide is the best hand germ killing soap. Some problems that we had was the soaps we choose had most of the same ingredients, Orange dot moved because the soap moved around the dish had a hard time telling what was what. If we could do this lab again we could try to use soap with different ingredients. And maybe use different colors and dont put orange and yellow next to each other.

Gliane Payton

Wednesday, November 10, 2010 2:22:28 PM CT

00:25:4b:bc:7f:84