Peskin

Physics 330 Problem Set # 1
(due Wednesday, October 5)

The purpose of this problem set is to help you review some items of mathematics and
physics that will be used in the course. If it turns out that this is not review, and that in
fact you have never done these sorts of calculations before, please take special care that you
are familiar with these methods.
1. Relativistic kinematics:
(a) A particle of mass M decays to a particle of mass m and a massless particle. Find
the energies and momenta of the two nal particles.
(b) A particle of mass M decays to two particles, one with mass m
1
and the other
with mass m
2
. Find the energies and momenta of the two nal particles.
(c) A particle of mass M decays to three massless particles. Let variables x
i
= 2E
i
/M
parametrize the energies of the nal particles. Note that

i
x
i
= 2. Find the
kinematically allowed region for (x
1
, x
2
).
(d) A particle of mass M decays to two massless particles (particles 1 and 2) and
one particle of mass m (particle 3). Let variables x
i
= 2E
i
/M parametrize the
energies of the nal particles. Again,

i
x
i
= 2. Find the kinematically allowed
region for (x
1
, x
2
). Show that the boundary in this case is formed from a straight
line and a hyperbola.
2. Rotations and spin:
(a) Write the 33 rotation matrix for a rotation by about the

2 (y) axis that carries
the vector (0, 0, 1) into (sin , 0, cos ).
(b) Show that this matrix is represented by R = exp[iJ
2
], where J
2
13
= J
2
31
= i
and all other elements are 0.
(c) The corresponding rotation matrix in the spin-
1
2
representation is generated by
J
2
=
2
/2. Write this matrix explicitly as a 2 2 matrix.
(d) Compute the rotation matrix for the following sequence of operations: (1) rotate
about

3 by ; (2) rotate about

2 by ; (3) rotate about

3 by . Perform this
computation both in the vector (spin-1) and the spin-
1
2
representation. Show
that the same rotation is produced in the two cases, that is, that the two matrices
represent a rotation about the same axis by the same angle.
1
3. Complex variables and contour integration:
(a) Evaluate
I
1
=

0
dx
x
2
(a
2
+ x
2
)(b
2
+ x
2
)
(1)
(b) Evaluate
I
2
=
1
0
dx
1
x(1 x) (x 2)
(2)
(c) Evaluate
I
3
=

0
dx
x sin x
(a
2
+ x
2
)
(3)
(d) Evaluate
I
4
=
d
2
e
it
( i)
, (4)
where and are real and positive. Consider the cases t > 0 and t < 0 separately.
2
The rst two problems are close to Peskin and Schroeder, problem 2.2. The changes in
notation are intentional; hopefully, they will make the exercise more clear.
1. Consider the eld theory of a free complex scalar eld. The action of the theory is
S =
d
4
x
m
2
(1)
where (x) is a complex-valued eld and m is real-valued. It is easiest to deal with
this eld by treating (x) and
(x) as the independent variables rather than by using

the real and imaginary parts of (x).
(a) By varying S, show that (x) and
(x) satisfy the Klein-Gordon equation.

(b) Show that the conjugate momenta to (x) and
(x) are
(x) =

(x) (x) =

(x) , (2)
respectively. Show that the Hamiltonian of the theory is
H =
d
3
x

+ m
2
(3)
(c) Using the canonical commutation relations
[(x),
(y)] = i(x y) [
(x), (y)] = i(x y) (4)

(with all other pairs commuting), show that the Heisenberg equation of motion
for (x) is the Klein-Gordon equation.
(d) Introducing appropriate representations for the operators (x),
(x), (x),
(x)
in terms of creation and annihilation operators, diagonalize H. Show that two
sets of creation and annihilation operators are needed to represent the canonical
commutation relations. Show that these create particles of equal mass. Argue
that the corresponding excitations can be considered particle and antiparticle.
(e) Consider the quantity
Q = i
d
3
x (
) (5)
Express Q in terms of creation and annihilation operators. Show that Q commutes
with H. Show explicitly that single-particle eigenstates of H are eigenstates of
Q. How do you interpret the eigenvalues?
1
2. Generalize the preceding problem to the case of two complex Klein-Gordon elds
a
,
a = 1, 2 with equal mass m.
(a) Write down an appropriate Hamiltonian and canonical commutation relations,
and show that
a
(x) obeys the Klein-Gordon equation as its equation of motion.
(b) Show that the charge
Q = i
d
3
x (
a
) (6)
commutes with H. (Sums over repeated indices should be understood.)
(c) Show that, if
j
ab
are the Pauli sigma matrices, the charges
Q
j
=
i
2
d
3
x
j
ab
j
ab
(7)
commute with H. Compute
[Q
j
, Q
k
] (8)
3. Peskin and Schroeder, problem 3.1.
2
1. Peskin and Schroeder, problem 3.2. Use the fact that the u(p) satisfy (
)u(p) =
mu(p).
Problems 2 and 3 illustrate that it is advantageous to consider even the classical spin-
1
2
eld as an anticommuting object. Classical anticommuting numbers (Grassmann numbers)
a, b satisfy
ab = ba , a
2
= b
2
= 0 , (ab)
= b
= a
. (1)
The last part of Problem 2, concerning the quantization of the Majorana fermion theory,
is tricky. Here are some hints:
(1) The canonical anticommutation relations should be
{
a
(x),
b
(y)} =
ab
(x y) (2)
The Hamiltonian is
H =
d
3
x
i

i
2
m(
T
(3)
Show that this Hamiltonian leads to the correct Heisenberg equation of motion for (x).
(2) Since elds will be expanded in terms of the solutions of the Majorana equation, the
rst thing to do is to nd a representation of these solutions. Show that expressions that
look like the upper two components of the usual u and v solutions of the Dirac equation:
(+)
=

p e
ipx
()
=

p (i
2
)
e
ipx
, (4)
where is a 2-component spinor, solve
i
(+)
= im
2
()
(5)
and the same equation with (+) and () interchanged. This motivates the representation:
(x) =
d
3
p
(2)
3
1
2E
p
s=1,2
p
s
a
s
p
+
p (i
2
)
s
a
s
p
e
i px
, (6)
where p = (E
p
, p). Show that this representation satises the canonical anticommutation
relations and diagonalizes H.
1
1. Using the transformation properties of (x) and (x) under P, T, and C given in eqs.
(3.126), (3.128), (3.139), (3.140), (3.145), (3.146) of Peskin and Schroeder, work out
explicitly the transformations of the 16 Dirac fermion bilinears under C, P, and T. In
this way, verify all of the entries in the table on p. 71 of Peskin and Schroeder.
2. (a) Show that the state
|(K) =
_
2E
K
_
d
3
k
(2)
3
k)a
s
K/2+k
b
t
K/2k
|0 (1)
is a correctly normalized bound state of a fermion with S
3
= s and an antifermion
with S
3
= t, assuming that
_
d
3
k
(2)
3
k)
2
= 1 (2)
and that E
2
K
= M
2
+|
K|
2
, where M is the mass of the state. How is

(
k) related
to the Schr odinger wavefunction (x) of the bound state? For the rest of this
problem, assume that

is S-wave:

(
k) =

(|
k|).
(b) Let s and t both be spin up (S
3
= +
1
2
). For a bound state at rest,

K = 0,
compute
0|
(0) |(K) and 0|
5
(0) |(K) , (3)
where (x) is the Dirac quantum eld. It suces to work in the leading approx-
imation for non-relativistic fermions:
u
s
(p)
m
_
s
_
v
s
(p)
m
_

s
s
_
. (4)
Which matrix elements are nonzero? Why?
(c) Let s and t be combined into a spin-0 state. For a bound state at rest,

K = 0,
compute
0| (0) |(K) and 0|
5
(0) |(K) (5)
again using the leading nonrelativistic approximation. Which matrix elements
are nonzero? Why?
1
3. The action for the electromagnetic eld coupled to a c-number current j
(x) is written
in relativistic notation as
S =
_
d
4
x
_
1
4
F
_
, (6)
where A
= (,

A) is the vector potential and
F
(7)
is the eld strength.
(a) Work out the relativistic form of the variational equation of motion for A
.
(b) Dene E
i
= F
i0
,
ijk
B
k
= F
ij
. Show that the equations for E and B are the
familiar Maxwell equations (in rationalized Heaviside units with
0
=
0
= c =
1).
(c) Compute the canonical momentum conjugate to A
(8)
Show that A
0
has no conjugate momentum. This is related to the fact that the
corresponding equation of motion

E = j
0
(9)
does not contain a time derivative. Coordinates without conjugate momenta
occur in equations with a gauge invariance, that is, with the freedom to redene
variables by an arbitrary function of t or x
in a way that does not change the

physics. For electrodynamics, show that the change of variables
A
= A
(x) (10)
does not aect Maxwells equations.
(d) The Hamiltonian formalism for a system with gauge invariance typically requires
specifying a gauge. For electrodynamics, a convenient choice is Coulomb gauge,

