COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ECE DEPARTMENT FREQUENCY MODULATION EXPERIMENT #7

ECN412/1EEF 7:30AM 10:30AM/ECE LAB II

NAME: GREGORIO, ALEXANDER S. STUDENT NO.: 20101161211 DATE SUBMITTED: 10/18/2013 DATE PERFORMED: 10/04/2013 INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. EDELITO HANDIG GRADE

Theoretical Discussion:
The information signal can rarely be transmitted as is, it must be processed. In order to use electromagnetic transmission, it must first be converted from audio into an electric signal. The conversion is accomplished by a transducer. After conversion it is used to modulate a carrier signal. A carrier signal is used for two reasons:

To reduce the wavelength for efficient transmission and reception (the optimum antenna size is or of a wavelength). A typical audio frequency of 3000 Hz will have a wavelength of 100 km and would need an effective antenna length of 25 km! By comparison, a typical carrier for FM is 100 MHz, with a wavelength of 3 m, and could use an antenna only 80 cm long. To allow simultaneous use of the same channel, called multiplexing. Each unique signal can be assigned a different carrier frequency (like radio stations) and still share the same channel. The phone company actually invented modulation to allow phone conversations to be transmitted over common lines.

The process of modulation means to systematically use the information signal (what you want to transmit) to vary some parameter of the carrier signal. The carrier signal is usually just a simple, singlefrequency sinusoid (varies in time like a sine wave). The basic sine wave goes like V(t) = Vo sin (2 p f t + f) where the parameters are defined below: V(t) the voltage of the signal as a function of time. Vo the amplitude of the signal (represents the maximum value achieved each cycle) f the frequency of oscillation, the number of cycles per second (also known as Hertz = 1 cycle per second) f the phase of the signal, representing the starting point of the cycle. To modulate the signal just means to systematically vary one of the three parameters of the signal: amplitude, frequency or phase. Therefore, the type of modulation may be categorized as either AM: amplitude modulation FM: frequency modulation or PM: phase modulation Note: PM may be an unfamiliar term but is commonly used. The characteristics of PM are very similar to FM and so the terms are often used interchangeably. Frequency modulation uses the information signal, Vm(t) to vary the carrier frequency within some small range about its original value. Here are the three signals in mathematical form:

Information: Vm(t) Carrier: Vc(t) = Vco sin ( 2 p fc t + f ) FM: VFM (t) = Vco sin (2 p [fc + (Df/Vmo) Vm (t) ] t + f)

We have replaced the carrier frequency term, with a time-varying frequency. We have also introduced a new term: Df, the peak frequency deviation. In this form, you should be able to see that the carrier frequency term: fc + (Df/Vmo) Vm (t) now varies between the extremes of fc - Df and fc + Df. The interpretation of Df becomes clear: it is the farthest away from the original frequency that the FM signal can be. Sometimes it is referred to as the "swing" in the frequency.

We can also define a modulation index for FM, analogous to AM: b = Df/fm , where fm is the maximum modulating frequency used. The simplest interpretation of the modulation index, b, is as a measure of the peak frequency deviation, Df. In other words, b represents a way to express the peak deviation frequency as a multiple of the maximum modulating frequency, fm, i.e. Df = b fm. Example: suppose in FM radio that the audio signal to be transmitted ranges from 20 to 15,000 Hz (it does). If the FM system used a maximum modulating index, b, of 5.0, then the frequency would "swing" by a maximum of 5 x 15 kHz = 75 kHz above and below the carrier frequency. Here is a simple FM signal:

Here, the carrier is at 30 Hz, and the modulating frequency is 5 Hz. The modulation index is about 3, making the peak frequency deviation about 15 Hz. That means the frequency will vary somewhere between 15 and 45 Hz. How fast the cycle is completed is a function of the modulating frequency. A spectrum represents the relative amounts of different frequency components in any signal. Its like the display on the graphic-equalizer in your stereo which has leds showing the relative amounts of bass, midrange and treble. These correspond directly to increasing frequencies (treble being the high frequency components). It is a well-know fact of mathematics, that any function (signal) can be decomposed into purely sinusoidal components (with a few pathological exceptions) . In technical terms, the sines and cosines form a complete set of functions, also known as a basis in the infinite-dimensional vector space of real-valued functions (gag reflex). Given that any signal can be thought to be made up of sinusoidal signals, the spectrum then represents the "recipe card" of how to make the signal from sinusoids. Like: 1 part of 50 Hz and 2 parts of 200 Hz. Pure sinusoids have the simplest spectrum of all, just one component:

In this example, the carrier has 8 Hz and so the spectrum has a single component with value 1.0 at 8 Hz The FM spectrum is considerably more complicated. The spectrum of a simple FM signal looks like:

