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    Human Anatomy and Physiology

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    zairis21
    The nervous system consists of two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS connects the CNS to other parts of the body and is divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Neurons transmit electrochemical signals called nerve impulses between neurons and to cells outside the nervous system. Neurotransmitters help transmit these signals and can be excitatory or inhibitory. The brain is the largest part of the CNS and is divided into four main parts that work together to control functions like sensation, movement, emotion, and memory.

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    Human Anatomy and Physiology

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    zairis21
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    The nervous system consists of two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS connects the CNS to other parts of the body and is divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Neurons transmit electrochemical signals called nerve impulses between neurons and to cells outside the nervous system. Neurotransmitters help transmit these signals and can be excitatory or inhibitory. The brain is the largest part of the CNS and is divided into four main parts that work together to control functions like sensation, movement, emotion, and memory.

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    The nervous system consists of two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS connects the CNS to other parts of the body and is divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Neurons transmit electrochemical signals called nerve impulses between neurons and to cells outside the nervous system. Neurotransmitters help transmit these signals and can be excitatory or inhibitory. The brain is the largest part of the CNS and is divided into four main parts that work together to control functions like sensation, movement, emotion, and memory.

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    259 views8 pages

    Human Anatomy and Physiology

    Uploaded by

    zairis21
    The nervous system consists of two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS connects the CNS to other parts of the body and is divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Neurons transmit electrochemical signals called nerve impulses between neurons and to cells outside the nervous system. Neurotransmitters help transmit these signals and can be excitatory or inhibitory. The brain is the largest part of the CNS and is divided into four main parts that work together to control functions like sensation, movement, emotion, and memory.

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    Human Anatomy and Physiology The Nervous System

    Feeling, thinking, remembering, moving and being aware of the world require activity from the nervous system. This vast collection of cells also helps coordinate all other body functions to maintain homeostasis and to enable the body to respond to changing conditions. Information from within and outside the body is brought to the brain and spinal cord, which then stimulates responses from muscles and glands.

    The Nervous System Consist of the brain and neurons extending throughout the body

    Peripheral Nervous System Made up of long axons and dendrites, it contains all parts of the nervous system other than the brain and spinal cord

    Central Nervous System Consists of the brain and spinal cord

    Somatic Division (Voluntary) Specializes in the control of voluntary movements and the communication of information to and from the sense organs

    Spinal Cord Autonomic Division (Involuntary) Brain An organ roughly half the size of a loaf of bread that constantly controls behavior A bundle of nerves that leaves the brain and runs down the length of the back; transmits messages between the brain and the body

    Concerned with the parts of the body that function involuntarily without our awareness

    Sympathetic Division Acts to prepare the body in stressful emergency situations, engaging resources to respond to a threat

    Parasympathetic Division Acts to calm the body after an emergency situation has engaged the sympathetic division; provides a means for the body to maintain storage of energy sources

    The nervous system is the part of the body that coordinates the voluntary and involuntary actions and transmits signals between different parts of its body. It consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The central nervous system is consisting of the brain and the spinal cord. The other, composed of the nerve (peripheral nerves) that connects the central nervous system to other parts is called the peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system can be divided into two categories: Those that are consciously controlled comprise the somatic nervous system, which controls skeletal muscle. In contrast, the autonomic nervous system controls effectors, such as the heart, smooth muscle in blood vessels, and various glands. The nervous tissue is consists of masses of nerve cells, or neurons. These cells are the structural and functional units of the nervous system and are specialized to react to physical and chemical changes in their surroundings. Neurons transmit information in the form of electrochemical charges, called nerve impulses, to other neurons and to cells outside the nervous system.

    Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters are the chemicals substances manufactured to aid in the transmission of information throughout the body. They either stimulate an action on the cells (Excitatory) or inhibit an action (Inhibitory).

    Some Neurotransmitter and Representative Actions Neurotransmitter Acetylcholine Location CNS PNS Major Actions Controls skeletal muscle actions Stimulates skeletal muscle contraction at neuromuscular junctions. May excite or inhibit at autonomic nervous system synapses Creates a sense of feeling good, low levels may lead to depression May excite or inhibit autonomic nervous system actions depending on receptors Creates a sense of feeling good, deficiency in some brain areas associated with Parkinsons disease Limited actions in autonomic nervous system, may excite or inhibit , depending on the receptors Primarily inhibitory, leads to sleepiness, Release in hypothalamus promotes alertness Generally inhibitory Generally excitatory Excitatory, pain perception Generally inhibitory, reduce pain by inhibiting substance P release Vasodilation May play a role in memory

    Monoamines Norepinephrine

    CNS PNS

    Dopamine

    CNS

    PNS

    Serotonin Histamine Amino Acids GABA Glutamic Acid Neuropeptides Substance P Endorphins, Enkephalins Gases Nitric Oxide

    CNS CNS

    CNS CNS PNS CNS

    PNS CNS

    The Brain

    The Brain is composed of about 100 billion of neurons which communicate with one another. The brain is divided into four major portions, the cerebrum, the diencephalon, the brainstem, and the cerebellum. The Cerebrum, the largest part, includes nerve centers associated with sensory and motor functions and provides higher mental functions, including memory and reasoning. The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres, right and left. The right side of the brain controls the left side of the body and vice versa.

    There are 4 lobes in the Cerebral Hemisphere The Frontal - The Frontal lobe is responsible for functions such as reasoning, problem solving, judgment, and impulse control. It also manages our higher emotions such as empathy and altruism. This lobe is also involved in motor control and memory. The Parietal Lobe - The Parietal Lobe is involved in processing pain and touch sensation. It's also associated with cognition (including calculating location and speed of objects), movement, orientation, recognition and speech. The Temporal Lobe - The Temporal Lobe is involved in auditory (sound) sensation The Occipital Lobe - The Occipital Lobe controls visual sensation and processing.

    The Diencephalon also processes sensory information and is located between the cerebral hemisphere and above the midbrain. The Brainstem is a bundle of nervous tissue that connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord. It consists of numerous tracts of nerve fibers and several nuclei. The parts of the brainstem include the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata.

    The Cerebellum is the large mass of tissue located below the occipital lobes of the Cerebrum and posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata.

    The following structures are considered to be a part of the mesolimbic pathway: The ventral tegmental area (VTA) - is a part of the midbrain. It consists of dopamine, GABA, and glutamate neuron. The amygdala - is a large nuclear mass in the temporal lobes anterior to the hippocampus. It has been associated with the assignment of emotions, especially fear and anxiety. The nucleus accumbens - is found in the ventral striatum and is composed of medium spiny neurons. The hippocampus - is located in the medial portion of the temporal lobes. It is known for its association with memory.

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