A = 0. Then also (d/dt)(

A) = 0. Show that this allows one to solve for
A
0
in terms of the source current j
0
.
(e) With A
0
and

A eliminated, this system now has only two degrees of freedom
per point, the two components of A
i
that satisfy

A = 0. At this point, it is
more convenient to go to Fourier space and constrain

A(
k) by
k

A(
k) = 0 (11)
2
The conjugate momentum should obey a similar constraint. An appropriate form
for the canonical commutation relation is then
[A
i
(
k),
j
(
)] = i
_
ij
k
i
k
j
|
k|
2
_
(2)
3
(
) (12)
Find a representation of this commutation relation in which

A has the form
A(x) =
_
d
3
p
(2)
3
1
2p
e
i px

a
_
a
( p)a
pa
+
a
( p)a
pa
_
(13)
where
a
( p) is a transverse unit vector, p
a
( p) = 0, and a = 1, 2.
(f) What is the relation between

and

E?
(g) Show that the representation (12) diagonalizes
H =
_
d
3
x
_
1
2
E
2
+
1
2
B
2
_
(14)
The result of these manipulations is a theory of transverse quantum photons and
c-number Coulomb potentials. If j
0
is replaced by a quantum operator, we would
obtain a fully quantum theory of electromagnetism. The theory is not manifestly
relativistically invariant, and it is not manifestly local (since, for example, (11)
is nonlocal when transformed back to real space). In class, I will give another
description of electrodynamics which is manifestly relativistically invariant and
local but which can contain negative probabilities. It is true but nontrivial to
show that these descriptions are equivalent in a subspace of their Hilbert spaces;
in this subspace, all bad features disappear.
3
(due Wednesday, November 3)
2. Peskin and Schroeder, problem 4.3. In part (d), it is enough to compute the mass of
the pion for small a and show that m
2
a.
1
4. In our discussion of e
+
e
in class, we saw that the limit m
0 of the cross
section was built up in a simple way as a sum of squares of amplitudes for scattering
processes with fermions of denite helicity in the initial and nal states. We used the
following explicit spinors to compute the amplitudes:
e
with p
3 : u
R
(p) =
2E
0
0
1
0
u
L
(p) =
2E
0
1
0
0
in direction : u
R
(p) =
2E
0
0
c
2
s
2
u
L
(p) =
2E
s
2
c
2
0
0
e
+
with p
3 : v
R
(p) =
2E
1
0
0
0
v
L
(p) =
2E
0
0
0
1
e
+
opposite to : v
R
(p) =
2E
c
2
s
2
0
0
v
L
(p) =
2E
0
0
s
2
c
2
(1)
where c
2
= cos /2, s
2
= sin /2, L, R refer to the physical spin direction of the
particle or antiparticle, and for antiparticles I have given v(p), not v(p). Use these
explicit spinors to redo the calculation of the Bhabha scattering cross section.
(a) There are 2
4
= 16 possible helicity amplitudes. Show that 10 of these are zero, 4
involve only one Feynman diagram, and 2 require a sum of two Feynman diagrams.
(b) Compute the nonzero helicity amplitudes. Show that the squares of these ampli-
tudes are equal in pairs. (This is a consequence of C or P invariance.)
(c) Show that the sum of the three contributions reproduces the result of problem 3.
1
1. Carry out all steps of the Feynman diagram calculation of the Compton scattering
cross section, working from the diagrams at the beginning of P & S Section 5.5. In
particular, include all steps in the derivation of eq. (5.87). Write the nal result
as a polarization-averaged cross section d/d cos in the CM frame. Take the limit
m/E 0.
2. Just as for Bhabha scattering, we can build up the cross section for Compton scattering
as a sum of squares of helicity amplitudes. To do this calculation in the limit m
e
0,
we need the polarization spinors
e
with p
3 : u
R
(p) =
2E
0
0
1
0
u
L
(p) =
2E
0
1
0
0
in direction : u
R
(p) =
2E
0
0
c
2
s
2
u
L
(p) =
2E
s
2
c
2
0
0
(1)
and the following polarization vectors for initial and nal photons:
with p
3 :
R
(p) =
1
2
(0, 1, i, 0)
L
(p) =
1
2
(0, 1, i, 0)
opposite to :
R
(p) =
1
2
(0, c, i, s)
L
(p) =
1
2
(0, c, i, s)
(2)
where c = cos , s = sin , and you should remember to use
(p) for nal-state photons.

(a) Show that, for zero electron mass, only those helicity amplitudes are nonzero for
which the e
has the same helicity in the initial and nal states. This reduces the
number of nonzero helicity amplitudes to 8.
(b) By explicit computation, show that 4 of these helicity amplitudes vanish and the
other 4 are equal in pairs.
(c) Show that the sum of the two dierent nonzero contributions reproduces the nal
result of Problem 1.
1
1. Simplify the expression for 3-body phase space
d
3
=
d
3
p
1
(2)
3
2E
1
d
3
p
2
(2)
3
2E
2
d
3
p
3
(2)
3
2E
3
(2)
4
(4)
(P p
1
p
2
p
3
) (1)
in the CM frame: P
= (P,
0). Do not assume any special values of the masses of the

nal particles; just take these to be m
1
, m
2
, m
3
.
(a) Let s = P
2
. Let
x
1
=
2E
1
s
x
2
=
2E
2
s
x
3
=
2E
3
s
(2)
Show that x
1
+x
2
+x
3
= 2. We can take any two of these variables as independent.
(b) Show that the invariants m
2
ij
= (p
i
+p
j
)
2
are uniquely determined as functions of
the x
i
: For example,
m
2
12
= s(1 x
3
) + m
2
3
(3)
(c) Show that, in the CM system, p
1
, p
2
, p
3
lie in a plane (the event plane). Show
that the cosine of the angle between any two particles in this plane is uniquely
determined as a function of the x
i
. The nal state then has 5 degrees of freedom
two of the x
i
and three Euler angles for the orientation of the event plane. Since
9 4 = 5, this number is right.
(d) Integrate over the orientation of the event plane and derive an expression for
3-body phase space as an integral over x
1
and x
2
. You should nd
d
3
=
s
128
3
dx
1
dx
2
(4)
The region of integration is somewhat subtle to determine. You worked out the
cases of 3 massless and 1 massive and 2 massless particles in Problem Set 1.
(e) Show that the result (4) implies the statement, Three body phase space is at
as a function of m
2
12
and m
2
13
.
This result suggests a way to study reactions with 3-body nal states, for example
B
+
K
+
K
+
: Perform a scatter plot of the data in the plane of m
2
(K
+
K
)
vs. m
2
(
+
K
). This is called the Dalitz plot. An accumulation of points in this

plot on a line parallel to one of the axes indicates a 2-particle resonance in the
nal state.
1
2. As a simple model of the strong interactions, assume that quarks interact through
exchange of a massless vector boson G with the coupling
L = gq
qG
(5)
This is called the Abelian vector gluon theory. Compute the cross section of gluon
emission in e
+
e
annihilation,
d
dx
1
dx
2
(e
+
e
qqG) (6)
where x
1
, x
2
are the variables (6) for the quark and antiquark respectively. Assume
that the quark has electric charge Q
f
and 3 colors. Dene
g
= g
2
/4. Ignore the mass
of the electron and the mass of the quark. G couples only to quarks and antiquarks,
not to electrons.
(a) Draw the Feynman diagrams for e
+
e
qqG and evaluate the scattering am-

plitudes. Square and nd the polarization sum and average as a product of two
traces.
(b) Now we have to integrate over angles. A sneaky but very convenient way to do
this is to hold the event plane xed and average over the orientation of the initial
state. Let the electron and positron momenta be p
, p
, respectively. By writing
out the components of the tensor and averaging over angles (or by any other
method you can think of), show that
p
+ p
p p =
1
3
P
2
P
(7)
where P = p + p.
(c) Carry out the remaining trace computation. Current conservation might be useful
to simplify the computation. You might recognize the trace as (a crossing of) one
that you encountered already in the last problem of the previous problem set.
Derive the result
d
dx
1
dx
2
(e
+
e
qqG) =
4
2
3s
3Q
2
f

g
2
x
2
1
+ x
2
2
(1 x
1
)(1 x
2
)
(8)
This same result is correct (to leading order) in the real theory of the strong
interactions, QCD, with the replacement
g