The carrier is now 65 Hz, the modulating signal is a pure 5 Hz tone, and the modulation index is 2. What we see are multiple side-bands (spikes at other than the carrier frequency) separated by the modulating frequency, 5 Hz. There are roughly 3 side-bands on either side of the carrier. The shape of the spectrum may be explained using a simple heterodyne argument: when you mix the three frequencies (fc, fm and Df) together you get the sum and difference frequencies. The largest combination is fc + fm + Df, and the smallest is fc - fm - Df. Since Df = b fm, the frequency varies (b + 1) fm above and below the carrier. A more realistic example is to use an audio spectrum to provide the modulation:

In this example, the information signal varies between 1 and 11 Hz. The carrier is at 65 Hz and the modulation index is 2. The individual side-band spikes are replaced by a more-or-less continuous spectrum. However, the extent of the side-bands is limited (approximately) to (b + 1) fm above and below. Here, that would be 33 Hz above and below, making the bandwidth about 66 Hz. We see the side-bands extend from 35 to 90 Hz, so out observed bandwidth is 65 Hz.

You may have wondered why we ignored the smooth humps at the extreme ends of the spectrum. The truth is that they are in fact a by-product of frequency modulation (there is no random noise in this example). However, they may be safely ignored because they are having only a minute fraction of the total power. In practice, the random noise would obscure them anyway.

Experimental Discussion:
Part A. We are tasked to produce a frequency modulating square wave by following the procedure. This is the picture of the square wave and the frequency modulated signal.

Figure 1. Message and the FM signal

Part B. We are task to generate an FM signal using our voice as input to the speech module. After performing some input voices we are able to produce this kind of signal in the oscilloscope.

Figure 2. FM signal using speech

Part C. We are tasked to observe the Spectral composition of the FM signal, but the oscilloscope is not that capable of displaying the desired signal so we only get an image of a simple FM signal having spectrum as shown.

Figure 3. Spectral composition of a FM signal

Experimental Question and Answer:

1.) Why does the Frequency of the carrier change? - It is because the carrier is dependent in the the amplitude of the FM modulating signal, so changing the amplitude or the peak to peak voltage of the FM will change the frequency of the carrier signal. 2.) What is the relationship between the FM signal frequency deviation and the amplitude of the message? - When the amplitude is at its highest peak, it is directly proportional to the frequency. 3.) What is the relationship between FM signal frequency deviation and the frequency of the message? - When the message signal is very high, there is no more modulation displayed. 4.) Minimum Frequency : 8.6 kHz Maximum Frequency : 18 kHz 5.) Minimum Frequency : 14 kHz Maximum Frequency : 18.66 kHz

Conclusion:
This type of modulation is the most efficient technique that I could think depending in the variations and the output that the system is taking under. Frequency modulation is the most understandable type of modulation for me because it is very easy to setup and the parts where the signals will be produced are shown in the oscilloscope which can be seen by our naked eyes. The process undertaken were all shown step by step which helps me have the knowledge how the FM signal was produced and how the FM modulation takes place.

Recommendation:
I recommend for more specific focus in this topic because I wanted to see in my naked eyes the variation of the amplitude and the depth when you applied frequency demodulation. This modulation experiment needs wider and briefer explanation on how the carrier signals and the modulating signals affect each other.

Glossary: Adder module An electric circuit that adds two signals together. Master signal module The provider of input signals for other complex circuit modules. Origin of the signal to be used Carrier signals signals that carry other signals. Emona Telecoms Trainer 101 is a single board trainer that makes teaching telecommunications much easier for professors in introductory university and technical college courses. It is unrivalled in offering a wide range of over 42 modern communications topics that can be studied with one compact trainer. Frequency the number of complete oscillations per second of energy (as sound or electromagnetic radiation in the form of waves. Amplitude amplitude of a sine wave is the maximum distance it ever reaches from zero. Transmitter: The sub-system that takes the information signal and processes it prior to transmission. The transmitter modulates the information onto a carrier signal, amplifies the signal and broadcasts it over the channel Channel: The medium which transports the modulated signal to the receiver. Air acts as the channel for broadcasts like radio. May also be a wiring system like cable TV or the Internet. Receiver: The sub-system that takes in the transmitted signal from the channel and processes it to retrieve the information signal. The receiver must be able to discriminate the signal from other signals which may using the same channel (called tuning), amplify the signal for processing and demodulate (remove the carrier) to retrieve the information. It also then processes the information for reception (for example, broadcast on a loudspeaker). References: Faina S. (1998). Practical Electronics 2nd edition. Chapter 5 pg. 75-82 Markus J., Weston C. (1998) Essential Circuits Reference Guide 4th edition. Chapter 3 pg. 78-87 Haykin S. (2000).Communication system 4th edition. (glossary) pg.801