4
3
s
(9)
2
(due Wednesday, December 7)
1. This problem concerns non-standard corrections to the electron and muon (g 2).
(a) Consider adding to QED a new neutral scalar boson with mass M and a coupling
to the electron and the muon of the form
H = . (1)
Compute the contribution to the lepton (g 2) from the 1-loop diagram that
involves this boson.
(b) Alternatively, consider adding to QED a new neutral pseudoscalar boson with
mass M and a coupling to the electron and the muon of the form
H = i
5
. (2)
Compute the contribution to the lepton (g 2) from the 1-loop diagram that
involves this boson.
(c) At the moment, there seems to be an anomaly in the muon (g 2), such that
a contribution is needed from sources outside the known interactions of particle
physics, to give a correction
(
g 2
2
) +2 10
9
. (3)
[Caution: This is, at best, a 2.5 eect.] In each of the two models above,
compute the condition on M and
=
2
/4 to give an eect of this size.
(d) For the electron (g 2), there is spectacular agreement between theory and ex-
periment:
(
g 2
2
)
< 5 10
11
. (4)
This includes the uncertainty in , which must be determined in another high-
precision experiment, for example, the measurement of the quantum unit of re-
sistance in the quantum Hall eect. Are the models of the anomaly in the muon
(g 2) that you considered in part (c) consistent with this constraint?
1
Physics 330 Final Exam
This exam is due on Wednesday, December 10. Please return the exam to Mariel Haag
in Varian 336 by 3:00 pm sharp. If you have any questions about the exam, please contact
me at [email protected] or 926-3250. If errata are reported, I will announce them
on the course Web page.
Please do not collaborate on this exam. Please return the exam in a blue book (or
multiple blue books) with the honor code acknowledgement signed.
The exam is worth a total of 100 points (plus a possible 5 points extra credit). The
distribution of points is indicated below.
The problem deals with the lepton number violating processes e, , e.
These decay processes have never been observed. In the Standard Model of particle physics,
each species of lepton carries a conserved quantum number and cannot convert to another
species. However, most models of physics beyond the Standard Model allow some mechanism
for these avor-changing lepton decays, and so it is interesting to look for these decays
experimentally.
a. (20 points) We will see below that a avor-changing lepton decay such as e is
mediated by the transition dipole matrix element:
= ieu(p
F
2
(q
2
)
u(p) (1)
Compute the decay rate for e in terms of the coecient F
2
(0). You may set
m
e
= 0 throughout this problem set, except in part (j).
b. (5 points) The typical decay of the muon is by the weak-interaction process
e
(2)
The rate of this decay is:
() =
2
w
m
5
384m
4
W
= (2.2 10
6
sec)
1
(3)
where
w
= 1/29.6 is the coupling strength of the weak interaction, m
= 0.1057 GeV
is the mass of the muon, and m
W
= 80.4 GeV is the mass of the W boson. Similarly,
the rate of weak-interaction decay of the is given by
() = 5.3

2
w
m
5
384m
4
W
= (2.9 10
13
sec)
1
(4)
1
where m
= 1.777 GeV and the coecient in front equals (1 + 1 + 3.3) to account r

the decay of the
to e
, to
, and to quarks with 3 colors and a 10% enhancement

from QCD corrections. (These formulae are not hard to derive using methods from
Physics 330, but you may just take them as given.) To compare to these formulae,
parametrize the form factor F
2
in the transition dipole moment as
F
2
(0) = G

4
m
M
2
(5)
where m
is the mass of the decaying lepton, M is the mass of some new particle
associated with the avor violation, and G is a dimensionless constant. The current
limits on the branching ratios for avor changing decays are (at the 90% CL):
BR( e) < 1.2 10
11
BR( e) < 2.7 10
6
BR( ) < 3.2 10
7
(6)
What are the corresponding limits on the values of G, assuming that M = 200 GeV
(beyond the reach of current experiments)? Which is the strongest constraint if the
predictions for G are the same for the three processes? What if the predictions for G
depend on the lepton mass and are proportional to m
2
?
c. (10 points) The last result in (6) is a new result from the BELLE B-factory experiment.
The analysis made use of the reaction e
+
e
using 86.3 fb
1
of data at E
cm
=
10.58 GeV. The denition of 1 fb
1
is that it is the number of collisions needed to
produce 1 event for a process whose cross section is 1 fb = 1 10
15
barn. How many
pairs were produced in this experiment? (The BaBar and BELLE experiments
should eventually each record more than 1000 fb
1
of data, leading to very strong
constraints on the radiative decays.)
d. (5 points) With this introduction, lets compute the transition dipole moment in a sim-
ple model. Write down the Lagrangian for the quantum electrodynamics of electrons
and muons (with elds e, , A
). Add to this:
L = (D
e
)
e
m
2
e
+ (D
m
2
m
2
(
e
)
+b(i m
b
)b +g
eb
e
+b
e
be +
(7)
In this Lagrangian,
e
and
are complex scalar elds carrying electron and muon

number, respectively, and b is an electrically neutral Dirac fermion. The coupling
constant of the new elds is taken to be g, which you should consider to be of the
order of e. The two scalar elds are given the same mass for simplicity. The covariant
derivative is D
+ ieA
. In thinking about this Lagrangian, imagine that m and

m
b
are both much larger than 100 GeV, while m
= 0.106 GeV.
This Lagrangian is a simplied version of a supersymmetric theory of new particle
physics interactions. The scalar elds
e
and
represent the supersymmetric partners

2
of the electron and muon. The fermion b is the supersymmetric partner of the photon.
In a supersymmetric theory, g =
2e.
Write the Feynman rules for this theory, treating the m
2
term as a perturbation that
gives rise to a 2-point vertex.
e. (10 points) In the theory (7), the matrix element for the process e is given by
the following set of Feynman diagrams:
(8)
with on the right, e on the left, and b and

e
in the loop in each diagram.
Write the values of these diagrams, without doing any of the integrals or Dirac algebra.
Notice that, since m
= m
e
, the diagrams with self-energy-type integrals are not
innite and should be treated as ordinary contributions to the S-matrix element. On
the other hand, there are no contributions to (Z
2
1) proportional to m
2
, so the sum
of diagrams shown in (8) is the whole calculation.
f. (10 points) Show that the expression you wrote in part (e) satises the Ward identity:
q
(sum of diagrams)
= 0 . (9)
Use the fact that the initial and the nal e are on shell, so that (p m
)u(p) = 0,
(p
m
e
)u(p
) = 0.
g. (5 points) Show that the Gordon identity for this kinematic situation is
(m
e
+m
)u(p
u(p) = u(p
) [(p
+p)
+i
] u(p) (10)
Using this identity, the sum of diagrams in (e) can be gathered into the form
ieu(p
F
1
(q
2
) +q
F
3
(q
2
) +i
F
2
(q
2
)
u(p) . (11)
Using the Ward identity, nd a relation between the form factors F
1
and F
3
. In
particular, show that F
1
(q
2
) vanishes at q
2
= 0 if F
3
(q
2
) has a smooth and nonsigular
limit as q
2
0.
h. (15 points) Compute the Feynman diagrams shown in (8). Notice that all integrals are
UV-nite. Write expressions for F
1
(q
2
), F
3
(q
2
), and F
2
(q
2
) as integrals over Feynman
parameters. Show that all three form factors have nonsingular limits as q
2
0 and
as m
0. (Remember that m
m, m
b
.) You may ignore m
in the rest of the

calculation (except in part (j)).
i. (5 points) Show explicitly that F
1
(q
2
) = 0 at q
2
= 0.
3
j. (5 points extra credit) Show the relation between F
1
and F
3
found in (g) holds explicitly
without rst taking the limits m
0, m
e
0, q
2
0.
k. (5 points) Show that F
1
and F
3
do not contribute to the amplitude for e.
l. (10 points) Compute F
2
(0) in the limit m
0. Notice that it is of the general form

of (5), except that m
is replaced by m
b
. In a realistic theory of supersymmetry, this
defect would be remedied. In a typical model m
2
/m
2
of the order of /4, but in
some models this quantity is parametrically larger for decays of the .
References: This exam is open-book. If you make strong use of any reference other than
the class textbook and notes, please give the reference. Be warned: There are many papers
on e, but none are simple to follow. It is probably easier just to do the problem from
scratch.
Self-evaluation: To record a satisfactory performance on this exam, please complete at
least through part (e). Prospective theorists should slog through to the end.
4
This exam is due at noon on Thursday, December 9. Please hand it in to Alex Giryavets
in Varian 361. If you have any questions about the exam, please contact me at mpe-
[email protected] or 926-3250. If errata are reported, I will announce them on the
course Web page.
multiple blue books) with the honor code acknowledgement signed. Alex Giryavets has blue
books, if you need one.
The exam is worth a total of 100 points. The distribution of points is indicated below.
The problem deals with some aspects of the phenomenology of the Higgs boson. Even
though the Higgs boson has not yet been discovered, there is a large literature on its prop-
erties. Fortunately, most of this literature is too sophisticated to be useful to you for the
purpose of solving this exam. I recommend that you simply try to answer the questions using
methods from Physics 330. However, the exam is open-book. If you nd a useful reference
other than the class textbook and notes, feel free to use it, as long as you cite the reference
in your solution.
a. (20 points) Let f be the Dirac eld representing a quark or lepton. The Higgs boson is
a scalar particle, associated with a eld h that couples to each fermion eld according
to
H =
m
f
v
ffh (1)
where m
f
is the fermion mass and v = 246 GeV. Draw the Feynman diagram for Higgs
decay into ff. Compute the partial width using the formula
(h ff) =
1
2m
h
M(h ff)
2
(2)
b. (5 points) Taking the masses of the heaviest quarks and leptons to be:
charge
2
3
quarks : m
c
= 1.2 GeV m
t
= 178 GeV
charge
1
3
quarks : m
b
= 4.2 GeV
charge 1 leptons : m
= 0.105 GeV m
= 1.77 GeV (3)

compute the total width and decay rate of a Higgs boson of mass 120 GeV and its
branching fractions to each of these species. Do not forget the color factor of 3. (The
Higgs boson is also supposed to decay to W and Z bosons; you should ignore those
contributions in this exam.)
c. (20 points) Higgs bosons can be produced in quark-antiquark (or proton-antiproton)
collisions through the process
q + q h + (4)
1
This process is not very much discussed in the literature because it is not a very eective
way to produce Higgs bosons. Nevertheless, compute the appropriately polarization
summed and averaged dierential cross section for this process in the CM frame. You
may ignore the mass of the quark, except, of course, in the coupling in eq. (1). Take
care with the color factor: Assume that quarks and antiquarks of all three colors are
equally probable in the proton wavefunction. Express the cross section as
d
2
d
2
p
(5)
where p
is the photon momentum perpendicular to the collision axis. This expression

is invariant to longitudinal boosts. Notice that the cross section depends on the quark
species and is much larger for heavier quarks.
d. (5 points) Assuming that the proton contains a b quark or antiquark with probability
about 0.1, estimate the order of magnitude of the cross section for production of a
Higgs boson in association with a photon with p
> 100 GeV. The momentum of the

b quark is determined by the proton wavefunction. It might be anything from near
0 to about 1% of the proton energy, so just choose the value of s to maximize the
cross section. You do not have to do a detailed calculation; I just want the order of
magnitude. If the Large Hadron Collider at CERN will produce enough proton-proton
collisions per year to give 100 events of a process whose cross section is 1 fb (1 10
39
cm
2
), roughly how many events of this type will be produced? (We will discuss the
quark structure of the proton in some detail in Physics 331; then you will know how
to get a more precise prediction.)
e. (5 points) If m
f
is small, the cross section computed in part (c) is absurdly small.
However, we could obtain a larger answer if the Higgs boson can couple directly to 2
photons. This vertex is generated by 1-loop Feynman diagrams. It takes the form:
= i

4
C(g
p q p
) (6)
Show that this vertex satises the Ward Identity.
f. (15 points) Using this vertex, draw a new Feynman diagram for the process qq h.
Assuming that m
f
is so small that the previous diagrams can be neglected, compute
the dierential cross section for h production. Your answer should be proportional to
|C|
2
.
g. (20 points) Draw the Feynman diagrams by which a loop containing a heavy quark
generates the vertex in part (e). For deniteness, use the heavy t quark. Compute
these diagrams in the limit m
2
t
p q, m
2
h
; that is, ignore all terms that vanish in the
2
limit m
t
. Use dimensional regularization. You will nd a peculiar feature: A
crucial term will be proportional to (d 4) times a divergent diagram. However, this
term will give a nite and denite value in dimensional regularization, since
lim
d4
(d 4)(2 d/2) = 2 . (7)
(In Physics 332, if you are still around, I will explain what is going on here and why it
is actually correct.) Show that the amplitude actually takes the form of eq. (6). Find
the explicit expression for C. (Again, there is a second contribution from W bosons in
the loop. Please ignore it for the purpose of this exam.)
h. (10 points) Compute the partial width of the Higgs boson to . Using the results of
parts (b) and (g), obtain a numerical answer for the branching ratio of the Higgs to
.
least through part (f). Prospective theorists should slog through to the end.
3
This exam is due at noon on Friday, December 16. Please hand it in to Alex Giryavets
in Varian 361. If you have any questions about the exam, please contact me at mpe-
course Web page.
books, if you need some.
This problem has some historical interest, because it concerns a very interesting exercise
in quantum eld theory that Feynman solved under circumstances that claried for him the
power and general applicability of the methods taught in this course. I attach the story at
the end of the exam.
Since the problem is of historical interest only, I doubt that you will nd a clear treatment
of it in the literature. I recommend that you simply try to answer the questions using methods
from Physics 330. However, the exam is open-book. If you nd a useful reference other than
the class textbook and notes, feel free to use it, as long as you cite the reference in your
solution.
This problem concerns a simple eld theory description of the interactions of pions and
nucleons.
a. (10 points) To begin, we will need to know something about the electromagnetic in-
teractions of scalar particles. I claim that, if is a scalar eld of charge (e), like the
electron, then the Feynman rule for the coupling of to a photon is :
= ie(p + p
(1)
This interaction can be derived from the Lagrangian
L = (D
m
2
(2)
with D
+ ieA
. The term linear in A
is
L =
(ieA
) ieA
(3)
Since the incoming has a wavefunction e
ipx
, we can replace
by (ip
), and
treat
similarly, to obtain the Feynman rule.

Now, here is the question: Verify that this vertex satises the following consistency
checks:
1
(1) Show that the nonrelativistic electromagnetic scattering of a charged scalar par-
ticle from an electron gives a Coulomb potential with the correct sign. Show
this also for the positively charged antiparticle
.
(2) Show that the vertex
for pair production, which would be used to

compute e
+
e
, satises current conservation for ,
on-shell.
b. (10 points) Compute the cross section for e
+
e
, averaged over electron spins.

You may ignore the mass of the electron, but not the mass of the . How does the
total cross section compare with that for e
+
e
as E
cm
?
c. (5 points) Now turn to the description of pion-nucleon interactions. Let N represent
a doublet of Dirac fermion elds
N =
p
n
(4)
where p, n represent the Dirac fermion elds of the proton and neutron. Let
i
,
i = 1, 2, 3 represent three pseudoscalar pion elds
0
=
3
=
1
2
(
1
i
2
) (5)
A coupling of the pions to the nucleons can be written
H = ig
NN
i
N
5
i
N (6)
The notation is slightly tricky; the
5
acts on the Dirac indices to create a pseudoscalar
coupling. The
i
acts on the 2-component indices that the distinguish the p and the
n. The
eld destroys a
and creates a
+
. Work out the Feynman rules. Write
explicitly the vertex by which a proton emits a
+
and converts to a neutron. Show
that the electric charge assignments work out correctly for this process.
For simplicity, let the three pions have equal masses m
and let the proton and neutron

have equal masses m
N
.
d. (10 points) Consider proton-proton scattering in the leading order of pertubation the-
ory. Work out the leading term in the scattering amplitude in the limit of nonrelativistic
velocities. Show that this term represents a spin-spin interaction, mediated by a poten-
tial related to the Yukawa potential. Write the similar expressions for neutron-neutron
and proton-neutron scattering.
Since we do not obtain a universally attractive potential, the interaction (6) does not,
by itself, explain the binding of protons and neutrons into nuclei. For this, we need a
more complicated model, such as the linear sigma model considered in Problem Set 5.
e. (10 points) The coupling (6) is called the pseudoscalar interaction. It is also possible
to write a pseudovector interaction:
H =
g
NN
2m
N
i
N
i
N (7)
2
Work out the leading term for nonrelativistic proton-proton scattering in the pseu-
dovector model, and show that it is identical to the result for the pseudoscalar model.
f. (10 points) Write the full relativistic amplitudes for proton-proton scattering in the
leading order of perturbation theory in the pseudoscalar and pseudovector theories.
Show that these are identical. Does the trick work also for other scattering processes,
considered in leading order?
g. (5 points) In classical physics, one might not expect the neutron to interact with
electromagnetic elds. However, in quantum eld theory, the neutron can uctuate
to a proton plus a pion. Thus, there are nonzero contributions to the electromagnetic
form factors of the neutron at one-loop order. Draw the diagrams that contribution to
the F
1
and F
2
form factors of the neutron in order g
2
NN
.
h. (10 points) Compute these diagrams, up to the integrals over Feynman parameters.
Use dimensional regularization. Show that the results for F
1
and F
2
are nite both in
the UV and in the IR.
i. (10 points) Show explicitly that F
1
(0) = 0, as required by general principles.
j. (10 points) The charge radius r of the neutron can be dened by
F
1
(q
2
) = 6q
2
r
2
+O(q
4
) (8)
Compute r
2
in terms of the parameters of this theory.
k. (10 points) Show that the pseudovector theory gives a dierent expression for the form
factors of the neutron from that of the pseudoscalar theory, one which is UV divergent.
Is it only F
1
or also F
2
that is divergent?
least through part (g). Prospective theorists should slog through to the end.
Finally, here is the story about Feynman. It is one of my favorite Feynman stories, not
least because probably happened more or less as it is told. I quote extensively from Jagdish
Mehras biography, The Beat of a Dierent Drum, Oxford U. Press, 1994:
At the 1949 APS meeting, Murray Slotnik presented new results, which he had obtained
after two years of calculation, concerning the interaction between an electron and a nuetron.
He had found that the answers for the pseudoscalar theory and the pesudovector theory were
dierent. In fact, in the case of the pseudovector theory, the answer was logarithmically
divergent, but, in the pseudoscalar theory, it was convergent and gave well-dened answers.
[J. Robert] Oppenheimer, who was in the audience, asked Slotnik: Well, what about Cases
3
theorem? By this he meant the new result of Kenneth Case (who, at that time, was a
postdoctoral fellow at Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton), which was going to be
reported the next day. [Oppenheimer was, at that time, the Director of the Institute.]
Case had announced that he had proved that the results for both the pseudoscalar and
pseudovector theories were the same. Slotnick answered: I never heard of Cases theorem!
Feynman had missed Slotnicks talk, but somebody asked him about the discussion be-
tween Oppenheimer and Slotnick. He went to Slotnick and said: Look, I am very anxious
to try out if I understand what these things mean. So just tell me what you did. He replied,
I scattered the electron o the neutron and I have a correction due to the mesons.
Feynman described what happened next as follows: This was a welcome opportunity
to test my guesses as to whether I really understood what these two couplings were. So
I went home, and during the evening I worked out the electron-neutron scattering for the
pseudoscalar and pseudovector couplings, saw that they were not equal and subtracted them,
and worked out the dierence in detail. The next day, at the meeting, I saw Slotnick and
said, Slotnick, I worked it out last night, I wanted to see if I got the same answers you
do. I got a dierent answer for each couplingbut I would like to check in detail with you
because I want to be sure of my methods. And he said, What do you mean you worked
it out last night? It took me six months! And, when we compared the answers, he looked
at mine and he asked, What is that Q in there, that variable Q? ... I said, Thats the
momentum transferred by the electron, the electron deected by dierent angles. Oh,
he said, No, I only have the limiting value as Q approaches [0 for] the forward scattering.
Well, it was easy enough to just substitute Q equals zero in my answers as he did. But it
took him six months to do the case of zero momentum transfer, whereas, during one evening,
I had done the nite and arbitrary momentum transfer. That was a thrilling moment for me,
like receiving the Nobel Prize, because that convinced me, at last, I did have some kind of
method and technique and understood how to do something that other people did not know
how to do. That was my moment of triumph in which I realized I really had succeeeded in
working out something worthwhile. ...
As Feynman further recalled, next day Case reported his theorem at the APS meeting.
And, just to be annoying, when Case nished, I said, Yeah, but what about Slotnicks
calculation? You know, I mean Oppenheimer was imperious. If Case proved the theorem,
it must be true. And I argued, What about Slotnicks calculation? That theorem cant be
true. And everybody laughed becuase it was perfectly logical to suppose the theorem is at
fault rather than the calculation, you know. So [Oppenheimer] said: Well, maybe Slotnicks
calculation is wrong. I said, No, I checked it last night and its all right. I believe its
right.
4
(due Wednesday, January 25)
1. Consider the set of SU(3) generators in the 3 representation given in Peskin and
Schroeder, Problem 15.1. Compute the structure constants f
abc
. You may use the fact
that f
abc
is totally antisymmetric. (Why?). Show explicitly that
f
abc
f
abd
= C
2
(G)
cd
= 3
cd
(1)
as claimed in class.
2. Review the discussion from Physics 330 of the nonrelativistic potential between heavy
fermions due to photon exchange. Then:
(a) Show that the nonrelativistic potential between two electrons is
V (R) = +
e
2
4R
(2)
(b) A eld of charge Q transforms under local U(1) transformations as
(x) e
iQ(x)
(x) (3)
Show that this implies that the covariant derivative on this eld is
D
ieQA
(4)
and that the coupling to the photon eld is the photon-electron coupling multi-
plied by (Q). (The electron has charge Q = 1.)
(c) Show that the nonrelativistic potential between two heavy fermions with charges
Q
1
and Q
2
is
V (R) = +
e
2
Q
1
Q
2
4R
(5)
(d) Now generalize this result to Yang-Mills theory. Assume that the propagator
for a Yang-Mills eld is that given in Peskin and Schroeder, problem 15.3(c).
Show that the nonrelativistic potential between two heavy fermions, one in the
representation r
1
of the gauge group G and the other in the representation r
2
, has
the form
V (R) = +
g
2
4R
t
a
r
1
t
a
r
2
(6)
1
(e) The matrix t
a
r
1
t
a
r
2
is a matrix of dimension d
r
1
d
r
2
d
r
1
d
r
2
. To diagonalize this
matrix, represent the product representation r
1
r
2
in terms of its irreducible
components
r
1
r
2
=
i
r
i
. (7)
A state in which r
1
and r
2
are combined into a given irreducible representation r
I
is an eigenstate of this matrix. Show this, and show that the eigenvalue is given
by a simple combination of C
2
(r
1
), C
2
(r
2
), and C
2
(r
I
).
(f) Show that, if r
1
= r, r
2
= r, the complex conjugate representation, and the two
fermions are in a state of zero (singlet) total charge (r
I
= 1), then
V (R) =
g
2
C
2
(r)
4R
(8)
3. Peskin and Schroeder, Problem 15.5.
2
(due Wednesday, February 1)
2. Let be a linear combination of free elds: =

d
4
xg(x)(x), where g(x) is a xed
function and (x) is a free Klein-Gordon eld.
(a) First, look at the evaluation of products of s in canonical quantization. Time-
ordered expectation values of are evaulated as sums of contractions. Show
that

= 3
= 5 3
3
etc. (1)
where denotes the time-ordered expectation value and
2
is the contrac-
tion. Using these results, show that
exp[] = exp[
/2] (2)
(b) Rederive (2) using the functional integral to dene the expectation values of (x).
3. Peskin and Schroeder, Problem 15.3. Compare these results to Problem 2 of the
previous problem set.
4. Peskin and Schroeder, Problem 15.4. The formula at the top of p. 504 should read:
D
F
(x, y) =

0
dT
Dx exp
dt
1
2
((
dx
dt
)
2
m
2
) ie
dt
dx
dt
A
(x)
(3)
which is correct, because (dx/dt)
2
(the square of the space components of x
) should
have a positive coecient.
1
2. In class, we computed the matrix element for the process qq gg, where q is a massless
fermion in the representation r of a Yang-Mills gauge group G and g is the Yang-Mills
gauge boson. Our result had the form:
iM= v(p)
(k
1
)t
a

(k
2
)t
b
u(p) + (1)
In QED, we were typically interested in cross sections summed over nal spins and
averaged over initial spins. In Yang-Mills theory, we might also wish to sum over nal
gauge indices (colors) and average over initial colors.
(a) For the term written out in (1), show that the group theory factor corresponding
to this color average and sum of the squared matrix elements is
1
d
2
r
tr[t
a
t
b
t
b
t
a
] (2)
(b) Show that this factor evaluates to
1
d
r
[C
2
(r)]
2
(3)
(c) Evalute
1
d
2
r
tr[t
a
t
b
t
a
t
b
] (4)
3. Compute the dierential cross section d/d cos for qq gg, averaged over initial
spins and colors and summed over nal spins and colors. Use the method of Peskin
and Schroeder, Problem 17.3(a). Use the same explicit spinors and polarization vectors
that appeared in the Problem Sets 6 and 7 of Physics 330. Compute the color averages
and sums using the results of Problem 2.
1
1. In the previous problem set, you computed the dierential cross section for qq gg
in a general Yang-Mills theory with massless fermions. Specialize your answer to
QCD and show that it produces eq. (17.75) of Peskin and Schroeder. Using crossing
appropriately (being careful to average over initial state colors but sum over nal state
colors), derive eqs. (17.76) and (17.77).
2. The various fermion-fermion scatting cross sections in QCD can be derived from QED
results by multiplying by appropriate color factors. Using this strategy, derive eqs.
(17.64), (17.65), (17.70), and (17.71) of Peskin and Schroeder.
3. Compute the dierential cross section d/d cos for gg gg, averaged over initial
spins and colors and summed over nal spins and colors. Use the method of Peskin
and Schroeder, Problem 17.3(b). Derive eq. (17.78) of Peskin and Schroeder. This
completes the set of 2 2 parton cross sections needed to compute the cross sections
for hard-scattering processes at hadron colliders.
1
1. The eective interaction used in class to compute the cross section for neutrino deep
inelastic scattering can be tested in purely leptonic processes, in particular, in muon
decay
. From the vertex

L =
4G
F
2
e
P
L
P
L
(1)
where P
L
= (1
5
)/2, and ignoring the masses of the electron and the neutrinos:
(a) Compute the muon decay rate
. The measured muon lifetime,
= 2.19703(4)
10
6
sec, gives the most accurate determination of G
F
. Compute G
F
(2 signicant
gures suce).
(b) Compute the electron energy distribution d/dE(e
) in the muon rest frame.

(c) (extra credit) For a muon at rest with spin oriented along the + z axis, compute
the electron energy and angular distribution. When this distribution is averaged
with that for a muon with spin oriented in the z direction, you should nd an
angle-independent result that agrees with the answer in (b).
Parts (a) and (b) are quite straightforward with the use of the tricks for 3-body phase
space described in Problem Set # 8 of Physics 330. Part (c) is more dicult; I have
made it optional. It might be useful to use the identity for integrating over the phase
space of massless vectors k and q such that (k + q) = P:
d
3
k
(2)
3
2k
d
3
q
(2)
3
2q
(2)
4
(4)
(k + q P) k
=
1
96
(2P
+ g
P
2
) (2)
3. Peskin and Schroeder, Problem 17.5. Work out both the total cross section and the
dierential cross section
E
d
d
3
p
(3)
where p, E are the energy and momentum of the heavy quark Q. You can work in the
-p CM frame, though the quantity in (3) is actually invariant to longitudinal boosts.
1
(due Wednesday, March 8)
3. Download and unpack the le partons.tar from the course Web page. Information
on how to do this is given in the information sheet on the programs which you will also
nd on the course Web site. Compile and run the program plotxf. This will produce a
plot of the evolution of the up quark parton distribution in the proton, similar to Peskin
and Schroeder, Fig. 17.21, and also a plot of the evolution of the gluon distribution in
the proton. (The up quark plot diers in detail from Fig. 17.21 because a dierent t
to the deep inelastic scattering data was used.) Modify this program to make similar
plots for the down quark, anti-down quark, and bottom quark distributions.
4. Compile and run the program ppcollider contained in the partons.tar distribution.
This will produce a plot of the p
T
distribution of 2-jet events produced by gg scatting
in pp collisions at 1.8 TeV in the center of mass, and also a plot of the distribution of
2-jet invariant mass in these events. The latter plot will be similar to the curve gg in
Peskin and Schroeder, Fig. 17.13. Modify this program to produce the similar curves
for quark-gluon and quark-quark scattering. (Here quark refers to both quark and
antiquark.)
1
(due Wednesday, March 15)
3. Using explicit polarization vectors, compute the scattering amplitudes for e
R
e
+
L

W
W
+
and e
L
e
+
R
W
W
+
for the case of longitudinally polarized W bosons. Do the
exact calculation, without making the approximations used by Peskin and Schroeder in
Section 21.2. (You may ignore the electron mass.) Show that the individual diagrams
are of the order of e
2
s/m
2
W
but that a power of s/m
2
W
cancels to produce the nal
answer. It is much easier to see the cancellation in the case of e
R
e
+
L
. Show that the
nal answer in each case is proportional to e
2
sin at high energy. Show that these
results reproduce the amplitudes for e
R
e
+
L

+
, e
L
e
+
R
+
, where
+
,
are
the Goldstone bosons in the Higgs multiplet.
4. Using the computer program ppcollider from Problem Set 6 and the result of Problem
20.3, compute the dimuon invariant mass distribution for the Drell-Yan process pp
+ X in pp collisions at a center of mass energy of 2.0 TeV.

1
This exam is due at noon on Wednesday, March 16. Please hand it in to Alex Salt-
man in Varian 363. If you have any questions about the exam, please contact me at mpe-
course Web page.
multiple blue books) with the honor code acknowledgement signed. Alex Saltman has blue
I recommend that you try simply to answer the questions using methods from Physics
331. However, the exam is open-book. If you nd a useful reference other than the class
textbook and notes, feel free to use it, as long as you cite the reference in your solution.
Consider an SU(3) SU(2) U(1) gauge theory. Fermions and scalars in this theory
are in gauge representations (R, I, Y ), where R is the SU(3) representation, I is the SU(2)
representation, and Y is the U(1) charge. Consider a Higgs boson boson in the represention
(3, 2,
1
2
). This can be written as a 3 2 matrix of complex elds. The covariant derivative
on this multiplet is
D
ig
3
A
A
t
A
+ ig
2
B
a
a
ig
1
1
2
C
(1)
where t
A
are the usual SU(3) generators and
a
are the usual SU(2) generators. Note that
the theory has three independent coupling constants g
1
, g
2
, g
3
.
a. (10 points) Show that
= V
1 0
0 1
0 0
(2)
spontaneously breaks SU(3) SU(2) U(1) to SU(2) U(1). Write the unbroken
gauge group generators explicitly and show that they annihilate .
b. (20 points) Work out the mass matrix for the vectors bosons due to the Higgs mecha-
nism. Write explicitly the linear combinations of the gauge bosons in (1) that are mass
eigenstates. Find the quantum numbers of each under the unbroken SU(2) U(1).
Compute the masses of the massive bosons.
c. (10 points) Introduce quarks and leptons into the model. In the Standard Model,
quarks and leptons belong to representations (I, Y ) of SU(2) U(1). For example,
the left-handed quark doublet Q
L
is a (2,
1
6
). In this model, we can put quarks and
leptons into the corresponding representations (1, I, Y ), e.g., (1, 2,
1
6
) for Q
L
. Write
the covariant derivative acting on quark and lepton multiplets in terms of the mass
1
eigenstate boson elds. Note that the couplings of the massless SU(2) U(1) gauge
bosons are functions of g
1
, g
2
, g
3
. Show that, if g
1
, g
2
g
3
, the model predicts
sin
2
w
=
1
4
at the scale Q = M
of the spontaneous breaking.

d. (15 points) Using the equations for the running of the SU(2) and U(1) couplings,
compute the SU(2) and U(1) gauge couplings at values of Q lower than M. If
g
2
4
=
1
29.6
g
2
4
=
1
98.5
(3)
at Q = m
Z
and still assuming g
1
, g
2
g
3
nd g
3
and M
. For simplicity, treat the

top quark as approximately massless in this analysis.
e. (15 points) How many of the heavy gauge bosons are singly produced in the Drell-Yan
process qq V ? For each of these, write the parton model expression for the total
cross section
(pp V + X) (4)
f. (10 points) Write the parton model formula for the neutrino deep inelastic scatting
cross section
d
2
dxdy
(p
+ X) (5)
in this model. How accurately do we have to measure this cross section to be sensitive
to the eects of the exchanges of the heavy vector bosons?
g. (20 points) The heavy charged boson W
+
can decay either to a pair of fermions or to
a pair of gauge bosons. List the possible decay products in each case, and compute
the partial widths in terms of g
1
, g
2
, g
3
. Which set of decays is more important?
2
This exam is due at noon on Friday, March 24. Please hand it in to Wu-Yen Chuang
(the ocemate of Alex Giryavets) in Varian 363. If you have any questions about the exam,
please contact me at [email protected] or 926-3250. If errata are reported, I will
announce them on the course Web page.
multiple blue books) with the honor code acknowledgement signed. Wu-Yen has blue books,
if you need one.
It will quickly be apparent that the model described in this exam is not easy to restructure
as a true model of Nature. So you will probably not nd a good reference to help you do the
calculations. However, the exam is open-book. If you nd a useful reference other than the
class textbook and notes, feel free to use it, as long as you cite the reference in your solution.
Consider an SU(4) gauge theory with fermions in the two-index antisymmetric tensor
representation, which is 6 dimensional. It is possible to break the gauge symmetry down to
SU(3); then the representation 6 of SU(4) becomes the representation 3 + 3 of SU(3). We
can identify this with the QCD representation of a quark. The theory contains some new
particles, whose properties are explored in this exam.
There is a problem including electroweak interactions in this model. It will become obvi-
ous that the heavy vector bosons do not have a consistent assignment of electric charge, and
that it is very dicult to assign the quarks the correct weak interaction quantum numbers.
Fortunately, this is just an exam, not a serious proposal, so we do not have worry too much
about this. Just ignore electroweak interactions and proceed.
For the purpose of this exam, ignore the running of the QCD coupling. When a value of
s
is required, set
s
= 0.12.
a. (5 points) Let be a Higgs eld in the fundamental representation of SU(4):
V =
2
+(
)
2
(1)
Show that the solution
=
1
0
0
0
v
(2)
minimizes this potential, and nd v in terms of , .
b. (5 points) The Lie algebra of SU(4) has 15 generators. These can be represented as
4 4 traceless Hermitian matrices. Show that 8 generators, corresponding to the Lie
algebra of SU(3), annihilate . The other 7 generators correspond to spontaneously
1
broken symmetries. Show that these can be grouped into a multiplet that transforms
as a 3 of SU(3), a multiplet that transforms as a 3 of SU(3), and a singlet of SU(3).
Show that the Goldstone bosons transform under SU(3) in the same way, so that when
we gauge the SU(4) symmetry, each broken gauge boson can eat a Goldstone boson.
c. (5 points) Couple to an SU(4) gauge theory
L = |D
|
2
+ (3)
and compute the masses obtained by the gauge bosons through the Higgs mechanism
in terms of v and the SU(4) gauge coupling g. It is convenient to group the massive
bosons into two groups of three C, C which transform as 3 and 3 of SU(3), respectively.
and one SU(3)-singlet boson D. You should nd m(D)/2 < m(C) < m(D).
d. (5 points) Now couple the SU(4) gauge theory to two massless left-handed fermions
U, D in the 6-dimensional antisymmetric tensor representation of SU(4). The anti-
symmetric tensor representation is the representation of antisymmetric matrices A
ij
where each index is in the 4 of SU(4). If
i
is a complex vector in the 4, then the
transformation law is:
i
U
ij
j
A
ij
U
ik
U
jl
A
kl
(4)
(We met antisymmetric tensor representations in SU(3), where we saw that the anti-
symmetric matrices with two indices in the 3 is a 3-dimensional representation equiv-
alent to the 3.)
Show that each fermion can be considered under the unbroken SU(3) symmetry as a
left-handed fermion in the 3 and a left-handed fermion in the 3 of SU(3). That is,
three components of the U can be identied with u
L
and three components with u
L
,
the antiparticle of u
R
. Similarly D can be recast as (d
L
, d
L
). We thus have a theory
of QCD with 2 massless avors, with some extra massive gauge bosons and scalars.
From here on, ignore the scalars, and ignore all heavier quarks. Show that the SU(3)
(QCD) coupling g
s
is equal to the original SU(4) coupling g.
e. (10 points) Compute the partial width for a C boson to decay to quark pairs. Note
that C decays to qq, not qq. Compute the partial width for a D boson to decay to qq
pairs.
f. (5 points) Show that neither the C nor the D boson decays to gluon pairs at the leading
order in g
s
.
g. (5 points) For the case m(C) = 700 GeV, compute the total widths and branching
ratios of the C and D bosons.
h. (5 points) Compute the cross sections for C and D bosons to be produced singly in
proton-proton collisions(pp C +X), (pp C +X), (pp D+X)in terms
of the protons parton distributions.
2
i. (10 points) For the case of m(C) = 700 GeV, compute the total cross sections numer-
ically. If the Tevatron pp collider (E
CM
= 2000 GeV) provides 1 fb
1
of luminosity
(that is, the luminosity such that a cross section of 1 fb = 10
12
mbarns gives 1 event),
how many C. C, and D production events would be expected?
j. (5 points) Make a plot of the distribution of produced C, C, and D bosons as a function
of rapidity for pp collisions for the parameters of part (i).
k. (5 points) We might be interested in observing a C or D boson at large transverse
momentum. To compute the cross section for this process, we would need to compute
the parton-level cross sections for
parton + parton parton +D (5)
Make a list of the required cross sections, and draw the corresponding Feynman dia-
grams.
l. (5 points) Repeat this analysis for
parton + parton parton +C (6)
m. (10 points) Compute the cross sections listed in part (k). The method of computing
the helicity amplitudes is probably the most ecient.
n. (10 points) Compute the cross sections listed in part (l).
o. (10 points) Compute numerically the cross section d/dp
T
for C and D boson produc-
tion for p
T
> 100 GeV using the parameters of part (i).
least through part (j). Prospective theorists should slog through to the end.
3
(due Wednesday, April 19)
3. Peskin and Schroeder, Problem 10.4. The correct answer to this problem should be:
iM i i

2
(4)
2
log s i
3
2
3
(4)
4
log
2
s + (1)
[Thanks to Dean Lee.]
1
(due Wednesday, April 26)
1
(due Wednesday, May 3)
2. Peskin and Schroeder, Problem 12.2. You should show that, with this function, the
mass m
of the eld satises the Callan-Symanzik equation
M

M
+ (g)

g
(g, M) = 0 (1)
3. Using the result from the two-loop calculation of the scalar self-energy in
4
-theory
that you derived in Problem Set 1 (Peskin and Schroeder, Problem 10.3), show that
the Callan-Symanzik function in
4
-theory is given by
=

2
12(4)
4
+O(
3
) (2)
Show that, in the N-component linear sigma model (with its dierent normalization
for ),
= (N + 2)

2
(4)
4
+O(
3
) (3)
1
1
1. Consider scalar electrodynamics:
L =
1
4
(F
)
2
+ (D
m
2

6
(
)
2
(1)
where is a complex-valued eld and D
= (
+ieA
).
(a) Remind yourself that, classically, the A
eld acquires a mass when acquires a

classical vacuum expectation value.
(b) Write the functional integral for A
and in the R
gauge for a xed background
cl
= . Notice that the dependence on
cl
simplies for = 0 (Lorenz gauge).
(c) Compute the 1-loop quantum correction to the eective potential for
cl
. Renor-
malize by minimal subtraction, introducing a renormalization scale M. For mini-
mal credit, perform this calculation at = 0. For extra credit, show that, to rst
order in perturbation theory, the answer is independent of . Anyway, from here
on, it is simplest to set = 0.
(d) Take the limit in which the renormalized mass m
2
goes to zero. Consider this
theory for small values of , such that, parametrically, e
4
. Show that there are
parameters in this region such that the m
2
= 0 theory has spontaneous symmetry
breaking; thus, there is symmetry breaking due to quantum corrections.
(e) Compute the renormalization group functions for this theory. Since the
functions are gauge-invariant, you could do this in Feynman gauge ( = 1), but
it is somewhat easier to use = 0. Either way, you should nd:
e
=
e
3
48
2

=
1
24
2
(5
2
18e
2
+ 54e
4
) (2)
Sketch the renormalization group ows (toward the infrared) in the (, e
2
) plane.
Show that every renormalization group trajectory actually passes through = 0
and goes into the region < 0.
(f) Consider the approximation to the m
2
= 0 eective potential given by
V
eff
=
1
6
(
cl
)(Z(
cl
)
2
4
cl
(3)
Show that this expression has spontaneous symmetry breaking, just as we found
in part(d).
(g) Now consider m
2
= 0. Show that the theory has a rst-order phase transition as
a function of m
2
.
1
2. Apply the methods of this problem to the Glashow-Salam-Weinberg model of weak
interactions.
(a) Compute the eective potential for the Higgs eld to 1-loop order, ignoring all
eects of quark masses but including the contributions of gauge elds.
(b) Show that the theory has a rst-order phase transition as a function of the renor-
malized Higgs mass parameter
2
.
(c) Show that this result implies a lower bound on the physical mass of the Higgs
boson (the Linde-Weinberg bound). Compute the bound to leading order in
coupling constants.
(d) Now add in the contribution of the top quark. Show that, when the top quark mass
is suciently heavy, the symmetry-breaking eect found in part (b) goes away.
However, another pathology develops, in which, when m
t
is suciently large,
the eective potential becomes negative at very large eld values and causes an
instability of the model. Estimate the value of the top quark mass, as a function
of the Higgs boson and W boson masses, at which this instability takes place.
2
2. In class, I sketched the derivation of the function of a non-Abelian gauge theory from
the renormalization counterterms
1
,
2
, and
3
. Work through this calculation in full
detail. Use the Feynman-t Hooft gauge.
Please note: This is a long calculation. The solution set for this problem set is 50
pages long, of which 35 pages are devoted to this problem. I do assure you that you
will learn a considerable amount about how to calculation in gauge theories by doing
this problem to the end. (Of course, it might be true that these are things that you
never wanted to know ... )
1
2. Compute the anomalous dimension of the twist-2 quark-antiquark operators:
q
f
{
1
(iD
2
) (iD
n}
)q
f
traces (1)
The calculation is sketched in Peskin and Schroeder, pp. 636-8. You need to track the
1-loop corrections that yield matrix elements of the form of eq. (18.161). Ignore any
contributions proportional to g
j
, since these correspond to operators of lower spin.
The nal result is given in (18.172):
n
f
=
8
3
g
2
(4)
2
1 + 4
n
2
1
j

2
n(n + 1)
. (2)
3. In class, I stated that the expression (2) for
n
f
is the Mellin transform of the kernel in
the Altarelli-Parisi equations. Verify this explicitly as follows: Begin from the equation
d
d log Q
f(x, Q) =

s
(Q)
1
x
dz
z
P
qq
(z) f(
x
z
) (3)
where
P
qq
(z) =
4
3
1 + z
2
(1 z)
+
+
3
2
(z 1)
. (4)
Work out the equation for the Mellin transform of f(x)
M
n
=
dxx
n1
f(x) (5)
Show explicitly that M
n
(Q) obey
d
d log Q
M
n
(Q) =
n
f
M
n
(Q) . (6)
You will nd the calculation sketched in Peskin and Schroeder, pp. 644-646.
1
(due Wednesday, June 7)
1
This exam is due at noon on Wednesday, June 8. Please hand it in to Alex Giryavets in
Varian 361.
If you have any questions about the exam, please contact me at [email protected]
or 926-3250. If errata are reported, I will announce them on the course Web page.
I recommend that you try simply to answer the questions using methods from Physics
332. However, the exam is open-book. If you nd a useful reference other than the class
textbook and notes, feel free to use it, as long as you cite the reference in your solution.
The exam concerns various aspects of quark masses in the Standard Model.
1. (20 points) Consider the heavy top quark. For Q m
t
, the running QCD coupling
constant has the form
s
(Q) =
2
b
0
(6) log(Q/
6
)
(1)
where
b
0
(n
f
) = 11
2
3
n
f
(2)
For Q m
t
, the running coupling constant has the form
s
(Q) =
2
b
0
(5) log(Q/
5
)
(3)
Find
5
in terms of
6
and m
t
. You will need to use the value of the top quark vacuum
polarization diagram to get the numerical coecient. Using the same method, compute
4
for
s
below the b quark threshold.
2. (20 points) Compute the one-loop QCD correction to the top quark mass. Regularize
the diagram using MS subtraction at the scale m
t
(MS). Compute the position of the
pole in the top quark propagator, i.e., the kinematic mass of the top quark. In this
way, nd the relation between the top quark pole mass and the MS mass. The
pole mass is measured to be 175 GeV. What is the numerical value of the MS mass,
assuming
s
= 0.11 at m
t
?
3. (20 points) The MS masses of the lighter quarks can be found from QCD sum rules
and the values of the pseudoscalar meson masses. The results are: For u, d, s, m
q
(2
GeV) = 3 MeV, 5 MeV, 100 MeV. For c, m
c
(m
c
) = 1.2 GeV. For b, m
b
(m
b
) = 4.2 GeV.
Express all six quark masses at a common scale Q = m
t
(m
t
). What are the true ratios
of the quark masses?
1
4. (20 points) Compute the function for the t quark Yukawa coupling. Use the inter-
action
L =
t
ab
Q
La
b
t
R
+ h.c. , (4)
where Q
L
= (t
L
, b
L
). This coupling is invariant to all of the Standard Model gauge
symmetries. Show that
t
=

t
(4)
2
9
2
2
t
8g
2
s
9
4
g
2
17
12
g
2
(5)
If
t
has a very large value at a high scale (e.g., at Q = 10
16
GeV), what value of m
t
would be observed in experiments?
5. (20 points) Because of the answer to question 1, the value of the proton mass depends
on the value of the top quark mass. Compute
m
t
m
p
(6)
holding xed the parameters of QCD at very high Q. The Higgs boson coupling to the
proton should be given by
hpp
2
=

v
m
p
(7)
where m
q
=
q
v/
2. Compute
hpp
, including contributions from t, b, c. Compare
these contributions to the direct contributions from the mass of the valence quarks u
and d.
2
This exam is due at 3:30 pm on Friday, June 16. Please hand it in to Nav Sivanandam
in Varian 365. If you have any questions about the exam, please contact me by email at
[email protected]. If errata are reported, I will announce them on the course Web
page.
multiple blue books) with the honor code acknowledgement signed.
Many of the calculations on this exam can be found in the literature. But in order to get
the answers from the literature, you will need to spend a lot of time translating notation.
What fun is that? If you make strong use of a reference other than the class textbook and
notes, please cite the reference in your solutions.
Quantum eld theory models with supersymmetry (fermion-boson symmetry) have many
interesting renormalization properties. In this exam, you will work out several of these.
a. (20 points) Here is a simple model of massless scalars and fermions with supersym-
metry: Let (x) be a complex scalar eld, and let (x) be a 2-component left-handed
fermion. Consider the Lagrangian
L =
i
+
1
2
(2y)(
T

) z(
)
2
(1)
where y and z are real-valued coupling constants. Notice that the fermions are con-
tracted in the second line in a Lorentz-invariant way:
T
=
; (
T
)
(2)
According to Peskin and Schroeder, Problem 3.5, this model is supersymmetric if
z = y
2
.
Compute the functions of y and z in this model. Show that the relation z = y
2
is
preserved by the renormalization group.
b. (10 points) Compute the scalar self-energy in this model. Show that it is not quadrat-
ically divergentand that it even vanishes identicallywhen z = y
2
.
c. (15 points) Here is a supersymmetric version of Yang-Mills theory: Let
i
be left-
handed 2-component fermions in the representation r of the gauge group G, and let
i
be complex-valued scalars in the same representation. Let A
a
be the Yang-Mills
1
elds, and let
a
be left-handed 2-component fermions in the adjoint representation of
G. Let
L =
1
4
(F
a
)
2
+
i D + D
i
D
i
+
i
i D
i
+
2h(
aT
t
a
a
t
a
i
)
1
2
k(
i
t
a
i
)
2
, (3)
where t
a
are representation matrices of G in the representation r. The label i =
1, . . . , n
f
; remember that the fermions are Weyl, not Dirac. In the last term, the sum
over i is done before squaring. There are three coupling constants: g (the Yang-Mills
coupling), h, and k. The theory is supersymmetric if h = g, k = g
2
.
Compute the scalar self-energy in this model. Use Feynman gauge. Show that the
self-energy is not quadratically divergent when the supersymmetry relations of cou-
pling constants are satised. Show that this self-energy does not vanish identically in
dimensional regularization, but that it does vanish if we set
g
= 4 (4)
as we continue in dimensionality. This is a dierent conventional regularization pre-
scription called dimensional reduction. Only the latter prescription for the regulator
preserves supersymmetry.
d. (15 points) Compute the function of g using formulae derived in the course. Compute
the functions of h, k explicitly. Show that the relations h = g, k
2
= g are preserved
by the renormalization group.
e. (15 points) Next, build a supersymmetric theory with one quark coupled to a Higgs
boson. Let
q
be a left-handed fermion in the (3,2) of SU(3) SU(2), and let
q
be the corresponding complex scalar. Let
q
be a left-handed fermion in the (3,1) of
SU(3)) SU(2) and let
q
be the corresponding complex scalar, and let
h
,
h
be
the Higgs fermion and scalar. It is useful to visualize the SU(3) and SU(2) indices
by thinking of
q
,
q
as 3-dimensional row vectors,
h
,
h
as 2-dimensional column
vectors, and
q
,
q
as 3 2 matrices. In the following, t
a
is the color representation
matrix in the 3 of SU(3); in the 3, t
a
3
= t
aT
.
The supersymmetric interaction terms for this model (including QCD but not SU(2)
gauge interactions) are
L
int
= +
2g(
aT
t
a
q

T
q
t
a
q
h.c.)
1
2
g
2
(
q
t
a
q

q
t
a
q
)
2
+y(
q
h
+
q
h
+
q
h
+ h.c.)
y
2
(|
q
q
|
2
+|
q
h
|
2
+|
q
h
|
2
) (5)
The coupling y is the Higgs Yukawa coupling, which would be large, for example, for
the top quark.
2
Compute the functions due to QCD (terms of order g
2
y) for the three dierent 2-
fermion-1-scalar interaction terms in the second line. There is no obvious reason why
the terms with one Higgs scalar should have the same renormalization as the terms
with one Higgs fermion. But, show that it is so.
f. (15 points) Add to this theory supersymmetry-violating mass terms for the quarks and
the Higgs:
L = M
2
q
|
q
|
2
M
2
q
|
q
|
2
M
2
h
|
h
|
2
(6)
where the M
2
i
are positive and are equal at the renormalization scale . We have
already seen that, in a supersymmetric model, these operators do not receive additive
radiative corrections. However, they do have functions and so the coecients undergo
a renormalization group evolution. Compute the renormalization group equations for
the M
2
i
parameters. Show that, if the gauginos
a
are massless, the only eect in
one-loop order comes from the interactions in the third line of (5). Show that this
eect makes the M
2
i
decrease as we move toward the infrared.
g. (10 points) Describe the qualitative nature of this theory in the infrared. Is there
symmetry breaking? Which eld gets a vacuum expectation value?
least through part (c). Prospective supersymmetry theorists should slog through to the end.
3

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What are the main topics covered in the document?

What are the main topics covered in the document?

What is the main goal of the first problem set mentioned?

What is the main goal of the first problem set mentioned?

Physics 330 Problem Set # 1

(due Wednesday, October 5)

(x) as the independent variables rather than by using

(x) satisfy the Klein-Gordon equation.

(x), (y)] = i(x y) (4)

(0) |(K) and 0|

in a way that does not change the

in class, we saw that the limit m

(p) for nal-state photons.

0). Do not assume any special values of the masses of the

). This is called the Dalitz plot. An accumulation of points in this

qqG and evaluate the scattering am-

= 1.777 GeV and the coecient in front equals (1 + 1 + 3.3) to account r

, and to quarks with 3 colors and a 10% enhancement

are complex scalar elds carrying electron and muon

. In thinking about this Lagrangian, imagine that m and

represent the supersymmetric partners

in the rest of the

0. Notice that it is of the general form

= 1.77 GeV (3)

is the photon momentum perpendicular to the collision axis. This expression

> 100 GeV. The momentum of the

. The term linear in A

similarly, to obtain the Feynman rule.

for pair production, which would be used to

, satises current conservation for ,

, averaged over electron spins.

and let the proton and neutron

. From the vertex

. The measured muon lifetime,

) in the muon rest frame.

+ X in pp collisions at a center of mass energy of 2.0 TeV.

of the spontaneous breaking.

. For simplicity, treat the

of the eld satises the Callan-Symanzik equation

eld acquires a mass when acquires a

gauge for a xed background

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